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Sir, Republic of Serbia MINISTRY of FOREIGN AF Peny6JIHKaCp6uja Republic of Serbia MHHHCT APCTBO CITOThH0X MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ITOCJIOBA AFFAIRS KHe3aM:m10ma 24-26 Kneza Milosa 24-26 EEOrPA)]; BELGRADE 15 July 2009 Sir, With reference to the request for an advisory oplllion submitted to the International Court of Justice by the General Assembly of the United Nations on the question of the Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo and to the Ortler of the Court dated 17 October 2008; I have the honour to present to the Court the written comments of the Govemment of the Republic of Serbia on the written statements of other States. With reference to your communication dated 20 October 2008 (No. 133310), I have the honour to inform you that the written comments of the Republic of Serbia are being submitted to the Court in 30 written copies in English, as one of the official languages of the Court, as well as in one electronic copy. In case of any discrepancy between written and electronic version, the electronic version of the written comments should be deemed authoritative. Mr. Philippe Couvreur Registrar International Court of Justice The Hague In accordance with Article 50, paragraph 1, and Article 51, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I now certify that four documents annexed to the written comrnents of the Republic of Serbia are the genuine copies of the original documents, as well as that the translation of the relevant part of the document no. 3 from Serbian into English is accurate. Please accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration. Co), i Sasaübr~, Head of the Legal Team INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE UNILATERAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THE PROVISIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT OF KOSOVO (REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION) WRITTEN COMMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 14 JULY 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 11 A. Importance of the Present Proceedings ....................................................................... 11 B. Summary oflssues before the Court ............................................................................ 14 I Introduction ................................................................................................................. 14 II Arguments presented by Serbia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 III Arguments presented in the written statements of th ose States that have recognised the so-called "Republic of Kosovo" and in the written contribution of the authors of the UDI ................................................................... 17 C. Outline of the Present Written Comments .................................................................. 19 Chapter 2 THE TERMS AND SCOPE OF THE QUESTION BEFORE THE COURT..................... 21 A. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 21 B. The "Authors" of the UDI Are the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 C. The Meaning of the Question ........................................................................................ 27 D. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3 JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY ............................................................................. 31 A. Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................... 31 B. There Are No Compelling Reasons to Decline Jurisdiction in the Present Case ........................................................................................................ 34 I lnterest of the General Assembly and the United Nations in the advisory opinion ............................................................................................... 34 II The purpose and effect of the advisory opinion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 7 III Other reasons adduced should also not lead the Court to decline jurisdiction ................................................................................... 40 C. Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 43 A. General Remarks ........................................................................................................... 43 B. Kosovo as Part of Serbia and Yugoslavia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 7 3 I Integration of Kosovo into Serbia and Kosovo as part of Serbia and Yugoslavia after World War II.......................................................... 47 II Constitutional amendments of 1989 ......................................................................... 49 C. Negotiations on the Future Status ................................................................................ 53 I Introduction ................................................................................................................. 53 II The circumstances in which the negotiations were conducted and the attitude of Mr. Ahtisaari .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 III The approaches taken by the parties . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 IV Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 Chapter 5 THE CLAIM THAT KOSOVO ISA SO-CALLED "SUI GENERIS CASE" IS AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE LACK OF ANY LEGAL BASIS FOR THE UDI ......................................................................................................................... 65 A. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 65 B. The Scope of the "Sui Generis" Argument . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 C. None of the Alleged Features that Purport to Make Kosovo a "Sui Generis Case" in Any Way Justify the Legality of the UDI ............................. 68 I The status of Kosovo in the SFRY 1974 Constitution .............................................. 70 II The non-consensual and violent break-op of the SFRY ......................................... 70 III Hu man rights violations occurring between 1989 and 1999 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 IV The international administration of the territory sin ce 1999 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 V The fact that Serbia bas not administered the terri tory sin ce 1999 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 VI "Independence" bas been envisaged as an option .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 VII "Negotiations were exhausted and there was no other option but independence" .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 VIII The will of the majority of the population of Kosovo......................................... 74 IX The purported absence of any other solution ........................................................ 75 X The invented and inexistent "support" to the "independent" Kosovo by the United Nations and the European Union .......................................................... 75 D. The Sum of Ali the Non-Legal Grounds Does Not Amount to the Creation of a Legal Basis for a Sui Generis Case for Kosovo ................................................... 76 E. The Attempt to Make from a Bad Political Precedent "Bad Law" ........................... 77 F. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 80 4 Chapter 6 THE CREATION OF STATES IS NOT A MERE FACT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW DOES NOT REMAIN "NEUTRAL" WITH REGARD TO THE UDI .......................................... 81 A. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 81 B. The Question of the Legal Nature of the UDI under International Law .................. 84 I The UDI is a unilateral act emanating from the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government aiming at the creation of a sovereign State . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 II States having recognised the "Republic of Kosovo" have treated the UDI of 17 February 2008 as an act producing legal effects ............................................ 86 III Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 88 C. The UDI Can Be Examined under International Law in Many Ways ..................... 89 I Rebuttal of the argument that the UDI is governed by domestic law, but not by international law .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
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