Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, FIFTH EDITION

Cummings Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery

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Part 1: Basic Principles Paul W. Flint, Editor Part 2: General Otolaryngology Paul W. Flint, Editor Part 3: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery J. Regan Thomas, Editor Section 1: Facial Surgery Section 2: Rhinoplasty Part 4: Sinus, Rhinology, and Allergy/Immunology Valerie J. Lund, Editor Part 5: Laryngology and Bronchoesophagology Paul W. Flint, Editor Section 1: Evaluation and Management of Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Disorders Section 2: Management of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Section 3: Management of Acquired Disorders and Trauma Section 4: Bronchoesophagology

VOLUME TWO

Part 6: Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Bruce H. Haughey and K. Thomas Robbins, Editors Section 1: General Considerations Section 2: Salivary Glands Section 3: Oral Cavity Section 4: Pharynx and Esophagus Section 5: Larynx Section 6: Neck Section 7: Thyroid/Parathyroid Part 7: Otology, Neuro-otology, and Skull Base Surgery John K. Niparko, Editor Section 1: Basic Science Section 2: Diagnostic Assessment Section 3: External Ear Section 4: Middle Ear, Mastoid, and Temporal Bone

VOLUME THREE

Part 7: Otology, Neuro-otology, and Skull Base Surgery—cont’d John K. Niparko, Editor Section 5: Inner Ear Section 6: Auditory Prosthetic Stimulation, Devices, and Rehabilitative Audiology Section 7: Vestibular Disorders Section 8: Facial Nerve Disorders Section 9: Cranial Base Part 8: Pediatric Otolaryngology Mark A. Richardson, Editor Section 1: General Section 2: Craniofacial Section 3: Hearing Loss and Pediatric Otology Section 4: Infections and Inflammation Section 5: Head and Neck Section 6: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus

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FIFTH EDITION

Paul W. Flint, M.D. Mark A. Richardson, M.D. Professor and Chair Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health and Science University Dean Portland, Oregon School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Bruce H. Haughey, M.B.Ch.B., F.A.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. Portland, Oregon Professor and Director Head and Neck Surgical Oncology K. Thomas Robbins, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Washington University School of Medicine SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University St. Louis, Missouri Professor Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Valerie J. Lund, C.B.E., M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.Ed. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Professor of Rhinology Springfield, Illinois University College London Honorary Consultant ENT Surgeon J. Regan Thomas, M.D. Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital Francis L. Lederer Professor and Chairman Royal Free Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Moorfields Eye Hospital University of Illinois at Chicago London, United Kingdom Chicago, Illinois

John K. Niparko, M.D. Illustrator: George T. Nager Professor Tim Phelps, M.S., F.A.M.I. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Associate Professor and Medical Illustrator Director Art as Applied to Medicine Divisions of Otology, Neurotology, Skull Base Surgery, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Audiology Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

VOLUME ONE http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter

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Knowledge and best practice in this ﬁ eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identiﬁ ed, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cummings otolaryngology – head & neck surgery / [edited by] Paul W. Flint … [et al.] ; illustrator, Tim Phelps.– 5th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Otolaryngology – head & neck surgery / edited by Charles W. Cummings … [et al.]. 4th ed. c2005. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-05283-2 1. Otolaryngology, Operative. I. Flint, Paul W. II Cummings, Charles W. (Charles William). III. Otolaryngology – head & neck surgery. IV. Title: Otolaryngology – head & neck surgery. [DNLM: 1. Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures. WV 168 C971 2010] RF51.086 2010 617.5′ 1059 — dc22 2009010493

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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors

Waleed M. Abuzeid, M.B.B.S. Ronda E. Alexander, M.D. Resident Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Health System University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Ann Arbor, Michigan Houston, Texas Meredith E. Adams, M.D. Sue Archbold, M.Phil. Fellow CEO Division of Otology and Neurotology The Ear Foundation Department of Otolaryngology Nottingham, United Kingdom University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan William B. Armstrong, M.D. Peter A. Adamson, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., F.A.C.S. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor and Head University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Irvine, California Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Moisés A. Arriaga, M.D., F.A.C.S. Staff Surgeon Clinical Professor and Director University Health Network Division of Otology and Neuro-otology Toronto General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery Toronto, Ontario, Canada Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Antoine Adenis, M.D., Ph.D. Medicine at New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana Professor of Medical Oncology Director Catholic University Hearing and Balance Center Chief Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Baton Rouge, Louisiana Centre Oscar Lambret Director Lille, France Department of Cochlear Implants and Neurotology Seth Akst, M.D. Children’s Hospital New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine H. Alexander Arts, M.D. George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Professor Sciences Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery Washington, D.C. University of Michigan Medical School Sheri L. Albers, D.O. Ann Arbor, Michigan Fellow Yasmine A. Ashram, M.D., D.A.B.N.M. Pain Management and Spinal Interventional Neuroradiology Assistant Professor University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine Department of Physiology UC San Diego Medical Center University of Alexandria School of Medicine La Jolla, California Surgical Neurophysiologist VA San Diego Medical Center Alexandria University Hospital San Diego, California Alexandria, Egypt David Albert, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S. Jonathan E. Aviv, M.D., F.A.C.S. Honorary Senior Lecturer Clinical Professor University College London Institute of Child Health Department of Otolaryngology Lead Clinician Mount Sinai School of Medicine ENT Department Clinical Director Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Voice and Swallowing Center London, United Kingdom ENT and Allergy Associates New York, New York

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Nafi Aygun, M.D. Jonathan Z. Baskin, M.D. Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Radiology Department of Otolaryngology Neuroradiology Division Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Section Chief Baltimore, Maryland Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cleveland VA Medical Center Douglas D. Backous, M.D., F.A.C.S. Attending Physician Director Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Listen For Life Center Cleveland, Ohio Virginia Mason Medical Center Seattle, Washington Robert W. Bastian, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Professor Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Fort Lewis, Washington Loyola University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Shan R. Baker, M.D. Founder and Director Professor Bastian Voice Institute Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Downers Grove, Illinois University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan Carol A. Bauer, M.D. Chief Professor of Surgery Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Center for Facial Cosmetic Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Livonia, Michigan Springfield, Illinois Thomas J. Balkany, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Michael S. Benninger, M.D. Hotchkiss Professor and Chair Professor Department of Otolaryngology Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Chairman Chief of Service Head and Neck Institute Division of Otology The Cleveland Clinic Jackson Memorial Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Miami, Florida Prabhat K. Bhama, M.D. Robert W. Baloh, M.D. Resident and Research Fellow Professor University of Washington Medical Center Department of Neurology and Otolaryngology Seattle, Washington David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Director Nasir Islam Bhatti, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S. Neuro-otology Program Associate Professor Department of Neurology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Los Angeles, California Baltimore, Maryland Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer, Ph.D. Andrew Blitzer, M.D., D.D.S. Associate Professor Professor Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Department of Clinical Otolaryngology University of Arizona College of Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Tucson, Arizona Director New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders Fuad M. Baroody, M.D., F.A.C.S. Attending Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center Department of Pediatrics New York, New York University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Simone Boardman, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S.(OHNS) Great Ormond Street Hospital Nancy L. Bartlett, M.D. London, United Kingdom Professor Department of Medicine Emily F. Boss, M.D. Division of Oncology Assistant Professor Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Medical Oncologist Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Siteman Cancer Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Baltimore, Maryland

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Derald E. Brackmann, M.D. J. Dale Browne, M.D, F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Wake Forest University School of Medicine Clinical Professor Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Neurological Surgery University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine John M. Buatti, M.D. President Professor and Head House Ear Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology Los Angeles, California University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Carol R. Bradford, M.D., F.A.C.S. Iowa City, Iowa Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Luke Buchmann, M.D. University of Michigan Medical School Assistant Professor Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Utah School of Medicine Barton F. Branstetter, IV, M.D. Salt Lake City, Utah Associate Professor Departments of Radiology, Otolaryngology, and Biomedical Patrick J. Byrne, M.D. Informatics Associate Professor University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Director Dermatology Head and Neck Imaging Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Director Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Edward B. Braun, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology Gabriel G. Galzada, M.D. University of Kansas School of Medicine Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology University of Kansas Hospital Kaiser Permanente Kansas City, Kansas Downey, California Robert J. S. Briggs, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S. John P. Carey, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Melbourne, Australia Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Hilary A. Brodie, M.D., Ph.D. Professor and Chair Margaretha L. Casselbrant, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology Eberly Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology UC Davis Medical Center University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Sacramento, California Director Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Carolyn J. Brown, Ph.D. Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Paolo Castelnuovo, M.D. University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Professor Iowa City, Iowa University of Insubria Chairman David J. Brown, M.D. Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Varese, Italy Medical College of Wisconsin Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Steven Chang, M.D. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Kevin D. Brown, M.D., Ph.D. Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Assistant Professor Baltimore, Maryland Department of Otolaryngology Weill Cornell Medical College Assistant Attending Otorhinolaryngologist NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York

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Burke E. Chegar, M.D. Richard A. Chole, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical Assistant Professor Lindburg Professor and Head Department of Dermatology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Chief of Staff Director Department of Otolaryngology Center for Facial Plastic Surgery–Head and Neck Surgery Barnes-Jewish Hospital Fayette Regional Health System St. Louis, Missouri Connersville, Indiana James M. Christian, D.D.S., M.B.A. Amy Chen, M.D., M.P.H. Visiting Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Emory School of Medicine Director Atlanta, Georgia Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Eunice Y. Chen, M.D., Ph.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor Dartmouth Medical School Eugene A. Chu, M.D. Hanover, New Hampshire Clinical Instructor in Rhinology and Sinus Surgery Pediatric Otolaryngologist Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Lebanon, New Hampshire Baltimore, Maryland Theodore Chen, M.D. Martin J. Citardi, M.D. Department of Head and Neck Surgery Professor and Chair Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles, California University of Texas Medical School at Houston Chief Douglas B. Chepeha, M.D., M.P.H. Otorhinolaryngology Associate Professor Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Houston, Texas University of Michigan Medical School Director Marc A. Cohen, M.D. Microvascular Program Resident A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Alice Cheuk, M.D. Resident Physician Savita Collins, M.D. Los Angeles County Hospital and USC Medical Center Physician Los Angeles, California Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology Neil N. Chheda, M.D. South Bend Clinic Assistant Professor South Bend, Indiana Department of Otolaryngology Division of Laryngology Nancy A. Collop, M.D. University of Florida College of Medicine Professor Shands at the University of Florida Department of Medicine Gainesville, Florida Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Wade Chien, M.D. Medical Director Clinical Fellow Sleep Disorders Center Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins Hospital Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Philippe Contencin, M.D., Ph.D. Senior Consultant Sukgi S. Choi, M.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Professor Hôpital Necker Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Paris, France George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Raymond Cook, M.D. Vice Chief Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Children’s National Medical Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Washington, D.C. Chapel Hill, North Carolina WakeMed Health and Hospitals E Raleigh, North Carolina http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors ix

Jacquelynne Corey, M.D. Calhoun D. Cunningham, III, M.D. Professor of Surgery Assistant Consulting Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Division of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine Director Durham, North Carolina ENT Allergy Program Associate Physician University of Chicago Medical Center Carolina Ear and Hearing Clinic Chicago, Illinois Raleigh, North Carolina Robin T. Cotton, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S.C Greg E. Davis, M.D., M.P.H. Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Director Seattle, Washington Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Larry E. Davis, M.D. Cincinnati, Ohio Distinguished Professor of Neurology Research Professor Marion Everett Couch, M.D., Ph.D. Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Associate Professor Microbiology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chief Chapel Hill, North Carolina Neurology Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Mark S. Courey, M.D. Albuquerque, New Mexico Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Terry A. Day, M.D. Director Professor and Clinical Vice Chair Division of Laryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Director Charleston, South Carolina UCSF Voice and Swallowing Center San Francisco, California Antonio De la Cruz, M.D. Clinical Professor Benjamin T. Crane, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Assistant Professor University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology Director of Education University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry House Ear Clinic Department of Otolaryngology Los Angeles, California Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York Charles C. Della Santina, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Roger L. Crumley, M.D. Departments of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery and Professor and Chair Biomedical Engineering Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory Orange, California Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Oswaldo Laércio M. Cruz, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Associate Professor and Chief Division of Otology-Neurotology Chadrick Denlinger, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Assistant Professor Federal University of São Paulo Department of Surgery São Paulo, Brazil Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Frank Culicchia, M.D. Professor and Chair Craig S. Derkay, M.D., F.A.A.P., F.A.C.S. Department of Neurosurgery Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Vice Chair New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Otolaryngology Eastern Virginia Medical School Charles W. Cummings, M.D. Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology Distinguished Professor Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Norfolk, Virginia Executive Medical Director Johns Hopkins International Rodney C. Diaz, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterUniversity of California, Davis, School of Medicine Sacramento, California x Contributors

Robert A. Dobie, M.D. Audrey B. Erman, M.D. Professor Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology University of California, Davis, School of Medicine University of Michigan Health System Sacramento, California Ann Arbor, Michigan Suzanne K. Doud Galli, M.D., Ph.D. Samer Fakhri, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Associate Professor Inova Fairfax Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington, D.C. University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, Texas Newton O. Duncan, M.D. Clinical Assistant Professor Carole Fakhry, M.D., M.P.H. Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Pediatrics Resident Baylor College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Attending Surgeon Johns Hopkins Hospital Texas Children’s Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Houston, Texas Edward H. Farrior, M.D. Scott D. Z. Eggers, M.D. Visiting Clinical Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Neurology University of Virginia School of Medicine Mayo Medical School Charlottesville, Virginia Ann Arbor, Michigan Founder and Physician Associate Farrior Facial Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center Department of Neurology Tampa, Florida Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Richard T. Farrior, M.D. Boca Grande, Florida Avraham Eisbruch, M.D. Professor Russell A. Faust, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology Assistant Professor University of Michigan Medical School Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine Associate Chair of Clinical Research Department of Oral Triology, College of Dentistry University of Michigan Health System The Ohio State University Ann Arbor, Michigan Staff Attending Physician Department of Otolaryngology David W. Eisele, M.D., F.A.C.S. Nationwide Children’s Hospital Professor and Chair Columbus, Ohio Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Berrylin J. Ferguson, M.D. San Francisco, California Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology Hussam K. El-Kashlan, M.D. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology Division of Sino-Nasal Disorders and Allergy University of Michigan Medical School University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Medical Director Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Vestibular Testing Center University of Michigan Health System Paul W. Flint, M.D. Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ravindhra G. Elluru, M.D., Ph.D. Oregon Health and Science University Associate Professor Portland, Oregon Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Howard W. Francis, M.D. Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Associate Professor Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Residency Program Director Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Kevin H. Ende, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Clinical Instructor Plastic Surgery and Facial Surgery Marvin P. Fried, M.D. University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Professor and University Chairman San Francisco, California Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xi

David R. Friedland, M.D., Ph.D. Norman N. Ge, M.D., M.S.E.E., F.A.C.S. Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Department of Otolaryngology Chief University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Division of Otology and Neuro-otologic Skull Base Surgery Orange, California Medical College of Wisconsin Chief Milwaukee, Wisconsin Department of Head and Neck Surgery VA Long Beach Healthcare System Oren Friedman, M.D. Long Beach, California Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology M. Boyd Gillespie, M.D., M.S. Mayo Medical School Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Mayo Clinic Charleston, South Carolina Rochester, Minnesota Douglas A. Girod, M.D., F.A.C.S. John L. Frodel, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Russell E. Bridwell Chair Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs Temple University School of Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Kansas of Medical Center Associate Kansas City, Kansas Geisinger Medical Center Danville, Pennsylvania George S. Goding, Jr., M.D. Associate Professor Gerry F. Funk, M.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Otolaryngology Professor University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Faculty University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Director Hennepin County Medical Center Division of Head and Neck Oncology Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa Andrew N. Goldberg, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor Bruce J. Gantz, M.D. Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Professor Neurological Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Director Head Rhinology and Sinus Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery UCSF Medical Center University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics San Francisco, California Iowa City, Iowa David Goldenberg, M.D. C. Gaelyn Garrett, M.D. Associate Professor Professor Department of Surgery Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Medical Director Penn State University College of Medicine Vanderbilt Voice Center Director Nashville, Tennessee Head and Neck Surgery Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Jackie Gartner-Schmidt, Ph.D. Director Assistant Professor Head and Neck Cancer Program Department of Otolaryngology Penn State Cancer Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Hershey, Pennsylvania Associate Director University of Pittsburgh Voice Center Daniel O. Graney, Ph.D. UPMC Mercy Hospital Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Biological Structure University of Washington School of Medicine William Donald Gay, D.D.S. Seattle, Washington Hawes Professor of Maxillofacial Prosthetics (retired) Department of Otolaryngology Nazaneen N. Grant, M.D. Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Assistant Professor Attending Dentist Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Barnes Hospital Georgetown University School of Medicine and Health Sciences St. Louis, Missouri Georgetown University Hospital Washington, D.C. E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xii Contributors

Vincent Grégoire, M.D., Ph.D., Hon.F.R.C.R. Robert V. Harrison, Ph.D. Professor of Radiation Oncology Professor and Director of Research Catholic University of Louvain Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Head of Clinics Senior Scientist St. Luc University Hospital Neuroscience and Mental Health Brussels, Belgium Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Heike Gries, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Bruce H. Haughey, M.B.Ch.B., F.A.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology Professor and Director Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Portland, Oregon Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Samuel P. Gubbels, M.D. Assistant Professor John W. Hellstein, D.D.S. Department of Surgery Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Health Iowa City, Iowa Madison, Wisconsin Kurt Herzer Joel Guss, M.D. Marshall Scholar Attending Physician Department of Social Policy and Social Work Department of Head and Neck Surgery University of Oxford Kaiser Permanente Medical Center Oxford, United Kingdom Walnut Creek, California Woodrow Wilson Fellow Departments of Public Health Studies and Anesthesiology and Patrick Ha, M.D., F.A.C.S. Critical Care Medicine Assistant Professor Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Physician Michael S. Hildebrand, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins Head and Neck Surgery at the Greater Postdoctoral Fellow Baltimore Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Milton J. Dance, Jr., Head and Neck Center University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa Grant S. Hamilton, III, M.D. Assistant Professor Frans J. M. Hilgers, M.D., Ph.D. University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Professor University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication (Institute Iowa City, Iowa of Phonetic Sciences) Academic Medical Center Ehab Y. Hanna, M.D., F.A.C.S. University of Amsterdam Lecturer Emeritus Chairman University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery Little Rock, Arkansas The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Professor and Vice Chairman Hospital Department of Head and Neck Surgery Amsterdam, The Netherlands Director of Skull Base Surgery Medical Director of Head and Neck Center Justin D. Hill, M.D. University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Physician Houston, Texas Central Oregon Ear, Nose & Throat Bend, Oregon Lee A. Harker, M.D. Formerly Deputy Director Michael L. Hinni, M.D. Boys Town National Research Hospital Associate Professor and Residency Program Director Vice Chair Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology and Human Communication Consultant Omaha, Nebraska Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic Uli Harréus, Dr.Med. Phoenix, Arizona Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ludwig-Maximilians University Grosshadern Clinic Munich, Germany E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xiii

Henry T. Hoffman, M.D., F.A.C.S. Steven Ing, M.D. Professor Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University College of Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio Director Voice Clinic Tim A. Iseli, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S. University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Staff Surgeon Iowa City, Iowa Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Eric H. Holbrook, M.D., M.S.(Anat.) Assistant Professor Stacey Ishman, M.D. Department of Otology and Laryngology Assistant Professor Harvard Medical School Department of Pediatrics Associate Surgeon Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Director Boston, Massachusetts Center for Snoring and Sleep Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Lauren D. Holinger, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Robert K. Jackler, M.D. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Edward C. and Amy H. Sewall Professor and Chair Head Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Associate Dean Children’s Memorial Hospital Stanford University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Attending Physician Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford Allison MacGregor Holzapfel, M.D. Stanford, California Volunteer Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Brian Jameson, D.O. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor Cincinnati, Ohio Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania David B. Hom, M.D., F.A.C.S. Attending Endocrinologist Professor Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Director Herman A. Jenkins, M.D. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Professor and Chair University of Cincinnati Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of Colorado, Denver, School of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio University of Colorado Hospital Aurora, Colorado John W. House, M.D. Clinic Professor Hong-Ryol Jin, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Associate Physician Seoul National University College of Medicine House Clinic Seoul, Korea President House Ear Institute John K. Joe, M.D.* Los Angeles, California Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Joyce Colton House, M.D. Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Chief Resident Yale University School of Medicine Boston Medical Center New Haven, Connecticut Boston, Massachusetts Stephanie A. Joe, M.D. Timothy E. Hullar, M.D. Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Director St. Louis, Missouri Sinus and Nasal Allergy Center Codirector Murad Husein, M.D. Skull Base Surgery Assistant Professor University of Illinois Hospital London Health Sciences Centre Chicago, Illinois Victoria Hospital Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario *Deceased E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterLondon, Ontario, Canada xiv Contributors

Gary Johnson, M.D. Paul E. Kelly, M.D. Professor Staff Surgeon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Eastern Long Island Hospital Director of Gynecologic Oncology Greenport, New York Clerkship Director Peconic Bay Medical Center Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Riverhead, New York Springfield, Illinois David W. Kennedy, M.D. Rhonda Johnson, M.Ed., Ph.D. Professor of Rhinology Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Psychiatry Vice Dean for Professional Services Southern Illinois University School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Psychologist Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute St. John’s Hospital Ayesha N. Khalid, M.D. Memorial Medical Center Clinical Instructor Springfield, Illinois Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Portland, Oregon Tiffany A. Johnson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Merrill S. Kies, M.D. Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Professor of Medicine Disorders University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center University of Kansas Houston, Texas Lawrence, Kansas Paul R. Kileny, Ph.D. Timothy M. Johnson, M.D. Professor Professor Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Department of Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology–Head and University of Michigan Medical School Neck Surgery Academic Program Director University of Michigan Medical School Audiology and Hearing Rehabilitation Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan Nick S. Jones, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.(ORC) Professor David W. Kim, M.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Associate Professor University of Nottingham Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Queens Medical Centre Division of Facial Plastic Surgery University Hospital University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Nottingham, United Kingdom San Francisco, California Sheldon S. Kabaker, M.D. Jason H. Kim, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine San Francisco, California Orange, California Lucy H. Karnell, Ph.D. Theresa B. Kim, M.D. Research Scientist Resident University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Iowa City, Iowa UCSF Medical Center San Francisco, California Matthew L. Kashima, M.D., M.P.H. Assistant Professor William J. Kimberling, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Professor of Ophthalmology Chair Departments Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Iowa City, Iowa Senior Scientist Robert M. Kellman, M.D. Boys Town National Research Hospital Professor and Chair Omaha, Nebraska Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences SUNY Upstate Medical University Jeffrey Koh, M.D., M.B.A. Syracuse, New York Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Chief Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Pain Management Doernbecher Children’s Hospital E Portland, Oregon http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xv

Niels Kokot, M.D. Ollivier Laccourreye, M.D. Assistant Professor Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Paris Descartes University Los Angeles, California Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou Paris, France Peter J. Koltai, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Professor of Otolaryngology JoAnne Lacey, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Assistant Professor Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Radiology Chief Division of Neuroradiology Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford Neuroradiologist Stanford, California Barnes-Jewish Hospital St. Louis, Missouri Frederick K. Kozak, M.D. Clinical Professor Stephen Y. Lai, M.D., Ph.D. University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine Assistant Professor Head Department of Head and Neck Surgery Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Medical/Surgical Director Houston, Texas Cochlea Implant Program B.C. Children’s Hospital Devyani Lal, M.D. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Chief Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Paul R. Krakovitz, M.D. Loyola University Medical Center Assistant Professor Maywood, Illinois Department of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Anil K. Lalwani, M.D. Reserve University Mendik Foundation Professor and Chair Section Head, Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Institute New York University School of Medicine Cleveland Clinic New York, New York Cleveland, Ohio Paul R. Lambert, M.D. Russell W. H. Kridel, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Chair Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Charleston, South Carolina University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, Texas Amy Anne Lassig, M.D. Assistant Professor Parvesh Kumar, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor and Chair University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Radiation Oncology Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Chair Richard E. Latchaw, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology Professor Los Angeles County Hospital–USC Medical Center Department of Radiology Director University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Division of Radiation Oncology Director USC Norris Cancer Center Hospital Neuroradiology Division Los Angeles, California Department of Radiology UC Davis Medical Center Melda Kunduk, Ph.D. Sacramento, California Assistant Professor Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Kevin P. Leahy, M.D., Ph.D. Louisiana State University School of Medicine at New Orleans Assistant Professor Health Sciences Center Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Speech Pathologist University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Lourisiana Daniel J. Lee, M.D. Our Lady of the Lake Voice Center Assistant Professor Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Otology and Laryngology Harvard Medical School Department of Otolaryngology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston, Massachusetts E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xvi Contributors

Ken K. Lee, M.D. Charles J. Limb, M.D. Associate Professor Associate Professor Departments of Dermatology, Surgery, and Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Dermatologic and Laser Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Portland, Oregon Jeri A. Logemann, Ph.D. Nancy Lee, M.D. Ralph and Jean Sundin Professor Associate Attending Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Department of Radiation Oncology Northwestern University Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Evanston, Illinois New York, New York Professor Departments of Neurology and Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Jean-Louis Lefebvre, M.D. Surgery Professor and Chief Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Head and Neck Cancer Director Center Oscar Lambret Voice, Speech, and Language Service and Swallowing Center Lille, France Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Maureen A. Lefton-Greif, Ph.D. Associate Professor Thomas Loh, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine National University of Singapore Speech-Language Pathologist Senior Consultant Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Baltimore, Maryland National University Hospital Singapore Donald A. Leopold, M.D., M.S.(Bus.) Professor and Chair Brenda L. Lonsbury-Martin, Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor University of Nebraska School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Omaha, Nebraska Loma Linda University School of Medicine Senior Research Scientist James S. Lewis, Jr., M.D. VA Loma Linda Healthcare System Assistant Professor of Pathology and Immunology Loma Linda, California Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology Director, Research Histology and Tissue Microarray Laboratory Manuel A. Lopez, M.D. Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Chief St. Louis, Missouri Facial Plastic Surgery Wilford Hall Medical Center Daqing Li, M.D. San Antonio, Texas Associate Professor Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Rodney P. Lusk, M.D. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Director Director Ear, Nose, and Throat Institute Gene and Molecular Therapy Laboratory Boys Town National Research Hospital Director Omaha, Nebraska Temporal Bone Laboratory Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Lawrence R. Lustig, M.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Francis A. Sooy, M.D., Chair in Otolaryngology Chief Timothy S. Lian, M.D. Division of Otology and Neurotology Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Residency Program Director San Francisco, California Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Shreveport Anna Lysakowski, Ph.D. Shreveport, Louisiana Professor Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Greg R. Licameli, M.D., M.H.C.M., F.A.C.S. University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine Assistant Professor Chicago, Illinois Department of Otology and Laryngology Harvard Medical School Carol J. MacArthur, M.D. Interim Chief Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Children’s Hospital Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine E Boston, Massachusetts Portland, Oregon http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xvii

Robert H. Maisel, M.D. Thomas V. McCaffrey, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Minnesota Medical School University of South Florida College of Medicine Chief of Otolaryngology Program Leader and Senior Member Hennepin County Medical Center Head and Neck Oncology Minneapolis, Minnesota H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, Florida James P. Malone, M.D. Associate Professor Timothy M. McCulloch, M.D., F.A.C.S. Division of Otolaryngology Professor Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Department of Surgery Springfield, Illinois University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Chair Ellen M. Mandel, M.D. Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Associate Professor University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Department of Otolaryngology Madison, Wisconsin University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh JoAnn McGee, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Scientist Developmental Auditory Physiology Laboratory Susan J. Mandel, M.D., M.P.H. Boys Town National Research Hospital Professor and Associate Chief Omaha, Nebraska Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department of Medicine John F. McGuire, M.D. University of Pennsylvania Health System Attending Physician Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Otolaryngology Fallbrook Hospital Scott C. Manning, M.D. Fallbrook, California Professor Department of Otolaryngology Jonathan McJunkin, M.D. University of Washington in St. Louis School of Medicine Resident Chief Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Washington University Medical Center Seattle Children’s Hospital St. Louis, Missouri Seattle, Washington J. Scott McMurray, M.D. Lynette Mark, M.D. Associate Professor Associate Professor Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery American Family Children’s Hospital Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Madison, Wisconsin Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Albert L. Merati, M.D. Associate Professor and Chief Jeffery C. Markt, D.D.S. Division of Laryngology Associate Professor and Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences Division of Oral Facial Prosthetics/Dental Oncology University of Washington School of Medicine University of Nebraska School of Medicine Adjunct Associate Professor Omaha, Nebraska Seattle, Washington Michael Marsh, M.D. Saumil N. Merchant, M.D. Physician Gudrun Larsen Eliasen and Nels Kristian Eliasen Professor of Arkansas Center for Ear, Nose, Throat and Allergy Otology and Laryngology Fort Smith, Arkansas Harvard Medical School Surgeon in Otolaryngology Glen K. Martin, Ph.D. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Professor Boston, Massachusetts Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Loma Linda School of Medicine Anna H. Messner, M.D. Loma Linda, California Professor Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Douglas E. Mattox, M.D. Pediatrics Professor and William Chester Warren, Jr., M.D., Chair Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Stanford, California Emory School of Medicine Vice Chair Atlanta, Georgia Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterPalo Alto, California xviii Contributors

James Michelson, M.D. Paul S. Nassif, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Department of Otolaryngology University of Vermont College of Medicine University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Medical Informaticist Los Angeles, California Fletcher Allen Health Care Partner Burlington, Vermont Spalding Drive Cosmetic Surgery and Dermatology Beverly Hills, California Henry A. Milczuk, M.D. Associate Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology Julian Nedzelski, M.D. Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Professor Portland, Oregon Department of Otolaryngology University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Lloyd B. Minor, M.D. Otolaryngologist-in-Chief Andelot Professor and Director Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Toronto, Ontario, Canada Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Piero Nicolai, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Professor University of Brescia School of Medicine Steven Ross Mobley, M.D. Chairman Associate Professor Spedali Civili Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Brescia, Italy Department of Otolaryngology University of Utah School of Medicine David R. Nielsen, M.D. Salt Lake City, Utah Executive Vice President and CEO American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Harlan Muntz, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Alexandria, Virginia Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery John K. Niparko, M.D. University of Utah School of Medicine George T. Nager Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Director Primary Children’s Medical Center Divisions of Otology, Neurotology, Skull Base Surgery, and Salt Lake City, Utah Audiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Craig S. Murakami, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Clinical Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Susan J. Norton, Ph.D. University of Washington School of Medicine Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Facial Plastic Surgery Adjunct Professor Virginia Mason Medical Center Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences Seattle, Washington University of Washington School of Medicine Chief Charles M. Myer, III, M.D. Department of Pediatric Audiology Professor and Vice Chair Seattle Children’s Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Seattle, Washington University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Director S. A. Reza Nouraei, M.A.(Cantab.), M.B.B.Chir., M.R.C.S. Hearing Impaired Clinic Researcher Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center The Laryngology Research Group Cincinnati, Ohio University College London Academic Specialist Registrar Robert M. Naclerio, M.D. Charing Cross Hospital Professor and Chief London, United Kingdom Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Daniel W. Nuss, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chicago, Illinois G. D. Lyons Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Joseph B. Nadol, Jr., M.D. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Walter Augustus Lecompte Professor and Chair Medicine at New Orleans Department of Otology and Laryngology New Orleans, Louisiana Harvard Medical School Chief Department of Otolaryngology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston, Massachusetts E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xix

Brian Nussenbaum, M.D. Robert H. Ossoff, D.M.D., M.D. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology Guy M. Maness Professor of Laryngology and Voice Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Patient Safety Officer Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Assistant Vice Chancellor for Compliance and Corporate Attending Surgeon Integrity Barnes-Jewish Hospital Vanderbilt Medical Center St. Louis, Missouri Nashville, Tennessee Rick M. Odland, M.D., Ph.D. Kristen J. Otto, M.D. Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences University of Minnesota Medical School University of Mississippi School of Medicine Staff Surgeon Jackson, Mississippi Departmental of Otolaryngology Hennepin County Medical Center Mark D. Packer, M.D. Minneapolis, Minnesota Assistant Clinical Professor University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Gerard O’Donoghue, M.Ch., F.R.C.S. School of Medicine Professor of Otology and Neurotology San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium University of Nottingham San Antonio, Texas Codirector Staff Neurotologist National Biomedical Unit in Hearing Wilford Hall Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Lackland Air Force Base, Texas Queen’s Medical Centre Nottingham, United Kingdom John Pallanch, M.D. Assistant Professor Eric R. Oliver, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Chief Resident Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Chair MUSC University Hospital Division of Rhinology Charleston, South Carolina Department of Otorhinolaryngology Mayo Clinic Bert W. O’Malley, Jr., M.D. Rochester, Minnesota Gabriel Tucker Professor and Chairman Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery James N. Palmer, M.D. Professor of Neurosurgery Associate Professor Abramson Cancer Center Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Codirector Director Center for Cranial Base Surgery Division of Rhinology Codirector Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Head and Neck Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Stephen S. Park, M.D. Professor and Vice Chair Robert C. O’Reilly, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Clinical Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Division of Facial Plastic Surgery Jefferson Medical College University of Virginia School of Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Charlottesville, Virginia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pediatric Otology/Neurotology Sundip Patel, M.D. A. I. duPont Hospital for Children Resident Wilmington, Delaware Department of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery University of Illinois Hospital Juan Camilo Ospina, M.D. Chicago, Illinois Assistant Professor Javeriana University School of Medicine G. Alexander Patterson, M.D. Head Professor Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery San Ignacio University Hospital Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Director Barnes-Jewish Hospital Division of Otorhinolaryngology St. Louis, Missouri Roosevelt Institute Bogota, Colombia

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Bruce W. Pearson, M.D. Gregory N. Postma, M.D. Emeritus Professor Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Medical College of Georgia Jacksonville, Florida Director Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders Phillip K. Pellitteri, D.O., F.A.C.S. Augusta, Georgia Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery William P. Potsic, M.D., M.M.M. Temple University School of Medicine Professor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Chief, Section of Head, Neck, and Endocrine Surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Senior Surgeon Geisinger Health System Division of Otolaryngology Danville, Pennsylvania The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jonathan A. Perkins, D.O. Associate Professor Sheri A. Poznanovic, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Instructor University of Washington School of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Attending Pediatric Otolaryngologist Clinical Staff Seattle Children’s Hospital The Children’s Hospital Seattle, Washington Denver, Colorado Pediatric Otolaryngologist Stephen W. Perkins, M.D. Colorado Otolaryngology Associates Clinical Associate Professor Colorado Springs, Colorado Department of Otolaryngology Indiana University School of Medicine Vito C. Quatela, M.D. President Clinical Associate Professor Meridian Plastic Surgeons Department of Otolaryngology Meridian Plastic Surgery Center University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Quatela Center for Plastic Surgery Rochester, New York Colin D. Pero, M.D. Volunteer Clinical Faculty C. Rose Rabinov, M.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Bakersfield, California Dallas, Texas Private Practice Virginia Ramachandran, Au.D Plano, Texas Senior Staff Audiologist Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Shirley S. N. Pignatari, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Audiology Associate Professor Henry Ford Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Detroit, Michigan Federal University of São Paulo Head Gregory W. Randolph, M.D., F.A.C.S Pediatric ENT Division Associate Professor ENT Center of São Paulo Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor Harvard Medical School Edmundo Uasconcelos Hospital Director São Paulo, Brazil Endocrine Surgery, General Otolaryngology, and General and Thyroid Services Steven D. Pletcher, M.D. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Assistant Professor Boston, Massachusetts Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Christopher H. Rassekh, M.D., F.A.C.S San Francisco, California Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Aron Popovtzer, M.D. Chief Physician Division of Head and Neck Oncology Davidoff Comprehensive Cancer Center West Virginia University School of Medicine Consultant Co-Director, Center for Cranial Base Surgery Department of Otolaryngology Morgantown, West Virginia Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Israel

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Steven D. Rauch, M.D. Richard M. Rosenfeld, M.D., M.P.H. Associate Professor Professor and Chairman Department of Otology and Laryngology Department of Otolaryngology Harvard Medical School SUNY Downstate School of Medicine Coordinator Chairman Medical Student Education Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Long Island College Hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Brooklyn, New York Boston, Massachusetts Bruce E. Rotter, D.M.D. Lou Reinisch, Ph.D. Professor Professor of Physics and Head Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Physical and Earth Sciences Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Jacksonville State University Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine Jacksonville, Alabama Alton, Illinois Consultant Mark, A. Richardson, M.D. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Professor John Cochrane VA Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery St. Louis, Missouri Dean School of Medicine Jay T. Rubinstein, M.D., Ph.D. Oregon Health and Science University Professor Portland, Oregon Departments of Otolaryngology and Bioengineering University of Washington School of Medicine Gresham T. Richter, M.D. Seattle, Washington Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Michael J. Ruckenstein, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S.C. The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Professor Medicine Residency Program Director Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Vascular Anomalies Center Vice Chair for Education and Academic Affairs Arkansas Children’s Hospital University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Little Rock, Arkansas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania James M. Ridgway, M.D. Zoran Rumboldt, M.D. Fellow Associate Professor Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Radiology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina University of Washington School of Medicine Charleston, South Carolina Seattle, Washington Christina L. Runge-Samuelson, Ph.D. K. Thomas Robbins, M.D. Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University Medical College of Wisconsin Professor Director Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Koss Cochlear Implant Program Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Springfield, Illinois Froedtert Hospital Milwaukee, Wisconsin Frederick C. Roediger, M.D. Resident Leonard P. Rybak, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor UCSF Medical Center Department of Surgery San Francisco, California Division of Otolaryngology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Jeremy Rogers, M.D. Springfield, Illinois Chief Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Babak Sadoughi, M.D. USF Medical Center Resident and House Officer Head and Neck Program Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Montefiore Medical Center Tampa, Florida Bronx, New York Ohad Ronen, M.D., F.A.C.S. John R. Salassa, M.D. Attending Surgeon Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Haifa, Israel Jacksonville, Florida E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xxii Contributors

Thomas J. Salinas, D.D.S. David A. Schessel, M.D. Associate Professor of Dentistry Assistant Professor Department of Dental Specialties Department of Otolaryngology Mayo Clinic Stony Brook University Medical Center School of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Stony Brook, New York Sandeep Samant, M.D., F.R.C.S. Cecelia E. Schmalbach, M.D. Associate Professor and Chief Head and Neck–Microvascular Surgery Division of Head and Neck Surgery Wilford Hall Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Lackland Air Force Base University of Tennessee College of Medicine San Antonio, Texas Director Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Clinic Todd J. Schwedt, M.D. University of Tennessee Cancer Institute Assistant Professor of Neurology and Anesthesiology Memphis, Tennessee Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Director Robin A. Samlan, M.S., M.B.A. Washington University Headache Center Doctoral Student St. Louis, Missouri University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona James J. Sciubba, D.M.D., Ph.D. Professor (Retired) Ravi N. Samy, M.D. Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dermatology, Assistant Professor Pathology Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Cincinnati, Ohio Milton J. Dance, Jr., Head and Neck Center Baltimore, Maryland Henry D. Sandel, IV, M.D. Medical Director Sunitha Sequeira, M.D. The Sandel Center for Facial Plastic Surgery Resident Annapolis, Maryland Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington University Medical Center Guri S. Sandhu, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S.(ORL-HNS) St. Louis, Missouri Honorary Senior Lecturer University College London Meena Seshamani, M.D., Ph.D. Consultant Otolaryngologist/Head and Neck Surgeon Resident Charing Cross Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery London, United Kingdom Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Isamu Sando, M.D. Professor Emeritus Clough Shelton, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Professor and Chair University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Hetzel Presidential Endowed Chair in Otolaryngology University of Utah School of Medicine Cara Sauder, M.A., CCC-SLP Salt Lake City, Utah Adjunct Instructor Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Neil T. Shepard, Ph.D. University of Utah School of Medicine Professor of Audiology Clinical Director Department of Otolaryngology Voice Disorders Clinic Mayo Medical School College of Medicine University Hospital Rochester, Minnesota Salt Lake City, Utah Jonathan A. Ship, D.M.D.* Jeremy A. Scarlett, M.D. New York University College of Dentistry Assistant Professor New York, New York Department of Anesthesiology Medical College of Wisconsin W. Peyton Shirley, M.D. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Richard L. Scher, M.D., F.A.C.S. University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Associate Professor and Associate Chief The Children’s Hospital of Alabama Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Birmingham, Alabama Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina

E *Deceased. http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxiii

Yelizaveta Shnayder, M.D., F.A.C.S. Aldo Cassol Stamm, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Affiliate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Kansas School of Medicine Federal University of São Paulo Kansas City, Kansas Director ENT Center of São Paulo Joseph Shvidler, M.D. Edmundo Vasconcelos Hospital Attending Physician São Paulo, Brazil Department of Otolaryngology Madigan Army Medical Center James A. Stankiewicz, M.D. Tacoma, Washington Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Kathleen C. Y. Sie, M.D. Loyola University School of Medicine Professor Senior Attending Staff Surgeon Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Loyola University Medical Center University of Washington School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois Director Childhood Communication Center Rose Stavinoha, M.D. Seattle Children’s Hospital Chief Resident Seattle, Washington Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery USF Medical Center Daniel B. Simmen, M.D. Tampa, Florida Center for Rhinology and Facial Plastic Surgery, Skull Base Surgery, and Otology Laura M. Sterni, M.D. Zurich, Switzerland Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Marshall E. Smith, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Professor Director Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins Pediatric Sleep Center University of Utah School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Children’s Center Attending Physician and Medical Director Baltimore, Maryland Voice Disorders Clinic Primary Children’s Medical Center David L. Steward, M.D. University Hospital Associate Professor Salt Lake City, Utah Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director of Thyroid/Parathyroid Surgery Richard J. H. Smith, M.D. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Professor Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Otolaryngology University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Rose Mary S. Stocks, M.D., Pharm.D. Iowa City, Iowa Professor and Residency Program Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Robert A. Sofferman, M.D. University of Tennessee College of Medicine Professor and Chief Memphis, Tennessee Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Vermont School of Medicine Holger H. Sudhoff, M.D., Ph.D. Burlington, Vermont Professor Ruhr University Bochum School of Medicine Marlene Soma, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S. Bochum, Germany ENT Clinical Fellow Chairman and Medical Director Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery London, United Kingdom Klinikum Bielefeld Bielefeld, Germany Brad A. Stach, Ph.D. Head John B. Sunwoo, M.D. Division of Audiology Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Henry Ford Hospital Stanford University School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan Stanford Cancer Center Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics Hinrich Staecker, M.D., Ph.D. Stanford, California Associate Professor Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Neil A. Swanson, M.D. University of Kansas School of Medicine Professor of Dermatology, Surgery, and Otolaryngology Kansas City, Kansas Chair Department of Dermatology Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Portland, Oregon E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xxiv Contributors

Veronica C. Swanson, M.D. Steven A. Telian, M.D. Associate Professor John L. Kemink Professor of Neurotology Departments of of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Director Ann Arbor, Michigan Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia Doernbecher Children’s Hospital David J. Terris, M.D. Portland, Oregon Porubsky Distinguished Professor and Chairman Department of Otolaryngology Robert A. Swarm, M.D. Medical College of Georgia Professor Surgical Director Department of Anesthesiology Medical College of Georgia Thyroid Center Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Augusta, Georgia Director Barnes-Jewish Hospital–Washington University Pain Karen B. Teufert, M.D. Management Center House Ear Institute St. Louis, Missouri Los Angeles, California Jonathan M. Sykes, M.D., F.A.C.S. J. Regan Thomas, M.D. Professor Francis L. Lederer Professor and Chairman University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director University of Illinois at Chicago Facial Plastic Surgery Chicago, Illinois UC Davis Medical Center Sacramento, California James N. Thompson, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor Luke Tan, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S., M.Med.Sci. Department of Otolaryngology Associate Professor (Adjunct) University of Texas Southwestern Medical School National University of Singapore Dallas, Texas Senior Consultant President and CEO Head and Neck Surgeon Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States Gleneagles Medical Centre Singapore Dean M. Toriumi, M.D. Professor M. Eugene Tardy, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology Division of Facial Plastic Surgery Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Chicago, Illinois University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Alejandro I. Torres, B.S. Department of Biology Sherard A. Tatum, III, M.D. Seattle Pacific University Associate Professor Virginia Mason Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Seattle, Washington SUNY Upstate Medical University Director Joseph B. Travers, Ph.D. Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Professor Director Section of Oral Biology Cleft and Craniofacial Center Department of Dentistry University Hospital Associate Professor Syracuse, New York Department of Psychology The Ohio State University S. Mark Taylor, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., F.A.C.S. Columbus, Ohio Associate Professor Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Susan P. Travers, Ph.D. Head Professor Section of Head and Neck Surgery Section of Oral Biology Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine Department of Dentistry Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Associate Professor Department of Psychology Natacha Teissier, M.D., Ph.D. The Ohio State University Senior Consultant Columbus, Ohio Department of Otorhinolaryngology R. Debre Hospital Paris, France

E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxv

Terance T. Tsue, M.D., F.A.C.S. Mikhail Vaysberg, D.O. Associate Dean of Graduate Medical Education Assistant Professor Douglas A. Girod, M.D. Professor of Head and Neck Surgical Department of Otolaryngology Oncology University of Florida College of Medicine Vice Chair Gainesville, Florida Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Kansas School of Medicine David E. Vokes, M.B.Ch.B., F.R.A.C.S. University of Kansas Hospital Consultant Otolaryngologist Kansas City, Kansas Head and Neck Surgeon Auckland City Hospital Ralph P. Tufano, M.D. Auckland, New Zealand Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery P. Ashley Wackym, M.D. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Vice President for Research Director Legacy Health System Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery President Johns Hopkins Hospital Ear and Skull Base Institute Baltimore, Maryland Portland, Oregon David E. Tunkel, M.D. Tamekia L. Wakefield, M.D. Associate Professor of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Assistant Professor Pediatrics, and Anesthesia–Critical Care Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine Director Pediatric Otolaryngologist Pediatric Otolaryngology University of Kansas Hospital Johns Hopkins Hospital Kansas City, Kansas Baltimore, Maryland Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri Michael D. Turner, D.D.S., M.D. New York University College of Dentistry David L. Walner, M.D. New York University School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology NYU Medical Center Rush Medical College New York, New York Chicago, Illinois Staff Ravindra Uppaluri, M.D., Ph.D. Lutheran General Children’s Hospital Assistant Professor Park Ridge, Illinois Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Edward J. Walsh, Ph.D. St. Louis, Missouri Director Developmental Auditory Physiology Laboratory Michael F. Vaezi, M.D., Ph.D. Boys Town National Research Hospital Professor of Medicine and Clinical Director Omaha, Nebraska Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Rohan R. Walvekar, M.D. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Assistant Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Research Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Director Medicine at New Orleans Center for Esophageal and Mobility Disorders New Orleans, Louisiana Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee Tom D. Wang, M.D. Professor of Facial Plastic Surgery Thierry Van den Abbeele, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine Department of Otorhinolaryngology Portland, Oregon Paris Diderot University Head Frank M. Warren, III, M.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Assistant Professor R. Debre Hospital Department of Surgery Paris, France Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Utah School of Medicine Michiel W. M. van den Brekel, M.D., Ph.D. Salt Lake City, Utah Professor Academic Medical Center Randal S. Weber, M.D. University of Amsterdam Professor and Chair Chair Department of Head and Neck Surgery Department of Head Neck Oncology and Surgery University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Houston, Texas Hospital E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterAmsterdam, The Netherlands xxvi Contributors

Richard O. Wein, M.D., F.A.C.S. Gregory J. Wiet, M.B.S., M.D. Assistant Professor Associate Professor Tufts University School of Medicine Departments of Otolaryngology and Biomedical Informatics Tufts Medical Center The Ohio State University College of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Department of Otolaryngology Nationwide Children’s Hospital Gregory S. Weinstein, M.D. Columbus, Ohio Professor and Vice Chair Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Richard H. Wiggins, III, M.D. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Associate Professor Director Departments of Radiology, Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Division of Head and Neck Surgery Surgery, and Biomedical Informatics Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Imaging Informatics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Utah School of Medicine Department of Oncological Sciences–Head and Neck Imaging Erik Kent Weitzel, M.D. Huntsman Cancer Institute Adjunct Assistant Professor Salt Lake City, Utah F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Andrea Willey, M.D. Chief Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Rhinology Department of Dermatology Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Lackland Air Force Base, Texas Physician Mohs and Reconstructive Surgery and Laser Surgery D. Bradley Welling, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Laser and Skin Surgery Center of Northern California Professor and Chair Sacramento, California Department of Otolaryngology Solano Dermatology Associates The Ohio State University College of Medicine Vacaville, California Columbus, Ohio William N. William, Jr., M.D. Richard D. Wemer, M.D. Assistant Professor Clinical Faculty Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology University of Minnesota University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Minneapolis, Minnesota Medical School Houston, Texas Associate Physician Park Nicolette Hospitals and Clinics Glenn B. Williams, M.D. Saint Louis Park, Minnesota Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ralph F. Wetmore, M.D. University of Tennessee College of Medicine Professor Memphis, Tennessee Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Franz J. Wippold, II, M.D., F.A.C.R. Chief Professor of Radiology Division of Otolaryngology Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Chief of Neuroradiology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology St. Louis, Missouri Ernest A. Weymuller, Jr., M.D. Adjunct Professor Professor Department of Radiology/Radiologic Sciences Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Seattle, Washington Bethesda, Maryland Attending Neuroradiologist Brian J. Wiatrak, M.D. Barnes-Jewish Hospital Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery St. Louis Children’s Hospital University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Chief Pediatric Otolaryngology Gayle Ellen Woodson, M.D. Children’s Hospital of Alabama Professor and Chair Birmingham, Alabama Division of Otolaryngology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois Audie L. Woolley, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine E Birmingham, Alabama http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxvii

Christopher T. Wootten, M.D. George H. Zalzal, M.D. Assistant Professor Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Sciences Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital Chief Nashville, Tennessee Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s National Medical Center Peter-John Wormald, M.D., F.R.A.C.S., F.C.S.(SA), F.R.C.S. Washington, D.C. Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery David S. Zee, M.D. University of Adelaide and Flinders University Professor Professor and Head Department of Neurology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Queen Elizabeth Hospital Johns Hopkins Hospital Adelaide, Australia Baltimore, Maryland Charles D. Yingling, Ph.D., D.A.B.N.M. Marc S. Zimbler, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Stanford, California Director Chief Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Surgical Neuromonitoring Services Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Sausalito, California Beth Israel Medical Center New York, New York Bevan Yueh, M.D., M.P.H. Professor and Chair S. James Zinreich, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Radiology Minneapolis, Minnesota Division of Neuroradiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Rex C. Yung, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor of Medicine and Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Teresa A. Zwolan, Ph.D. Director Associate Professor Pulmonary Oncology and Bronchology Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins Hospital University of Michigan Medical School Baltimore, Maryland Director Cochlear Implant Program Renzo A. Zaldívar, M.D. University of Michigan Health System Fellow Ann Arbor, Michigan Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota

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The fifth edition of Cummings Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery is written in response to the vast expansion of medical knowledge and technological advancements impacting our specialty and presents the most up-to-date information, covering new topics from surgical robotics and image guidance to evidence-based performance measurements. Nonetheless, we have worked hard to keep the fifth edition concise, removing overlapping content to make for easier reading, yet still covering in detail all major developments in the field. Building on the success of the past four editions, the fifth edition also reflects a technology-driven change in curriculum, featur- ing access to the Expert Consult website, with text and images from the book as well as online video demonstrating the ACGME Key Indicator Procedures. The video component provides residents with a new opportunity to better understand the critical elements of these core procedures. As with past editions, the field of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery is represented in all of its diversity. The table of contents has been restructured to reflect the extensive interrelationship of its various components. Every chapter contains Key Points at the start and a “most relevant” Suggested Readings list. A full reference list for each chapter is available online to supplement the overall content. Combined with the online version, the fifth edition remains the definitive resource for our specialty. In acknowledgement of all those who have contributed to the specialty, the list of authors includes worldwide representation. Adding to excellence at the editorship level, Drs. Valerie Lund and John Niparko have assumed leadership roles, and Dr. Howard Francis has assumed an associate editorship position for the online video content. Through the combined effort of all contributors, our goal is to further the education of those now associated with otolaryngology–head and neck surgery and provide a foundation for continued progress by the generations to follow.

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For those individuals privileged to serve and train under Dr. Charles Cummings, we recognize him as mentor, colleague and friend, physician and healer; we are grateful for his leadership and everlasting imprint on our mission in academic medicine. Charlie, thank you. From your student, colleague, and friend,

Paul W. Flint

It has been a distinct honor and pleasure to be part of the editorial and publishing team assembled for this edition of Cummings Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. The authors have been tireless in their efforts and have worked strongly to produce chapters that are truly comprehensive in scope and depth. My sincere thanks goes to each one of them and their families, who inevitably have put up with liberal amounts of “burning the midnight oil.” My loyal assistant of 20 years, Debbie Turner, has kept us to our deadlines and liaised with both authors and publishers in a highly organized way, while my office nurses have provided generous amounts of patient care to cover for my time away from the front lines during this textbook’s creation. Similarly, the residents and fellows at Washington University in St. Louis have “held the fort” when necessary. The ability to purvey knowledge starts, and continues, with one’s education, for which thanks goes to my parents, the late Thomas and Marjorie Haughey, my teachers, medical professors, Otolaryngology residency mentors in Auckland, New Zealand, and at the University of Iowa, and colleagues in the specialty, from whom I have and will continue to learn. My family has unswervingly endorsed the time required for this project, so heartfelt love and thanks go to my wife, Helen, as well as to Rachel and Jack, Chris, Will and Rachel, and Gretchen. Finally, as we enjoy the teaching of this book and its ensuing online components, I try to keep in mind the source of all knowledge and truth: in the words of Proverbs 2 v.6 “…the Lord gives wisdom and from his mouth come knowledge and understanding.” My sincere hope is that the readers everywhere will benefit from this textbook, better accomplishing our specialty’s common goal of top quality patient care.

Bruce H. Haughey

I would like to thank Paul Flint and his colleagues for inviting me to participate in this prestigious project, the publishers for their exemplary efficiency in its management, and my partner, David Howard, for his constant support and encouragement.

Valerie J. Lund

Otolaryngology is a specialty of immense power. Scholarly work such as this text shows that in the tools of our specialty is the potential to address unmet challenges. I am grateful to Drs. Charles Cummings and Paul Flint, who showed confidence in me in inviting me to join a marvelously collaborative editorial team, and to the many chapter authors who have given their very best efforts in composing this essential resource. My work is dedicated to those who have provided my guidance. To my parents, my family, my colleagues, and my ever thought- ful patients, you have taught me the importance of dedication to others and that true compassion is shown in action. Through you I’ve learned that this is not a world of scarcity but one of abundance that is to be shared.

John K. Niparko

The process of learning is truly lifelong. Participating in the creation of this text allows another way for me to continue to become invigorated and inspired by my specialty field. To my invaluable support mechanism, my wife, children, and family: Thank you.

Mark A. Richardson

I am deeply appreciative and honored to again serve as an editor of this important book. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize some individuals who have influenced my career: John Fredricksen; Douglas Bryce; the late Sir Donald Harrison; Robert Byers; Oscar Guillamondegui; Helmuth Goepfert; Robert Jahrsdoerfer; Charles Cummings; and the late Edwin Cocke. Also, I would like to remember and honor my parents, the late Elizabeth and Wycliffe Robbins, for the values they instilled in me. Finally, and E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterxxxi xxxii Acknowledgments

most of all, I cherish the love and support of my wife, Gayle Woodson, and the children, Phil, Nick, Greg, and Sarah, who together provide the caring background for making it all meaningful.

K. Thomas Robbins

It is a great privilege and honor to serve as an editor for this outstanding textbook. Although the knowledge base for our specialty and indeed all of medicine is continually evolving and growing, this contribution serves otolaryngologists and their patients through- out the world with the current expertise required for best ultimate treatment. As an academic department head, I treasure the wealth of information available to my resident physicians in training. As an individual who has centered his career in a subspecialty of Otolaryngology, I am especially proud to help enhance the information available to the reader in the area of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. On a personal note, I want thank and acknowledge the great help and assistance I received from my administrative assistant, Denise McManaman, in editing this textbook. Her tireless work ethic is always admirable and appreciated. Finally, thank you to my wife, Rhonda, and my children, Ryan, Aaron, and Evan, for their enthusiastic and never-wavering support in my professional activities.

J. Regan Thomas

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Available online at www.expertconsult.com Key Indicator Videos

Howard W. Francis, M.D., Associate Editor Nasir Bhatti, M.D., Assistant Editor Kulsoom Laeeq, M.D., Assistant Editor Jay Corey, Videographer Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

1 Parotidectomy, Joseph Califano, M.D. 5 Tympanoplasty, Charles Limb, M.D. 2 Selective Neck Dissection–Levels II-IV, Sandeep 6 Mastoidectomy, Howard W. Francis, M.D.† Samant, M.D.* 7 Stapedectomy, Howard W. Francis, M.D.† 3 Laryngectomy, Jeremy Richmon, M.D., and 8 Rhinoplasty, Ira D. Papel, M.D., and Patrick Ha, M.D. Taha Shipchandler, M.D. 4 Thyroid/Parathyroidectomy, Ralph Tufano, M.D., 9 Ethmoidectomy, James A. Stankiewicz, M.D., and Kavita Pattani, M.D. Devyani Lal, M.D., and Kevin Welch, M.D.*

Note: Additional videos will be added to the website as they become available.

Videos Submitted by Chapter Authors

Chapter 4B Validation/Dissemination of Temporal Bone Chapter 113 Primary TEP Dissection Simulation Secondary TEP Standard Secondary TEP Alternative Chapter 49 Fronto-Ethmoidal Osteoma Short Myotomy of Upper Esophageal Sphincter Sectioning of SCM Muscles Chapter 51 Primary Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (see Key Replacement of Provox2 Indicator Video 9) Patient Speaking with an Automatic Valve Preoperative CT Review (counting, telling days of the week in Dutch) Injections Videofluoroscopy of racheoesophagealT Voicing Maxillary Antrostomy Complete Ethmoidectomy Chapter 121 Selective Neck Dissection–Levels II-IV (see Key Sphenoidotomy Indicator Video 2) Skull Base Dissection Chapter 129 Left Superior Canal Dehiscence Repair Chapter 55 Endoscopic DCR without Tubes

Chapter 57 HSDI vs. STROBE: Normal Voice with HSDI HSDI vs. STROBE: Normal Phonation Onset with HSDI Playback Rate 30 fps HSDI vs. STROBE: Normal Phonation Onset with HSDI Playback Rate 150 fps HSDI vs. STROBE: Normal Voice with Strobe HSDI vs. STROBE: Patient 1 with Hx of Cancer— HSDI Playback Rate 20 fps HSDI vs. STROBE: Patient with Hx of Cancer— STROBE: T1ca1 NBI 1

*This Key Indicator Video was submitted by the chapter author(s) and was not produced by Johns Hopkins University. E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter†Copyright Howard W. Francis, M.D. xxxiii This page intentionally left blank

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Volume One Part 1: Basic Principles Editor: Paul W. Flint

CHAPTER 1 Genetics and Otolaryngology 3 CHAPTER 4B Simulation and Haptics in Otolaryngology Training 45 William J. Kimberling Marvin P. Fried, Gregory J. Wiet, and CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy 11 Babak Sadoughi Bert W. O’Malley, Jr., Daqing Li, CHAPTER 5 Outcomes Research 52 Waleed M. Abuzeid, and Hinrich Staecker Amy Anne Lassig and Bevan Yueh CHAPTER 3 Laser Surgery: Basic Principles and CHAPTER 6 Interpreting Medical Data 59 Safety Considerations 25 Richard M. Rosenfeld C. Gaelyn Garrett, Robert H. Ossoff, CHAPTER 7 Evidence-Based Performance and Lou Reinisch Measurement 76 CHAPTER 4A Surgical Robotics in Otolaryngology 38 David R. Nielsen David J. Terris

Part 2: General Otolaryngology Editor: Paul W. Flint

CHAPTER 8 History, Physical Examination, and the CHAPTER 14 Deep Neck Space Infections 201 Preoperative Evaluation 93 Eric R. Oliver and M. Boyd Gillespie Marion Everett Couch CHAPTER 15 Head and Neck Manifestations in the CHAPTER 9 General Considerations of Anesthesia and Immunocompromised Host 209 Management of the Difficult Airway 108 Theresa B. Kim, Steven D. Pletcher, and Lynette Mark, Kurt Herzer, Seth Akst, Andrew N. Goldberg and James Michelson CHAPTER 16 Special Considerations in Managing CHAPTER 10 Surgical Management of the Difficult Geriatric Patients 230 Adult Airway 121 Meena Seshamani and Nasir Islam Bhatti Matthew L. Kashima CHAPTER 11 Overview of Diagnostic Imaging CHAPTER 17 Pain Management in the Head of the Head and Neck 130 and Neck Patient 239 Nafi Aygun and S. James Zinreich Edward B. Braun, Jeremy A. Scarlett, CHAPTER 12 Odontogenic Infections 177 Todd J. Schwedt, and Robert A. Swarm James M. Christian CHAPTER 18 Sleep Apnea and Sleep Disorders 250 CHAPTER 13 Pharyngitis in Adults 191 Stacey L. Ishman, Tamekia L. Wakefield, Brian Nussenbaum and Carol R. Bradford and Nancy A. Collop

Part 3: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Editor: J. Regan Thomas

Section 1: Facial Surgery CHAPTER 21 Scar Revision and Camouflage 295 CHAPTER 19 Aesthetic Facial Analysis 269 J. Regan Thomas and Steven Ross Mobley Marc S. Zimbler CHAPTER 22 Facial Trauma: Soft Tissue Lacerations CHAPTER 20 Recognition and Treatment of and Burns 302 Skin Lesions 281 Justin D. Hill and Grant S. Hamilton, III Andrea Willey, Neil A. Swanson, and CHAPTER 23 Maxillofacial Trauma 318 Ken K. Lee Robert M. Kellman E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatterxxxv xxxvi Contents

CHAPTER 24 Reconstruction of Facial Defects 342 CHAPTER 33 Otoplasty 475 Shan R. Baker Peter A. Adamson, Suzanne K. Doud Galli, CHAPTER 25 Nasal Reconstruction 364 and Theodore Chen Norman N. Ge, C. Rose Rabinov, and Section 2: Rhinoplasty Roger L. Crumley CHAPTER 34 The Nasal Septum 481 CHAPTER 26 Hair Restoration: Medical and Russell W. H. Kridel, Paul E. Kelly, and Surgical Techniques 373 Allison MacGregor Holzapfel Kevin H. Ende and Sheldon S. Kabaker CHAPTER 35 Nasal Fractures 496 CHAPTER 27 Management of Aging Skin 390 Burke E. Chegar and Stephen W. Perkins and Henry D. Sandel Sherard A. Tatum, III CHAPTER 28 Rhytidectomy 405 CHAPTER 36 Rhinoplasty 508 Shan R. Baker M. Eugene Tardy, Jr., and CHAPTER 29 Rejuvenation of the Aging Brow J. Regan Thomas and Forehead 428 CHAPTER 37 Special Rhinoplasty Techniques 545 Paul S. Nassif Richard T. Farrior, Edward H. Farrior, CHAPTER 30 Blepharoplasty 439 and Raymond Cook Oren Friedman, Renzo A. Zaldívar, CHAPTER 38 Noncaucasian Rhinoplasty 568 and Tom D. Wang Stephen S. Park and Hong Ryul Jin CHAPTER 31 Liposuction 452 CHAPTER 39 Revision Rhinoplasty 580 Edward H. Farrior and Stephen S. Park David W. Kim, Manuel A. Lopez, and CHAPTER 32 Mentoplasty and Facial Implants 461 Dean M. Toriumi Jonathan M. Sykes and John L. Frodel, Jr.

Part 4: Sinus, Rhinology, and Allergy/Immunology Editor: Valerie J. Lund

CHAPTER 40 Immunology of the Upper Airway and CHAPTER 48 Fungal Rhinosinusitis 709 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis 597 Berrylin J. Ferguson Fuad M. Baroody and Robert M. Naclerio CHAPTER 49 Benign Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract 717 CHAPTER 41 Physiology of Olfaction 624 Piero Nicolai and Paolo Castelnuovo Donald A. Leopold and Eric H. Holbrook CHAPTER 50 Medical Management of Nasosinus Infectious and Inflammatory Disease 728 CHAPTER 42 Evaluation of Nasal Breathing Function with Objective Airway Testing 640 Scott C. Manning Jacquelynne Corey and John Pallanch CHAPTER 51 Primary Sinus Surgery 739 CHAPTER 43 Nasal Manifestations of Devyani Lal and James A. Stankiewicz Systemic Diseases 657 CHAPTER 52 Concepts of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Rose Stavinoha and Thomas V. McCaffrey Causes of Failure 759 CHAPTER 44 Radiology of the Nasal Cavity and James N. Palmer and David W. Kennedy Paranasal Sinuses 662 CHAPTER 53 Management of the Frontal Sinuses 775 Nafi Aygun and S. James Zinreich Nick S. Jones CHAPTER 45 Epistaxis 682 CHAPTER 54 Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea 785 Daniel B. Simmen and Nick S. Jones Martin J. Citardi and Samer Fakhri CHAPTER 46 Nonallergic Rhinitis 694 CHAPTER 55 Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy 797 Stephanie A. Joe and Sundip Patel Erik Kent Weitzel and Peter-John Wormald CHAPTER 47 The Pathogenesis of Rhinosinusitis 703 Michael S. Benninger

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Part 5: Laryngology and Bronchoesophagology Editor: Paul W. Flint

Section 1: Evaluation and Management of Laryngeal Section 2: Management of Unilateral Vocal and Pharyngeal Disorders Fold Paralysis CHAPTER 56 Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Function 805 CHAPTER 66 Medialization Thyroplasty 904 Gayle Ellen Woodson Carole Fakhry, Paul W. Flint, and CHAPTER 57 Visualization of the Larynx 813 Charles W. Cummings Robin A. Samlan, Jackie Gartner-Schmidt, CHAPTER 67 Arytenoid Adduction 912 and Melda Kunduk Gayle Ellen Woodson CHAPTER 58 Voice Evaluation 825 CHAPTER 68 Laryngeal Reinnervation 917 Robin A. Samlan and George S. Goding, Jr. Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer Section 3: Management of Acquired Disorders CHAPTER 59 Neurologic Evaluation of the Larynx and and Trauma Pharynx 832 CHAPTER 69 Chronic Aspiration 925 Gayle Ellen Woodson, Andrew Blitzer, Steven D. Pletcher and David W. Eisele Ronda E. Alexander, and Nazaneen N. Grant CHAPTER 70 Laryngeal and Esophageal Trauma 933 CHAPTER 60 Neurologic Disorders of the Larynx 837 Guri S. Sandhu and Reza S. A. Nouraei Andrew Blitzer, Ronda E. Alexander, CHAPTER 71 Surgical Management of Upper Airway Stenosis 943 and Nazaneen N. Grant Ayesha N. Khalid and David Goldenberg CHAPTER 61 The Professional Voice 844 Mark S. Courey, Gregory N. Postma, Section 4: Bronchoesophagology and Robert H. Ossoff CHAPTER 72 The Esophagus: Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases 953 CHAPTER 62 Benign Vocal Fold Mucosal Disorders 859 Robert W. Bastian Michael F. Vaezi CHAPTER 73 Transnasal Esophagoscopy 981 CHAPTER 63 Acute and Chronic Laryngitis 883 Albert L. Merati Neil N. Chheda and Gregory N. Postma CHAPTER 74 Zenker’s Diverticulum 986 CHAPTER 64 Laryngeal and Tracheal Manifestations of Systemic Disease 889 Richard L. Scher Kevin P. Leahy CHAPTER 75 Tracheobronchial Endoscopy 998 CHAPTER 65 Upper Aerodigestive Manifestations Rex C. Yung and Emily F. Boss of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 894 Jonathan E. Aviv and Savita Collins Index i

Volume Two Part 6: Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Editors: Bruce H. Haughey and K. Thomas Robbins

Section 1: General Considerations CHAPTER 79 Skin Flap Physiology and Wound Healing 1064 CHAPTER 76 Biology of Head and Neck Cancer 1015 Eugene A. Chu, Patrick J. Byrne, Steven Chang and Patrick Ha Rick M. Odland, and CHAPTER 77 Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: George S. Goding, Jr. Radiation Physics, Radiobiology, CHAPTER 80 Free Tissue Transfer 1080 and Clinical Principles 1030 Douglas A. Girod, Terance T. Tsue, and Aron Popovtzer and Avraham Eisbruch Yelizaveta Shnayder CHAPTER 78 Chemotherapy and Targeted Biologic CHAPTER 81 Integrating Palliative and Curative Care Agents for Head and Neck Cancer 1051 Strategies in the Practice William N. William, Jr., and of Otolaryngology 1100 Merrill S. Kies Rhonda Johnson and Gary Johnson E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xxxviii Contents

CHAPTER 82 Management of Head and Neck Melanoma CHAPTER 98 Prosthetic Management of Head and and Advanced Cutaneous Malignancies 1106 Neck Defects 1329 Cecelia E. Schmalbach, Jeffery C. Markt, Thomas J. Salinas, and Timothy M. Johnson, and William Donald Gay Carol R. Bradford Section 4: Pharynx and Esophagus CHAPTER 83 Malignancies of the Paranasal Sinus 1121 CHAPTER 99 Benign and Malignant Tumors of Ernest A. Weymuller, Jr., and the Nasopharynx 1348 Greg E. Davis Luke Tan and Thomas Loh Section 2: Salivary Glands CHAPTER 100 Malignant Neoplasms of the Oropharynx 1358 CHAPTER 84 Physiology of the Salivary Glands 1133 Uli Harréus Ravindhra G. Elluru CHAPTER 101 Reconstruction of the Oropharynx 1375 CHAPTER 85 Diagnostic Imaging and Fine-Needle S. Mark Taylor and Bruce H. Haughey Aspiration of the Salivary Glands 1143 CHAPTER 102 Diagnostic Imaging of the Pharynx JoAnne Lacey and Esophagus 1393 CHAPTER 86 Inflammatory Disorders of the Barton F. Branstetter, IV Salivary Glands 1151 CHAPTER 103 Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Jeremy Rogers and Thomas V. McCaffrey Cervical Esophagus 1421 CHAPTER 87 Benign Neoplasms of the Salivary Ravindra Uppaluri and John B. Sunwoo Glands 1162 CHAPTER 104 Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy of Gabriel G. Calzada and Ehab Y. Hanna Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the CHAPTER 88 Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus 1441 Salivary Glands 1178 Jean-Louis Lefebvre and Antoine Adenis John B. Sunwoo, James S. Lewis, Jr., CHAPTER 105 Reconstruction of the Hypopharynx Jonathan McJunkin, and and Esophagus 1448 Sunitha Sequeira Douglas B. Chepeha

Section 3: Oral Cavity Section 5: Larynx CHAPTER 89 Physiology of the Oral Cavity 1200 CHAPTER 106 Diagnostic Imaging of the Larynx 1462 Joseph B. Travers, Susan P. Travers, Franz J. Wippold, II and James M. Christian CHAPTER 107 Malignant Tumors of the Larynx 1482 CHAPTER 90 Mechanisms of Normal and Abnormal Swallowing 1215 William B. Armstrong, David E. Vokes, and Robert H. Maisel Jeri A. Logemann CHAPTER 108 Management of Early Glottic Cancer 1512 CHAPTER 91 Oral Mucosal Lesions 1222 Henry T. Hoffman, Tim A. Iseli, James J. Sciubba Lucy H. Karnell, Timothy M. McCulloch, CHAPTER 92 Oral Manifestations of John M. Buatti, and Gerry F. Funk Systemic Diseases 1245 CHAPTER 109 Transoral Laser Microresection of Jonathan A. Ship and Michael D. Turner Advanced Laryngeal Tumors 1525 CHAPTER 93 Odontogenesis, Odontogenic Cysts, and Michael L. Hinni, John R. Salassa, and Odontogenic Tumors 1259 Bruce W. Pearson John W. Hellstein CHAPTER 110 Conservation Laryngeal Surgery 1539 CHAPTER 94 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders 1279 Gregory S. Weinstein, Ollivier Laccourreye, Bruce E. Rotter Christopher H. Rassekh, Ralph P. Tufano, CHAPTER 95 Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions and Niels Kokot of the Oral Cavity 1287 CHAPTER 111 Total Laryngectomy and Timothy S. Lian Laryngopharyngectomy 1563 CHAPTER 96 Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity 1293 Christopher H. Rassekh and Bruce H. Haughey Richard O. Wein, James P. Malone, and Randal S. Weber CHAPTER 112 Radiation Therapy for the Larynx and Hypopharynx 1577 CHAPTER 97 Reconstruction of the Mandible 1319 Alice Cheuk and Parvesh Kumar E Brian Nussenbaum http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contents xxxix

CHAPTER 113 Vocal and Speech Rehabilitation CHAPTER 120 Radiation Therapy and Management Following Laryngectomy 1594 of the Cervical Lymph Nodes and Malignant Skull Base Tumors 1682 Frans J. M. Hilgers and Michiel W. M. van den Brekel Vincent Grégoire and Nancy Lee CHAPTER 114 Diagnosis and Management of CHAPTER 121 Neck Dissection 1702 Tracheal Neoplasms 1611 K. Thomas Robbins, Sandeep Samant, Chadrick Denlinger and and Ohad Ronen G. Alexander Patterson CHAPTER 122 Complications of Neck Surgery 1726 Section 6: Neck Frederick C. Roediger and David W. Eisele CHAPTER 115 Penetrating and Blunt Trauma Section 7: Thyroid/Parathyroid to the Neck 1625 CHAPTER 123 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland 1735 David B. Hom and Robert H. Maisel Phillip K. Pellitteri, Steven Ing, and CHAPTER 116 Differential Diagnosis of Neck Masses 1636 Brian Jameson Amy Chen and Kristen J. Otto CHAPTER 124 Management of Thyroid Neoplasms 1750 CHAPTER 117 Ultrasound Imaging of the Neck 1643 Stephen Y. Lai, Susan J. Mandel, and Mikhail Vaysberg and David L. Steward Randal S. Weber CHAPTER 118 Neoplasms of the Neck 1656 CHAPTER 125 Management of Parathyroid Disorders 1773 Terry A. Day, Luke Buchmann, Phillip K. Pellitteri, Robert A. Sofferman, Zoran Rumboldt, and John K. Joe and Gregory W. Randolph CHAPTER 119 Lymphomas Presenting in the Head CHAPTER 126 Management of Thyroid Eye Disease and Neck 1673 (Graves’ Ophthalmopathy) 1806 Nancy L. Bartlett Douglas A. Girod and Richard D. Wemer

Part 7: Otology, Neuro-otology, and Skull Base Surgery Editor: John K. Niparko

Section 1: Basic Science CHAPTER 135 Neuroradiology of the Temporal Bone and Skull Base 1916 CHAPTER 127 Anatomy of the Temporal Bone, External Ear, and Middle Ear 1821 Frank M. Warren, Clough Shelton, and Howard W. Francis Richard H. Wiggins, III CHAPTER 128 Anatomy of the Auditory System 1831 CHAPTER 136 Interventional Neuroradiology of the Skull Base, Head, and Neck 1932 Christina L. Runge-Samuelson and David R. Friedland Richard E. Latchaw and Sheri L. Albers CHAPTER 129 Physiology of the Auditory System 1838 Section 3: External Ear Wade Chien and Daniel J. Lee CHAPTER 137 Infections of the External Ear 1944 CHAPTER 130 Anatomy of the Vestibular System 1850 Joel Guss and Michael J. Ruckenstein Anna Lysakowski CHAPTER 138 Topical Therapies of External Ear Disorders 1950 CHAPTER 131 Anatomy and Physiology of the Eustachian Tube 1866 Joyce Colton House and Daniel J. Lee Robert C. O’Reilly and Isamu Sando Section 4: Middle Ear, Mastoid, and Temporal Bone CHAPTER 132 Neural Plasticity in Otology 1876 CHAPTER 139 Chronic Otitis Media, Mastoiditis, and Petrositis 1963 Robert V. Harrison Richard A. Chole and Holger H. Sudhoff Section 2: Diagnostic Assessment CHAPTER 140 Complications of Temporal CHAPTER 133 Diagnostic Audiology 1887 Bone Infections 1979 Paul R. Kileny and Teresa A. Zwolan Hussam K. El-Kashlan, Lee A. Harker, CHAPTER 134 Electrophysiologic Assessment Clough Shelton, Nafi Aygun, and of Hearing 1904 John K. Niparko Carolyn J. Brown and Tiffany A. Johnson

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CHAPTER 141 Tympanoplasty and Ossiculoplasty 1999 CHAPTER 144 Otosclerosis 2028 Meredith E. Adams and John W. House and Hussam K. El-Kashlan Calhoun D. Cunningham, III CHAPTER 142 Mastoidectomy 2009 CHAPTER 145 Management of Temporal Bone Trauma 2036 Paul R. Lambert Hilary A. Brodie CHAPTER 143 Clinical Assessment and Surgical Treatment of Conductive Hearing Loss 2017 Index i Alejandro I. Torres and Douglas D. Backous

Volume Three Part 7: Otology, Neuro-otology, and Skull Base Surgery—cont’d Editor: John K. Niparko

Section 5: Inner Ear CHAPER 158 Cochlear Implantation: Patient Evaluation and Device Selection 2219 CHAPTER 146 Cochlear Transduction and the Molecular Basis of Auditory Pathology 2049 P. Ashley Wackym and JoAnn McGee and Edward J. Walsh Christina L. Runge-Samuelson CHAPTER 147 Genetic Sensorineural Hearing Loss 2086 CHAPTER 159 Cochlear Implantation: Medical and Surgical Considerations 2234 Michael S. Hildebrand, Murad Husein, and Richard J. H. Smith Thomas J. Balkany, Kevin D. Brown, and Bruce J. Gantz CHAPTER 148 Otologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease 2100 CHAPTER 160 Cochlear Implants: Results, Outcomes, Rehabilitation, and Education 2243 Saumil N. Merchant and Joseph B. Nadol, Jr. Charles J. Limb, Howard W. Francis, Sue Archbold, Gerard O’Donoghue, and CHAPTER 149 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adults 2116 John K. Niparko H. Alexander Arts CHAPTER 161 Central Neural Auditory Prosthesis 2258 CHAPTER 150 Tinnitus and Hyperacusis 2131 Robert J. S. Briggs Carol A. Bauer CHAPTER 162 Hearing Aids: Strategies of Amplification 2265 CHAPTER 151 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 2140 Brad A. Stach and Brenda L. Lonsbury-Martin and Virginia Ramachandran Glen K. Martin Section 7: Vestibular Disorders CHAPTER 152 Infections of the Labyrinth 2153 CHAPTER 163 Principles of Applied Vestibular Larry E. Davis Physiology 2276 CHAPTER 153 Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease 2164 John P. Carey and Charles C. Della Santina Steven D. Rauch, Marc A. Cohen, and CHAPTER 164 Evaluation of the Patient with Dizziness 2305 Michael J. Ruckenstein Timothy E. Hullar, David S. Zee, and CHAPTER 154 Vestibular and Auditory Ototoxicity 2169 Lloyd B. Minor Leonard P. Rybak CHAPTER 165 Peripheral Vestibular Disorders 2328 CHAPTER 155 Pharmacologic and Molecular Therapies Benjamin T. Crane, David A. Schessel, of the Cochlear and Vestibular Labyrinth 2179 Julian Nedzelski, and Lloyd B. Minor Anil K. Lalwani and John F. McGuire CHAPTER 166 Central Vestibular Disorders 2346 CHAPTER 156 Otologic Symptoms and Syndromes 2194 Benjamin T. Crane, Scott D. Z. Eggers, Carol A. Bauer and Herman A. Jenkins David S. Zee, and Robert W. Baloh

Section 6: Auditory Prosthetic Stimulation, Devices, CHAPTER 167 Surgery for Vestibular Disorders 2359 and Rehabilitative Audiology Steven A. Telian CHAPTER 157 Implantable Hearing Aids 2203 CHAPTER 168 Vestibular and Balance Rehabilitation: Lawrence R. Lustig and Program Essentials 2372 Charles C. Della Santina Neil T. Shepard, Steven A. Telian, and E Audrey B. Erman http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter Contents xli

Section 8: Facial Nerve Disorders CHAPTER 175 Transnasal Endoscopic-Assisted Surgery of the Anterior Skull Base 2471 CHAPTER 169 Tests of Facial Nerve Function 2381 Aldo Cassol Stamm and Rodney C. Diaz and Robert A. Dobie Shirley S. N. Pignatari CHAPTER 170 Clinical Disorders of the Facial Nerve 2391 CHAPTER 176 Temporal Bone Neoplasms and Lateral Douglas E. Mattox Cranial Base Surgery 2487 CHAPTER 171 Intratemporal Facial Nerve Surgery 2403 Michael Marsh and Herman A. Jenkins Bruce J. Gantz, Jay T. Rubinstein, CHAPTER 177 Neoplasms of the Posterior Fossa 2514 Ravi N. Samy, and Samuel P. Gubbels Derald E. Brackmann and CHAPTER 172 Rehabilitation of Facial Paralysis 2416 Moisés A. Arriaga James M. Ridgway, Roger L. Crumley, CHAPTER 178 Intraoperative Monitoring of Cranial and Jason H. Kim Nerves in Neurotologic Surgery 2542 Yasmine A. Ashram and Section 9: Cranial Base Charles D. Yingling CHAPTER 173 Surgical Anatomy of the Lateral CHAPTER 179 Stereotactic Radiation Therapy of Skull Base 2434 Benign Tumors of the Cranial Base 2557 Oswaldo Laércio M. Cruz D. Bradley Welling and Mark D. Packer CHAPTER 174 Surgery of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Base 2442 Colin D. Pero, Frank Culicchia, Rohan R. Walvekar, Bert W. O’Malley, Jr., and Daniel W. Nuss

Part 8: Pediatric Otolaryngology Editor: Mark A. Richardson

Section 1: General CHAPTER 187 Velopharyngeal Dysfunction 2676 CHAPTER 180 General Considerations in Pediatric Harlan Muntz, Marshall E. Smith, and Otolaryngologic Surgery 2569 Cara Sauder J. Scott McMurray CHAPTER 188 Congenital Malformations of the Nose 2686 CHAPTER 181 Anatomy and Developmental Embryology Ravindhra G. Elluru and of the Neck 2577 Christopher T. Wootten Daniel O. Graney and Kathleen C. Y. Sie CHAPTER 189 Pediatric Facial Fractures 2697 CHAPTER 182 Anesthesia in Pediatric Otolaryngology 2587 Peter J. Koltai and Paul R. Krakovitz Veronica C. Swanson, Heike Gries, and Jeffrey Koh Section 3: Hearing Loss and Pediatric Otology CHAPTER 190 Early Detection and Diagnosis of Infant CHAPTER 183 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome 2602 Hearing Impairment 2718 Laura M. Sterni and David E. Tunkel Susan J. Norton, Prabhat K. Bhama, Section 2: Craniofacial and Jonathan A. Perkins CHAPTER 184 Characteristics of Normal and Abnormal CHAPTER 191 Congenital Malformations of the Postnatal Craniofacial Growth and Inner Ear 2726 Development 2613 Robert K. Jackler Frederick K. Kozak and CHAPTER 192 Microtia Reconstruction 2741 Juan Camilo Ospina Craig S. Murakami, Vito C. Quatela, CHAPTER 185 Craniofacial Surgery for Congenital and Kathleen C. Y. Sie, and Joseph Shvidler Acquired Deformities 2638 CHAPTER 193 Reconstruction of the Auditory Canal Jonathan Z. Baskin and and Tympanum 2752 Sherard A. Tatum, III Antonio De la Cruz and Karen B. Teufert CHAPTER 186 Cleft Lip and Palate 2659 Oren Friedman, Tom D. Wang, and Henry A. Milczuk E http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780323052832&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Flint9780323052832&elsca4=frontmatter xlii Contents

CHAPTER 194 Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with CHAPTER 203 Voice Disorders 2876 Effusion 2761 Sukgi S. Choi and George H. Zalzal Margaretha L. Casselbrant and CHAPTER 204 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis 2884 Ellen M. Mandel Craig S. Derkay and Russell A. Faust Section 4: Infections and Inflammation CHAPTER 205 Evaluation and Management of the CHAPTER 195 Pediatric Chronic Sinusitis 2778 Stridulous Child 2896 Rodney P. Lusk David Albert, Simone Boardman, CHAPTER 196 Pharyngitis and Adenotonsillar Disease 2782 and Marlene Soma W. Peyton Shirley, Audie L. Woolley, CHAPTER 206 Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis 2912 and Brian J. Wiatrak George H. Zalzal and Robin T. Cotton CHAPTER 197 Infections of the Airway in Children 2803 CHAPTER 207 Diagnosis and Management of Tracheal Newton O. Duncan Anomalies and Tracheal Stenosis 2925 Greg R. Licameli and Mark A. Richardson Section 5: Head and Neck CHAPTER 208 Foreign Bodies of the Airway CHAPTER 198 Differential Diagnosis of Neck Masses 2812 and Esophagus 2935 Ralph F. Wetmore and Lauren D. Holinger and William P. Potsic Sheri A. Poznanovic CHAPTER 199 Vascular Anomalies of the Head CHAPTER 209 Gastroesophageal Reflux and and Neck 2822 Laryngeal Disease 2944 Jonathan A. Perkins and Eunice Y. Chen Philippe Contencin, CHAPTER 200 Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies 2835 Thierry Van den Abbeele, and Carol J. MacArthur and Natacha Teissier Richard J. H. Smith CHAPTER 210 Aspiration and Swallowing Disorders 2948 CHAPTER 201 Salivary Gland Disease in Children 2850 David J. Brown, Maureen A. Lefton-Greif, Gresham T. Richter, David L. Walner, and Stacey Ishman and Charles M. Myer, III CHAPTER 211 Caustic Ingestion 2956

Section 6: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus Glenn B. Williams, Rose Mary S. Stocks, J. Dale Browne, and James N. Thompson CHAPTER 202 Congenital Disorders of the Larynx 2866 Anna H. Messner Index i

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