EDITED BY: IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS, AGON DEMJAHA, AROLDA ELBASANI, STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD KOSOVO FOUNDATION FOR OPEN SOCIETY PRISHTINA, 2019 EDITED BY: IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS, EDITEDAGON DEMJAHA,BY: IOANNISAROLDA ARMAKOLAS, ELBASANI, AGONSTEPHANIE DEMJAHA, SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS AROLDA ELBASANI, STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD KOSOVO FOUNDATION FOR OPEN SOCIETY PRISHTINA, 2019 KOSOVO FOUNDATION FOR OPEN SOCIETY PRISHTINA, 2019 Copyright ©2019 Kosovo Foundation for Open Society. All rights reserved. PUBLISHER: Kosovo Foundation for Open Society Imzot Nikë Prelaj, Vila 13, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo. Issued in print and electronic formats. “Local and International Determinants of Kosovo’s Statehood” EDITORS: Ioannis Armakolas Agon Demjaha Arolda Elbasani Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers PROJECT COORDINATORS: Denion Galimuna Lura Limani Designed by Envinion, printed by Envinion, on recycled paper in Prishtina, Kosovo. ISBN 978-9951-503-05-1 LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD EDITED BY: IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS AGON DEMJAHA AROLDA ELBASANI STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS KOSOVO FOUNDATION FOR OPEN SOCIETY PRISHTINA, 2019 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 ABOUT THE EDITORS 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16 INTRODUCTION: Ioannis Armakolas, Agon Demjaha, Arolda Elbasani, Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers 17 SOCIAL ACTORS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS – BOTTOM-UP MOBILISATIONS 35 — NEDIM HOGIĆ: Whistleblower Protection in Kosovo: What Role for Collective Action? 37 — ERVJOLA SELENICA: Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization in Kosovo: International, State and Societal Responses and their Consequences 67 — SHKËLZEN GASHI: Typologies of Non-Violent Resistance in Kosovo from 1988-1998 99 OTHERNESS INSTITUTIONALIZED? CHALLENGES, CHANGES AND STAGNATION 133 — FRANCESCO TRUPIA: ‘Good Personhood’ in Kosovo: A Serbian Perspective from Below 135 — NICASIA PICCIANO: Liberal Peacebuilding and the Challenge of Ethnic Divisions in Kosovo: ‘Nobody Told us from Belgrade that they are No Longer our Ministry of Education’ 165 — MARY DROSOPULOS: Kosovar Students in Greece: Challenging and Changing Stereotypes 199 — KATARINA TADIĆ: Understanding the Internal Dialogue on Kosovo in Serbia 239 COMPLEX RELATIONS WITH THE EU AND THE ROLE OF NON-RECOGNISERS 271 — DORIS MANU: The EU’s Institutional Set-up and Political Concerns Influencing the Visa Liberalisation Process with Kosovo: A View from Brussels 273 — ZORAN NECHEV WITH IVAN NIKOLOVSKI: EU Conditionality in the Visa Liberalisation Process with Kosovo: Increased Specificity, Meticulous Scrutiny 299 — POL VILA SARRIÁ: The Kosovo Question in Spanish Domestic Politics: A View from Catalonia 321 — ALEX DAMIAN: The Romania-Kosovo Relations and the Perspective of Romanian Political Parties 351 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ATRC — Advocacy Training and Resource Centre BIK — Kosovo Islamic Council BSPK — Union of Independent Trade Unions of Kosovo CDC — Democratic Convergence of Catalonia CIG — Council for Inclusive Governance CiU — Convergence and Union [Catalonia] CoE — Council of Europe COREPER — Committee of Permanent Representatives COWEB — Council Working Group on the Western Balkans CSP — Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement CVE — Countering Violent Extremism DES — Department of Education and Science DG NEAR — Directorate General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Policy ECHR — European Court of Human Rights ECMI — European Centre for Minority Issues EEAS — European External Action Service ERC — Republican Left of Catalonia EU — European Union EULEX — European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo EUPT — European Union Planning Team GRECO — Group of States Against Corruption HMG — Her Majesty’s Government [United Kingdom] IBCM — International Business College Mitrovica ICJ — International Court of Justice ICV — Initiative for Catalonia Greens IOM — International Organisation for Migration JCCE — Joint Civil Commission on Education JNA — Yugoslav People’s Army KAA — Kosovo Accreditation Agency KLA — Kosovo Liberation Army KMDLNj — Council for the Defence of Human Rights and Freedoms LDK — Democratic League of Kosovo 10 MEST — Ministry of Education, Science and Technology MoU — Memorandum of Understanding OSCE — Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PDeCAT — Catalan European Democratic Party PDK — Democratic Party of Kosovo PLUS — Party of Liberty, Unity and Solidarity [Romania] PNV — Basque Nationalist Party PP — Popular Party of Spain PSC — Catalan Socialist Party PSOE — Socialist Party of Spain SAA — Stabilisation and Association Agreement SANU — Serbian Academy for Sciences and Arts SAPK — Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo SFRY — Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SPP — Serbian Progressive Party SRP — Serbian Radical Party SRSG — Special Representative of the Secretary General UDC — Democratic Union of Catalonia UDMR — Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania UJDI — Yugoslav Association of the Democratic Initiative UN — United Nations UNCAC — United Nations Convention against Corruption UNDP — United Nations Development Program UNESCO — United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNMIK — United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UMN — University of Mitrovica North UPKM — University of Pristina in Mitrovica UPSUP — Independent Student Union of the University of Pristina USAID — United States Agency for International Development USR — Save Romania Union - Uniunea Salvati Romania WB — Western Balkans WBCTI — Western Balkans Counter-Terrorism Initiative 11 12 ABOUT THE EDITORS IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS Ioannis Armakolas, Assistant Professor in Comparative Politics of South East Europe at the Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies, University of Macedonia (Thessaloniki). He is also ‘Stavros Costopoulos’ Senior Research Fellow and Head of the South-East Europe Programme at the Hellenic Foun- dation for European & Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) in Athens, Editor in Chief of the scientific journal ‘Southeast European and Black Sea Studies’, published by Taylor & Francis, and Editor in Chief of the ‘Political Trends and Dynamics in Southeast Europe’, the magazine of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Dialogue South- east Europe office (FES SOE, Sarajevo). He holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge, an MA with distinction from the University of Kent and a BA from Panteion University, Athens. His previous affiliations include, ESRC Fellow at the Department of Politics, University of Oxford, Research Fellow at Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Director of Research at the ‘US-Greece Task Force: Transforming the Balkans’ (joint project of the Hellenic Centre for European Studies and the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Stud- ies), Region Head for South East Europe at Oxford Analytica, Tip O’Neill Fellow in Peace and Conflict Studies at INCORE-Northern Ireland (Ulster University & United Nations University). Ioannis Armakolas has extensive experience as a consultant with USAID and DFID projects in the Western Balkans and has writ- ten numerous academic studies and policy reports. 13 AGON DEMJAHA Agon Demjaha is Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Tetova. He also teaches and is a member of the South East European University’s Board. He holds an MA with distinction in International Relations and European Studies and a PhD in Political Sciences. He has more than three decades of experience in the field of education and research with different governmental institutions and non-governmental or- ganisations. During 2006-2010, he served as the Ambassador of the Republic of Macedonia to the Kingdom of Sweden, while also covering the Kingdom of Norway and Republic of Finland as a non-resident Ambassador. He has also been engaged as an advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minis- ter for Economic Development of the Republic of Kosovo. Agon Demjaha has published a number of articles in the field of political science in international journals and is also author of several chapters in edited books published by renowned press houses such as United Nations University Press and Imperial College Press. His main interests include ethnic relations, conflict prevention and resolution, diplomacy and regional cooperation. AROLDA ELBASANI Arolda Elbasani is a visiting scholar at the Center for European and Mediter- ranean Studies, New York University. She has a PhD in Social and Political Sciences from the European University Institute, Florence. She has held re- search or teaching positions at Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, WZB, European University of Tirana and Free University, Berlin. Her articles have appeared at the Journal of European Public Policy, Europe-Asia Studies, Democratization, Balkans and Near Eastern Studies and Southeast Europe and Black Sea Studies, among others. She has also edited European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans (Routledge 2013, 2014); The Revival of Islam in the Balkans (Palgrave 2015; with Olivier Roy); the special issue Managing Islam and Religious Pluralism (Balkans and 14 Near East Studies 19(1), with O. Roy); and the special Issue Local Islam(s) (Na- tionality Papers, with Jelena Tosic). Her current research interests lay at the intersection of political Islam, democracy promotion, European integration and corruption in new democracies. STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers