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Glossary of Implant #3

Illustration to be be to Illustration completed Table of Contents

Introduction...... 4

Explanatory Notes...... 5

Alphabetic Listing of Terms...... 7

Illustrations & Diagrams...... 145

Index by Alphabet...... 187

External Links

References...... Click to View

Pisa Consensus...... Click to View

Tomography Consensus...... Click to View

55 Lane Rd. #305 Fairfield, NJ 07004 07043-1454 USA 888.449.ICOI www.dentalimplants.com Authorship: Edited by several doctors and university departments. Copyright © 2017 by ICOI, Inc. ICOI's glossary will be under constant revision. 5   4 Introduction Explanatory Notes

What you are now engaged in is ICOI’s new digital implant glossary. Entries Technically this is our third glossary and, in a , our final one. Main entries are listed in boldface, by alphabetical order, Glossary III has been designed as a living document in digital format, letter by letter, without regard to intervening hyphens or spaces. wherein changes and additions will be seamlessly added for years to come. Suggestions simply have to be submitted to our Glossary Committee Definitions at [email protected]. When a term has multiple meanings, the ordering of Also included is an alphabetized index and a currently suggested list within an entry is alphabetic. of references. The Glossary Committee will meet periodically to review submissions Abbreviations and updates will be made. Most importantly this glossary and updates are provided to all ICOI Abbr Abbreviation; Introduces the expansion of the abbreviation. members and others at no charge. Acronym Introduces the expansion of the acronym. e.g. Exempli Gratia; For example. i.e. Id Est; That is.

Obj See Objectionable; Some terms are confusing or improperly used. The reader is directed to the proper terminology which has the same connotation.

See Directs the reader to the synonymic term where the definition is presented, to related terms, and/or to appendices.

Sugg Suggested; When a term raised considerable objections among reviewers, the standard definition was listed. Alternative terms are suggested.

Symbol Introduces the expansion of the chemical symbol.

Syn Synonym; Synonyms are listed under the preferred term.

Interactive Elements Underlined Hyperlink; Click the underlined terms will refer you to the related terms.

Visual Media; Click the sign will refer you to the PDF, Illustration or video.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III Alphabetic Listing of Terms 8 3-D printing Abutment transfer device 9

A

3-D printing computed tomography (CBCT) Absorbable Abutment clamp Abutment impression between the abutment and the See: Three-dimensional printing which can be visualized and See: Bioabsorbable. which usually engage coping superstructure increased with manipulated on the computer the component circumferentially See: Impression coping. the rotational freedom. screen using specific software. Abutment used to assist in the positioning Abutment screw 3-D rendering See: Voxel, 3-D rendering The portion of a and seating of an abutment on a Abutment-implant A threaded fastener used to The process of converting digital or a dental implant component dental implant platform. interface 3-D volumetric connect an abutment to a dental information such as from a that serves to support and/ The coronal surface area of reconstruction implant. It is usually torqued to CBCT scan using modern 3D or retain a . It may Abutment connection contact between the implant See: Three-dimensional volumetric a final seating position. computer graphics processing consist of one or more pieces. 1. The act of fastening an body and the implant abutment reconstruction, Computed axial into photorealistic images that can See: Anatomic healing abutment, abutment to a dental implant. tomography (CAT), Cone-beam Abutment selection be visualized and manipulated Angulated abutment, Castable 2. The interlocking, interfacial Abutment-level impression computed tomography (CBCT), A step in the prosthodontic on the computer screen. abutment, Custom abutment, geometry between a dental The impression of an abutment which can be visualized and treatment whereby a decision See: 3-D volume, Healing abutment, Multi- implant and an abutment. either directly using conventional manipulated on the computer is made regarding the type of 3-D volumetric reconstruction unit abutment, Nonangulated See: External connection, impression techniques, or abutment to be used for the screen using specific software. abutment, Prefabricated External hexagon, Internal indirectly using an abutment restoration based on dental 3-D scanner See: Voxel, abutment, Prepable abutment, connection, Internal hexagon, impression coping. implant angulation, interarch Device that analyses a real‑world 3-D rendering, 3-D volume Temporary abutment, Morse taper connection. See: Implant-level impression. space, soft (mucosal) object to collect data on its Transmucosal abutment, height, planned prosthesis, shape and or other attributes at Los Abutment driver Abutment mount occlusal factors (e.g., opposing such as color or texture, and Angeles abutment (UCLA Instrument or device used Prefabricated device, usually , parafunction), transforms this data into a abutment), Zirconia abutment. to assist in the delivery and packaged with an abutment, used esthetics, and phonetic digital format that can be used tightening of an abutment to a for the transfer of an abutment to considerations. with computer software for Abutment analog dental implant. a dental implant intraorally. exportation to 3-D printing or A replica of an abutment usually Abutment swapping CAD CAM applications. incorporated within a cast for Abutment holder Abutment Rotation See: Platform switching. the fabrication of a prosthesis. Instrument that provides abutment The amount that an abutment 3-D volume retention for extraoral preparation can rotate when connected to a See: Analog/analogue, Abutment transfer device See: Three-dimensional volume Implant analog. and polishing procedures. dental implant which can lead See: Orientation jig. rendering, Computed axial to prosthesis misfit. It has been tomography (CAT), Cone-beam shown that the marginal gaps

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 10 Access hole Alloplast 11

Access hole Acetaminophen Actual implant length/ (DDM), Ailing implant dried allograft (DFDBA), The channel in a screw-retained Amide of acetic acid and diameter layered manufacturing and General term for a dental and solvent-dehydrated implant prosthesis giving access to p-aminophenol, a nonopioid The exact measurement of additive fabrication. implant affected by peri-implant mineralized allograft. Allograft the abutment or prosthetic screw, and antipyretic drug, the length and diameter of a See: Rapid prototyping, mucositis, without bone loss. bone is processed and prepared usually through the occlusal or which may be administered dental implant. 3-D printing For some authors, an ailing by tissue banks. lingual surface of the prosthesis. orally or rectally. See: Nominal implant dental implant is an implant See: Homograft. Additive Manufacturing length/diameter. with a history of bone loss “All-On-4” Accessory ostium Acid-etched surface File (AMF) that is not progressing. Occasional opening of the Treatment of a surface with Added surface Data format proposed for Sugg: Peri-implant mucositis, The All-on-4 treatment concept either into the an acid in order to increase its See: Additive surface treatment. additive manufacturing by the Peri-implantitis. is a technique for total infundibulum or directly in the surface area by subtraction. For American Society of Testing rehabilitation of the edentulous wall of the middle meatus. a dental implant, modifying Additive fabrication and Materials (ASTM). This Alendronate sodium patient or for patients with badly See: Ostium (maxillary sinus). the surface has the intention See: Solid freeform fabrication file will describe the shape and Oral nitrogen-containing broken down teeth, decayed of enhancing bone-to-implant (SFF). composition of any 3D object to used for the teeth or compromised teeth Acellular contact, enhancing be fabricated on any 3D printer. treatment of . due to periodontal , Devoid of cells. . Additive Manufacturing Unlike its predecessor STL It acts as a specific inhibitor placing four implants in either See: Subtractive surface (AM) format, AMF has native support of osteoclast-mediated arch where the distal-most Acellular dermal allograft treatment. Defined by ASTM (American for color, materials, lattices, bone resorption. implants are placed in a tilted Allogenic graft, derived from Society for Testing and texture, and constellations. See: Bisphosphonate (BP). position to increase support a cadaver consisting of Activating tool Materials) as the “process for a fixed prosthesis usually­ a thin split-thickness of dermis, Instrument used to increase of joining materials to make Additive surface treatment Allogenic graft placed immediately on the day of devoid of cellular content following or reduce the retention objects from STL files and 3D Syn: Added surface. See: Allograft. . All-on-4 is a registered a tissue preparation process. of an attachment. model data, usually layer upon Alteration of the surface of a trademark of Nobel Biocare. See: Attachment. layer, as opposed to subtractive dental implant by addition Allograft Acellular dermal matrix manufacturing methodologies, of material. Syn: Allogenic graft. graft (ADM) such as traditional machining. Graft tissue from genetically Alloplast See: Acellular dermal allograft The term AM encompasses Aesthetic Buccal Flap (ABF) dissimilar members of the same Syn: Alloplastic graft. many including See: Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) species. Four types exist: frozen, Synthetic, inorganic material subsets like 3D Printing, Rapid freeze-dried bone allograft used as a bone substitute or as Prototyping (RP), Direct Digital (FDBA), demineralized freeze- an implant (See: Implant).

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 12 Alloplastic graft Anatomic healing abutment 13

Alloplastic graft Alveolar bone proper Alveolar mucosa Alveolar recess Alveoloplasty Analgesic See: Alloplast. The bone lining the alveoli. Also Syn: Lining mucosa. A cavity in the maxillary sinus See: Osteoplasty. used to relieve . called cribriform plate due to the The lining mucosa that covers floor formed by a septum. Two general categories exist: Aluminum oxide numerous perforating channels the apical to See: Maxillary sinus septum. Alveolus opioid and nonopioid. A metallic oxide. (Volkmann’s canals), lamina the . It Syn: Socket. 1. Alpha single crystal: An dura due to the radiographic consists of a nonkeratinized Alveolar ridge The bony socket in which a Analog/analogue inert, highly biocompatible, appearance, fibrous endosteum lining a connective The bony ridge of the or is attached via the Syn: Replica. strong ceramic material from due to the fibers of the periodontal tissue that is loosely attached to that contains the alveoli. periodontal ligament. A replica of an implant, which some dental implants ligament, due the the periosteum and is movable. See: Alveolus, abutment or attachment are fabricated. large quantity of Sharpey’s fibers. See: . Residual ridge, Ridge. Amoxicillin mechanism, usually 2. Polycrystal: Constituent of See: Buccal plate, Lingual plate. Broad spectrum , incorporated within a cast for a used to increase Alveolar Alveolar ridge a semi-synthetic derivative prosthetic reconstruction. viscosity and strength. Alveolar crest See: Anterior superior alveolar augmentation of ampicillin, with a superior The most coronal portion of the nerve, Inferior alveolar nerve See: Augmentation. absorption and a bioavailability Analysis of variance Alveolar alveolar process. (IAN), Middle superior alveolar of 70 to 80 percent with very low (ANOVA) Pertaining to an alveolus. nerve, Posterior superior alveolar Alveolar ridge defect toxicity. It is effective against Test assessing the statistical See: Alveolus. Alveolar defect nerve. See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect. gram-positive and gram-negative significance of the differences A deficiency in the contour of bacteria and may be combined among the obtained means of Alveolar augmentation the alveolar ridge either in the Alveolar preservation Alveolar ridge resorption with clavulanic acid to counteract two or more random samples See: Augmentation. vertical (apicocoronal) and/ See: Ridge preservation. See: Ridge resorption. the betalactamase destruction of from a given population. or horizontal (buccolingual, penicillin by resistant bacteria. Alveolar bone mesiodistal) direction. Alveolar process Alveolar septum It is the primary drug for Anatomic healing That part of the maxilla or The compact and cancellous See: Interalveolar septum. antibiotic prophylaxis. abutment mandible comprising the Alveolar distraction portion of bone surrounding and See: Clavulanic acid. Component secured on the tooth-bearing and/or supporting osteogenesis supporting the teeth. Alveolectomy prosthetic platform of a dental part of the . See: See: Alveolar ridge, Removal of a portion of the alveolar Analgesia implant, with a three-dimensional See: Bone. (DO). Residual ridge, Ridge. process usually performed to Absence of pain in response design aimed at shaping the achieve acceptable bone contour. to stimulation that would peri-implant to a See: Ostectomy. normally be painful. desirable emergence profile. See: Healing abutment.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 14 Anchor pin Antibiotic prophylaxis 15

Anchor pin Angulated abutment Anodization Anorganic bone matrix Anterior loop Anteroposterior spread Device used to stabilize a Syn: Angled abutment. Electrolytic process (ABM) An extension of the inferior (AP spread) surgical or stereolithographic Abutment with a body not used to increase the thickness Xenogenic or allogenic bone alveolar nerve, anterior to the Distance from the center of the guide. It engages the underlying parallel with the long axis of the of the natural oxide layer on substitute derived from the , prior to exiting most anterior dental implant to a bone through a sleeve dental implant. It is used when the surface of a metal (e.g., mineral portion of bone and the , via the line joining the distal aspects of incorporated in the guide. the implant is at a different ). During the process, used for intraoral grafting mental foramen. the most distal dental implants. See: Fixation pin, Fixation screw, inclination in relation to the a dye may be used to color a procedures. By chemical and This measurement provides Stabilization pin proposed prosthesis. Examples dental implant component to physical processes, sterilized a guideline for the length of are implant manufacturers’ stock facilitate its recognition. osteoconductive deproteinized Triangular pointed projection cantilever acceptable within the angulated abutments ranging See: Anodized surface. particles are obtained with a at the anterior extremity of the bilateral distal extensions of an Absence of all sensation. from 15˚, 17˚, 25˚, and 30˚. porosity, crystalline structure, intermaxillary suture. implant-supported prosthesis. See: Dysesthesia, Hyperesthesia, See: Nonangulated abutment, Anodized surface and chemical composition It may serve as a source of Hypoesthesia, Paresthesia. Multi-unit abutment Treatment of a metal surface similar to normal bone. autogenous bone for intraoral Antibiotic by the application of a voltage grafting procedures. A natural, semisynthetic or Angiogenesis Anisotropic surface on a specimen (e.g., titanium) Anorganic bovine bone synthetic antimicrobial agent Formation of new vessels. Surface with a immersed in electrolytes (e.g., matrix (ABBM) Anterior superior alveolar used to prevent or treat See: Vascularization. directional pattern. phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, Xenogenic bone substitute nerve caused by bacteria See: Isotropic surface. or magnesium), in order to derived from the mineral Branch of the infraorbital nerve and other microorganisms. Angiogenic increase its oxide layer. portion of bovine bone and arising within the infraorbital See: Antibiotic prophylaxis. Which promotes or develops See: Anodization. used for intraoral grafting canal. It initially runs laterally blood vessels, or promotes an Dental ankylosis is characterized procedures. By chemical and within the sinus wall and then Antibiotic prophylaxis increase in vascularization. by the fusion of the tooth root physical processes, sterilized curves medially to exit the Administration of an antibiotic to the bone, preventing both Congenital absence of teeth. osteoconductive deproteinized . It supplies prior to a surgical procedure Angled abutment eruption and orthodontic particles are obtained with a the maxillary . (e.g., sinus graft) in order See: Angulated abutment. movement. The periodontal porosity, crystalline structure, to prevent or reduce the ligament is obliterated by a ‘bony and chemical composition incidence of postoperative ’ and the tooth root is similar to normal bone. . In patients with a fused to the alveolar bone. risk of , a standard protocol is recommended for certain dental procedures. See: Antibiotic.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 16 Anti-inflammmator Autogenous bone graft 17

Anti-inflammatory Antrolith Apical (retrograde) actual physical imaging process. Atrophic Attachment-retained The property of a substance Calcified mass found in the peri-implantitis Since artefacts may interfere with Characterized by atrophy. Use of a mechanical device for or treatment that reduces maxillary sinus, resulting Obj See: Implant periapical lesion. the diagnostic process performed the retention of a prosthesis to inflammation. from the complete or partial on CBCT data sets, every user Atrophy an abutment or transmucosal See: Corticosteroid, Nonsteroidal encrustation of a Apically positioned flap should be aware of their presence. Decrease in size of a , , portion of a one-part implant. anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (e.g., retained root). A flap sutured in a direction See: Scatter, Beam hardening tissue or part. See: Attachment, Cement- apical to its original presurgical See: Disuse atrophy, retained, Friction-retained, Artificial gingival Antirotation Antroscope position. Ridge atrophy. Screw-retained. A feature or characteristic An instrument for See: Coronally positioned flap. Gingiva-colored “pink” that prevents the rotation of illuminating and examining restorative material used to Attached gingiva Attachment selection two joint components. the maxillary sinus. Articulator replicate natural tissue. Part of the gingiva extending A step in the prosthodontic An articulator is a mechanical See: Composites (Dental) from the base of the sulcus treatment whereby a decision Antral floor Antroscopy device used to relate casts of the to the mucogingival junction is made regarding the type of Asepsis See: Maxillary sinus floor. Inspection of an antrum using maxillary and mandibular arches, around teeth. It is “attached” attachment to be used in the an antroscope. reproducing recorded positions Prevention from contact with to bone by the periosteum; to prosthesis based on implant Antral mucosa of the mandible in relation microorganisms. by the ; angulation, interarch space, soft See: . Antrostomy to the maxilla. An articulator to cementum, enamel, or Asleep tissue (mucosal) height, and The surgical opening of an assists in the fabrication of fixed by the epithelial attachment. amount of retention needed. Antral polyp antrum for purposes of and removal prosthodontic See: Sleeper implant. Multilocular, pendulous, drainage or grafting. Attachment Augmentation restorations. Aspergillus irregularly shaped edematous See: Sinus graft. See: Virtual articulator A mechanical device for Any procedure meant to correct space usually associated with Fungus responsible for the fixation, retention and a soft or hard tissue deficiency. rhino-. Antrum Artifact maxillary sinus fungal infections stabilization of a dental See: Bone augmentation. Based on Greek “antron” Term used in (aspergillosis). prosthesis. Consists of one or Antral septum meaning “cave”, a cavity or Auricular prosthesis medical/dental imaging to Atraumatic extraction more parts, made of titanium, See: Septum. chamber within bone. describe misrepresentation of gold or . See: prosthesis The extraction of a tooth See: Sinus. tissue or bone structures seen with minimal damage or injury in CT/CBCT images induced Attachment activating tool Autogenous bone graft to the surrounding hard and Antrum of Highmore by discrepancies between the See: Activating tool. Bone harvested from one site soft tissues. See: Maxillary sinus. mathematical modeling and the and transplanted to another site in the same individual.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 18 Autogenous Demineralized Dentin Matrix (ADDM) exposure 19

B

moderate infections caused Autogenous Demineralized Available bone Axonotmesis Bacterial leakage Barium sulfate (BaSO4) Dentin Matrix (ADDM) Portion of an edentulous Nerve injury with loss of axonal by susceptible , and Gaps which can exist between Finely ground radiopaque Dentin from non-endodontically ridge that can be used for the continuity, but with maintenance may be administered orally and the implant body and the powder used as a marker treated teeth removed of all placement of a dental implant. of the myelin sheath. Sensory intravenously. abutment which under the in the construction of a visible tissue debris are ground and/or motor functions are See: Azalide. forces of mastication can radiographic template. and treated to facilitate release Avascular impaired. Recovery may occur lead to microbial leakage, and of BMPs to induce differentiation Lacking blood vessels. after one to three months. It may colonization of bacteria. This Bar overdenture (implant) of undifferentiated mesenchymal be caused by a violating the leakage may be a contributing Removable partial or complete cells into osteogenic cells having Avascular necrosis mandibular canal, an anesthetic factor for peri-implantitis. denture, which may be implant- the potential for stimulating bone Cell death that occurs as a result needle penetrating the nerve See: Peri-implantitis, Abutment supported or implant-tissue- formation. The resulting ADDM of inadequate blood supply. trunk, or excessive reflection. connection supported. Implants in this type also provides a scaffold and space See: Neurapraxia, . of reconstruction are connected for the new bone formation. Axial loading Ball abutment together with a bar incorporating See: Dentin grinder, Bone scaffold Refers to any force applied in Azalide See: Ball attachment. attachment mechanisms for the direction of the long axis of a New generation of macrolide retention and/or support of Autogenous graft dental implant. derivatives with improved Ball attachment the prosthesis. Syn: Autograft, Autologous graft. See: Nonaxial loading. pharmacokinetic properties, Extracoronal type of attachment Tissue taken from one site and tissue penetration, and activity mechanism used to retain an Barrier membrane transplanted to another site in Axial slice against many gram-positive and overdenture, consisting of a Syn: Occlusive membrane. the same individual. A thin section from a computed gram-negative bacteria. spherical shaped abutment and Device which helps confine tomography scan data (usually See: Azithromycin. a metal housing. a grafted area. It is meant to Autograft between 0.125 to 2.0 millimeters See: Metal housing. prevent migration of grafting See: Autogenous graft. thick) transverse to the patient’s Azithromycin material and/or prevent length axis, ideally parallel to the An azalide antibiotic which Bar ingrowth of unwanted Autologous graft plane of . inhibits bacterial protein Syn: Connecting bar. cells into a site. See: Autogenous graft. See: Cross-sectional slice, synthesis, and is effective A connector between two or Panoramic reconstitution. against a wide range of gram- more dental implants or teeth. It Barrier membrane positive, gram-negative, and is used to provide exposure anaerobic bacteria. It is used retention, stability, and/or See: Exposure. in the treatment of mild to support to a prosthesis.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 20 Basal bone 21

Basal bone Bending stress Beveled incision Bioactive Biocompatible the bond to - See: Bone. Stress caused by a load that Cut made at an acute angle to Having an effect on, or eliciting a Property of a material to elicit coated dental implants. tends to bend an object. the gingival or mucosal surface. response from, living tissue. or perform without a negative See: Osseointegration. Basic multicellular unit See: Compressive stress, Stress. See: Bioinert. host response (immune Biologic width (BMU) Bicortical stabilization response or inflammation) Functional unit consisting of Benign paroxysmal The engagement of a dental Bioactive fixation in a specific application. In The combined apicocoronal height cellular elements responsible for positional vertigo (BPPV) implant with the crestal cortical Stabilization involving direct general, biocompatibility is of and epithelial bone formation and resorption Short, recurrent episodes of bone of the edentulous ridge physical and/or chemical measured on the basis of attachment. It exists around teeth (i.e., remodeling). vertigo when carrying out certain and the cortical bone of the base attachment mechanism(s) allergenicity, carcinogenicity, as well as around dental implants lateralization and extension of the mandible or the floor of between biological tissues and localized cytotoxicity, and once exposed to the oral cavity. Basic structural unit (BSU) movements of the . In the maxillary sinus or floor of the a dental implant surface at the systemic response. The unit of bone tissue formed by implant dentistry, it may be a nasal cavity. It may also apply to ultra-structural level. one basic multicellular unit (BMU). postoperative complication the engagement of the facial and Biodegradable It is also referred to as an osteon. following a surgery in the maxilla lingual cortices. Bioactive glass Property of a material to Material used to replace part of where were used. Absorbable alloplastic material degrade when placed in a a living system or to function in Beam hardening Bilateral stabilization composed of metal oxides: SiO2, biologic environment. contact with a living system. Betamethasone Beam hardening is one of See: Cross-arch stabilization. Na2O, and P2O5. It has the ability See: Bioabsorbable. the most prominent sources An oral, topical, and inhaled to form a chemical bond with Biomechanical test of artifacts in CBCT imaging glucocorticoid with a long half-life. Bioabsorbable living tissues thereby helping Bioinert A test that measures the physical modalities. When there are dense See: Glucocorticoid. Syn: Absorbable. stabilize a filled defect site and Property of a material that properties of any biomechanical objects within a CBCT scan, such Property of a material to maintaining a rigid scaffold upon elicits no host response. device, device-tissue interface as a dental implant embedded Beveled flap degrade or dissolve in vivo. which cells can migrate and grow. See: Bioactive. (e.g., bone-implant), or the in bone, the type of energy from Section of soft tissue outlined Breakdown products are properties of tissues themselves. the object turns adjacent voxels­ by a surgical incision made at incorporated into normal Biointegration black giving an appearance of an acute angle to the gingival or physiologic and biochemical Specially designed and The bonding of living Biomechanics radiolucency in the bone. mucosal tissue. processes (e.g., bioabsorbable fabricated ceramics for the tissue to the surface of a Scientific field that deals with See: Artifact, Voxel, Scatter membranes or sutures). repair or reconstruction of biomaterial or implant, the mechanical properties of diseased, damaged, or missing independent of any mechanical biologic structures as well as the parts of the body. interlocking mechanism. interaction between mechanical It is often used to describe devices and living tissues, organs, and organisms.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 22 Biomimetic Bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) 23

Biomimetic hypercalcemia of malignancy Bisphosphonate-related Blade implant Bone 5. Cortical bone: (Syn: Compact The study of the structure and or metastatic bone lesions. Its osteonecrosis of the jaw A laminar endosseous dental The mineralized connective tissue bone) The noncancellous hard function of biologic systems mechanism of action involves (BRONJ) implant designed to be placed that constitutes the majority of the and dense portion of bone as models for the design and the suppression of osteoclasts A complication characterized within bone. skeleton. It consists of an inorganic consisting largely of concentric of materials and thereby reducing bone by exposed necrotic bone in the component (67%) (minerals lamellar osteons and . To replicate or imitate resorption. Two main groups maxillofacial region that does such as calcium phosphate) and interstitial lamellae. a body structure () and/ exist: nitrogen containing and not heal within eight weeks after Blanching an organic component (33%) 6. Lamellar bone: Mature bone, or function (). non-nitrogen containing, with diagnosis and proper care, in a To make or become white or (collagenous matrix and cells). organized in layers (lamellae) subgroups of either oral or patient under current or previous pale, usually in reference to 1. Alveolar bone: Bony portion of that may be concentrically Bioresorbable intravenous administration. bisphosphonate treatment and peri-implant or periodontal soft the mandible or maxilla in which arranged (compact bone) or See: Resorbable. See: Bisphosphonate-related who has not received radiation tissues (e.g., during prosthetic the roots of the teeth are held parallel (cancellous bone). osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). in the head and area. try-in/ insertion). by periodontal ligament fibers. 7. Woven bone: Syn: Nonlamellar Biphasic calcium Alveolar bone is formed during bone, Primary bone, Primitive Bisphosphonate- Risk factors include route of phosphate (BCP) administration (intravenous Blasted implant surface tooth development and eruption. bone, Reactive bone. Immature associated osteonecrosis Alloplastic bone substitute versus oral), duration of , Treatment of a surface by grit 2. Basal bone: Bone of the bone encountered where (BON) consisting of 60% hydroxyapatite and type of bisphosphonate blasting to increase its surface mandible or maxilla, excluding bone is actively healing or and 40% beta-tricalcium See: Bisphosphonate-related (nitrogen containing or not). area by subtraction. the alveolar bone. being regenerated. phosphate used in intraoral osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). 3. Bundle bone: Type of alveolar See: Bisphosphonate (BP). See: Subtractive surface Bone-anchored hearing aid grafting procedures. The bone, so-called because of Bisphosphonate-induced treatment. granules are 90% porous and Bite splint the continuation into it of the (BAHA) with interconnected pores of 100 osteonecrosis of the jaw See: Occlusal guard. principal (Sharpey’s) fibers of A surgically implanted abutment to 500 microns. (BIONJ) Block graft the periodontal ligament. to transmit sound by direct See: Bisphosphonate-related conduction through bone to the See: Calcium phosphate, Black space Graft consisting of a monocortical 4. Cancellous bone: (Syn: osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). inner ear, bypassing the external Tricalcium phosphate (TCP). See: Black triangle. piece of autogenous bone (e.g., Medullary bone, Spongy bone, auditory canal and middle ear. or ramus), or a piece of Trabecular bone) Bone in which Bisphosphonate (BP) Black triangle A titanium prosthesis is bone replacement graft, usually the trabeculae form a three- surgically embedded into the Syn: Diphosphonate. Syn: Black space. stabilized in the recipient dimensional latticework with with a small abutment Group of drugs used to Condition when a void is present site with screws. the interstices filled with manage osteoporosis and in the interproximal space apical bone marrow. exposed outside the skin. Paget’s disease, or to treat to the contact point.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 24 Bone atrophy Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 25

Bone atrophy Bone curettage Bone derivative Bone marrow Bone milling Decrease in the dimensions of Surgical shaving or smoothing A substance extracted A surgical procedure performed Non-mineralized tissue A process used to particulate bone due to resorption. of the bone surface. from bone, such as bone to establish additional bone found within bone containing harvested bone into morphogenetic proteins. volume, using autogenous bone hematopoietic and/or progressively smaller particles. Bone augmentation Bone defect and/or a bone replacement graft, fatty tissues. Placement of an autogenous See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect. Bone expander prior to or simultaneously with Bone mineral density graft and/or a bone replacement See: . dental implant placement. Bone “mass” (BMD) graft, or any procedure that Bone “density” See: Bone graft, Bone replacement The amount of bone Syn: Bone “mass” measurement. corrects a hard tissue deficiency. 1. Clinical: Tactile assessment Bone expansion graft, Bone substitute. tissue, often estimated by The mineral content in a given of bone quality reflecting the See: Ridge expansion. absorptiometry, preferably volume of bone, used as a Bone biopsy percentage of calcified bone viewed as a volume minus measure of bone health and in Bone sample harvested from an to marrow, determined during Bone fill Bone-implant interface the marrow cavity. the diagnosis of osteoporosis. area of interest for analysis. preparation. Usually Clinical and/or radiological Demarcation between the classified from D1 (dense) to D4 restoration of a hard material surface (i.e., the dental Bone “mass” Bone modeling Bone collector (porous). Other classifications tissue defect. implant) and the biological measurement See: Modeling (bone). See: Bone scraper, Bone trap. exist. environment (i.e., bone). See: Bone mineral density (BMD). 2. Histological: The “density” is Bone fusing Bone morphogenetic Bone condenser calculated from the percentage See: Osseointegration. Bone induction Bone matrix protein (BMP) See: Osteotome. of all bone tissue that is See: Osteoinduction. The intercellular substance of The (TGFβ) superfamily of constituted by mineralized bone. Bone graft bone consisting of collagenous growth factors which may Bone condensing 3. Radiographic: An estimate of the Syn: Osseous graft. Bone loss (implant) fibers embedded in an stimulate osteogenesis by See: Osteotome technique. total amount of bone tissue (as Autogenous bone used Physiologic or pathologic bone amorphous ground substance differentiation of mesenchymal for grafting. Bone conduction bone mineral) in the path of one resorption around a dental and inorganic salts. stem cells capable of inducing or more x-ray beams, as measured bone formation in normally non- See: Osteoconduction. implant. by Hounsfield units. When in See: Crestal bone loss, Early crestal Bone mill osseous tissues. It is produced Bone core quotes, “density” is as defined bone loss, Implant periapical Device used to mechanically by and stored in absorptiometry, and does not transform harvested autogenous in bone. BMP-2, 4, and 7 are See: Bone biopsy. lesion, Peri-implantitis. mean density as used in physics. bone into a suitable particle size, known to promote de novo bone for grafting procedures. formation through the precess of osteoinduction. See: Osteoinduction

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 26 Bone necrosis Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 27

C

Bone necrosis unit Bone sounding Bone trap Buccal plate CAD/CAM See: Osteonecrosis. (BRU) See: Ridge sounding. Device attached to an Syn: Labial plate. Acronym: Computer-aided design/ A group of osteoblasts evacuation system, used to Bony wall at the buccal aspect Computer-aided manufacturing Bone quality and osteoclasts involved in Bone spreader collect autogenous bone debris, of an alveolus consisting (CAD/CAM). A qualitative assessment of bone bone remodeling. See: Osteotome. through a process of filtration. of alveolar bone proper, based on its density. See: Remodeling (bone). Particles harvested may be used cortical bone, with or without Bone substitute for grafting purposes. intervening cancellous bone. CAD/CAM dentistry Bone reduction guide Bone replacement graft Synthetic or natural materials Computer-Aided Design and (bone reduction template) Bone trephine Bundle bone Any material other than for grafting purposes. They Computer-Aided Manufacturing A CT/CBCT-derived surgical autogenous bone, which is used include hard tissue replacement See: Trephine. A histologic term for the portion in dentistry, is an area of guide used to assist in accurate as a hard tissue graft, in an polymers, natural coral, of the bone of the alveolar Bone turnover dentistry utilizing milling reduction of excess bone in the attempt to stimulate new bone hydroxyapatite, tricalcium process that surrounds teeth technologies to produce a variety See: Turnover (bone). mandible or maxilla to aid in formation in an area where bone phosphate, and various other and into which the of different dental restorations, the placement of dental formerly existed. . They may be fibers of the periodontal including crowns, veneers, implants, and to facilitate incorporated into surrounding ligament are embedded. , fixed bridges, Bone resorption Habit of involuntary grinding, prosthesis design. tissue or gradually replaced by See: Alveolar bone proper, Bone. dental implant restorations and clenching, or clamping the teeth. Loss of bone due to original tissue. orthodontic appliances, with a Bone remodeling This generates forces that may Button implant osteoclastic activity. variety of different materials. See: Remodeling (bone). Bone tap damage teeth and/or implants. See: Mucosal insert. Bone scaffold See: Tap. CAD/CAM abutment Bone remodeling rate Buccal index The three-dimensional Abutment which is totally (BRR) Bone-to-implant contact An impression record of structure created by bone designed and manufactured (BIC) the facial aspect of teeth The turnover or replacement or bone substitute, which using computer software from The direct contact of bone with relative to a cast. of packets of bone tissue called maintains a volumetric space information generated from a the surface of an endosseous basic multicellular units, or for cellular growth. digital position recognition of dental implant at the light Buccal mucosal incision BMUs, in all or part of a See: Scaffold. the implant platform. microscopic level. See: Mucobuccal fold incision. bone structure without a See: CAM abutment, Custom Bone scraper See: Percentage bone-to-implant change in shape. abutment. Device used to harvest bone contact. particles through surface Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shavings for grafting purposes. See: Coralline.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 28 Calcium phosphate Chin graft 29

Calcium phosphate Caldwell-Luc Calvarial graft Cancellous bone graft Case sequencing Cement-retained Mineral needed for the Surgical procedure named Autogenous bone graft Graft consisting of The order of treatment for The use of dental cement for mineralization of the new bone after American harvested from the domelike medullary bone. a patient undergoing dental the retention of a prosthesis to in a graft site. Its source is George Caldwell and French superior portion of the cranium, See: Cortical bone graft, implant therapy, including an abutment, or transmucosal usually from the surrounding laryngologist Henry Luc. Its most frequently from the parietal Corticocancellous bone graft. time of treatment as it relates portion of a one-piece dental bone and may be also original indication was for region, generally on the right to healing and prosthodontic implant. introduced through the blood the relief of chronic sinusitis side (nondominant hemisphere) Cantilever restoration. See: Attachment-retained, Screw- supply. Class of ceramics with by improving drainage of the behind the coronal suture, and A prosthetic extension retained. varying calcium-to-phosphorous maxillary sinus through an approximately three centimeters supported on one side. Case series ratios, which can form a direct incision into the . lateral to the sagittal suture. Analysis of a series of patients Ceramic bond with bone. It can also be with a certain diagnosis and Alloplastic material used for used as a bone substitute. Callus Calvarium Cap attachment treatment of interest. There is no bone grafting or to fabricate See: Alloplast, Biphasic calcium The tissue that forms between Obj See: Calvaria. See: Metal housing. control group involved. abutments and prostheses. phosphate (BCP), Tricalcium and around fractured bone See: Alloplast. phosphate (TCP). segments to maintain structural CAM abutment Case-control study Castable abutment integrity and facilitate bone Abutment which is designed Study design used to identify Syn: University of California at Cervix Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) regeneration. by casting a waxed castable factors that may contribute to a Los Angeles abutment (UCLA See: Implant neck. Fully biodegradable ceramic abutment, which is subsequently medical condition by comparing abutment). alloplastic material used for Calvaria scanned, digitized, and a group of patients who have A prefabricated component, Chin graft intraoral grafting procedures. The domelike superior portion fabricated through computer- that condition (experimental with or without a prefabricated A bone graft harvested from the It also has barrier membrane of the cranium, derived from the aided manufacturing. group) with a group of patients cylinder, used to make a custom facial aspect of the mandibular properties and may be used as membranous neurocranium, See: CAD/CAM abutment, who do not (control group). abutment for a cement-retained symphyseal area, between the a carrier for the local delivery of and consisting of the frontal Castable abutment, Custom or screw-retained prosthesis, mental foramina, apical to the . and parietal bones and the abutment. Case report by waxing its plastic burnout roots of the teeth, and usually See: Medical-grade calcium sulfate squamous parts of the occipital A type of documentation in pattern and subsequently above the lower border of the (MGCS). and temporal bones. Bone may Cancellous bone which diagnosis, treatment, casting the abutment through a mandible. be harvested from this site for See: Bone. and outcome of a patient are lost-wax technique. grafting purposes. described. See: Prefabricated cylinder.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 30 Chisel Cohort study 31

Chisel Clamping force Clean technique Clipping Function CMOS device piece is often moved across An instrument with a beveled The result of the elastic Surgical procedure that takes A software application to Converts light into a digital the milling tool in different cutting edge used for cutting or deformation of a screw after place in a setting. All virtually slice through a 3D signal using photosensitive directions, unlike the single axis cleaving hard tissue. application of torque drawing instruments, implants, grafts, volumetric reconstruction pixels and on-chip circuitry motion of a drill. two components together. and irrigation solution used are derived from CT/CBCT used in CBCT scanners. CMOS Coagulum Chi-square test See: Preload. sterile. wear sterile data in various planes. has a limited A statistical method used to gloves, but operating photosensitive area and higher A clot or a coagulated mass. determine whether observed Clarithromycin Closed-tray impression room level sterility is not noise compared with a CCD. Coaptation frequencies are significantly A semisynthetic macrolide achieved. The surgeons and Syn: Indirect impression. CMOS has several useful different from expected antibiotic used in the treatment assistants wear non-sterile attire Impression technique that uses characteristics: It requires low The approximation of the frequencies and whether there of orofacial infections caused and the patient is not necessarily an impression coping with power to operate, has high- edges of a wound. is a statistically significant by gram-positive cocci and covered by sterile drapes. positioning features, around speed readout, is capable of Coating difference. susceptible anaerobes. Its See: Sterile technique. which a rigid elastic impression on-chip integration of electronic 1. Abutment: Surface treatment mechanism of action involves material is injected. After circuitry and produces digital for an abutment to alter gluconate the prevention of bacteria from Clindamycin removal of the impression, signals without external its optical transmission A bis-biguanide antimicrobial, growing by interfering with Lincosamide antibiotic used the coping is unthreaded converters. used as an oral rinse or local protein synthesis. Alternate drug in the treatment of orofacial from the , connected characteristics. antiseptic. Its mechanism of used for antibiotic prophylaxis. infections caused by anaerobic to a laboratory analog and CNC milling (CNC) 2. Dental implant: A substance action involves the lysis of bacteria. It is also active against repositioned into the impression A specific form of computer applied to all or a portion of the bacterial membranes. Clavulanic acid aerobic bacteria, such as prior to pouring. numerical controlled (CNC) dental implant. A beta-lactamase inhibitor streptococci and staphylococci. See: Open-tray impression. machining. Milling itself is a See: Additive surface treatment, Cicatrix sometimes combined with Alternate drug used for antibiotic machining process similar to Textured surface. See: Scar. Closure screw penicillin group antibiotics prophylaxis. both drilling and cutting, and Cohort study to overcome certain types of See: Cover screw. able to achieve many of the A longitudinal study in which Circumferential antibiotic resistance. Clip operations performed by cutting a group, the cohort, is chosen subperiosteal implant See: Amoxicillin. A retentive element within an Cluster (implant) failure and drilling machines. Milling for the presence of a specific See: Subperiosteal implant. overdenture used for its fixation The occurrence of multiple dental uses a rotating cylindrical characteristic at or during a to a bar. implant failures in one or a cutting tool that can move along specified time and followed over See: Bar overdenture (implant). minute group of patients derived multiple axes, and can create time to discover presumably from a large pool of subjects. a variety of shapes, slots and related characteristics. holes. In addition, the work-

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 32 Collaborative accountability Computed tomography (CT) 33

Collaborative Collagen membrane Compact bone monomers (TEGMA, UDMA, Composite bone implant dentistry parallel to the accountability Bioabsorbable barrier membrane See: Bone. HDDMA), a filler material such Transitional state between occlusal plane. It can be used for Concept that captures the made from collagen (mainly type as silica and in most current woven and lamellar bone, in the treatment planning of dental information from current CT/ 1) with the following properties: Compatible applications, a photoinitiator. which a woven bone lattice filled implants with software-based CBCT imaging technology with well tolerated by surrounding Refers to the interchangeability Dimethylglyoxime is also with lamellar bone can be seen planning. interactive treatment planning tissues, semi-permeable, of prosthetic components of one commonly added to achieve histologically. See: Computed tomography (CT), software to communicate the hemostatic, and chemotactic. implant system to another. certain physical properties Cone-beam computed tomography diagnosis and treatment plan to such as flow ability. Further Composite graft (CBCT), Software-based planning. all members of the implant team Collar Complete subperiosteal tailoring of physical properties Combination of different to ensure consistent surgical See: Implant collar. implant is achieved by formulating grafting materials. and restorative outcomes. See: Subperiosteal implant. unique concentrations of each Comfort cap constituent. An example for use Compressive stress Computed tomography Collagen See: cap. in dental implants incorporates Stress caused by a load (two (CT) A molecule characterized by Complication a hybrid technique which forces applied toward one Imaging technique that uses a triple helical structure and a Commercially pure An unfavorable condition, involves a screw-retained partial another in the same straight a combination of x-rays and high content of glycine, proline titanium (CP-Ti) reversible or irreversible. implant bridge which provides line) that tends to compress or computer technology to generate and hydroxyproline. It is the Biocompatible metal commonly white esthetics and a gingival shorten an object. a three-dimensional, panoramic, major constituent of connective used for dental implants. It is an Composites (Dental) base made of ceramic material, See: Bending stress, Stress. or cross-sectional image of a tissue fibers, the organic matrix alloy of approximately 99 wt.% Resins are types of synthetic which can then be covered with bodily structure. Two types of of bone, dentin, cementum, titanium and small amounts materials which are used in a composite overlay to create the Computed axial tomography are used in implant and basal laminas. Collagen (from 0.18 to 0.40 wt.%) of dentistry as restorative material final pink contours making the tomography (CAT) dentistry: axial and cone-beam. is synthesized by fibroblasts, oxygen with trace amounts or adhesives. Synthetic resins prosthetic gingival restoration Imaging technique that uses See:Computed axial tomography chondroblasts, osteoblasts, (less than 0.25 wt.%) of iron, evolved as restorative materials more esthetic and predictable. a combination of x-rays and (CAT), Cone-beam computed and . Several types carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. since they were insoluble, See: Artificial gingival. computer technology to tomography (CBCT). are found in the . Commercially pure titanium is aesthetic, insensitive to generate a three-dimensional, Type 1 collagen is one of the classified in multiple grades. The dehydration, easy to manipulate panoramic, or cross-sectional first products synthesized by amount of oxygen determines and reasonably inexpensive. image of a bodily structure. Data the body when bone formation the grade of the alloy. Composite resins are most acquisition is obtained through occurs. See: Titanium (Ti), commonly composed of Bis- a series of scans along a single (Ti-6Al-4V). GMA and other dimethacrylate axis of a bodily structure, in

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 34 Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Coping screw 35

Computer-aided design/ Confocal microscopy planning of dental implants Connective tissue Contact Scanner but is treated in all other Computer-aided Confocal microscopy is an when used with interactive attachment Contact 3D scanners probe the respects in the same way as the manufacturing optical imaging technique for software applications. The mechanism of attachment object through physical touch, experimental group. (CAD/CAM) increasing optical resolution See: Computed tomography (CT), of the connective tissue to converting the data into a digital See: Case-control study, Process for direct and contrast of a micrograph Cone-beam computed tomography a tooth or a dental implant. file to be used for dental CAD Experimental group. by means of adding a spatial (CBCT), Software-based planning. Around the latter, the connective CAM applications. preparation of an object from Conversion prosthesis computer-acquired or computer- pinhole placed at the confocal tissue fibers are generally parallel See: Custom abutment, CAD/ Configuration See: Transitional prosthesis/ generated data. plane of the lens to eliminate and circumferential to the CAM, CAM abutment out-of-focus light. It enables Specific size and shape of a implant surface and constitute restoration. Computer-aided navigation dental implant or component. Continuous suture the reconstruction of three- the apical part of the biologic Coolant Syn: Uninterrupted suture. Syn/See: Navigation surgery. dimensional structures from the Confirmation jig width. obtained images. Suture made from an A fluid used as an irrigating Computer-assisted surgical See: Parallel confocal imaging See: Verification jig. Connective tissue graft uninterrupted series of solution to reduce heat guide generated during drilling. technology Conical abutment A soft tissue graft made of tissue penetrations, fastened at See: Stereolithographic guide. connective tissue. each end by a knot. Coping Cone-beam computed A transmucosal abutment See: Interrupted suture. Computer-based planning tomography (CBCT) used in the fabrication of a Consolidation period A prefabricated or custom screw-retained prosthetic component that fits onto a See: Software-based planning. Syn: Helical cone-beam computed See: Distraction osteogenesis Continuous wave mode reconstruction. dental implant or abutment. tomography, Spiral cone-beam (DO). (Cw-mode) Computer-generated computed tomography. Connecting bar Type of operation in which the Coping design surgical guide Imaging technique that uses Contact osteogenesis laser emits radiation energy as a See: Bar. Specific coping shape or pattern, See: Rapid prototyping, a cone-shaped x-ray beam to The formation of new bone constant, uninterrupted stream. or the method by which it is Stereolithography, acquire multiple images of a directly on a dental implant, Connective tissue (CT) made or planned. The coping Stereolithographic guide, Surgical patient. Images are captured following the migration of Control group A primary tissue with many is specific for use within an guide, Three-dimensional printing. on flat panel detectors or osteogenic progenitor cells A group of subjects which different forms and functions, implant system. image intensifiers. Volume through the fibrin clot matrix to receives a placebo instead of the including support, storage, and Computer Numeric data can be acquired in a single the implant surface. experimental treatment protection. It is often recognized Coping screw Controlled Machining rotation of the beam and the See: Distance osteogenesis. as distinct from other tissues See: Prosthetic screw. See: CNC milling (CNC) detector, at reduced radiation due to its larger proportion of exposure. It can be used for extracellular matrix. precise diagnosis and treatment

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 36 Coping, Telescopic Cross-arch stabilization 37

Coping, Telescopic Cortical bone Corticosteroid Countersink drill Crestal bone loss Critical bending moment See: Telescopic coping See: Bone. Any of the steroid hormones Drill used to enlarge the coronal Bone resorption of the most The moment at which the produced by the adrenal cortex part of an osteotomy. coronal aspect of the ridge external nonaxial load applied Coralline Cortical bone graft or their synthetic equivalents. around the neck of the implant. overcomes screw joint preload, A form of ceramic from the Graft consisting of They are involved in a wide range Cover screw causing loss of contact between calcium carbonate skeleton of compact bone. of physiologic systems such Syn: Closure screw, Healing screw. Crestal implant placement the mating surfaces of the dental coral, used as a bone substitute. See: Cancellous bone graft, as stress response, immune A cap type screw used to seal the The placement of a dental implant screw joint components. See: Alloplast. Corticocancellous bone graft. response and regulation of platform of an implant during implant with the edge of its inflammation, carbohydrate osseointegration. platform at the crest of bone. Critical-size(d) defect Coregistration Cortical bone pin metabolism, protein 1. Subcrestal implant placement: (CSD) Syn: Registration. Machined from mineralized catabolism, blood electrolyte Cover screw mill The placement of a dental Smallest osseous defect that cortical allograft, pins levels, and behavior. Instrument or device used implant with the edge of its does not completely heal by Coronally advanced flap formulated for dental surgical See: Glucocorticoid. to remove excess bone growth platform apical to the crest of spontaneous bone regeneration. See: Coronally positioned flap procedures provide a natural over a cover screw. bone. Its size varies by anatomic approach to space maintenance, Corticotomy 2. Supracrestal implant location and species. Coronally positioned flap especially for sites that have lost A surgical technique in Craterization placement: The placement of a A flap sutured in a direction coronal facial or buccal cortex. Cortical which only the bony cortex is See: Pericervical saucerization. dental implant with the edge of Cross-arch stabilization to its original presurgical position. bones pins can be used instead surgically cut. its platform coronal to the crest Syn: Bilateral stabilization. See: Apically positioned flap. of titanium screws which have to Crest of bone. Resistance against dislodging be removed. Cortisone A projection. Usually refers to or rotational forces obtained Correlation coefficient An oral, intramuscular, and the most coronal portion of an Crestal incision by a prosthetic design that Number between -1 and +1 Cortical perforation intravenous glucocorticoid with edentulous ridge. An incision made at the crest of uses dental implants and/or which measures the degree to See: Decortication. a short half-life. See: Alveolar crest. the edentulous ridge. natural teeth on opposite sides which two variables are linearly See: Glucocorticoid. See: Midcrestal incision, of a and which are related. -1 indicates perfect Corticocancellous bone Crestal Mucobuccal fold incision, splinted together. linear negative relationship graft Countersink Pertaining to the crest Paracrestal incision. See: Splinting. between two variables, +1 Graft consisting of compact and To enlarge with a specific drill or the most coronal portion of indicates perfect positive linear medullary bone. the coronal part of an osteotomy, the ridge. Crevicular epithelium relationship and 0 indicates lack to accommodate the neck of a See: . of any linear relationship. dental implant.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 38 Cross-sectional slice Dehiscence 39

D

Cross-sectional slice coronal bone to-implant contact Cumulative success rate Cutting resistance analysis Cytokine Data merge A thin, reformatted section of to the most coronal aspect of Measure of percentage of (CRA) Any of several regulatory Diagnostic information obtained the prosthetic reconstruction computed tomography scan implant success over a period of The energy (J/mm3) required for proteins, such as the interleukins from a CT/CBCT scan, combined data representing the alveolar connected to that implant. time. a current-fed electric motor in and lymphokines, that are with visual surface data from process perpendicular to a See: Success rate. cutting off a unit volume of bone released by cells of the immune Cryotherapy an intra-oral or desktop optical panoramic curve of the patient’s during implant surgery, used to system and act as intercellular scanner. mandible or maxilla as defined Extraorally, the postsurgical Cumulative survival rate assess bone density. or intracellular mediators in in the axial slice. application of cold dressings to Measure of percentage of the generation of an immune Decortication See: Axial slice, Panoramic reduce inflammation and pain. implant survival over a period of Cylinder implant response. Intraoperative perforation or reconstruction, coronal slice Intraorally, the freezing of tissue time. An endosseous, root-form, removal of cortical bone to with a cold device. See: Survival rate. press-fit dental implant, with induce bleeding and release Cross-sectional study parallel-sided walls. C-telopeptide cross-linked of bone forming cells from the A type of study that involves Curettage (bone) collagen type 1 underlying marrow, routinely the observation of a defined See: Bone curettage. used in combination with onlay Syn: C-terminal telopeptide of population at a single point in Cylinder wrench block grafts or guided bone type 1 collagen. Custom abutment time or time interval. Device that fits on top of a regeneration procedures. Fragment of collagen released A custom component created dental implant and is used to during bone remodeling and height space (CHS) for a patient-specific clinical tighten the implant after its Defect turnover. It is a biochemical Distance from the crest of bone, application to support a placement. It can also be used An imperfection, marker in a variety of osseous to the plane of occlusion in restoration which can be to place an implant into its failure, or absence. metabolic such as the posterior region and to the generated by a castable osteotomy. See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect. incisal edge of the same arch in osteoporosis. abutment, 3-D printing, or by the anterior region, available for CAD/CAM. Cylindrical implant Definitive prosthesis CTx/CTx Test a prosthesis. See: CAD/CAM abutment, CAM An endosseous, root-form dental The final prosthetic Abbr: C-telopeptide test for abutment, Castable abutment. implant, with parallel-sided non- reconstruction. type 1 collagen. Crown-implant ratio threaded walls. The ratio of the crown height to Certain research supports the Dehiscence the length of a dental implant use of the CTX test as predictive 1. Incomplete coverage or embedded in bone. The “crown of osteonecrosis of the jaw cleft-like absence of bone at a height” extends from the most bone in patients exposed to localized area around a tooth or .

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 40 Delayed loading mellitus (DM) 41

a dental implant, extending for a Dense PTFE (dPTFE) within or on the mandibular De-osseointegration Desktop optical scanner Device orientation variable distance from the crest. Also known as high-density or maxillary bone to provide The loss of a previously achieved A device which uses advanced The direction in which a See: Fenestration. PTFE or dPTFE, is manufactured resistance to displacement of a osseointegration of a dental optical imaging technology to distraction device is positioned, 2. Premature opening of a to eliminate expansion of the .” (ISO 1942-5) implant due to peri-implantitis, capture surface information usually relative to the anatomical primary soft tissue closure. nodes and fibrils, resulting occlusal overload, or other from a dental cast or a dental axis of the bone segments to be Dentin grinder in a micro-porous material factors. impression and converts these distracted. Delayed loading that is impervious to bacteria A medical device with a rotating objects into digital data to be Refers to the time of applying while still allowing diffusion blade grinds a complete non- Depassivation utilized with CAD CAM or Dexamethasone occlusal forces to a dental of gases and small molecules. endodontically treated or removal of the surface 3-D printing software A long-acting synthetic implant after its initial Dense PTFE was designed to removed of all visible tissue oxide layer of a metal. applications. glucocorticoid used as a potent placement. A prosthesis is withstand exposure in the oral debris into 300 -1200um particles See: Standard Tessellation anti-inflammatory drug. It may attached or secured after a environment, which represents for the purpose of creating Deproteinized bovine bone or Standard be administered intramuscularly, conventional healing period. an improvement to earlier autogenous demineralized dentin material Triangulation Language (STL), orally, or intravenously. matrix (ADDM). The remnants See: Anorganic bovine bone matrix See: Glucocorticoid. Demineralized bone matrix versions of ePTFE in many Intraoral scanner, 3-D scanner, applications, especially socket are then placed into a small (ABBM). Digital workflow, Digital (DBM) preservation where deliberate vial and treated with a specific impressions Diabetes mellitus (DM) A composite of collagenous membrane exposure offers cleanser for 10 min. The cleanser Depth gauge characterized by and noncollagenous proteins several advantages. is then removed and the particles Graduated instrument with Design (implant) disordered metabolism and and bone growth factors See: Polytetrafluoroethylene cleansed with saline solution for markings designed to measure The three-dimensional abnormally high blood remaining after the extraction (PTFE), Expanded 3 min. The saline is absorbed off the vertical extent of an structure of a dental implant resulting from insufficient of minerals from the bone by a polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). and the material is ready for use osteotomy preparation. or component, with all the levels of the hormone insulin. chemical process. as an autologous bone graft. elements and characteristics In implant dentistry good Dental implant See: Autogenous Demineralized Dermal graft that compose it: form, diabetic control is a prerequisite Demineralized freeze-dried 1. A biocompatible device Dentin Matrix (ADDM), Bone Tissue graft from a human shape, configuration, surface to achieving and maintaining bone allograft (DFDBA) placed within, or on, the bone scaffold. or cadaver, which macrostructure, and micro- osseointegration. An allograft composed of of the maxilla or mandible, to has undergone a process of irregularities. See: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c Denture demineralized bone matrix provide support for a prosthetic de-epithelialization and de- test (HbA1c test). (DBM), following the reconstruction. A prosthesis for the cellularization leaving an demineralization of freeze-dried 2. ISO definition: “A device replacement of missing teeth immunologically inert avascular bone allograft (FDBA). designed to be placed surgically and adjacent soft tissues. connective tissue. See: Fixed prosthesis, Removable prosthesis.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 42 Diagnostic wax-up Distraction 43

Diagnostic wax-up Digital impressions Digital initial chairside scanning to the metal in very thin layers (about Distal extension Laboratory procedure in which The use of intraoral optical A form of X-ray imaging, where fabrication of a dental prosthesis 200um) according to the build Edentulous space posterior to teeth are created in wax according scanners to acquire tooth digital X-ray sensors (digital in the dental laboratory. protocol. After each solidified the most distal tooth or implant to the planned restoration. It may morphology, gingiva image capture device) are See: Intraoral scanner, CAD/CAM, layer, a recoater blade applies abutment. be used to evaluate the feasibility morphology, and occlusion in used instead of traditional 3-D printing, 3-D scanner, Data new powder evenly distributed of a proposed plan and to fabricate a digital format for the purpose photographic film. Advantages merge. across the build platform using a radiographic template, a surgical of aiding in the diagnosis and include time efficiency through a recoater blade until the entire Distal extension prosthesis Diphosphonate guide, or laboratory guides. treatment planning phase, bypassing chemical processing buid file (STL File) is complete. A restoration extending See: Bisphosphonate (BP). fabricating a dental prosthesis, and the ability to digitally The process has high resolution posterior to the most distal Digital imaging and and good surface detail. for orthodontic applications, or transfer and enhance images. Direct impression tooth or implant abutment. The in to fabricate surgical templates Also, less radiation can be See: Additive Manufacturing extension can be unilateral or See: Open-tray impression. medicine (DICOM) for dental implants or oral used to produce an image of (AM), Standard Tessellation bilateral and in the form of an Language or Standard An standard of conformity surgery procedures. Currently, all similar contrast to conventional Direction indicator artificial tooth or teeth, cantilever used by the majority of imaging of the various chairside intraoral radiography. Triangulation Language (STL), on a fixed prosthesis, or a Device inserted into an hardware (CT/CBCT) and software digital scanning devices are See: Sensor (Digital X-ray), Sensor Rapid prototyping, 3-D printing removable partial denture. osteotomy in order to assess manufacturers for handling, based on optical principles such (CBCT), Intraoral digital X-ray its orientation or position Direct sinus graft storing, printing, and transmitting as blue light-emitting diodes, sensor Distance osteogenesis relative to adjacent teeth and information in medical digital blue laser technology, multiple See: Lateral window technique, A gradual process of bone anatomic structures. Also used diagnostic imaging. It allows single images that are stitched Digital volume tomography Sinus graft. healing from the edge of an to verify and assist in achieving three-dimensional imaging data together, and continuous (DVT) osteotomy toward a dental parallelism in the preparation of Disc implant from different manufacturers to acquisition (streaming) of See: Cone-beam computed implant. Initially, bone does not multiple . An endosseous dental implant be used in third party software for optical images. Optical scanners tomography (CBCT). grow directly onto the implant consisting of a plate, neck, visualization, surgical evaluation, depend upon a reflective surface surface. Digital workflow Direct Metal Laser and abutment. The implant and creation of CAD/CAM and may require a contrasting Sintering (DMLS) See: Contact osteogenesis. models and appliances. DICOM medium or powder to acquire The clinical and laboratory steps is inserted laterally into the An Additive Manufacturing enables the integration of digital the surface representation of the to acquire intraoral and/or edentulous ridge. Distraction process whereby a 200 Watt diagnostic imaging modalities tooth morphology. extraoral patient information in See: Distraction osteogenesis (Yb) fiber-optic laser into a picture archiving and See: Intraoral scanner, digital a digital format for the purpose (DO). moves across a bed of powdered communication system (PACS). workflow, CAD/CAM of aiding in the diagnosis and metal melting/welding the See: PACS treatment planning phase, from

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 44 Distraction axis Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 45

Distraction axis 1. Latency period: The period Distraction protocol Disuse atrophy Drilling guide Drill stop The direction in which the bone from bone division (i.e., surgical The sequence and duration Diminution in dimension and/ A surgical guide used to Device attached to a drill segment is distracted, during separation of bone into two of treatment events during or density of bone, resulting accurately direct the drilling to control the depth of an distraction osteogenesis. segments) to the onset of distraction osteogenesis. from inadequate loading by direction and depth during osteotomy. traction, and represents the time physiologic forces. osteotomy preparation. Distraction device allowed for callus formation. Distraction rate See: Stereolithographic guide, Drill sleeves An appliance that allows gradual 2. Distraction period: The time The total amount of distraction Dolder bar Surgical guide, Drill sleeves, Drill Surgical templates which incremental movement of bone when gradual traction is applied in millimeters performed per Prefabricated U-shaped bar used path. contain metal cylinders used segments away from each other. to bone segments and new day. to connect teeth, tooth roots, or to help control that correspond See: Distraction osteogenesis tissue (regenerate tissue) is implant abutments to provide Drill path to the diameter of the the (DO). formed. Distraction regenerate support and retention using The trajectory of the drill during osteotomy for dental implant 3. Consolidation period: See: Regenerate. a sleeve incorporated into the osteotomy preparation for dental placement, or fixation screws to Distraction osteogenesis Syn: Fixation period. intaglio surface of a removable implant placement. The drill stabilize the surgical template. (DO) Consolidation and corticalization Distraction rhythm prosthesis. can be controlled in a free- See: Guided sleeve, Guided Syn: Osteodistraction. of the distraction regenerate The number of increments manner, or controlled through cylinder. The gradual and controlled after traction forces and segment per day into which the rate of Donor site the use of a surgical guide which distraction of two vascularized movement are discontinued. distraction osteogenesis is Area of the body from which may contain drill sleeves. Dual-energy X-ray bone segments created by an divided. a graft is harvested. Examples See: Drill sleeves, Surgical guide, absorptiometry (DXA) osteotomy. Formation of new Distraction parameters include skin, mucosa, connective Surgical template, template- Test measuring bone mineral soft tissue and bone between Biological and biomechanical Distraction vector tissue, and bone. assisted, diagnostic free-hand, full “density” (BMD). Two low-dose vascular bone surfaces created variables that affect the quality The final direction and template guidance x-ray beams with differing energy by an osteotomy and separated and quantity of bone formed magnitude of traction forces Drill levels by gradual and controlled during distraction osteogenesis. during distraction osteogenesis. A cutting instrument used to Drilling sequence are aimed at the patient’s bones. distraction. It begins with the create holes by rotary motion. The use of drills in a specific By subtracting the soft tissue development of a reparative Distraction period Distraction zone order to gradually prepare absorption, the BMD can be callus. The callus is placed under See: Distraction osteogenesis See: Regenerate. Drill extender and increase the diameter of determined from the absorption tension by stretching, which (DO). See: Extender. an osteotomy prior to dental of each beam by bone. generates new bone. Distraction Distractor implant insertion, usually based osteogenesis consists of three See: Distraction device. Drill guide on manufacturer’s sequential sequential periods: See: Drilling guide. drilling protocol. See: Sequential drilling.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 46 Dual Scan Protocol Endodontic stabilizer 47

E

Dual Scan Protocol Dysesthesia Ear prosthesis Edentulism Electron Beam Melting profile extends to the height of The process of combining two An abnormal and unpleasant Fixed-removable artificial The condition of missing one or (EBM) contour of the crown, producing different datasets – (1) a scan sensation that is either replacement for all or part of more teeth, partial or complete A type of additive a straight or convex profile in the of a prosthesis (of the desired spontaneous or evoked. Note: a human ear fabricated with loss of teeth. manufacturing for metal parts. apical third of the axial surface. restorative result) made of an Dysesthesia includes paresthesia It is often classified as a rapid silicone, or other materials. acrylic material, with radiopaque but not vice versa. Edentulous manufacturing method. The Can be attached with specially (EMD) or fiducial markers and; (2) a CT See: Anesthesia, Hyperesthesia, designed dental implants. Without teeth. technology manufactures parts Sterile protein aggregate from /CBCT scan of the patient with Hypoesthesia, Paresthesia. See: Auricular prosthesis, such as crown copings by enamel matrix, amelogenins, the prosthesis in the mouth. Percutaneous implant Edentulous site melting metal powder layer by The two datasets will then See: Edentulous space. layer with an electron beam in a the precursor of enamel of be accurately superimposed Early crestal bone loss high vacuum. Unlike some metal developing teeth. The proteins through a software registration Crestal bone loss occurring Edentulous space sintering techniques, the parts are harvested from around process to aid in the diagnosis, around a dental implant during Area previously occupied by a are fully dense, void-free, and developing pig embryo teeth, treatment planning, and surgical the first year after exposure tooth or teeth. extremely strong. with special processing guide fabrication. to the oral environment, See: Additive Manufacturing procedures. See: guided surgery, Cone-beam Elastic modulus and attributed in part to the (AM), Rapid prototyping Endodontic implant computed tomography (CBCT), formation of the biologic width. See: Modulus of elasticity. Fiducial markers, Scanographic Element Syn: Endodontic pin, Endodontic Electric discharge method template, Registration. Early implant failure Any portion of an implant stabilizer. Syn: Primary implant failure. (EDM) prosthesis identified by position A pin placed into a of Dynamic loading The failure of a dental implant Syn: Spark erosion. or function as transmucosal, a tooth and extending beyond its Situation where a dental implant due to the failure to establish A precision metal removal retentive, attachment, or dental. apex, into the bone. is subject to a force which varies process, using a series of osseointegration. Endodontic pin in magnitude and/or direction electrical sparks, to erode Emergence profile (e.g., during occlusal function) Early loading material from a workpiece in a The part of the axial contour See: Endodontic implant. liquid medium under carefully See: Static loading. Refers to the time of applying of a tooth or prosthetic crown Endodontic stabilizer occlusal forces to a dental controlled conditions. that extends from the base of See: Endodontic implant. implant after its initial placement. the sulcus past the free soft A prosthesis is attached to the tissue margin. The emergence implant(s), earlier than a more conventional healing period.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 48 Endosseous Extender 49

Endosseous Endosteal implant Epithelial implant Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) Exclusion criteria Experimental group See: Intrabony, Intraosseous. See: Endosseous implant. See: Mucosal insert. A flap design that helps The specific characteristics Syn: Test group. Within the bone. to preserve the soft tissue that prevent a participant from A group of subjects who receive Endosteum Epithelialization architecture while gaining access entering a clinical trial or study the treatment being studied. Endosseous distractor Tissue lining the medullary Healing by growth of epithelium to the facial cortical plate of group. See: Control group. Syn: Intraosseous distractor. cavity of bone. It is composed of over connective tissue. bone when implants placed See: Inclusion criteria. A distraction device placed into a single layer of osteoprogenitor in an ideal prosthetic position Exposure the edentulous ridge and/or basal cells and a small amount of Epithelium result in perforations which can Exfoliation 1. Dental implant: The bone of the maxilla or mandible connective tissue. Tissue lining the intraoral then be corrected with guided The loss of implanted materials dehiscence of soft tissue used in distraction osteogenesis. mucosal surfaces, extending into bone regeneration (GBR). or devices. exposing the dental implant Engaging the sulcus and adhering to a See: Guided bone regeneration cover screw, neck, body, or Endosseous implant Feature of a dental implant dental implant or tooth. (GBR). Expanded threads. Colloquial term for Syn: Endosteal implant. or prosthetic component that polytetrafluoroethylene stage-two surgery. A device placed into the alveolar incorporates an anti-rotation Eposteal implant Esthetic zone (ePTFE) 2. Barrier membrane: The and/or basal bone of the maxilla mechanical design. Device that receives its primary Any dento-alveolar segment A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, dehiscence of soft tissue or mandible and used to support bone support by means of visible upon full smile. The heated and then stretched to exposing an occlusive a prosthesis. Envelope flap resting upon bone. relationship of the three allow fluid passage but not membrane during the healing Flap that is elevated from a See: Subperiosteal implant. components involved in the cells, used as a nonresorbable period. horizontal linear incision, smile (i.e., gingiva, , teeth) membrane in guided bone Endosseous ramus frame parallel to the free gingival Erbium-doped yttrium determines whether a particular regeneration (GBR) and guided Extender implant margin, with no vertical aluminum garnet (Er-YAG smile is considered high or low. tissue regeneration (GTR). It is A surgical component used as A full-arch, endosseous implant incision. It may be sulcular or laser) used with or without titanium an intermediary piece between set into both rami and the submarginal. A solid-state laser containing Etching reinforcement to maintain the handpiece or wrench and symphyseal area of the mandible an Er-YAG crystal which emits a Use of acids or other agents its shape. It is also used as a another component (e.g., drill, Epithelial attachment with a horizontal connecting wavelength of 2940 nanometers. (etchants) to increase the nonabsorbable suture material. implant mount) to increase the bar that sits along the gingival The mechanism of attachment It is mainly used in bone surgery. surface area of a dental implant See: Dense PTFE (dPTFE). effective reach of the latter. tissues, thus forming a of the to or other materials. U-shaped design when viewed a tooth or dental implant, i.e., from the occlusal. hemidesmosomes. See: Ramus implant See: Junctional epithelium.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 50 External bevel incision Failing implant 51

F

External bevel incision at the drilling bur during space-filling molecules. Exudate Facebow Facing Blade-cut, made in an apical- preparation of the osteotomy. Fluids, cells, and cellular Usually a tooth colored material Extraction socket A that is used coronal direction, designed to This method delivers the cooling debris that have escaped in the field of such as a porcelain laminate An alveolar space after tooth reduce the thickness of gingiva solution at the entrance of the from blood vessels and are / . Its , or resin bonded removal. or peri-implant mucosa from the osteotomy. The cooling solution deposited in tissues or on tissue purpose is to transfer functional veneer to the visible surface may be delivered through tubing external surface. Extraction socket graft surfaces, usually as a result of and aesthetic components of a prepared natural tooth or See: Internal bevel incision. connected to the handpiece and inflammation. from patient’s mouth to the prosthetic replacement. The See: Ridge preservation. drilling unit, or it may be from a dental articulator. Specifically, material may also be pink in External connection hand-held system. Extraoral (external) it transfers the relationship color to replace missing gingival A prosthetic connection interface tissue on implant supported External oblique ridge distraction device of maxillary arch and external to the dental implant to the restorations. Bony ridge on the buccal aspect A device that is located outside platform. The external hexagon casts. See: Veneer of the mandibular molars which the oral cavity and used in is an example. See: Articulator See: Internal connection. serve as a source of autogenous distraction osteogenesis. The Failed implant bone for intraoral grafting bone segments are usually Facial prosthesis A dental implant that is mobile attached via percutaneous pins External hexagon procedures. Maxillofacial articifial (has not achieved or has lost connected externally to device A hexagonal connection interface replacement for a part of the osseointegration), or that External sinus graft fixation clamps. of the platform of a dental missing due to traumatic is symptomatic in spite of See: Lateral window technique, implant extending coronally. It injury, surgical intervention due osseointegration. Sinus graft. Extraosseous distractor prevents gross rotation of the to carcinoma related lesions, A distraction device placed attached component. or congenital defects. Facial Failing implant Extracellular matrix (ECM) outside the edentulous ridge prosthetics may be stabilized General term for a dental Any material produced by and/or basal bone of the maxilla External irrigation or fixated with the support implant that is progressively cells and excreted into the or mandible, used in distraction Method of irrigation during the of specially designed dental losing its supporting bone extracellular space within osteogenesis. drilling of osteotomies for the implants. . It may exhibit placement of dental implants tissues. It takes the form of increased probing depth, from an external device, whereby both ground substance and purulence, but is still clinically the cooling solution is directed fibrous elements, proteins stable. involved in cell adhesion, Sugg: Peri-implantitis. glycosaminoglycans, and other

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 52 Failure rate Fixed hybrid prosthesis 53

Failure rate Feldspathic Porcelain matrix derived from autologous Fibrous Finite element analysis Fixation period The percentage of failures in Highly translucent, esthetic blood which is strong, pliable, and Composed of or containing (FEA) See: Distraction osteogenesis a study or clinical trial, of a material for restorations can be sutured for use as a stand- fibers. Computer software method (DO). procedure or device (e.g., dental fabricated with the traditional alone product to improve wound used to study stresses and implant), according to defined veneering porcelain healing and promote tissue Fibrous connective tissue strains on mechanical parts or Fixation pin criteria. powder and liquid brush build- regeneration. Composed of parallel bundles components. Virtual prototyping See: Anchor pin, Fixation screw, up technique. Opaquer can be See: Leukocyte and Platelet Rich of collagen fibers, found in the software, often a component of Stabilization pin Fatigue added by the laboratory when Fibrin (L-PRF), PRF, Fibronectin dermis, tendons, and ligaments. computer-aided design software Progressive weakening of a necessary to cover dark stain Also called dense connective programs, which automatically Fixation screw Fibroblast structure by accumulating cases. tissue. generates the simulated Screw used for the stabilization embrittlement and crack Cell found within connective mechanical loads for FEA. of a block graft or a barrier formation/propagation. Fenestration tissues responsible for synthesis Fibrous encapsulation membrane. Fixation screw Buccal or lingual window defect of collagen and ground Layer of fibrous connective First-stage surgery can also be used to stabilize a Fatigue failure of either denuded bone or soft substance. tissue formed between a dental See: Stage-one surgery. surgical guide. A structural failure caused by tissue occurring over a tooth implant and surrounding bone. See: Anchor pin, Fixation pin, Fibronectin multiple loading episodes when root, implant, or alveolar ridge. Fistula Stabilization pin, Surgical guide. all loads lie below the structure’s A lateral window opening to A high-molecular weight Fibrous integration An abnormal passage or ultimate strength. Typically, such the maxillary sinus for a sinus (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the See: Fibrous encapsulation. communication, usually between Fixation tack failures occur after multiple augmentation procedure is a extracellular matrix that binds to two internal organs or leading See: Tack. loading episodes. man-made fenestration. membrane-spanning receptor Fiducial markers from an internal organ to the See: Dehiscence proteins called integrins. Similar Specialized markers that are surface of the body. Fixed-detachable Fatigue fracture (failure) to integrins, fibronectin binds supplemented onto the operative 1. : An opening Prosthesis fixed to a dental Structural failure caused by Fibrin Matrix (Fibrin-Rich extracellular matrix components field prior to the imaging scan and between the oral cavity and the implant or implants, only repetitive stresses, which cause Matrix) such as collagen, fibrin, and are used during surgery as the key maxillary sinus. removable by the . a slowly propagating crack to Provisional matrix provided by the heparan sulfate proteoglycans reference points for the patient’s 2. Orofacial fistula: An opening cross the material. fibrin clot and fibronectin during (e.g. syndecans), helping to registration procedure, or during between the cutaneous surface Fixed hybrid prosthesis the first phase of wound healing, promote cellular adhesion and/ surgical guide fabrication for of the face and the oral cavity. Non-removable hybrid helping monocytes, fibroblasts, or migration, and are involved in the transfer of information from 3. Oronasal fistula: An opening prosthesis. and epidermal cells migrate into aggregation of platelets. software-based planning. between the nasal cavity and the See: Hybrid prosthesis, Fixed- the healing area. A membrane-like See: Registration oral cavity. removable.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 54 Fixed prosthesis 55

Fixed prosthesis Flap Framework Frenectomy Full-thickness flap controlled by a computer- A restoration that is not Loosened section of soft tissue Supporting structure of a Surgical incision of a muscle Syn: Mucoperiosteal flap. aided manufacturing (CAM) removable by the patient. The separated from the surrounding prosthetic reconstruction. attachement, or frenulum, A flap resulting from the software package. The model or restoration may be partial arch tissues, except at its base, for including its attachment to elevation of the gingival, alveolar part is produced by extruding (FPD: Fixed partial denture), surgical access. Free soft tissue autograft the underlying bone due to mucosa, and periosteum in smallbeads of thermoplastic or complete arch (FCD: Fixed See: Apically positioned flap, See: Gingival graft. functional or esthetic needs of one unit, thereby exposing the material to form layers as the complete denture). Beveled flap, Coronally positioned the patient. The procedure can surface of bone. material hardens immediately See: Denture, Removable flap, Envelope flap, Full-thickness Free-standing implant be accomplished with a scalpel See: Partial thickness flap. after extrusion from the nozzle. prosthesis. flap, Gingival flap, Partial A dental implant that is not blade, or laser. See: Additive Manufacturing thickness flap, Positioned flap. splinted to adjacent teeth or Functional loading (AM), 3-D printing, Rapid Fixed-removable implants. Friction-fit Obj See: Occlusal loading. prototyping Prosthesis fixed to an implant or Flapless implant surgery See: Friction-retained, Press-fit. implants, only removable by the Surgical technique where no Freeze-dried bone allograft Fused Deposition Fusobacterium nucleatum dentist. soft tissue flaps are raised or (FDBA) Friction-retained Modeling (FDM) Fusobacterium nucleatum is Sugg: Fixed prosthesis. when a circular piece of tissue is Bone harvested from donor Use of intimate fit of parts for An additive manufacturing an oral bacterium, indigenous removed to permit placement of cadavers, washed, immersed the retention of an abutment or technology commonly used to the human oral cavity, that Fixture a dental implant. in ethanol, frozen in nitrogen, a prosthesis (e.g., spark erosion for modeling, prototyping, and plays a role in periodontal Obj See: Root-form implant. freeze-dried and ground to prosthesis). production applications. FDM and peri-implant disease. This Flat panel detectors particles ranging in diameter See: Attachment-retained, works on an “additive”principle is a key component Fixture-level impression A square or rectangular from 250 to 750 microns. Cement-retained, Screw-retained. by laying down material in of periodontal plaque due to See: Implant-level impression amorphous plate with a It acts primarily through an layers. A plastic filament or its abundance and its ability to scintillator that replaces film, osteoconductive process. Full arch bridge/prosthesis metal wire is unwound from a coaggregate with other species angle used in cone-beam computed Restoring the entire arch: coil and supplies material to in the oral cavity The angle made by the flank tomography. Freeze-drying Patients who are missing, or an extrusion nozzle which can of a screw thread with a line Syn: Lyophilization. need to remove all teeth in one turn the flow on and off. The perpendicular to the axis of the Fracture A method of tissue preparation or both , can be restored nozzle is heated to melt the screw. Failure caused by growth of a in which the specimen is frozen with a fixed full-arch prosthesis material and can be moved in crack. and then dehydrated at low both horizontal and vertical temperature in high vacuum. directions by a numerically controlled mechanism, directly

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 56 Gap Guide drill 57

G

Gap Gingival flap Glycosylated hemoglobin Grafting material Guide See: Edentulous space. A flap that does not extend The gingival sulcus is an area A1c test (HbA1c test) A substance, natural or See: Radiographic template, apical to the mucogingival of potential space between Syn: Glycated hemoglobin synthetic, used to enhance Stereolithographic guide, Surgical Gap distance junction. a tooth and the surrounding A1c test. or repair a tissue defect or guide. The space between the bony walls gingival tissue and is lined by Lab test which reveals average deficiency. of an osteotomy or an extraction Gingival graft sulcular epithelium. The depth plasma glucose concentration Guided bone regeneration socket and a dental implant at Syn: Free soft tissue autograft. of the sulcus is bounded by over a period of three months. Grit blasting (GBR) stage-one surgery. The dimension Surgical procedure performed to two entities: apically by the Specifically, it measures the Delivery to a dental implant Bone regenerative technique of the gap and type of implant establish an adequate amount gingival fibers of the connective number of glucose molecules surface of a high velocity stream that uses physical means (e.g., surface influence the level of the of keratinized tissue around a tissue attachment and coronally attached to hemoglobin. Results of abrasive particles propelled barrier membranes) to seal off first bone-to-implant contact. tooth or dental implant, or to by thefree . are expressed as a percentage, by compressed air, designed to an anatomic site where bone increase the quantity of tissue of There is also a gingival sulcus with 4 to 6% considered normal. increase surface area. is to be regenerated. The goal Gingiva an edentulous ridge. surrounding the implant- is to direct bone formation Part of the masticatory mucosa, abutment-tooth complex Gold cylinder Growth factor and prevent other tissues which covers the alveolar process emerging from the bone, See: Prefabricated cylinder. Any highly specific protein that (e.g., connective tissue) from and surrounds the cervical Syn: Marginal tissue recession. surrounded by soft tissue. stimulates the division and interfering with osteogenesis. portion of teeth. It consists of an The exposure of the roots of Graft differentiation of a particular epithelial layer and an underlying the teeth caused by a loss Glucocorticoid Material or tissue used for type of cells. Guided cylinder connective tissue layer called the of gingival tissue and/or A class of steroid hormones implantation or transplantation. See: Cytokine, Insulin-like growth Syn: Guided sleeve. lamina propria. retraction / displacement of characterized by an ability to factors (IGF), Platelet-derived the gingival margin from the bind with the glucocorticoid Graft consolidation (bone) growth factors (PDGF), Platelet- Guide drill Gingival crevicular fluid crown of the teeth apical to the receptor. Their main The vascularization and rich plasma (PRP), Transforming Round-shaped or pointed drill (GCF) , or the therapeutic use in dentistry is integration at the cellular level growth factor beta (TGF-ß), used to mark the site of an An inflammatory exudate that implant-abutment connection. as an anti-inflammatory and of a graft with its recipient site. Vascular endothelial growth factors osteotomy by making an initial can be collected at the gingival immunosuppressant agent. It involves the formation of a (VEGF). entry into cortical bone. margin or within the gingival See: Betamethasone, graft-woven bone complex that crevice. The biochemical analysis Dexamethasone, remodels into lamellar bone and Guidance of the fluid offers a non invasive Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone, further adapts based on loading. See: Image guidance. means of assessing the host Prednisone, Triamcinolone. response in .

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 58 Guided sleeve Hemorrhage 59

H

Guided sleeve (GTR) Handpiece motion tracker Healing Healing by second Heat necrosis Syn: Guided cylinder. Dental surgical procedures An array of active emitters Regeneration or repair of injured, (secondary) intention Cell death due to effectively Round metal cylinder usually that use barrier membranes to or passive reflectors that are lost or surgically treated tissue. Syn: Secondary closure. prolonged exposure of bone to five millimeters in length and direct the growth of new bone attached to a surgical instrument See: Healing by first (primary) Healing of a wound in which a elevated temperature, such as available in various diameters, and gingival tissue at sites to enable their localization intention, Healing by second gap is left between its edges. during osteotomy preparation. which is incorporated into a with insufficient volumes or within the operative field by an (secondary) intention. Union occurs by granulation surgical or stereolithographic dimensions of bone or gingiva overhead detector. tissue formation from the base Helical cone-beam guide to precisely position the for proper function, esthetics or Healing abutment and the sides. This requires computed tomography drill and subsequently the dental prosthetic restoration. Hard tissue graft Syn: Healing collar, Permucosal epithelial migration, collagen See: Cone-beam computed implant during surgery. See: Bone graft, Bone replacement extension, Second-stage deposition, contraction, and tomography (CBCT). See: Surgical guid, graft. permucosal abutment, Temporary remodeling during healing. Stereolithographic guide. healing cuff. Hematoma Harvest Component, circular in cross- Healing cap A localized mass of extravasated Guide pin To gather or collect hard or soft section, that connects to a dental See: Hygiene cap. blood, usually clotted, that is 1.Device placed within a dental tissue for grafting purposes. implant and protrudes through the relatively or completely confined implant osteotomy to assist in soft tissue. It functions in guiding Healing collar within an organ or tissue, a determining the location and Haversian canal the healing of the mucosal peri- See: Healing abutment. space or a potential space. angulation of the site relative to Freely anastomosing channels implant tissues and when removed adjacent teeth, implants or other within cortical (dense) bone provides access to the platform. Healing period Hematopoietic landmarks. containing blood and lymph See: Anatomic healing abutment. Syn: Healing phase. The precursor of a mature blood 2. Extended occlusal or vessels, and surrounded by The time allocated for healing cell that is defined by its ability abutment screws used during concentric bone lamellae. Healing by first (primary) following a surgery, before the to replace the bone marrow prosthesis fabrication in the intention next procedure is performed at system following its obliteration laboratory. Haversian system Syn: Primary closure. the same site. (e.g., by gamma-irradiation) and See: Osteon. Healing of a wound in which can continue to produce mature Guided tissue regeneration the edges are closely re- Healing phase blood cells. HbA1c test approximated. Union or See: Healing period. Abbr: Glycosylated hemoglobin restoration of continuity occurs Hemorrhage A1c test (HbA1c test). directly with minimal granulation Healing screw Escape of blood from the tissue and scar formation. See: Cover screw. circulatory system, bleeding

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 60 Hemostasis Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) 61

which is often excessive and may structure of a tissue (e.g., bone), Host site Howship’s lacuna HPISE Hydroxylapatite (HA) be difficult to control. especially by computer-assisted See: Recipient site. Minute depressions in the Abbr: Hydrodynamic See: Hydroxyapatite (HA)/ analysis of images acquired from surface of a bone undergoing Piezoelectric Internal Ca10(PO4)(OH)2. Hemostasis a . Hounsfield unit (HU) resorption. Sinus Elevation The arrest of bleeding, either A unit of x-ray attenuation used Hygiene cap physiologically, surgically, or Hollow basket implant for computed tomography scans Hybrid implant Hydroxyapatite (HA)/ Syn: Comfort cap, Healing cap, mechanically. A root-form dental implant as a measurement of bone An endosseous, root-form Ca10(PO4)(OH)2 Sealing screw. with a central internal channel density. The Hounsfield unit is dental implant, with different General term for calcium Component inserted over a Heterogeneous graft penetrating the implant body a way to characterize radiation surface geometries or textures at hydroxylapatite. Primary prosthetic abutment. Its function See: Xenograft. from/at its apical aspect. attenuation in different tissues different levels. inorganic and natural is to prevent debris and and thus making it easier to component of bone, also used from invading the internal Heterograft Homograft define what a given finding Hybrid prosthesis as an alloplast. Hydroxyapatite portion of the abutment between See: Xenograft. Syn: Homogenous graft, may represent. It measures Syn: High-water prosthesis. is also used to coat some dental prosthetic appointments. Homologous graft. Hex radiodensity and is a quantitative A screw-retained, metal-resin, implant surfaces. A graft taken from one human . Each volume pixel or voxel implant-supported, fixed See: Alloplast. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy The hexagonal shape of a subject and transplanted into is assigned a value on a scale complete denture. The term (HBOT) connection interface, internal another. on which air is -1000, distilled “hybrid” implies a combination Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Treatment modality where a hex, or external hex. See: Allograft. water at standard pressure and of a metal framework, with a (HEMA) patient is placed in a pressurized complete denture (prefabricated chamber (hyperbaric chamber) Hexed Homologous graft temperature (STP) is defined Alloplastic material made of as 0, and radiopaque structures resin teeth and heat polymerized hydrosoluble monomer, which that allows for the delivery of A component or a dental See: Homograft. such as compact bone will be in resin). The term “highwater” can polymerize under various oxygen in high concentrations implant with a hexagonal the range of +1000 and greater. refers to the design of this circumstances for therapeutic benefits. It connection interface. Horizontal mattress suture Godfrey N. Hounsfield invented prosthesis using long standard at low temperatures. It can is sometimes used prior to See: Mattress suture. High-water prosthesis the first CT scanner in 1972. abutments with several be used to prepare various implant therapy for patients See: Voxel, Computed tomography millimeters of space between the hydrogels to immobilize proteins who underwent radiation See: Hybrid prosthesis. Host response (CT) prosthesis and the underlying or cells for grafting purposes. therapy in the head and neck The local or systemic response mucosa of the edentulous ridge. areas, to reduce the risks of Histomorphometry of the host organism to an osteoradionecrosis. The quantitative study of the implanted material or device. microscopic organization and

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 62 Hyperesthesia Implant anchorage 63

I

Hyperesthesia Ibuprofen See: Navigation surgery, Immediate loading Immediate placement Implant abutment A dysesthesia consisting of A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Stereolithographic guide, See: Immediate occlusal loading, See: Immediate implant See: Abutment. increased sensitivity, particularly medication that possesses Registration. Immediate non-occlusal loading. placement. a painful sensation from Implant-abutment analgesic and antipyretic Image Stitching a normally painless touch properties. Immediate non-functional Immediate interface The process of combining stimulus. See: Nonsteroidal anti- loading provisionalization The surface where the dental multiple photographic images, inflammatory drug (NSAID). Obj See: Immediate non-occlusal A clinical protocol for the implant and the prosthetic Hyperplasia or CT/CBCT images with loading. placement of an interim abutment connect. Excessive enlargement of a Iliac crest overlapping fields of view to prosthesis with or without See: Implant-abutment junction tissue or structure due to an Superior part of the ilium used produce a segmented panorama Immediate non-occlusal occlusal contact with the (IAJ). increase in the number of cells. as a source of autogenous bone. or high-resolution image, or a loading opposing dentition, at the same See: Iliac graft. field of view image A clinical protocol for the clinical visit. Implant-abutment junction See: Stitching. placement of a dental implant(s) Sugg: Immediate non-occlusal (IAJ) Congenital absence of a tooth or Iliac graft in a partially edentulous arch, with loading, Immediate occlusal Syn: Microgap (IAJ). Immediate functional teeth. A bone graft harvested from a fixed or removable restoration loading. The external margin where loading the crest of the iliac bone. The not in occlusal contact with the the coronal aspect of a dental Hypoesthesia bone can be removed from the Obj See: Immediate occlusal opposing dentition, at the same Immediate restoration implant and its prosthetic Syn: Hypesthesia. anterior iliac crest posterior to loading. clinical visit. See: Immediate provisionalization. abutment or restoration connect. A dysesthesia consisting of See: Nonocclusal loading. the anterosuperior iliac spine Immediate implantation abnormally decreased sensitivity, or the posterior ilium. The graft Immediate temporization Implant analog See: Immediate implant particularly to touch. may be cancellous, cortical, or Immediate occlusal See: Immediate provisionalization. See: Analog/analogue. placement. corticocancellous. loading Implant Implant anchorage Immediate implant A clinical protocol for the Image guidance placement and applying force A biocompatible alloplastic Use of a dental implant as placement The use of preoperative imaging on dental implants, with a material or device that is support for orthodontic tooth with computer-based planning Placement of a dental implant at fixed or removable restoration surgically placed into orofacial movement or arch expansion. tools for the diagnosis, planning, the time of tooth extraction, into in occlusal contact with the tissues and used for anchorage, and execution of dental implant the extraction socket. opposing dentition, at the same functional, therapeutic, and/or placement and prosthetic clinical visit. esthetic purposes. reconstruction. See: Occlusal loading.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 64 Implant apex Implant overdenture 65

Implant apex Implant collar Implant diameter Implant fracture Implant length Implant mount Portion of a root-form dental The most coronal part of a The longest linear measurement The breakage of a dental implant The measurement in millimeters Device secured to the implant implant that first engages an dental implant, just apical to in millimeters of the cross into two or more parts. of a two-piece implant in the to facilitate the delivery of a osteotomy during its insertion. the edge of it’s platform, which section of a dental implant. corono-apical direction from dental implant to its prepared It may incorporate self-tapping can be of differing thickness Implant head the edge of the platform to its surgical osteotomy site, and can characteristics. and having the same surface Implant drill For subperiosteal or blade apex. For a one-piece implant, be used to rotate the implant to treatment as the remaining Rotary cutting tool used for implants, refers to the segment the measurement in millimeters the pre-determined depth with portion of the implant or have a creating an osteotomy. of the implant above the neck in the corono-apical direction the appropriate torque driver. Implant-assisted different surface finish specified and used to connect to the of the surface intended for The implant mount is then prosthesis by the manufacturer. Some root- Implant exposure prosthetic reconstruction. Also osseointegration. removed from the implant and Any prosthesis that is completely form implants do not have a 1. A second surgical procedure called abutment. the position confirmed. or partly supported by an collar. after osseointegration has Implant-level impression Implant insertion implant or implants. occurred accomplished with The impression of the implant Implant neck Sugg: Implant-supported Implant component a soft tissue flap elevation or Mechanical act of delivering platform using an implant Syn: Cervix. prosthesis, Implant-tissue- One of the structural sections tissue punch when adequate a dental implant into an impression coping. 1. Root-form dental implant: The supported prosthesis. that make up the implant- keratinized tissue is available osteotomy. See: Abutment-level impression, most coronal aspect of a dental See: Cement-retained, Fixed abutment complex. to access the coronal aspect of Closed-tray impression, Open-tray implant. Implant installation prosthesis, Hybrid prosthesis, the implant to attach a healing impression. 2. Subperiosteal or blade Removable prosthesis, Screw- Implant-crown ratio abutment, or any variation of See: Implant insertion, Implant implant: The transmucosal retained. See: Crown-implant ratio. stock or custom transmucosal placement. Implant loading segment connecting the implant abutments. See: Loading. to the head or abutment. Implant body Implant dentistry 2. Postoperative sequelae Implant interface Syn: Implant root, Implant shaft. Syn: Oral implantology, Implant where an implant may not be The area of contact between Implant loss Portion of a root-form dental therapy. completely covered with soft tissues (e.g., bone, connective See: Failed implant. Implant overdenture implant available for bone-to- The field of dentistry dealing tissue resulting in a dehiscence. tissue) and the surface of a See: Overdenture (implant). Implant mobility implant contact. with the diagnosis, surgical See: Exposure, Stage-two surgery. dental implant. placement, prosthetic Clinically detectable motion of a reconstruction, and maintenance Implant failure dental implant. of dental implants. See: Failed implant. See: Macromotion, Micromotion.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 66 Implant periapical lesion Implant type 67

Implant periapical lesion Implant prosthodontics nylon, or teflon-coated instrument Implant splinting Implant success Implant system Radiolucency localized at the Portion of implant dentistry tips are recommended for See: Splinting. Status of a dental implant based See: System (implant). apex of a root-form dental dealing with the diagnosis, titanium surfaces. on predetermined success criteria. implant. It can be asymptomatic presurgical planning, Implant stability See: Implant survival, Success Implant therapy Implant selection or symptomatic. The symptoms construction, and placement of Clinical evaluation of the degree rate. See: Implant dentistry. of the acute form may include fixed or removable prostheses Process of choosing the type of fixation of a dental implant. a fistula with purulent exudate on any dental implant device. and size of a dental implant, Implant-supported Implant thread and/or pain on palpation. based on site anatomy, surgical Implant stability quotient prosthesis See: Thread. Implant rejection approach, and planned (ISQ) A restoration that derives its Implant placement Failure of a dental implant to prosthetic reconstruction. ISQ – is a number (based on entire support from dental Implant-tissue-supported Surgical steps involved in the acheive osseointegration. a scale from 1 to 100) which implants. This type of restoration prosthesis Implant shaft drilling of the osteotomy and measures the lateral stability may be fixed or removable, partial An overdenture that derives its delivery of the implant into Implant-retained See: Implant body. of the dental implant and or complete arch. support from a combination prosthesis thereby indirectly the degree of intraoral tissues and the bone either as a two-stage Implant shape See: Fixed prosthesis, Overdenture procedure where the implant will Sugg: Implant-supported of osseointegration achieved (implant), Removable prosthesis. dental implants. This type of be covered with gingival tissues prosthesis, Implant-tissue- The macroscopic features of a through linear mapping of restoration is always removable and allowed to integrate, or as supported prosthesis. dental implant such as thread resonance frequency analysis Implant surface and may be either partial or a one-stage procedure with a See: Cement-retained, Fixed design, if any, implant neck, (RFA). While the actual values See: Surface characteristics complete arch. transmucosal healing collar, with prosthesis, Hybrid prosthesis, body, and apex design. are expressed in Hertz, the ISQ (implant). See: Fixed prosthesis, Removable prosthesis. or without a soft tissue flap. Removable prosthesis, Screw- Implant position number has been developed retained. to facilitate communication Obj See: Crestal implant Implant prosthesis regarding implant micromobility Implant surgery Implant try-in placement, Subcrestal implant Any prosthesis (fixed, removable, Implant root through a more user-friendly Portion of implant dentistry See: Trial-fit gauge. placement, Supracrestal implant or maxillofacial) that utilizes Syn: Implant body. scale using implant-specific that concerns itself with the placement. Implant type dental implants in part or whole SmartPegs. (ISQ x 1,000 = RFA placement and exposure of Implant scaler The classification of dental for retention, support, and Implant site in Hz) implant devices. stability. Instrument used for plaque implants according to gross removal and of the Location in the maxilla or Implant survival body geometry and mode of mandible where the placement peri-implant sulcus. A variety of Longevity of a dental implant placement. of a dental implant is planned. nonmetallic, plastic, graphite, within the oral cavity. See: Implant success.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 68 Implant uncovering Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) 69

Implant uncovering Inclusion criteria Inferior alveolar canal some or all five cardinal Infracture Initial stability See: Stage-two surgery, Implant The specific characteristics that all See: Mandibular canal. signs: redness, swelling, pain, a The controlled fracture of: Syn: Primary stability. exposure. participants must have to enter a rise in temperature, and loss 1. A window prepared in the The degree of tightness of a clinical trial or study group. Inferior alveolar nerve of function. lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. dental implant immediately Impression coping See: Exclusion criteria. (IAN) 2. The floor of the maxillary after placement in its prepared Informed consent A device that registers the One of the terminal branches of sinus through an osteotomy osteotomy. An implant is position of a dental implant or Index the , a division prepared in the ridge using an considered to have initial Written and oral explanation dental implant abutment in an Mold used to record the relative of the . It enters osteotome. stability if it is clinically immobile of the diagnosis and planned impression. It may be retained in position of a dental implant or the mandibular canal branching at time of placement. surgical / restorative procedures the impression (direct) or may tooth to its surroundings. to the lower teeth, periosteum, Infraorbital which describe the planned require a transfer from intraoral See: Buccal index. and gingiva of the mandible. A A continuation of the internal Insertion torque procedures so that patients usage to the impression after the branch, the mental nerve, passes maxillary artery, but often arises Syn: Placement torque. can make an educated decision attachment of the corresponding Indirect impression through the mental foramen to in conjunction with the posterior The maximum torque recorded whether to undergo a procedure analog (indirect). See: Closed-tray impression. supply the skin and mucosa of superior alveolar artery. While at the insertion of a dental after knowing the risks and the lower and chin. in the , it gives implant in an osteotomy, hazards. The clinician must Incision Indirect sinus graft off anterior superior alveolar expressed in Newton tell a patient all of the potential A cut made in soft tissue. Sugg: Osteotome technique. Inferior dental foramen branches which supply maxillary centimeters. It may be used as benefits, risks, and treatment See: Crestal incision, External See: . anterior teeth. It is one of the an indication of the mechanical alternatives involved in any bevel incision, Internal bevel Individual suture three primary arterial suppliers stability of the implant in the surgical or restorative procedure, incision, Mucobuccal fold incision, Sugg: Interrupted suture. Inflammation to the maxillary sinus. bone. or other course of treatment, Paracrestal incision, Releasing Localized reaction of the See: Posterior lateral nasal artery, and must obtain the patient’s incision, Sulcular incision. Infection body tissues to invasion by Posterior superior alveolar artery. Insulin-like growth factors written consent to proceed. The Invasion and multiplication pathogenic micro-organisms, (IGF) informed consent document of microorganisms in body or to trauma by wounds, burns Infrastructure Peptides that behave similarly should then be part of the One of several openings of the tissues, which may be clinically or chemicals, which serves to The implants and/or teeth to insulin and stimulate cell patient record. into the incisive inapparent or result in local destroy, dilute, or wall off both supporting a prosthetic proliferation. fossa. cellular injury due to competitive the injurious agent and the reconstruction. See: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP). metabolism, toxins, intracellular injured tissue. It may be acute or replication, or antigen-antibody chronic and is characterized by response.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 70 Interalveolar septum Intraosseous Anastomosis (of the Lateral wall of the Maxillary Sinus) 71

Interalveolar septum Interimplant distance or periimplant mucosa from its is delivered through an exit at Intrabony Intramembranous Part of the alveolar process that The horizontal distance between internal surface (i.e., sulcular side). the working end. This method See: Endosseous. ossification separates individual alveoli. the platforms of two adjacent See: External bevel incision. delivers the cooling solution Bone formation in which See: Interradicular septum. dental implants. inside the osteotomy. Intramucosal insert connective tissue serving as a Internal connection See: Mucosal insert. membrane becomes a template Internal sinus graft Interimplant papilla A prosthetic connection interface for bone deposition without Portion of the free gingiva The soft tissue occupying the internal to a dental implant See: Osteotome technique, Intraoral digital X-ray any intermediate formation of occupying the interproximal interproximal space confined by platform. Examples include Sinus graft. sensor . space confined by adjacent teeth adjacent implant-supported fixed internal hexagon, conical, and See: Sensor (Digital X-ray) Internally threaded in contact. partial in contact. Morse taper. Intraosseous See: Papilla. See: Papilla. See: External connection. Having a thread pattern within Intraoral distraction Syn: Endosseous. the body of a dental implant. A distraction procedure in which Within the bone. Internal hexagon the distraction device is located Interpositional graft Interim abutment Interlock A hexagonal connection completely within the oral cavity. Intraosseous vessels interface of the platform of Placement of graft material See: Temporary abutment. An intracoronal attachment Vessels embedded in the bone, an implant within its coronal within a 3, 4, or 5-walled bone used to segment a prosthetic Intraoral (internal) especially in the lateral wall of aspect providing abutment-to- compartment. Examples include Interim prosthesis/ reconstructions. distraction device the maxillary sinus restoration implant anti-rotation necessary the sinus graft, socket graft, and A device that is located for prosthetic stability, and ridge expansion. Syn: Provisional prosthesis/ Intermaxillary relationship inside the oral cavity, used in Intraosseous Anastomosis also to aid in the delivery and restoration See: maxillomandibular distraction osteogenesis. The (of the Lateral wall of the rotation of the implant within Interradicular septum A fixed or removable prosthesis, relationship. device can be attached to the Maxillary Sinus) the osteotomy site. Part of the alveolar process that designed to restore and enhance bone (bone-borne), to the teeth Syn: endosseous anastomosis. separates individual roots of the esthetics, stabilization, and/ or Internal bevel incision (tooth-borne), or simultaneously The lateral wall of the maxilla Internal irrigation same tooth. function for a limited period of Syn: Inverse bevel incision, to the teeth and bone (hybrid). and the sinus membrane Method of irrigation during See: Interalveolar septum. time. It is used as a diagnostic Inverted bevel incision, Reverse are supplied by the branches the drilling of osteotomies for tool to mimic the planned bevel incision. Intraoral scanner or the Posterior Superior the placement of root-form Interrupted suture definitive prosthesis. It may be Blade-cut, made in a coronal See: 3-D scanner, Parallel confocal Alveolar Artery (PSAA) and the dental implants, whereby the Suture made from a single tissue tissue-born, tooth-supported, to apical direction, designed to imaging technology, Confocal Infraorbital Artery (IOA) which cooling solution passes inside penetration of the flap(s). implant-supported, or any reduce the thickness of gingiva microscopy, Digital impressions anastomose with each other on the shaft of the drilling bur and See: Continuous suture. combination thereof. the lateral wall of the Maxillary

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 72 Intraosseous distractor Lapping tool 73

J K L

Sinus. The anastomosis Irrigation Isotropic surface Jig Kaplan-Meier analysis Labial plate can be intraosseous or 1. Technique of using a solution, Surface textures that are See: Orientation jig, Verification A statistical method used to See: Buccal plate. extraosseous(vestibular). usually physiologic saline, to randomly distributed so the jig. estimate a population (e.g., Intraosseous anastomosis is cool the surgical bur and flush surface is identical in all dental implants) survival curve Laboratory analog most commonly found in the away the surgical debris. directions. Joint-separating force from a sample. Survival over See: Analog/analogue. first region with a distance 2. Act of flushing an area with a See: Anisotropic surface. Force attempting to disengage time can be estimated, even of 15-19mm from the alveolar solution. parts joined by a screw. when patients drop out or are Laboratory screw ridge. While existing in 100% See: External irrigation, Internal studied for different lengths of Threaded component matching of , it is only detectable irrigation. Jumping distance time. the abutment screw, used by in approximately 50% of cases See: Gap distance. the laboratory technician in the using CBCT. Ischemia Keratinized gingival fabrication of the prosthetic Deficiency of blood in an area Junctional epithelium reconstruction. Its use avoids Intraosseous distractor Part of the oral mucosa covering due to a functional constriction The epithelium adhering to the the gingiva and hard . It the damage to the prosthetic See: Endosseous distractor. or actual obstruction of a blood surface of a dental implant or extends from the free gingival screw which is reserved for vessel(s). tooth surface at the base of the In vitro margin to the mucogingival the intraoral fixation of the sulcus. It constitutes the coronal junction. It consists of the free prosthesis. Outside the living organism or Isogeneic graft part of the biologic width. It is gingiva and the attached gingiva. See: Prosthetic screw, Try-in screw. natural system. Usually refers to See: Isograft. formed by single or multiple artificial experimental systems layers of nonkeratinizing cells. Knife-edge ridge Lamellar bone such as cultures or cell-free Isograft The junctional epithelial cells Term used to describe a sharp or See: Bone. extracts. Syn: Isogeneic graft, Isologous have a basal membrane and narrow morphology of a residual graft, Syngeneic graft. Lapping tool In vivo hemidesmosomal attachments ridge in the mandible or maxilla A tissue graft transplanted to the implant or tooth surface. usually a result of progressive Laboratory instrument used with Within the living organism or from one genetically identical See: Epithelial attachment. resorption. a handpiece on the apical end natural system. individual to another, as in of an abutment to remove the monozygotic twins. uneven surface produced during the casting process. Isologous graft See: Isograft.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 74 Laser Lithium Disilicate 75

Laser Late implant failure Layered manufacturing Levofloxacin Lingual artery Lining mucosa Acronym: Light amplification by Syn: Secondary implant failure. See: Solid freeform fabrication Fluoroquinolone antibiotic with Branch of the carotid artery, See: Alveolar mucosa, Oral stimulated emission of radiation. The failure of a dental implant (SFF). a broad spectrum of action, with a distribution to the mucosa. An optical device that after osseointegration has been which may be used orally or undersurface of the , transforms light of various set established. This type of failure Leukocyte and Platelet parenterally. It is used in implant terminating as the deep Lip-Lift of frequencies into radiation may be due to or accompanied Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) dentistry for severe infections, artery of the tongue, and with Placing a radiolucent object energy (a beam) as a result of by peri-implantitis or overload. A second generation autologous especially in the maxillary sinus. subdivisions to the suprahyoid like a cotton roll under the lip controlled stimulated emission. See: Early implant failure. chairside preparation (platelet and dorsal lingual branches and during a CBCT scan to aid in Certain properties are common concentrate) derived from whole Life table analysis the sublingual artery. diagnosing the thickness of such as monochromacy, Latency period venous blood through a specific Statistical method to describe the facial or buccal cortical plate, coherence, and collimation. See: Distraction osteogenesis process of gradient density survival (e.g., dental implants) Lingual nerve soft tissue coverage, or post (DO). centrifugation that limits the in a sample. The distribution Branch of the mandibular graft procedures, while defining Laser etching degree of blood manipulation, of survival times is divided into division of the trigeminal nerve. the vestibule. Application of a laser beam to Lateral antrostomy and does not require a platelet intervals. For each interval, one It lies inferior to the lateral selectively ablate a material from See: Lateral window technique, activator. It produces dense can compute the number and pterygoid and medial and Lip Line a surface (e.g., dental implant). Sinus graft. fibrin matrix that incorporate proportion of cases that entered anterior to the inferior alveolar Defined as an imaginary line leukocytes, platelets and high the respective interval “alive”, nerve. It supplies sensory following the lower border of the Laser phototherapy (LPT) Lateral window technique concentrations of growth the number and proportion of innervations to the mucous upper lip when stretched due to The clinical use of nonionizing Syn: External sinus graft. factors. When compressed, the cases that failed in the respective membrane of the anterior two smiling. laser sources for non-surgical The creation of access to the resulting fibrin matrix is strong, interval (i.e., number of cases that thirds of the tongue and the Classified as High, Medium, and applications. maxillary sinus through its pliable, and can be sutured for “died”), and the number of cases gingiva on the lingual side of the Low, the position of the lip is a lateral wall. The access is used use as a stand-alone product that were lost to follow-up or mandibular teeth. reference to plan for esthetics Laser welding to elevate the Schneiderian to improve wound healing and censored in the respective interval. and function during restorative Technique of joining pieces membrane for the placement of promote tissue regeneration. Lingual plate treatment. of metal (e.g., a bar) through a graft material in the inferior The resulting matrix can also Lingual Bony wall at the lingual aspect of the use of a laser beam. The part of the sinus space. be incorporated into particulate Relating to, near, or on the an alveolus consisting of alveolar Lithium Disilicate beam provides a concentrated See: Fenestration bone graft materials to improve side toward the tongue. Often bone proper, cortical bone, Glass ceramic substructure heat source, allowing for high handling characteristics of the used to designate part of a with or without intervening with approximately 70% lithium strength, narrow, and deep welds. particulate material. tooth surface or position of an cancellous bone. disilicate crystals. The surface anatomical region. may be veneered with traditional

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 76 Load Mandibular foramen 77

M feldspathic porcelains to provide Longitudinal study but thought to be mediated Machined implant surface Magnetic attachment Mandibular block graft a more esthetic appearance. Can A study in which observations by a photochemical reaction Syn: Turned surface. Non-mechanical retentive See: Mandibular ramus graft, be fabricated with a lost-wax on subjects are made at two or that alters cell membrane A dental implant surface that element mainly used for graft process of pressing and also more points in time. permeability, leading to results from the milling process retention of overdentures, or supplied in CAD/CAM blocks. increased mRNA synthesis and of a metallic rod. The scratches for maxillofacial prosthetics Mandibular canal Lost-wax casting technique cell proliferation. dependent on the attraction Syn: Inferior alveolar canal. Load of the tooling on the implant The process of investing a wax form a machined pattern of lines properties of rare-earth alloys. The canal within the mandible Any external mechanical force Low power laser therapy or plastic pattern in a refractory and grooves. that houses the inferior alveolar applied to a prosthesis, dental See: Low level laser therapy mold which is placed into an See: Surface characteristics Maintenance nerve and vessels. Its posterior implant, abutment, tooth, (LLLT). oven at high heat to melt the (implant), Textured surface. Procedures performed at opening is the mandibular skeletal organ, or tissue. pattern. The resulting void is selected time intervals to foramen. Its anterior opening is Lyophilization then filled with molten metal, Macrointerlock assist in the maintenance of the mental foramen. See: Freeze-drying. Loading resulting in a casting. Fixation by mechanical the prosthetic reconstruction, Application of a force directly or interlocking between bone periodontal and peri-implant Mandibular flexure indirectly onto a dental implant, Low energy laser therapy and dental implant macro- tissue health. The medial deformation in the tooth, or prosthesis. Obj See: Low level laser therapy irregularities such as threads, body of the mandible due to (LLLT). holes, pores, grooves, etc., Major (thread) diameter the contraction of the pterygoid Long buccal nerve which have dimensions in the The largest diameter of a screw muscles during opening and Branch of the mandibular Low intensity level laser range of 50 microns or greater. thread. It corresponds to protrusion. division of the trigeminal nerve. therapy the diameter by which the It passes anteriorly between the See: Low level laser therapy Macromotion screw is designated. Mandibular foramen of the lateral pterygoid (LLLT). Excessive movement of a See: Minor (thread) diameter. The opening into the mandibular muscle and descends inferiorly dental implant during its initial canal on the medial surface to the anterior border of the Low level laser therapy phase that may prevent bone of the ramus of the mandible . It supplies (LLLT) healing sequence leading to Malpositioned implant giving passage to the inferior the skin over the buccinator Syn: Low intensity level laser osseointegration and result in A dental implant placed in a alveolar nerve, artery, and . muscle as well as the mucous therapy, Low power laser therapy. fibrous tissue encapsulation. position creating restorative, membrane lining its inner Type of laser treatment aimed biomechanical, and/or esthetic portion and the buccal gingiva of at stimulating cell function. challenges for an optimal the mandibular molars. Its effects are not due to heat, restorative result.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 78 Mandibular movement Maxillary pseudocyst 79

Mandibular movement Mandibular staple implant Marginal peri-implant area Mastication Mattress suture Maxillary artery Muscle and ligament activated Syn: Transmandibular implant. The mucosal peri-implant The process by which is Suture made by a double A branch of the external carotid border and/or intraborder Form of transosseous dental tissues and crestal bone. crushed and ground by teeth. penetration of the flap(s), not artery that arises behind movements of the lower jaw. implant whereby a plate is fixed It is the first step of , crossing over the incision line. the neck of the mandible. It The types of movements are, at the inferior border of the Marking bur and it increases the surface area It is aimed at holding together passes forward between the rotational, horizontal axis, mandible. Retentive pins are Rotary cutting tool used to of to allow more efficient the deeper tissues in order to mandibular ramus and the frontal axis, sagittal axis, and placed partially into the inferior score the bone at the site of an break down by enzymes. During reduce the tension of a flap sphenomandibular ligament, translational. border with two continuous osteotomy. the mastication or upon approximation. It may be towards the pterygopalatine screws going transcortically and process, the food is positioned done in a horizontal or vertical fossa. It supplies the deep Mandibular overdenture penetrating into the mouth in Master cast by the and tongue direction. structures of the face, and may See: Overdenture (implant). the canine areas and used as The definitive stone or epoxy between the teeth for grinding. be divided into mandibular, abutments. cast used by the dental Maxilla pterygoid, and pterygopalatine Mandibular ramus laboratory technician for the Masticatory mucosa Two paired bones forming the portions. A quadrilateral process fabrication of a prosthesis, or Keratinized and attached oral upper jaw and palate of the See: Intraosseous Anastomosis (of projecting upward and backward Mandibular symphysis by the clinician with an in-house mucosa of the gingiva and hard mouth. The two halves are fused the Lateral wall of the Maxillary from the posterior part of the The line of fusion of the milling device. palate. at the intermaxillary suture to Sinus). body of the mandible, and lateral halves of the body of See: Oral mucosa. form the upper jaw, containing Master impression ending on the other end at the the mandible, which splits the frontal, palatine, alveolar, Maxillary overdenture temporomandibular joint in a inferiorly to form the mental Using standard materials for a Matrix and nasal processes. See: Overdenture (implant). saddle-like indentation (sigmoid protuberance. It may serve as a physical intra-oral impression 1. An intricate network of notch) between the coronoid source for bone grafting. to receive a negative likeness natural or synthetic fibers that Maxillary antroplasty Maxillary pseudocyst and condylar processes. It for the fabrication of a cast aids in the reinforcement and See: Sinus graft. A nonsecreting cyst within the may serve as a source for bone Mandibular symphysis to fabricate a prosthetic development of tissues by maxillary sinus that is usually grafting. graft restoration. Can also be achieved supplying a scaffold on which Maxillary antrum present on the sinus floor and is See: Chin graft. with an intra-oral scanner cells may grow, migrate, and See: Maxillary sinus. caused by accumulation of fluid Mandibular ramus graft creating a virtual cast. proliferate. between the sinus membrane See: Ramus graft. Mandibular torus 2. The female part of an and the sinus floor. It is not a See: Torus. attachment. true cyst because it lacks an See: Attachment, Patrix. epithelial lining. See: Maxillary retention cyst.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 80 Maxillary retention cyst Medical-grade calcium sulfate (MGCS) 81

Maxillary retention cyst Maxillary sinus recesses and depressions in the Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinusitis Mean (arithmetic) A secretion cyst, not usually seen Syn: Antrum of Highmore, and molar regions. pneumatization See: Sinusitis (maxillary). Measure of central tendency that radiographically, that is caused Maxillary antrum. Each sinus usually has a volume See: Sinus pneumatization is calculated by adding all the by blockage of the seromucinous Air cavity in the body of the of about 15 milliliters. (maxillary). Maxillary torus individual values in the group gland duct. As secretions collect, maxilla that is lined by the See: Alveolar recess, Maxillary See: Torus. and dividing by the number of they expand the duct, producing Schneiderian membrane sinus septum. Maxillary sinus septum values in the group. a cyst that is encompassed consisting of a pseudostratified Syn: Underwood cleft or septum. Maxillary sinus aplasia by respiratory or cuboidal ciliated columnar epithelium. Anatomic spine-like bony The most distal aspect of the Mechanical failure epithelium. It may be located on It normally lies superior to the Developmental structure or web formation maxillary ridge, bilaterally. It Fracture or deformation the sinus floor, near the ostium, roots of the maxillary characterized by the failure of present in some maxillary may be used as a source of of an implant, an abutment, or within antral polyps. It may and molars and generally the maxillary sinus to develop. It sinuses. It may divide the autogenous bone or serve for or a restorative component be caused by sinus infections, extends anteroposteriorly from is diagnosed radiologically by an inferior portion of the sinus into support of a prosthesis. or material. , or odontogenic the canine or premolar region to opaque maxillary antrum. It may sections or loculi. infections. the molar or tuberosity region. be misdiagnosed as a sinusitis See: Alveolar recess. Maxillectomy Median See: Maxillary pseudocyst. Anatomically, it is a pyramidal or a neoplasm. Complete surgical removal of the Measure of central tendency. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia maxilla. It is the middle score in a cavity, with thin bony walls Maxillary sinus Maxillary rhino-sinusitis corresponding to the orbital, (MSH) distribution or set of ranked augmentation A bacterial infection within the alveolar (floor), facial, and infra- Developmental pathology Maxillofacial prosthesis scores. When the number of maxillary sinus with radiographic temporal aspects of See: Sinus graft. characterized by the Restoration replacing oral, values in the sample is even, signs of an air-fluid level at its underdevelopment of the stomatognathic, or the median is computed the maxilla. Its apex extends into Maxillary sinus floor acute stage. Symptoms include the . Its base maxillary sinus. It is diagnosed craniofacial structures with a as the average of the purulent nasal discharge, nasal is medial, forming the lateral Syn: Antral floor. radiologically by a centripetal fixed or removable prosthesis. two middle values. congestion, and facial pain. As wall of the Inferior wall of the maxillary opacification of the maxillary Support and retention can condition progresses from acute nasal cavity. It communicates sinus, in relation with the antrum. It may be congenital be provided by natural teeth, Medical-grade calcium to chronic, anaerobic bacteria with the nasal cavity through an maxillary roots of the molars or a direct result from trauma, surrounding tissues, and/or sulfate (MGCS) become the predominant opening in the middle meatus and premolars, or the infection, surgical intervention, endosseous implants. Bioengineered form of calcium pathogens. It is considered called the ostium. The floor is edentulous ridge. or irradiation of the maxilla sulfate, a bone substitute used for intraoral grafting chronic if it does not resolve formed by the maxillary alveolar Maxillary sinus floor during the development of the procedures. The shape and size in six weeks and/ or becomes process and partly by the elevation maxillary bone. recurrent. . The floor exhibits See: Sinus graft.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 82 Medullary Mobility (implant) 83

of the hemihydrate crystals are Mental nerve (usually drawn from the Metronidazole the implant moves (measured for the support and/or retention modified to ensure a controlled published literature) and in micrometers) when subjected of a provisional or definitive Terminal branch of the inferior An antibiotic (C6H9N3O3) and slower resorption profile. alveolar nerve, arising in the synthesizing summaries used in the treatment of to a lateral load (measured prosthesis. See: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4). mandibular canal and passing and conclusions that may be infections caused by susceptible in Newtons). Excessive See: Transitional implant. through the mental foramen used to evaluate therapeutic organisms, particularly micromotion may interfere with Medullary providing sensation to the chin effectiveness, and plan new anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. the process of osseointegration Pertaining to the bone marrow. and lower lip. studies. of dental implants. Miniscrew Microgap (IAJ) Medullary bone Metal encapsulator Midcrestal incision Small titanium threaded implant Mesenchymal stem cell See: Implant-abutment junction used for temporary orthodontic See: Bone. See: Metal housing. (MSC) (IAJ). An incision made in the middle anchorage via mechanical Mesenchymal stem cells, or of the crest of an edentulous Megapascal (MPa) Metal housing monocortical bone retention. MSCs, are multipotent stromal Microinterlock ridge. See: Orthodontic implant, A unit of pressure or stress Syn: Metal encapsulator. cells that can differentiate into Fixation by mechanical See: Crestal incision, Mucobuccal Temporary anchorage device equal to one million pascals. It is Part of an attachment a variety of cell types, including: interlocking of bone to micro- fold incision, Paracrestal incision. (TAD). equivalent to 145 psi(lb/ in2) or osteoblasts (bonecells), mechanism incorporated in irregularities at textured dental 9.87 kg/cm2. Middle superior alveolar chondrocytes (cartilage cells), a removable prosthesis. The implant surfaces, including Minor (thread) diameter interchangeable retentive nerve Membrane myocytes (muscle cells) and those created by grit-blasting, The smallest diameter of a screw adipocytes (fat cells). component is inserted in the coating, ion bombardment, Branch of the infraorbital nerve thread. See: Barrier membrane, metal housing and replaced which have dimensions in the arising at the . See: Major (thread) diameter. Schneiderian membrane. Mesostructure when necessary. range of less than ten microns. It runs downwards and forward The part a reconstruction, that in the lateral wall of the sinus to Misfit Membrane exposure Metal tap couples the dental implant Micromotion supply the maxillary premolars. The imprecise or mismatching See: Exposure. See: Tap. complex (infrastructure) to the Micromotion of dental implants of two mating parts or has been defined as minimal Mid-palatal implant Mental foramen superstructure. Methylprednisolone components. displacement of an implant body See: Palatal implant. The anterior opening of the Meta-analysis An intramuscular, intravenous, relative to the surrounding tissue Mobility (implant) mandibular canal on the lateral Mini-implant A quantitative method of and oral glucocorticoid with an which cannot be recognized with See: Implant mobility. aspect of the body of the combining the results of intermediate half-life. the naked . It is the distance A narrow diameter root-form mandible in the region of the first independent studies meeting See: Glucocorticoid. dental implant which may be in premolar, giving passage to the specified protocol criteria one-piece or two-piece. It is used mental neurovascular bundle.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 84 Mode Mucositis 85

Mode Monolithic zirconia (MZ) for that movement, therefore Mucocele (oral) of gingiva. Performed to fastened to the tissue surface Score or value that occurs most Single crowns, bridges, and affecting the clarity and accuracy A swelling of connective tissue correct or eliminate anatomic, of a removable denture that frequently in a distribution. full-arch bridges are CAD CAM of the image. consisting of a collection of developmental, or traumatic fits within a prepared gingival milled from a solid blocks of See: Artifact, Scatter fluid called mucin. This occurs deformities of the gingiva and receptor site. The use of multiple Modeling (bone) zirconia., which results in high because of a ruptured salivary alveolar mucosa. mucosal inserts enhances a Motion-sensing device Independent sites of formation strength restorations reducing gland duct usually caused by See: Periodontal denture’s retention and stability. and resorption that result in the chipping and breakage. (implant) local trauma (damage), in the Mucoperiosteal flap Mucosal peri-implant change of the shape or size of See: Zirconium (Zr), Tool evaluating the relative case of mucus extravasation bone. It occurs during growth, zirconium oxide. mobility of a dental implant in phenomenon, and an obstructed See: Full-thickness flap. tissues and during healing. relation to its surrounding bone. The soft tissues (epithelium and or ruptured salivary duct (parotid Mucoperiosteum Morse taper connection duct) in the case of a mucus connective tissues) surrounding Motion tracking Modulus of elasticity An internal connection interface retention cyst. Although the Layer of periosteum, connective the exposed portion of a dental Syn: Elastic modulus. consisting of a converging Tracing the spatial position of term cyst is often used to refer tissue and epithelium that implant. Ratio of stress over , when circular surface, which forms a moving objects relative to a to these lesions, mucoceles are covers bone of the maxilla and Mucous retention cyst the deformation is elastic. It is a mechanical reference coordinate system. not strictly speaking true cysts mandible. measure of stiffness or flexibility See: Handpiece motion tracker, A cyst caused by an obstruction locking friction-fit. Also known because there is no epithelial Mucosa of a material. A stiff material as a cold weld. Patient motion tracker. lining. It would be more accurate of a duct, usually belonging to The epithelial lining of body has a high modulus of elasticity to classify mucoceles as polyps the or a minor Mount cavities opening to the outside, and a flexible material has a low Motion artifact (i.e. a lump). modulus of elasticity. Also called The acquisition time of state-of- See: Implant mount. consisting of a mucous Young’s modulus. the-art CBCT provides sufficient Mucogingival junction membrane. Mucosal-supported Mucobuccal fold incision surgical guide / template time for a human head to Demarcation between the See: Oral mucosa. Moment Syn: Vestibular incision. See: Surgical guide, Surgical perform some minor movement, masticatory mucosa and the Mucosal implant The magnitude of force i.e. the action of swallowing. An incision made in the alveolar mucosa. template. applied to a rotational system If an object moves during the mucobuccal fold. See: Mucosal insert. See: Crestal incision, Midcrestal Mucogingival surgery Mucositis at a distance from the axis of scanning process,the computer Mucosal insert rotation. reconstruction does not account incision. Periodontal surgical procedure Inflammation of the mucosa. Syn: Button implant, Epithelial to correct defects in morphology, See: Peri-implant mucositis. implant, Intramucosal insert, position, and/or amount Mucosal implant. Mushroom-shaped device

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 86 Multi axis machines Neurotmesis 87

N

Multi axis machines restorations of partially Narrow Ridge Implant Navigation surgery Nd:YAG laser placement of longer implants The most advanced CNC edentulous and edentulous (NRI) Syn: Computer-aided navigation, Abbr: Neodymium-doped yttrium in a mandible with extensive arches, available in straight and resorption of the posterior ridge. milling-machines can add two Plate form, 2nd stage implant for Implant guided surgery, aluminum garnet laser. or more axes in addition to angulated options with a range of Navigation, Surgical navigation. A solid-state laser containing narrow ridge cases. Nerve transpositioning the three normal axes (XYZ). collar heights to match the vertical A distinct surgical modality a Nd:YAG crystal which Horizontal milling machines thickness of the soft tissue. Nasopalatine nerve in which the intraoperative emits at a wavelength of 1064 See: Nerve repositioning. See: Abutment, Angulated also have a C or Q axis, allowing A branch from the localization of the surgical nanometers. It is mainly used in Neurapraxia the horizontally mounted work abutment. instrument is fed back visually soft tissue surgery. Mild nerve injury caused by piece to be rotated, essentially that passes through the onscreen in reference to the Mylohyoid ridge compression or retraction. There allowing asymmetric and , across preoperative diagnostic imaging Necrosis Horizontal bony extension is no violation of the nerve trunk eccentric turning. The fifth axis (B the roof of the nasal cavity to of the patient by employing Death of cells and tissues on the lingual aspect of the and no axonal degeneration. axis) controls the tilt of the tool the nasal septum, and obliquely patient registration algorithms due to loss of blood supply, mandibular premolars and Spontaneous recovery of the itself. When all of these axes are downward to and through the and motion tracking technology. bacterial toxins, or physical and molars that is an attachment motor and/or sensory functions used in conjunction with each incisive canal. It innervates the In implant dentistry, the implant chemical agents. for the mylohyoid muscle which most often occurs within one other, extremely complicated anterior part of the hard palate drilling and placement are forms the floor of the mouth. to four weeks from the time of geometries, such as CAD CAM and the mucosa of the nasal guided by imaging displaying Neoplasm injury. abutments or monolithic full arch septum. real-time reconstruction of the Abnormal tissue mass that when malignant could metastasize zirconia restoration can be milled intraoperative localization of Neurotmesis with these machines. Natural tooth intrusion the relative to the locally or systemically. Nerve injury involving a See: CAD/CAM, CNC milling Apical movement of a tooth pre-acquired CT imaging of complete severance of the nerve (CNC). produced by an external force or the anatomic structures. The Nerve lateralization trunk, leading to Wallerian trauma. Phenomenon reported dental drill is piloted according Syn: Nerve repositioning. degeneration. Sensory and/or Multicenter study in the dental literature when to a preplanned drilling-path or Nerve repositioning motor functions are impaired. A clinical trial conducted splinting natural teeth to a implant position by means of The potential for recovery is according to a single protocol, dental implant with a fixed onscreen direction indicators. Syn: Nerve lateralization, Nerve remote. In implant dentistry, this but at more than one research prosthesis. See: Registration transpositioning. center, and therefore, carried-out Surgical procedure whereby the may be caused by an incision of by a group of investigators. Navigation course of the inferior alveolar the nerve or any of the factors leading to axonotmesis. See: Navigation surgery. nerve is redirected to allow the Multi-unit abutment Designed for screw-retained

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 88 Newton (N) One-piece implant 89

O

Newton (N) Nonangulated abutment Nonocclusal loading Nonsubmerged implant Oblique slice Occlusal table Unit of force. It is equal to the Syn: Nonangled abutment, The restoration is not in occlusal One-stage implant placement See: Cross-sectional slice. Collective of amount of force required to Straight abutment. contact with the opposing procedure incorporating a the inclusive give a mass of one kilogram an Abutment with a body parallel dentition in maximal intercuspal transmucosal component to Occlusal adjustment of molar and premolar cusps, acceleration of one meter per to the long axis of the dental position or in excursions. However, assist soft tissue healing, and Modification of the biting inclined planes, marginal ridges, second squared. implant. the , tongue, lips, and food, obviate the need for a second surfaces of a tooth, or teeth to grooves, and fossae. may touch the restoration. surgical procedure. improve function or morphology. Newton centimeters Nonaxial loading One-part implant (Ncm) Refers to forces applied to a Nonresorbable Nonsubmergible implant Occlusal guard A dental implant in which the Unit of rotational torque. dental implant off its long-axis. Materials that do not See: One-stage implant. Removable appliance designed endosseous and transmucosal degrade in vivo. to minimize the damaging portions consist of one unit Nightguard Nonengaging See: Nonabsorbable. Nonthreaded implant effects of bruxism and other which presents a surface without See: Occlusal guard. Feature of a dental implant or A dental implant without deleterious occlusal habits a joint (microgap) to the tissues. prosthetic component that does Nonresorbable membrane external threads on its body and to dental implants, natural Nominal implant length/ not incorporate an anti-rotation A material that does not neck. dentition, and prosthetic One-piece abutment diameter mechanical design. breakdown in the oral reconstructions. An abutment that connects into The length or diameter of a cavity such as expanded Nonworking side a dental implant without the use dental implant as written on the Nonfunctional loading polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTF), Segment of the dental arch that Occlusal loading of an additional retaining screw. manufacturer’s label. See: Nonocclusal loading. therefore requiring a second is opposite the side where teeth The restoration is in occlusal The abutment can be retained See: Actual implant length/ procedure to remove it from he sit. occlude during mandibular contact with the opposing by cement, friction, or screw diameter. Nonhexed movement. dentition in maximal intercuspal threads. A component or a dental Nonsteroidal anti- position and/or excursions. Nonabsorbable implant without a hexagonal inflammatory drug One-piece implant The property exhibited by connection interface. (NSAID) Occlusal overload A dental implant in which the non-autogenous substances Class of medication with See: Overload (occlusal). endosseous and abutment that demonstrate no in vivo Nonlamellar bone analgesic (nonopioid), portions consist of one unit. degradation over time. See: Bone. antipyretic, and antiinflammatory Occlusive membrane See: Nonresorbable. effects. Its mechanism of action See: Barrier membrane. involves the inhibition of the Nonangled abutment synthesis of prostaglandins from See: Nonangulated abutment. arachidonic acid.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 90 One-screw test Osseous graft 91

One-screw test The implant is designed with a Open-tray impression The digital STL file can then be Orientation jig Orthopantograph A test used to check the fit of transmucosal coronal portion. Syn: Direct impression. merged with a CT / CBCT to A laboratory fabricated device, See: . a multiple unit screw-retained Usually the transmucosal Impression technique that aid in the diagnosis, treatment used to maintain the correct restoration. One screw is portion and the implant are one uses an impression coping planning, and surgical guide positional relationship of a Osse(o) placed in the terminal dental piece with no microgap. with retentive features around fabrication when required. component when transferring it Syn: Osteo. implant abutment. Evaluation which a rigid elastic impression See: Dual Scan Protocol, from the cast to the mouth. Pertaining to bone or containing is made on the opposite side. material is injected. To remove Standard Tessellation Language or a bony element. If the framework rises or has One-stage surgery the impression, the impression Standard Triangulation Language O-ring a ledge, detected clinically A surgical protocol consisting coping is first unthreaded (STL), Intraoral scanner, Digital Doughnut-shaped, resilient Osseointegration or radiologically, the fit is of placing an endosseous root- through an opening on the impressions. overdenture attachment that The direct contact between considered inaccurate. form dental implant in bone and occlusal surface of the tray. possesses the ability to bend living bone and a functionally leaving it in contact with the oral Oral implantology with resistance and return to its loaded dental implant surface One-stage grafting environment during the healing Opioid See: Implant dentistry. approximate original shape. It without interposed soft tissue procedures process, thus eliminating a Morphine-like centrally attaches to a post with a groove at the light microscope level. Oral mucosa Simultaneous implant second surgical procedure. acting analgesic, the primary or undercut area. The clinical manifestation of placement where primary medication used to treat Epithelial lining of the oral cavity See: Ball attachment. osseointegration is absence of stability is achieved, followed Onlay graft moderate to severe pain. continuous with the skin of the mobility. immediately by grafting Augmentation by placing lips and mucosa of the soft procedures to fill the remaining autogenous bone and/or a bone Optical surface scan palate and . The oral Oro-antral fistula Osseous mucosa consists of: defect and/or support the soft replacement graft on or over An optical surface scan is A communication between the Bony. 1. Masticatory mucosa: Mucosa tissue. bone to increase height and/or obtained by scanning a stone maxillary sinus and the oral cavity of the gingiva and hard palate. Osseous coagulum width of the ridge. model, or impression with a with an epithelialized tract. One-stage implant 3D scanner or by scanning the 2. Specialized mucosa: Mucosa Mixture of small autogenous Syn: Nonsubmergible implant, Open-ended wrench occlusal surface of the teeth with of the dorsum of the tongue. Orthodontic implant bone particles and blood Single-stage implant. Instrument used to apply a a 3D intraoral camera, creating 3. Lining mucosa: Syn: Alveolar Any implant used during collected during surgery. An endosseous dental implant torque during removal of an a digital file to be utilized with mucosa. The remaining mucosa orthodontic treatment as Osseous graft designed to be placed following implant mount. computer software for CAD of the oral cavity. anchorage for orthodontic tooth a one-stage surgery protocol. CAM applications in dentistry. movement. See: Bone graft. See: Temporary anchorage device (TAD).

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 92 Osseous integration Osteonectin 93

Osseous integration Osteocalcin slender cytoplasmic processes Osteoid Osteolysis Osteonecrosis See: Osseointegration. A bone-specific protein that is that make contact with 1. Resembling bone. Bone resorption and dissolution, Syn: Bone necrosis. produced by the and processes of other 2. The non-mineralized bone involving the loss or removal of The death or necrosis of bone Ossification may play a role in osteoclast and osteoblasts. matrix laid down by osteoblasts. calcium, as part of an ongoing due to the obstruction of its 1. The formation of bone or of a recruitment. It is a marker It is later calcified, with the disease process. blood supply. Osteodistraction bony substance. for bone remodeling or inclusion of osteoblasts as See: Bisphosphonate-related 2. The conversion of fibrous mineralization. See: Distraction osteogenesis osteocytes within lacunae, in Osteomyelitis osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), tissue or of cartilage into bone (DO). bone. Inflammation of bone caused Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). or a bony substance. Osteoclast by infection. It may remain Osteogenesis See: Intramembranous Large multinucleated cell, arising Osteoinduction localized or spread through Osteonecrosis of the jaw ossification. from mononuclear precursors The formation and development The induction of bone bone to involve marrow, (ONJ) of hematopoietic lineage, that of bone. formation. New bone formation cortex, cancellous tissue, and Exposed bone in the mandible, Osteal functions in the resorption of Osteogenetic occurs from osteoprogenitor periosteum. maxilla or both that persists for Bony, osseous. osseous tissue. cells derived from primitive at least 8 weeks, in the absence 1. Forming bone. mesenchymal cells under the Osteon of previous radiation and of 2. Concerned in bone formation. Ostectomy Osteoconduction influence of one or more agents The basic unit of structure of metastases in the jaws. Excision of bone. Bone growth by apposition from Osteogenic that emanate from bone matrix, compact bone, comprising See: Bisphosphonate-related See: Osteoplasty. the surrounding bone. Process or select bone allografts, or a Haversian canal and its osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), Syn: Osteogenous. by which a material provides genetically engineered materials. concentrically arranged lamellae, Osteonecrosis. Promoting the development and Osteoblast scaffolding along which bone See: Bone morphogenetic protein of which there may be 4 to 20, formation of bone, exclusively A fully differentiated cell that growth can occur. (BMP), Osteoconduction. each 3 to 7 microns thick, in a Osteonectin resulting from the action of functions in the formation See: Osteoinduction. single (Haversian) system. Such A phosphoprotein, found in osteoblasts. of bone tissue. Osteoblasts Osteointegration units are mainly directed in the bone and blood platelets, which synthesize the collagen and Osteogenous See: Osseointegration. long axis of the bone. binds both collagen and calcium glycoproteins that form the An osteoblast that has become and serves as a regulator of See: Osteogenic. bone matrix, and also produce embedded within bone matrix, Osteology mineralization. inorganic salts. With growth, occupying a flat oval cavity (bone The scientific study of bones. they develop into osteocytes. lacuna). Cells found in bone lacunae send, through canaliculi,

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 94 Osteopenia Pamidronate 95

P

Osteopenia is made by dual-energy x-ray Osteotome lift Overdenture (implant) Oxygen therapy PACS Reduced bone “mass” due to a absorptiometry (DXA) which See: Osteotome technique. Removable partial or complete See: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Abbr: Picture archiving and decrease in the rate of osteoid measures bone mineral ‘density’ denture, which may be (HBOT). communication system. synthesis to a level insufficient at multiple skeletal sites. Osteotome technique implant-supported, or implant- A medical imaging technology to compensate for normal bone 1. Syn: Internal sinus graft. tissuesupported. The prosthesis Osteoprogenitor cell which provides economical lysis. It is considered a serious A sinus grafting technique is retained by attachments. storage of, and convenient An undifferentiated cell risk factor for the development whereby the maxillary sinus access to, images from multiple that possesses the ability to of osteoporosis. floor is carefully infractured and Overload (occlusal) modalities. transform into an osteoblast. the Schneiderian membrane is Situation in which the Osteoplasty elevated through an osteotomy masticatory forces applied Palatal graft Osteopromotion A surgical procedure to prepared and extended in the to a dental implant exceeds See: . modify bone anatomy by Use of physical means (e.g., ridge with an osteotome. the capacity of the bone- selective removal. barrier membrane) to seal off 2. The surgical expansion of implant interface, implant, or Palatal implant See: Ostectomy. an anatomical site in order to an osteotomy laterally with or componentry to withstand it. Dental implant placed in the promote bone formation and without grafting. mid-sagittal area of the maxillary Osteopontin prevent soft tissue invasion, See: Ridge expansion. Oxidized surface treatment hard palate for use as anchorage An acidic calcium-binding notably connective tissue, Modification of the surface in orthodontic treatment. phosphoprotein with a high that could interfere with Osteotomy properties of titanium dental See: Orthodontic implant, affinity for hydroxyapatite, osteogenesis. A site prepared in bone for the implants by alteration of the Temporary anchorage device (TAD). involved in bone min- placement of a dental implant or titanium oxide layer thickness. Osteoradionecrosis eralization. graft. Any surgical procedure in Palatal vault Bone necrosis caused by which bone is transected or cut. Oxycodone Superior surface of the hard Osteoporosis excessive exposure to radiation. See: Pilot osteotomy. Semisynthetic opioid palate. Disease of bone metabolism analgesic, recommended for Osteotome characterized by a decreased Ostium (maxillary sinus) moderate to severe pain. It may Pamidronate bone “mass” and increased An instrument, circular in An opening which connects the be used as a single agent or Intravenous nitrogen-containing microarchitectural deterioration, cross-section, used to expand maxillary sinus to the middle combined with products bisphosphonate used for the leading to a greater susceptibility a dental implant osteotomy meatus of the nasal cavity such as acetaminophen, aspirin, treatment of osteoporosis, to . Diagnosis apically and/or laterally, with or or ibuprofen. Paget’s disease, and certain without grafting. affecting bone (e.g.,

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 96 Panoramic radiograph Pedicle graft 97

multiple myeloma). Its Papilla preservation Paracrestal incision Parallel-sided implant Partially edentulous Patient motion tracker mechanism of action involves Surgical and prosthetic A crestal incision made away Syn: Parallel-walled implant, State where one or more teeth An array of active emitters or the inhibition of osteoclast measures taken to maintain from the middle of the crest Straight implant. are missing, but not all. passive reflectors that migration and maturation. and/or reduce trauma to the of an edentulous ridge, either An endosseous, root-form See: Edentulous. are attached to a patient interproximal tissue. buccally or lingually. dental implant, with the body to enable their localization Panoramic radiograph See: Crestal incision, Midcrestal of the implant having the Partial thickness flap within the operative field by an A single radiographic view of Papilla-preservation flap incision, Mucobuccal fold incision. same diameter at the coronal Syn: Split-thickness flap. overhead detector. the maxilla and mandible See: Papilla-sparing incision. and apical ends. The coronal A flap resulting from the elevation extending from the left to the Parallel confocal imaging diameter does not necessarily of epithelium and some connective Patient-specific abutment right glenoid fossae. Papilla reformation technology match that of the platform, tissue but not the periosteum, See: Custom abutment. The spontaneous reformation Confocal is a principle by which which is left on the bone. Panoramic reconstitution which may be of a larger of the interproximal papilla light is filtered by passing it diameter. Patrix See: Panoramic reconstruction. following the establishment through a small pinhole. Only Particulate graft The male part of an attachment. of a contact point and Parallel-walled implant Variable pore and particle sized See: Attachment, Matrix. Panoramic reconstruction the light re- the management of the flected from the object at the See: Parallel-sided implant. autograft, allograft, alloplast, or A thin, reformatted section of interproximal prosthetic papillary proper focal distance will pass xenograft, all having different Pedicle graft computed tomography scan space. Also, the re-establishment through the pinhole. Therefore, Paresthesia resorption/substitution rates. Full or partial thickness flap data parallel to and following the of the lost interproximal papilla only those rays that are in Spontaneous or evoked reflected from an area with a curvature of the alveolar process by surgical means. focus will return through the abnormal sensations that Passivation base attached to the donor site as seen in the axial view. filtering device. Certain intra- are not painful but may be A process by which metals and in which the free margin is See: Axial slice, Cross-sectional slice. Papilla regeneration oral scanners expand upon unpleasant, such as tingling, and alloys are made more moved. It may be laterally See: Papilla reformation. resistant to corrosion through or coronally positioned or Papilla this concept by simultaneously burning, prickling, or numbness. projecting 100,000 beams of It is usually caused by nerve treatment to produce a thin rotated to cover an adjacent Soft tissue occupying the Papilla-sparing incision parallel red light rays with each injury and is sometimes a and stable oxide layer on the surgical site or enhance the soft interproximal space confined by Para-sulcular incision individual scan. consequence of surgical external surfaces. tissue contours. adjacent crowns in contact. design excluding the papilla in See: Intraoral scanner, Confocal procedures. See: Full-thickness flap, Partial See: Interdental papilla, flap elevation. microscopy. Passive fit thickness flap. Interimplant papilla. Partial anodontia Adaptation of a prosthetic Parallel(ing) pin Obj See: Partially edentulous. reconstruction that does not See: Direction indicator. induce strain between two or more supporting elements.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 98 Penicillin Periodontal plastic surgery 99

Penicillin Percentage bone-to- Periabutment Peri-implantitis millimeters). The clinical crowns by far the most common ones Any of a large group of natural implant contact Around the abutment. Term for inflammatory reactions of teeth are usually short and are plaque-induced inflammatory or semisynthetic antibacterial The linear surface of a dental in the hard and soft tissues, square, and roots are wide and conditions, such as antibiotics derived directly or implant in direct contact with the Pericervical saucerization with loss of supporting bone, short. and periodontitis.Periodontal indirectly from strains of fungi bone, expressed as percentage Syn: Craterization. surrounding a dental implant 2. Thin scalloped ranges from the mildest of the genus Penicillium and of the total implant surface. Pathologic crestal bone exposed to the oral environment. (periodontal) biotype: the buccal stage, known as gingivitis, other soil-inhabiting fungi See: Bone-to-implant contact loss due to peri-implantitis. marginal gingival is delicate and to severe stage, known, as grown on special culture media. (BIC). Radiographically, the bone loss Peri-implant mucositis may often be located apical of periodontitis. They exert a bactericidal as is cup-shaped or saucer-like Reversible inflammatory the cemento-enamel junction Periodontal ligament (PDL) well as bacteriostatic effect Percutaneous implant around the coronal aspect of the reactions in the soft tissues (receded), the papillae are high on susceptible bacteria by Used for the treatment of dental implant. surrounding a dental implant and slender, the buccal bone A group of specialized interfering with the final maxillofacial defects with See: Peri-implantitis. exposed to the oral environment, wall is often thin and the vertical connective tissue fibers that stages of the synthesis of implants placed extraorally with no bone loss. distance between the interdental essentially attach a tooth, peptidoglycans, a substance within the bone and through Peri-implant bone crest and the buccal bone and root cementum to the in the bacterial cell wall. They the skin to support maxillofacial Around the implant. Peri-implant soft tissue is long (> four millimeters). surrounding alveolar bone can be classified according prosthesis. See: Mucosal peri-implant tissues. The clinical crowns of teeth are providing absorption, mobility to their differing antibacterial Peri-implant crevicular usually long and tapered, and and force distribution during spectrum: penicillin G and Perforation epithelium Periodontal biotype roots are narrow and long. mastication. congeners (penicillin C), anti- Cortical: A hole created in Nonkeratinized epithelium lining Expression relating the morphology Periodontal disease Periodontal membrane staphylococcal penicillins the cortical bone by a drill or the mucosal crevice. of the to tooth form. (methicillin, dicloxacillin), implant. Two categories exist. Periodontal diseases describe See: Periodontal ligament (PDL). See: Decortication. Peri-implant disease 1. Thick flat gingival pathologic processes that extended spectrum penicillins Periodontal plastic surgery (ampicillin and amoxicillin), and Schneiderian membrane: Tearing Collective term for inflammatory (periodontal) biotype: the can affect one or more of the Procedures that correct extended spectrum penicillins or creation of an opening in reactions in the soft and/or buccal marginal gingival is periodontal tissues/ structures or eliminate anatomic, with beta-lactamase inhibitors the maxillary sinus membrane hard tissues surrounding dental comparatively thick, the papillae (e.g. alveolar bone, periodontal developmental, or traumatic (amoxicillin and clavulanate, during sinus graft surgery, implants. are usually short, the bone of the ligament, cementum and deformities of the gingiva or ampicillin and sulbactam). following tooth extraction, or See: Peri-implantitis, Peri-implant buccal cortical wall is thick, and gingiva). While there are many alveolar mucosa. See: Amoxicillin, Clavulanic acid. during the preparation of an mucositis. the vertical distance between the different periodontal diseases osteotomy for dental implant interdental bone crest and the that can affect the tooth- See: Mucogingival surgery. placement. buccal bone is short (about two supporting tissues/structures,

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 100 Platelet-rich gel 101

Periodontal probe Periotome Piezoelectric bone surgery Pilot osteotomy Plasma Rich in Grown Platelet-derived growth A manual instrument which is Instrument used to sever the Surgical technique using an The initial penetration in the Factors (PRGF) factors (PDGF) calibrated in millimeters used periodontal ligament fibers prior ultrasonic device operating at bone by several millimeters A second generation autologous Growth factors released by to measure the gingival sulcus to tooth extraction. a modulated frequency that is with a drill in the sequence of chairside preparation derived platelets that initiate connective or pocket depths around a tooth designed to cut or grind bone preparing an osteotomy for from whole venous blood tissue healing including bone or an implant during routine Permucosal but not damage the adjacent dental implant placement. through a specific process of regeneration and repair. They periodontal or peri-implant Through the mucosa. soft tissues. gradient density centrifugation. also increase mitogenesis, clinical examination. Pinhole Surgical Technique After careful pipetting and angiogenesis, and macrophage Permucosal extension Pilot drill The Chao Pinhole® Surgical activation with calcium chloride, activation. Periosteal See: Healing abutment. The initial drill used to enlarge Technique is a minimally the protocol yields a fibrin Pertaining to the periosteum. the coronal aspect of a dental invasive way to repair gum membrane of elastic consistency Platelet gel Permucosal seal implant osteotomy, thereby shrinkage through a pinhole containing platelets and high A concentrate of platelets Periosteal release Junctional epithelium that directing the path of the in the gingiva using special concentrations of growth factors, derived from a patient’s blood Act of severing periosteal fibers separates the connective tissues subsequent drill. instrumentation that does not yet free from inflammatory and mixed with calcium and to enhance the mobility of a flap. from the outside environment require cutting, stitches, or leukocytes. The membranes can thrombin to form a gel which around a dental implant. Pilot guide second surgical site. be used as a standalone product may be used during surgery. Periosteal suture See: Junctional epithelium. A surgical template which to improve wound healing and Suturing technique involving may have an embedded metal Placement torque promote tissue regeneration. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) the immobilization of a partial Pick-up impression cylinder to help position the See: Insertion torque. Refers to a lesser concentration thickness flap, a soft tissue To insure accuracy of fit and initial drill to start the osteotomy Plasma spray of active platelets that remain graft, or a membrane by utilizing the master cast, the prosthetic process, thereby directing the Plaque A surface treatment involving from the separation process in the subjacent and/or adjacent framework which is seated onto path for subsequent drills. A or mass of bacteria high temperature deposition of which the formation of platelet- periosteum. the implants or abutments is See: Pilot drill, template-assisted, that adheres to surfaces within metal or ceramic powders that rich plasma is derived. impressed, and then becomes Surgical guide. the mouth. are totally or partially melted and Periosteum embedded into the impression. then rapidly resolidified, forming Platelet-rich gel The layer of fibrous connective The same process can occur to a dense or porous coating. See: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP). tissue and osteoblasts, which fabricate a master cast when the covers all bone surfaces except framework has been sectioned of Paris at the articular surfaces. and soldered. See: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4). See: solder index, Master cast.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 102 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Posterior superior alveolar nerve 103

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Platform edge Pneumatization Polylactic acid (PLA) Porous Posterior superior alveolar A second generation autologous The junction line between the Physiologic process that occurs A polymer of used to Characterized by the presence of artery chairside preparation derived body of a dental implant and in all paranasal sinuses during fabricate absorbable sutures or pores or voids within a structure Branch of the internal maxillary from whole venous blood its platform. The localization the growth period, causing them membranes. (e.g., grafting material, dental artery, at the . through a specific process of of the edge of the platform in to increase in volume. implant surface). This branch descends on the gradient density centrifugation. relationship to the bone crest See: Sinus pneumatization Polymethylmethacrylate maxillary tuberosity and gives off After careful pipetting and determines a crestal, subcrestal, (maxillary). (PMMA) Porous surface numerous subdivisions that enter activation with calcium chloride, or supracrestal positioning Synthetic polymer of methyl See: Plasma spray, Sintered the alveolar process to supply the protocol yields a fibrin of the implant. The edge of Polished surface methacrylate, used as bone (porous) surface. the maxillary sinus membrane membrane of elastic consistency the platform and the implant A machined surface that is made cement with an in situ and posterior teeth. It is one of containing platelets and high abutment junction may or may smoother. polymerization. Positioned flap the three primary arterial suppliers concentrations of growth not coincide. A flap that is moved apically, to the maxillary sinus. factors, (PDGF, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, See: Implant-abutment junction Polishing cap Polytetrafluoroethylene coronally, or laterally to a new See: Infraorbital artery, Posterior IGF, VEGF, FGF-1, and fibrin (IAJ), Platform switching. Component connected to the (PTFE) position. lateral nasal artery. when added to a graft mixture), apical part of an abutment to A synthetic polymer that is non- yet free from inflammatory Platform shifting protect the base and allow the resorbable, biologically inert Posterior lateral nasal Posterior superior alveolar leukocytes. The membranes See: Platform switching. laboratory technician to polish and chemically non-reactive, artery nerve can be used as a stand-alone the prosthesis and abutment and therefore an ideal material Branch of the sphenopalatine Branch of the maxillary product to improve wound Platform swapping without over-reducing the base for many medical device artery which is located close to, nerve which arises within the healing and promote tissue See: Platform switching. diameter or rounding the edges. applications. In has been used or within the lateral wall of the pterygopalatine fossa, courses regeneration. for guided tissue regeneration nasal cavity (medial wall of the downward and forward, passing Platform switching Polyglactin (GTR) as a barrier membrane. maxillary sinus). Its subdivisions through the pterygomaxillary Platform Syn: Abutment swapping. A type of multifilament braided See: Expanded supply the medial and posterior fissure, and enters the posterior Refers to the coronal aspect The use of an abutment with a material made of purified lactides polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), walls of the maxillary sinus. It is aspect of the maxilla. It innervates of a dental implant to which diameter narrower than that of and glycolides used to fabricate Dense PTFE (dPTFE). one of the three primary arterial the maxillary sinus, the molars, abutments, components, and the dental implant platform. This absorbable sutures or membranes. suppliers to the maxillary sinus. the buccal gingiva and the prosthesis may be connected. switching moves the implant- Porcelain-fused-metal See: Infraorbital artery, Posterior adjoining portion of the cheek. See: Platform edge. abutment junction away from Polyglycolic acid (PGA) restoration superior alveolar artery. See: Anterior superior alveolar the edge of the platform. A polymer of glycolic acid used See: ceramometal restoration. nerve. to fabricate absorbable sutures or membranes.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 104 Postoperative maxillary sinus cyst Profilometer 105

Postoperative maxillary Prefabricated abutment mating counterpart and holds Preprosthetic surgery Primary bone Probing depth sinus cyst A -manufactured them together by producing Procedures that are performed See: Bone. The distance from the free See: Secondary maxillary abutment. a clamping force between the to enhance prosthetic outcomes mucosal or gingival margin to mucocele. See: Abutment, Stock abutment, screw head and its seat. which may include; alveoloplasty, Primary closure the base of the peri-implant or Angulated abutment. tooth extractions, maxillary See: Healing by first (primary) periodontal sulcus as measured Premachined margin Pre-angled abutment tuberosity reduction, removal of intention. by a periodontal probe. See: Angulated abutment. Prefabricated cylinder An CAD CAM manufactured or exostosis or excessive undercuts, A prefabricated component custom fabricated abutment mylohyoid ridge reduction, bone Primary implant failure Processing analog Prednisolone made of a noble alloy, which with a specific shape at the reduction to gain width for implant See: Early implant failure. Syn: Processing jig. An intramuscular and connects to a dental implant or margin to allow for desired surgery, bone grafting, etc. A duplicate of either the male intravenous glucocorticoid with abutment. A compatible alloy emergence profile and fit of the Primary maxillary or female part of an attachment an intermediate half-life. is cast to it to form a custom restoration. Preprosthetic mucocele that is incorporated into a See: Glucocorticoid. abutment for a cement-retained See: Abutment, Prepable vestibuloplasty Maxillary sinus lesion caused by working model. or screw-retained prosthesis. abutment, Zirconia abutment, See: Vestibuloplasty. blockage of the ostium which Prednisone Prefabricated abutment, Stock results in herniation through the Profiler (bone) An oral glucocorticoid that is Preliminary cast abutment. Press-fit sinus walls. Bur that removes bone around the dehydrogenated analog of An initial, pre-operative State of retention of a dental See: Secondary maxillary the platform of a root-form cortisol. It is used as an anti- impression of the of the pre- Prepable abutment implant at the time of its insertion mucocele. dental implant to allow the inflammatory drug, with an existing condition of the teeth An abutment that can be that results from the slight connection of components intermediate half-life. and associated structures used prepared and modified from its compression of the oseotomy Primary stability to the implant. Different See: Glucocorticoid. for study and diagnosis, custom original manufactured design. walls by the implant body. See: Initial stability. profiler diameters are used tray fabrication, or diagnostic to accommodate a desired Preprosthetic Preemptive analgesia wax-up. Pressure necrosis Primary union component diameter. The use of analgesic Performed or occurring before Cell death due to insufficient See: Healing by first (primary) medications before the onset of Preload insertion of a prosthesis. local blood supply from intention. Profilometer noxious stimuli. Energy transferred to a screw pressure. In implant dentistry, Device for tracing and recording when a torque is applied during it refers to the loss of bone that Primitive bone at high magnification the tightening. This stretching occurs following the application See: Bone. roughness of a surface. keeps the screw threads of excessive pressure by the tightly secured to the screw’s insertion of a dental implant.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 106 Progenitor cell Radiopaque 107

Q R

Progenitor cell body itself. In the oral cavity Prosthetic space follows an intrasinusal trajectory Quality of Life Radiographic guide An undifferentiated cell these stimuli are detected by See: Crown height space (CHS). in a dorsal and mesio-cranial The standard of health, comfort, Obj See: Radiographic template. that possesses the ability to mechanoreceptors within the direction, perforating the and happiness experienced by an transform into one or more periodontal ligament (PDL) Prosthetic table posterior sinusal wall and the individual or group. Radiographic marker types of cells. that provide highly sensitive See: Platform. pterygoid plates. A radiopaque structure of neural feedback. Quality of Life Index Pullout force known dimension or a material Progressive loading See: Periodontal ligament (PDL). Protocol The Physical Quality of Life Index incorporated in, or applied to, a Refers to the gradual increase A detailed plan describing the Force needed to displace an Prospective study (PQLI) is an attempt to measure radiographic template in the application of load on a proposed execution of an activity implant along its long axis and the quality of life or well-being to yield positional or prosthesis, and thus to a dental A study planned to observe such as surgical protocol, opposite from its direction of of a country. The value is the dimensional information. implant. events that have not yet prosthetic protocol, and research placement. average of three statistics: basic occurred. protocol. Radiographic template Pulsed mode literacy rate, infant mortality, Progressive maxillary See: Retrospective study. and life expectancy at age one, A guide derived from a diagnostic Type of operation in which the sinus hypoplasia Provisional abutment all equally weighted on a 0 to wax-up and worn during the Prosthesis laser emits radiation energy in An uncommon clinical See: Temporary abutment. 100 scale, as used in the dental radiographic exposure to relate the Syn: Restoration. the form of pulses. entity that represents a literature. tooth position to the anatomical persistant decrease in sinus An artificial replacement of a Provisional implant Punch technique structures. It serves to assist in volume resulting from missing part of the body. See: Transitional implant. the diagnosis and planning phase centripetal retraction of the See: Tissue punch technique. Prosthetic platform for dental implants. maxillary sinus walls. Provisional prosthesis/ See: Platform. restoration P-value Radionecrosis Probability that a test statistic Prophylaxis See: Interim prosthesis/restoration. Osteonecrosis induced by Prosthetic retaining screw will assume a value as extreme The use of measures to prevent radiation usually due to See: Prosthetic screw. as or more extreme than that the onset of disease. Pterygoid implant radiotherapy to treat seen under the assumption that See: Antibiotic prophylaxis. A root-form dental implant that a malignancy of the head and Prosthetic screw the null hypothesis is true. has its origin in the region of the neck region. Proprioception. A threaded fastener used to former second maxillary molar The perception of movement connect a prosthesis to a dental and its end point encroaches Radiopaque implant, an abutment, or a and spatial orientation arising in the scaphoid fossa of the A material that is opaque to mesostructure. from stimuli within the sphenoid bone. The implant X-rays or similar radiation.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 108 Radiopaque marker Registration 109

Radiopaque marker Random assignment Rapid manufacturing Reattachment Record Regenerate maturation See: Radiographic marker. Syn: Randomization. See: Solid freeform fabrication The act or process of reattaching Information or data recorded in The completion of Procedure by which each subject (SFF), Stereolithography, Three- something, or something that any medium (eg, handwriting, mineralization and remodeling Ramus frame implant has an equal probability of dimensional printing. has been reattached. The repair print, photographs, video, or of the regenerate tissue. Full arch mandibular implant being assigned to each different of epithelial and connective any electronic form). It provides with a tripodal design that treatment condition in a study. Rapid prototyping tissue to root surfaces and bone evidence of what was planned, Regeneration consists of a horizontal The automatic construction such as after traumatic injury. the treatment provided, and Reproduction or reconstitution supragingival connecting bar Random controlled trial of physical objects using solid Should not be confused with results. Part of the patient chart. of a lost or injured part to its with endosseous units placed A prospective study of the freeform fabrication. It takes new attachment. original state. into the rami and another effects of a particular procedure virtual designs from computer- Record base See: Repair. vertical portion into the or material, in which subjects aided design (CAD) or animated Reamer Occluding surfaces fabricated symphyseal area. are randomly assigned to either modeling software, transforms Tool designed to finish the on interim or final denture Regional acceleratory of two groups: test or control. them into thin, virtual, mating surface of a metal bases for the purpose of making phenomenon (RAP) Ramus graft The test group receives the horizontal cross-sections and cylinder/coping, specifically the maxillomandibular relation A local response to a stimulus An autogenous bone graft procedure or material, while then creates each cross-section screw seat interface. records and arranging teeth. in which tissues form two to harvested from the lateral aspect the control group receives a in physical space, one after the ten times more rapidly than the of the ascending ramus of the standard procedure, or material, next until the model is finished. Recipient site Re-entry normal regeneration process. mandible. The graft is mostly a different test procedure or a (e.g., three-dimensional printing, Syn: Host site. The surgical reopening of a site The duration and intensity of cortical bone. placebo. stereolithography). Site which received a soft or to improve or observe results RAP are directly proportional to See: Stereolithography, Three- hard tissue graft. from an initial procedure. the kind and amount of stimulus Ramus implant Randomization dimensional printing, Solid See: Stage-two surgery. and the site where it was Type of blade implant placed See: Random assignment. freeform fabrication (SFF). Recombinant human bone produced. into the anterior border of the morphogenetic protein Regenerate ramus of the mandible. Range Ratchet (rhBMP) Syn: Distraction zone. Registration Statistical measure of A wrench used with threaded Osteoinductive protein The tissue that forms between Syn: Coregistration. Ramus (mandibular) dispersion. The highest and implants to facilitate final produced by recombinant gradually separated bone The process of transforming See: Mandibular ramus. lowest values in a distribution. implant seating. DNA technology. segments in distraction different sets of data into one osteogenesis. coordinate system., such as Reactive bone for dental implant planning. See: Bone. Data may be photographs, data

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 110 Rejection Retromolar implant 111

from different imaging devices, Remount index Repair Resonance frequency Resorbable membrane Retaining screw optically scanned data converted A record base that allows the Healing of a wound by tissue analysis (RFA) A barrier placed within a surgical A threaded fastener that secures to STL files. Generally it involves maxillary and mandibular casts that does not fully restore the Technique for clinical site to facilitate healing, which a prosthetic reconstruction to an matching features in a set of to be mounted on an articulator architecture or function of the measurement of implant degrades by enzymatic activity abutment or a mesostructure. images using a direct alignment for assessment and adjustment. part that was lost. stability/mobility. A or by hydrolyses in a variable See: Abutment screw. method. A preliminary procedure See: Regeneration. measurement is registered from amount of time depending upon in the digital workflow for dental Remount record a transducer attached to the the material composition of the Rethreading implant planning or navigation See: Remount index. Replica abutment or implant. The device membrane. Repair of the damaged internal surgery in which the patient data See: Analog/analogue. records the resonance frequency threads of a root-form dental is synchronized against the pre- Removable prosthesis arising from the implant-bone Resorption implant using a tap instrument. acquired imaging scan by the A restoration that is removable Residual ridge interface (change in amplitude The loss of substance or bone by use of fiducial markers. by the patient. The restoration Portion of the alveolar ridge that over induced frequency band). physiologic or pathologic means. Retrievability may be partial arch (RPD: remains after the alveoli have See: Bone resorption. Refers to the capability Rejection Removable partial denture), or disappeared from the alveolar Resorbable of removing a prosthesis Immune response of a host complete arch (RCD: Removable process, following extraction of The ability of an autogenous Restoration undamaged. organism to a transplanted complete denture). teeth. graft to dissolve physiologically. See: Prosthesis. organ, biological tissue, or See: Denture, Fixed prosthesis. See: Bioabsorbable. Retrograde peri-implantitis medical device. Residual ridge resorption Restorative dentistry See: Implant periapical lesion. Removal torque value See: Ridge atrophy. Resorbable blast media The study, diagnosis and Releasing incision (RTV) (RBM) integrated management of Retromolar implant See: Periosteal release, Vertical Syn: Reverse torque value. Resin Surface treatment resulting from diseases of the teeth and their Endosseous dental implant incision. Measure of the rotational force A class of thermoplastic resins blasting the surface of a dental supporting structures and the placed in the mandibular needed to rupture the bone- produced by polymerization rehabilitation of the dentition retromolar area for the purpose Remodeling (bone) implant with a biocompatible implant interface of a root-form of acrylic or methacrylic acid material such as tricalcium to functional and aesthetic of protraction or retraction of the The turnover of bone in small implant. or their derivatives; used in phosphate. requirements of the individual. dentition. packets by BMUs (basic the fabrication of medical See: Orthodontic implant, multicellular unit of bone and dental prostheses and Restorative platform Temporary anchorage device remodeling). appliances. Resin is also used in See: Platform. (TAD). the process of 3-D printing and stereolithography.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 112 Retrospective study Rough surface 113

Retrospective study Ridge atrophy diagnostic cast. The shape of the Ridge sounding of adverse events occurring as Root submergence A study designed to observe Decrease in volume of a ridge residual ridge is reproduced by Syn: Bone sounding, Sounding. a result of exposure to specified Root retention in which the events that have already due to resorption of bone. trimming back the stone of the Penetration of anesthetized soft health hazards or absence of tooth structure is reduced below occurred. cast to the corresponding depth tissue in order to determine the beneficial influences. the level of the alveolar crest and See: Prospective study. Ridge augmentation of soft tissue. topography of the underlying the soft tissue is allowed to heal Risk factor Increasing the dimension of an See: Ridge sounding. bone. over it. This technique is used to Reverse torque test (RTT) existing alveolar ridge. See: Ridge mapping. An environmental, behavioral, minimize residual alveolar ridge Ridge preservation Test used to assess the extent or biological condition that, if resorption. of osseointegration, specifically Ridge defect Syn: Extraction socket graft, Ridge splitting present directly increases the See: Root submersion. the shear strength at the bone- A deficiency in the contour Socket graft, . See: Ridge expansion. probability of a disease or an implant interface, by applying of an edentulous ridge. The The immediate placement adverse event occurring, thereby Root submersion a rotational force in a direction deficiency can be in the vertical of a grafting material, or any Rigid fixation affecting the outcome of a See: Root submergence. opposite to that used to place (apicocoronal) and/or horizontal other procedure (e.g., GBR), Clinical term that implies treatment modality. the implant. (buccolingual, mesiodistal) performed on an extraction absence of observed mobility. Rotational freedom direction. socket following tooth extraction. Risk indicator The amount that an abutment Reverse torque value The concept underlying this Risedronate A probable risk factor that can rotate when connected to an See: Removal torque value (RTV). Ridge expansion treatment modality is the Oral nitrogen-containing has not been confirmed by implant. Surgical widening of a conservation of the bone and bisphosphonate used for the longitudinal studies. Revolutions per minute residual ridge in the lateral soft tissues contour by avoiding prevention and treatment of Rotational misfit (Rpm) direction (buccolingually) with bone resorption with a resultant osteoporosis and treatment of Root-form implant The movement between implant Unit of rotational speed at which osteotomes and/or chisels, to ridge defect. Paget’s disease. Its mechanism An endosseous dental implant and abutments, which can be a bur or drill turns. accommodate the insertion of of action involves the inhibition circular in cross section. It may correlated to the dimension of a dental implant, and/or bone Ridge resorption of osteoclast formation and be cylindrical, tapered, threaded, the gap present between the Ridge graft. Refers to the loss of bone in an activity. perforated, solid, or hollow in abutment and implant’s anti- The remainder of the alveolar edentulous area. design. rotational feature. process after teeth extraction. Ridge mapping See: Residual ridge. Risk assessment See: Rotational freedom. See: Alveolar process, Residual Penetration of anesthetized soft The process by which qualitative ridge. tissue with a graduated probe or quantitative assessments are Rough surface or caliper at several sites and made regarding the likelihood See: Textured surface. transposing the information to a

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 114 Round bur Screw joint 115

S

Round bur Sandblasting Sausage Technique Scanning abutment Scan body Schneiderian membrane Circular bur used to mark a Grit blasting of an implant A surgical procedure use A device that engages a dental See: Scanning abutment, Intraoral Syn: Sinus membrane (maxillary). site for an osteotomy or to surface using sand. in horizontal guided bone implant which has known scanner, Desktop optical scanner, Layer of pseudostratified ciliated decorticate bone. It may also be See: Blasted implant surface. regeneration utilizing a material and geometry matching Standard Tessellation Language or columnar epithelium cells lining used in the outline of a lateral resorbable native collagen the specific platform interface Standard Triangulation Language the maxillary sinus. window access for the purpose Sandblasted, large grit, membrane to completely which must be completely (STL). See: Perforation. of sinus grafting. acid-etched implant immobilize a particulate bone seated onto the implant to surface (SLA) graft and thus protect the allow for an intraoral scan to Scanographic template Screw R value A surface treatment that augmentation site for the initial record it’s position along with A radiographic template A threaded fastener used to A two-dimensional roughness improves surface roughness weeks of maturation. the surrounding anatomical utilized during CT/CBCT -scan adjoin two mating parts. parameter calculated from to enhance osseointegration See: Particulate graft, Membrane. structures creating a digital acquisition with or without See: Abutment screw, Prosthetic the experimental profiles after through greater bone implant impression. The resulting digital fiducial markers. screw, Retaining screw. Scaffold filtering. aR : The arithmetic contact (BIC) as well as STL file can be used for CAD See: Radiographic template. average of the absolute value an increased rate at which A three-dimensional CAM design and fabrication of Screw fracture of all points of the profile, also osseointegration occurs. biocompatible construct (may restorative components such Scar The breakage of a prosthetic called central line average be seeded with cells) that serves as custom abutments, titanium Fibrous tissue replacing normal screw. tissues after healing. height. Rt: The maximum peak- Sandwich Technique as a framework on which tissue bars, or monolithic zirconia to-valley height of the entire A method of augmentation of can grow. It may or may not be full-arch milled restorations. Screw implant measurement trace. deficient alveolar ridges based biodegradable. Scanning abutments can also Scatter Threaded root-form dental upon the positive properties of be used by the dental laboratory Scatter is an opaque streaking type implant, which can be parallel- different materials positioned in Scaler when positioned onto implant artifact seen in CT/CBCT images sided or tapered. layers to enhance the outcomes See: Implant scaler. analogs in a working cast, that are caused by photons that See: Root-form implant, Threaded of bone grafting. and placed within a desktop are diffracted from their original implant. Scalloped implant optical scanner to digitize the path after interaction with dense Saucerization A root-form dental implant information creating an STL file intraoral objects such as metal Screw joint See: Pericervical saucerization. with the level of the implant- for use in the CAD CAM process. fillings or crown restoration which The junction of two parts abutment junction more coronal See: Scan body, Intraoral scanner, can interfere with the diagnostic held together by a screw (e.g., interproximally than facially or Desktop optical scanner, Standard process as it can mask underlying implant-abutment screw joint). lingually. Tessellation Language or Standard anatomic structures. Triangulation Language (STL). See: Artifact

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 116 Screw loosening Sequestration 117

Screw loosening Sealing screw Secondary stability Selective Laser Sintering Sensor (Digital X-ray) Septum A prosthetic complication See: Hygiene cap. The fixation of a dental implant (SLS) Instead of X-ray film, digital A partition of hard or soft tissue, whereby a screw loses its to the bone over time and after An additive manufacturing radiography uses a digital image separating two cavities or preload causing the loosening of Seating surface osseointegration has occurred. technique that uses a high power capture device or sensor. This chambers in the body. a restoration or abutment. Obj See: Platform. See: Initial stability, Implant laser (for example, a carbon dioxide gives advantages of immediate See: Interalveolar septum, stability quotient (ISQ). laser) to fuse small particles of image preview and availability; Interradicular septum, Maxillary Screw preload Secondary closure plastic, metal (direct metal laser elimination of costly film sinus septum. Clamping or stretching See: Healing by second Secondary union sintering – DMLS), ceramic, or processing steps; a wider dynamic force that occurs across the (secondary) intention. See: Healing by second glass powders into a mass that has range, which makes it more Sequential drilling interface of implant components (secondary) intention. a desired 3-dimensional shape. forgiving for over and under- The use of drills in a specific being attached together via Secondary implant failure See: Additive Manufacturing exposure; as well as the ability to order to gradually prepare screw tightening. See: Late implant failure. Second-stage permucosal (AM), Direct Metal Laser apply special image processing and increase the diameter of abutment Sintering (DMLS), Solid freeform techniques that enhance overall an osteotomy prior to dental Screw-retained Secondary maxillary See: Healing abutment. fabrication (SFF) display quality of the image with implant insertion, usually based The use of a screw for retention mucocele computer software. on manufacturer’s drilling of an abutment or a prosthesis. Syn: Postoperative maxillary sinus Second-stage surgery Self-tapping See: Digital radiography. protocol. See: Cement-retained. cyst. See: Stage-two surgery. Feature in the design of the Maxillary sinus lesion caused apical aspect of a threaded Scintillators Sequestration Screw tap by previous trauma or surgery Segmentation dental implant or fixation screw Used in CBCT scanners to Necrotic bone that becomes See: Tap. which divides the sinus into The process of partitioning an that enables it to create its own convert x-rays into visible light, separated from surrounding two compartments. The cyst CT/CBCT image into different thread path in the bone. or with solid-state sensors, such healthy bone. It is a complication Screw tightening is derived from the antral parts. In medical imaging, these as a CMOS device, which detect (sequela) of osteomyelitis, Act of turning a threaded epithelium and mucosal segments often correspond Sensor (CBCT) the scintillator’s emission. and bisphosphonate-induced component into an access hole remnants that were previously to different tissue classes or The sensors used in CBCT See: CMOS device. osteonecrosis of the jaw. until resistance is encountered. entrapped within the surgical objects based on density values machines are amorphous silicon See: Osteomyelitis, site. or degrees of radiopacity within (α-Si) flat panels, CMOS flat Sensory mapping Bisphosphonate-induced Screw-type implant See: Primary maxillary mucocele. a scan., ie separating teeth and panels or image intensifiers The process of evaluation and osteonecrosis of the jaw (BIONJ) See: Threaded implant. roots from surrounding bone. coupled to a CCD. delineation of a cutaneous, See: CMOS device, CCD, mucous, or gingival area image intensifiers. presumably affected by an altered sensation or dysesthesia.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 118 Set Screw Sinusitis (maxillary) 119

Set Screw Short implant chemical attack and insensitive Simultaneous placement are affected by the size of the Sinus elevation A prosthetic or retention fastener Implants with normal diameters to temperature changes and are The insertion of a root-form spherical particles used See: Sinus graft. of a smaller dimension that is but decreased length. Usually used to make rubber, , dental implant in conjunction and the temperature and used to connect a superstructure used in multiples to support polishes, lubricants, and in some with another surgical procedure pressure conditions of the Sinus elevator to a mesostructure primarily in mandibular overdentures. materials. performed at the same site (e.g., sintering chamber. Spoon-like dull-shaped a lingual or palatal placement. grafting). instrument used to elevate the Simulation Sintering Usually processed in the Silent sinus syndrome Schneiderian membrane. laboratory the components can be (SSS) Simulation is the imitation of Single-stage implant Heating a powder below the pre-fabricated with an internally Rare clinical entity characterized the operation of a real-world See: One-stage implant. melting point of any component Sinus graft threaded bore and screw system. by unilateral enophtalmos process or system over time. such as to permit agglomeration Syn: Maxillary antroplasty, See: Prosthetic screw, Prosthetic and hypoglobus secondary to The act of simulating requires Single-tooth implant and welding of particles by Sinus augmentation, Sinus retaining screw. thinning and inward that a physical or virtual model A replacement of one diffusion alone, with or without elevation, , Subantral of the maxillary sinus roof be developed; this model natural tooth root and clinical applied pressure. Recent augmentation. Sharpey’s fibers in the absence of signs or represents the key characteristics crown with a stand alone developments in CAD CAM Augmentation of the antral A matrix of connective tissue symptoms of intrinsic sinonasal or behaviors/functions of the dental implant. dentistry use special partially floor with autogenous bone consisting of bundles of strong inflammatory disease. The selected physical or abstract sintered ceramic (zirconia), glass- and/or bone substitutes to collagenous fibers connecting obstruction of the ostium of the system or process. As in the Sintered bonded ceramic (“Vitablock”) accommodate dental implant periosteum to bone. They are ostiomeatal complex results in simulated placement of dental Treated by sintering. or glass-ceramic (“ips e.max” insertion. part of the outer fibrous layer hypoventilation of the maxillary implants using interactive See: Sintering. lithium disilicate) formed into of periosteum, entering into sinus. treatment planning software; machinable blocks, which are Sinusitis (maxillary) the outer circumferential and practicing and planning prior to Sintered (porous) surface fired again after milling. Inflammation of the sinus. Signs interstitial lamellae of bone tissue. Silicone treating actual patients. A dental implant surface See: CAD/CAM, Zirconia, ips include sensitivity of teeth to A class of synthetic materials See: Virtual tooth/teeth, Virtual produced when spherical e.max, Lithium Disilicate. percussion, fever and facial Shear stress that are polymers with a Surgical Planning, Rapid powders of metallic or ceramic swelling. Symptoms include Stress caused by a load (two chemical structure based on prototyping. materials become a coherent Sinus nasal congestion, postnasal forces applied toward one another chains of alternate surface layer with the metallic Air space within bone. discharge, facial pain/ headache, but not in the same straight line) silicon and oxygen atoms, with core of an implant body. Porous rhinorrhea, halitosis, popping of Sinus augmentation that tends to slide one portion of organic groups attached to the surfaces are characterized by , and muffled hearing. object over another. silicon atoms. Such compounds pore size, pore shape, pore See: Sinus graft. See: Stress. are typically resistant to volume, and pore depth, which

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 120 Sinus lift Splinting 121

Sinus lift Sinusitis Smile line Soft tissue cast derived from the planning can SonicWeld Rx See: Sinus graft. See: Maxillary rhino-sinusitis. An imaginary line that follows A cast with the implant be used in navigation surgery or Takes advantage of the unique the contour of the upper lip laboratory analog platform the generation of a surgical or thermoplastic properties Sinus lining Site development (implant) during the act of smiling. In an surrounded by an elastic mucosa stereolithographic guide. of resorbable polymer with See: Schneiderian membrane, Process by which the quantity ideal smile line, the edges of the simulating material. See: Stereolithographic guide, cutting edge ultrasonic Sinus membrane (maxillary). and quality of soft and/or hard upper teeth should be parallel to See: Abutment-level impression, Surgical guide. technology. Lateral/vertical bone tissues are augmented at a your lower lip when smiling. Fixture-level impression, Implant- augmentation. Solid freeform fabrication Sinus membrane site prior to dental implant See: Lip Line. level impression. (maxillary) placement. (SFF) Sounding See: Schneiderian membrane. Socket Soft-tissue defect Syn: Additive fabrication, Layered See: Ridge sounding, Bone Site preservation See: Alveolus, Extraction socket. A limitation in the natural manufacturing. sounding. Sinus perforation See: Ridge preservation. appearance of the soft tissue due A collection of techniques See: Perforation. Socket graft to inadequate volume as a result for manufacturing solid objects Spark erosion Sleeper implant See: Ridge preservation. of trauma, infection, scarring, or by the sequential delivery of See: Electric discharge method Sinus pneumatization A nonpathologic endosseous insufficient underlying bony. energy and/or material to (EDM). (maxillary) dental implant excluded from Socket preservation specified points in space to Maxillary sinus enlargement. the prosthetic reconstruction. See: Ridge preservation. Soft tissue graft produce that solid. Specialized mucosa With aging, and especially after See: Acellular dermal allograft, See: Rapid prototyping, See: Oral mucosa. loss of maxillary teeth and SmartPeg Socket shield technique Connective tissue graft, Stereolithography, Three- reduction of masticatory forces A soft aluminum metal A piece of root remaining Subepithelial connective tissue dimensional printing. Spiral cone-beam acting on the maxilla, the sinus manufacturer-specific peg which vestibularly between the implant graft (SCTG). computed tomography walls get gradually thinner as a threads into/onto the dental and the buccal bone plate to Solid screw See: Cone-beam computed result of the increase in size of implant to allow conduction of preserve hard and soft tissue. Software-based planning A root-form threaded dental tomography (CBCT). the maxillary sinus. resonance frequency (RFA) to The use of preoperative implant of a circular cross section See: Pneumatization. determine lateral stability using computed tomography or cone- without any vents or holes Splinting an ISQ probe attached to an Soft tissue augmentation beam computed tomography penetrating the implant body. Joining of two or more teeth or Sinus septum Osstell instrument. Grafting procedure accomplished imaging with computer software implants into a rigid or nonrigid See: Septum. See: Implant stability quotient using a variety of different for the diagnosis and planning unit by means of fixed or (ISQ), Osstell, Resonance methods for the purpose of of dental implant placement removable restorations or devices. frequency analysis (RFA). increasing soft tissue volume. and restoration. Information See: Cross-arch stabilization.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 122 Split-crest technique Sterile technique 123

Split-crest technique Stage-one surgery Standard deviation (SD) only the surface geometry of a Stent Stereolithographic model See: Ridge expansion. Syn: First-stage surgery. A measure of the variability, or three dimensional object without 1. Device used in conjunction A three-dimensional A surgical procedure that dispersion of a distribution of any representation of color, with a surgical procedure to reconstruction of the maxilla Split-ridge technique consists of placing an scores. The more scores cluster texture or other common CAD keep a graft in place or protect or mandible generated from a See: Ridge expansion. endosseous dental implant around the mean, the smaller model attributes. a surgical site during initial computer-aided manufacturing in bone and suturing the soft the standard deviation. healing. (CAM) according to information Split-thickness flap Staple implant tissues over the implant, thereby See: Standard error (SE). 2. Incorrect term for guide, derived from software-based See: Partial thickness flap. submerging the implant for The mandibular staple is an splint, or template. planning. endosseous implant that will Spongy bone healing. Standard error (SE) Sugg: Radiographic template, The standard deviation of the permit the attachment of a lower Stereolithography See: Bone. Stereolithographic guide, Surgical Stage-two surgery values of a given function of the deture in cases of severe alveolar guide, Surgical template. Syn: Three-dimensional modeling. Stability Syn: Second-stage surgery. data, over all possible samples bone atrophy. It is placed A rapid manufacturing and through a submental incision Absence of clinically detectable Surgical procedure consisting of the same size. It is calculated Stepped implant rapid prototyping technology and inserted into seven parallel movement of a graft, membrane, of the exposure of a submerged by dividing the standard An endosseous, root-form dental for creating a three-dimensional holes drilled into the mandible. or a dental implant. dental implant platform to deviation of the sample by the implant, with parallel-sided walls model by using lasers driven by See: Mandibular staple implant. See: Implant stability, Initial the oral environment by the square root of the number of of different diameter joined CAD software from information stability, Secondary stability. connection of an abutment subjects in the sample. together thus forming a series derived from a computed which extrudes through the soft See: Standard deviation (SD). of steps of decreasing diameter tomography (CT) scan. It is Stabilization tissue. Static loading corono-apically. used for surgical planning See: Bicortical stabilization, Cross- Standard Tessellation Situation where a dental implant and the generation of a arch stabilization, Stability. Staggered implant Language or Standard is subject to a force which is Stereolithographic guide stereolithographic guide. placement Triangulation Language constant in magnitude and A drilling guide generated from See: Rapid prototyping, Solid Stabilization pin See: Tripodization. (STL) direction (e.g., during its use for a computer-aided manufacturing freeform fabrication (SFF), Three- See: Anchor pin, Fixation pin, Abbr: Standard Tessellation orthodontic anchorage). (CAM), according to information dimensional printing. Fixation screw. Standard abutment Language or Standard See: Dynamic loading. derived from a software-based Sterile technique Staged protocol Machined titanium, or zirconia Triangulation Language planning, used for dental component used to support A file format native to rapid Stem cell implant placement in vivo. Surgical procedure performed A treatment sequence where one a cement-retained or screw- prototyping, stereolithography, Undifferentiated cell of See: Drilling guide, Software-based under sterile conditions. It takes procedure is performed, followed retained prosthesis. and CAD software. This file embryogenic or adult origin that planning, Surgical guide. place under hospital operating by another at a later time. See: Stock abutment. format is supported by many can undergo unlimited division room conditions and follows software packages; used for rapid and give rise to one or several prototyping and computer-aided different cell types. manufacturing. STL files describe Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 124 Subperiosteal implant 125

operating room protocol for See: Abutment, Angulated Stress shielding Stripping , and the mucosa, similar to a sinus setup, instrument transfer abutment, Prefabricated 1. The reduction in bone The damage (i.e., distortion mucosa of the region, and elevation procedure where the and handling, and personnel abutment. density (osteopenia) as a result or obliteration) of the internal with anastomoses to the artery sinus membrane is elevated. movement. Surgical scrubs, of removal of typical stress threads of a dental implant, of the opposite side and the Straight abutment Subperiosteal implant head covers, shoe covers, and from the bone by an implant screw, or abutment. submental artery. sterile gowns are worn. See: Nonangulated abutment. (for instance, the femoral Implant designed to rest on See: Clean technique. Stud-type attachment Submerged healing the surface of bone, under the Straight implant component of a prosthesis). 2. The design of the implant- See: Ball attachment. Implant placement within the periosteum. It consists of a Stippling See: Parallel-sided implant. abutment interface which bone complete soft tissue customized casting, made of The presence of a minutely Subantral augmentation coverage requiring a second a surgical grade metal or alloy. Strain reduces the stress on the lobulated surface on the internal fixation screw by shifting See: Sinus graft. surgery to expose the implant for Permucosal abutments, posts Change in dimension of an attached gingiva, like that of stress to the implant body. 3. prosthetic restoration. and intraoral bars are designed object when subjected to an an orange peel; it is a normal Stress shielding or concentration Subcrestal implant See: Two-stage surgery. for prosthetic retention. Three external force (stress). adaptive process, varying can be easily induced on the placement types may be distinguished: from one person to another. See: Crestal implant placement. Submerged implant 1. Complete subperiosteal Stress interface and results in a Its absence or reduction can potential risk to the long-term A dental implant covered by soft implant: Implant used in a Force or load applied to an indicate gingival disease. stability of the implant. The Subepithelial connective tissue, and isolated from the completely edentulous arch. object. success or failure of an implant tissue graft (SCTG) oral cavity. 2. Unilateral subperiosteal Stitching See: Bending stress, Compressive is determined by the manner Surgical transplantation See: Submerged healing. implant: Implant located on stress, Shear stress, Tensile stress, See: Image Stitching. how the stresses at the bone- of harvested autogenous one side of the posterior Torsion stress. Submerged root implant interface are transferred connective tissue to a recipient mandible or maxilla. Stock abutment See: Root submergence. 3. Circumferential subperiosteal Stress concentration to the surrounding bones. area for the purpose of epithelial A machine-manufactured keratinization, to gain root implant: Implant that bypasses Submergible implant abutment as part of the implant The point at which the stress Stripped threads coverage, to improve esthetics, remaining teeth or implants. is substantially higher than See: Two-stage implant. manufacturer’s catalog of Broken or distorted threads of a and/or correct ridge deficiencies. 4. Tripodial subperiosteal elsewhere due to the geometry prosthetic components. Can screw or the internal threads of a implant: Implant that uses the of the stressed object or the Subnasal elevation be straight (non-angulated), root-form dental implant. Sublingual artery bilateral ramus and anterior or angulated, or refer to any point of application of the force. A branch of the lingual artery, Surgical technique to augment symphysis for support abutment that is pre-fabricated as with distribution to the extrinsic the bone height in the anterior part of the manufacturer’s catalog. muscles of the tongue, the maxilla by uplifting the nasal

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 126 Subtractive Manufacturing (SM) Survival rate 127

Subtractive Manufacturing Subtractive surface Sulcular incision Suppuration Surface roughness from a diagnostic wax-up to (SM) treatment Syn: Intracrevicular incision, The formation of pus. Qualitative and quantitative help define drilling position, Conventional machining Syn: Subtracted surface. Intrasulcular incision. features of a dental implant trajectory, angulation, and depth is a form of subtractive Alteration of a dental implant Cut made directly into the Supracrestal implant surface determined two- control. There are three basic manufacturing, in which a surface by removal of material. gingival or peri-implant sulcus, placement dimensionally by contact stylus types of surgical guides derived collection of material- See: Additive surface treatment, reaching the alveolar bone crest See: Crestal implant placement. profilometry (See: R value) from CT/CBCT scans: (1) bone- working processes utilizing Textured surface. and following the contours of or three-dimensionally by a supported (bone-borne), (2) power-driven machine tools, the teeth or dental implants. Surface alteration confocal laser scanner (See: S soft-tissue / mucosal-supported such as saws, lathes, milling Success criteria Modification of an implant value). (mucosal-borne), and (3) tooth- machines, and drill presses, are Conditions established by a Summers Technique surface by additive or subtractive See: Surface characteristics supported (tooth-borne) used with a sharp cutting tool study protocol for the evaluation See: Maxillary sinus floor surface treatment. (implant). See: Surgical template, to physically remove material to of a procedure as a success. elevation, Osteotome technique See: Additive surface treatment, Stereolithographic guide. achieve a desired geometry. Subtractive surface treatment. Surface treatment See: CAD/CAM, CNC milling Superimposition Modification to the implant (CNC). Success rate Superimposition is the Surface characteristics surface surface either structural Surgical indexing The percentage of successes of a placement of an image or video (implant) or chemical to alter its Record used to register the Subtracted surface procedure or device (e.g., dental on top of an already-existing The topography of a surface properties, usually to enhance position of an implant at stage- See: Subtractive surface implant) in a study or clinical image or video, usually to is defined in terms of form, the process of osseointegration. one or stage-two surgery. treatment. trial according to success criteria ascertain changes over time waviness and roughness. See: Textured surface. defined by the study protocol. i.e. comparing before and after Roughness describes the smallest Surgical navigation Subtraction radiography See: Survival rate. results Can be useful in digital irregularities in the surface, Surgical bed See: Navigation surgery. A technique used to detect radiography, CT, and CBCT while form relates to the largest Site surgically prepared to radiographic density change Sulcular epithelium imaging modalities structure or profile. Waviness and receive a graft. Surgical template at two points in time to detect Syn: Crevicular epithelium. roughness are often presented Obj See: Surgical guide. bone formation or loss. The nonkeratinized epithelium of Superstructure together under the term texture. Surgical guide the mucosal sulcus surrounding The prosthesis that is Two types of dental implant A guide, used to assist in the dental implants and teeth. supported by dental implants surfaces are usually distinguished: preparation for and placement Survival rate with or without an intervening machined and textured. of dental implants which can be The percentage of survivals in a mesostructure. See: Machined implant surface, derived from CT/CBCT imaging study or clinical trial according Textured surface. data, or laboratory fabricated to predetermined criteria. See: Kaplan-Meier analysis, Success rate.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 128 Suture Temporary anchorage device (TAD) 129

T

Suture Syngeneic graft Systematic review Tack Tapping Template 1. Material used in closing a See: Isograft. Process of systematically Syn: Fixation tack. The process of creating a Guide. surgical or traumatic wound locating, critically appraising, Metal or bioabsorbable pin with threaded channel in bone with See: Radiographic template, (e.g., , catgut, polyglycolic Synthetic bone and synthesizing evidence a flat head used to secure the a bone tap, for the placement of Stereolithographic guide, Surgical acid). See: Alloplast, Bone substitute. from scientific studies, position of a barrier membrane a fixation screw or prior to the guide. 2. Act of uniting a wound using appropriate statistical in guided bone regeneration. insertion of a dental implant in through suturing. Synthetic graft techniques, to draw conclusions an osteotomy. Also known as Temporary abutment 3. The fixed and fibrous union of See: Alloplast, Bone substitute. based on data summaries and Tap pretapping. Syn: Temporary cylinder. two bones. report what is known and not Syn: Threader, Threadformer. Abutment used for the System (implant) known. 1. Bone tap: Device used to Teflon scaler fabrication of an interim S value 1. A product line of implants create a threaded channel in See: Implant scaler. restoration. The interim A three-dimensional roughness with specific design, surgical bone for a fixation screw or restoration may be cemented parameter calculated from protocol, instrumentation, prior to the insertion of a dental Teflon Tape Technique on the temporary abutment; or and matching prosthetic Used to obturate implant screw- topographical images. Sa: implant into an osteotomy. the temporary abutment may The arithmetic average of the components. An implant 2. Metal tap: An instrument access holes for screw-retained be incorporated in the interim absolute value of all points system may represent a specific made out of a hard metal, used prostheses, or to act as a spacer restoration enabling it to be of the profile. It is a height concept, inventor, or patent. for rethreading damaged internal when trying to prevent excess screw-retained. See: Configuration. cement around cement-retained descriptive parameter; Scx: A threads of a dental implant. 2. ISO definition: “Dental restorations. Temporary anchorage space descriptive parameter; Sdr: The developed surface area ratio. implant components that are Tapered implant device (TAD) designed to mate together. It An endosseous, root-form dental Telescopic coping A temporary implant used Symphysis consists of the necessary parts implant, with a wider diameter A thin cast cover fabricated for as an aid for orthodontic Fibrocartillagenous fusion and instruments to complete the coronally than apically. The sides a prepared tooth or implant tooth movement. Miniscrew, between two bones. implant body placement of the implant converge apically. abutment, which acts as an osseointegrated palatal or See: Mandibular symphysis. and abutment components.” It may be threaded, under substructure for a retromolar dental implant, (ISO 10451) or nonthreaded. prosthesis. placed to control tooth movement during orthodontic treatment.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 130 Temporary cylinder Three-dimensional volume rendering 131

Temporary cylinder titanium reinforcement assist in Texturing Thread depth Thread path Three-dimensional See: Temporary abutment. the creation of that space. Process of increasing the surface The distance between the major The conduit in the internal modeling See: Tenting screw, Tack. area. and minor diameter of the aspect of a screw access hole See: Stereolithography, Temporary healing cuff See: Textured surface. thread. which guides the threads of a volumetric reconstruction. Tenting screw See: Healing abutment. component. Also, the pathway A metal screw used in guided Thick flat periodontium Threaded implant created by a bone tap in an Three-dimensional printing Temporary prosthesis/ bone regeneration to support See: Periodontal biotype. An endosseous, root-form dental osteotomy, which directs a A category of rapid prototyping restoration a barrier membrane, thus implant, with threads similar dental implant during insertion. technology. A three-dimensional See: Interim prosthesis/restoration. maintaining a space under Thin scalloped to a screw. It is also known as a object is created by layering the membrane for bone periodontium screw shaped implant. It may be Thread pitch and connecting successive Tensile stress regeneration. See: Periodontal biotype. parallel-sided or tapered. The distance from a point on the cross sections of material from Stress caused by a load (two forces screw thread to a corresponding information derived from a Tent pole applied away from one another in Thread Threader point on the next thread computed tomography scan. It the same straight line) that tends A mechanical device fixated to An extruding feature of the body See: Tap. measured parallel to the axis. is used for surgical planning and to stretch or elongate an object. the surface of the bone used to of threaded dental implants. the generation of a See: Stress. elevate a barrier membrane. Thread depth, thickness, pitch, Thread flank Thread root surgical guide. See: Tenting. face angle, and angle are An angled side of the body of a The bottom of the groove See: Stereolithography, Tension-free flap closure varying geometric parameters. thread that connects the root to between the two flanking Test group 3-D printing The capacity of a surgical flap Basic thread geometries include: the crest. surfaces of the thread whether to be passively repositioned See: Experimental group. V-thread, reverse buttress thread, internal or external. Three-dimensional volume into its original position, and to and power (square) thread. Threadformer rendering Textured surface maintain that position without See: Tap. Three-dimensional Volume rendering has existed A surface that has been altered the intervention of operator or Thread angle imaging since the mid-1980s but or modified from its original the placement of sutures. The angle between the flanks, Thread lead See: Computed tomography (CT), is now widely available on machined state. A dental measured in an axial plane The distance a screw thread 3-D Imaging. CBCT imaging devices. All 3D implant surface can be altered by Tenting section. advances axially in one turn. rendering techniques represent addition or by reduction. The adjustment of a barrier Three-dimensional implant a 3D volume of data in one or See: Additive surface treatment, membrane to create a space Thread crest An endosseous dental implant that more two-dimensional (2D) Machined implant surface, between the membrane and the The prominent part of a thread, is inserted laterally, from the facial planes, conveying the spatial Subtractive surface treatment, bone. Tenting screws, poles, or whether internal or external. aspect of an edentulous ridge. relationships inherent in the Surface characteristics (implant).

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 132 Three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction Titanium mesh 133

data with use of visual depth Tibia Tissue Conditioner Tissue engineering See: Stage-two surgery. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) cues. Three-dimensional volume The inner and larger bone of the Non-surgical methods of The application of the principles Also, the excision of a circular A biocompatible medical alloy rendering generates clinically leg below the . It articulates improving the patients’ denture of life sciences and engineering piece of soft tissue to access used for the fabrication of dental accurate and immediately superiorly with the femur and foundation tissues, including to develop biological substitutes the underlying bone surface for implants and their components. available images from the full head of the fibula and inferiorly the use of tissue rest, occlusal for the restoration or implant placement. Its physical properties are CT or CBCT data set without with the talus. It may serve as a correction, temporary soft liners replacement of tissues. See: Flapless implant surgery, superior to most commercially extensive editing, allowing source for bone grafting. and/or improvement of hygiene. Tissue punch. pure . The most the radiologist and clinician Tissue conditioning is usually Tissue-integrated common titanium alloy used Tissue recession to address specific questions Tibial bone graft considered prior to performing a prosthesis for the fabrication of dental concerning patient care by A bone graft harvested from permanent reline and or making Term originally proposed by P.I. See: Gingival recession. implants is Ti-6Al-4V, which interactively exploring different the proximal tibia. The graft is Branemark and colleagues to final impressions for complete Tissue-supported contains approximately 90% aspects of the data set. In mostly cancellous. or partial dentures, or after a describe a full-arch prosthesis titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% addition, with specific software, surgical procedure to protect the fabricated for an edentulous Syn: Tissue-borne. . the 3D volume rendering can be Tibial bone harvest underlying tissue. arch. Supported by the soft tissue of See: Commercially pure titanium exported as an STL file for rapid See: Tibial bone graft. the edentulous alveolar ridge. (CP-Ti), Titanium (Ti). prototyping, and 3D printing of Tissue conditioning Tissue punch Titanium (Ti) biomedical models. Tissue bank Process of restoring health A sharp circular instrument of Titanium mesh See: Standard Tessellation Laboratory specialized in the to oral stress-bearing soft different diameters used to create Titanium is a chemical element, A flexible titanium grid used in Language or Standard harvesting, processing, and tissues following surgical or an incision in the soft tissue. Symbol Ti, and anatomic bone augmentation procedures Triangulation Language (STL), sterilization of tissues from mechanical trauma using the See: Tissue punch technique. number of 22, atomic weight of to assist in maintaining a Rapid prototyping, 3-D printing, or into graft occluding prostheses to transmit of 47.90, and specific gravity of predetermined volume for bone Surgical guide materials. continuous stress of force and Tissue punch technique 4.5. The metal has two useful regeneration during healing. motion to the basal-seat tissues. Circular incision made in the properties including corrosion The mesh is usually fixated to Three-dimensional Tissue-borne A tissue conditioner is often soft tissue over a submerged resistance and the highest the bone with tacking or fixation volumetric reconstruction See: Tissue-supported. used. dental implant, manually or strength-to-density ratio of any screws. See: Three-dimensional volume See: Tissue Conditioner. mechanically, of a diameter metallic element. Commercially See: Tack, Fixation screw. rendering similar to the implant platform. pure titanium (grade 4 Ti) is This results in the exposure of 99% pure Ti. the implant by the removal of a See: Commercially pure titanium circular piece of soft tissue. (CP-Ti), Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V).

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 134 Titanium oxide Transmucosal loading 135

Titanium oxide increase stiffness and assist in Tooth-supported surgical Torque gauge Transfer coping Transitional prosthesis/ 1. Surface layer of varying maintaining a predetermined guide See: Torque indicator. See: Impression coping. restoration shape during healing. surface composition (e.g., TiO2, A surgical template used in A temporary prosthesis to TiO4) immediately formed See: Expanded partially edentulous cases to Torque indicator Transfer (implant) replace a missing tooth or teeth upon exposure of pure metallic polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). help guide the trajectory and See: Torque driver. impression during the course of treatment. titanium and titanium alloy to depth of the drilling sequence See: Closed-tray impression. Tomograph air. This corrosion-resistant supported by adjacent teeth. Torque wrench Transmandibular implant layer protects the dental implant The radiographic equipment See: tooth-borne surgical guide, See: Torque driver. Transforming growth See: Mandibular staple implant. against chemical attack in used in tomography. mucosal-borne surgical guide, factor beta (TGF-ß) Torsion stress Growth factor produced by Transmucosal biological fluids. Tomography bone-borne surgical guide. 2. Metal oxide blasted on Stress caused by a load that platelets and bone cells that A component or structure implant surfaces to increase the A technique for displaying a Torque tends to twist an object. increases the chemotaxis and extending from internal anatomy surface area. representation of a cross section 1. A force that produces or tends See: Stress, Torque. mitogenesis of osteoblast and passing through or across through a human body such to produce rotation or torsion. precursors and also stimulates the oral mucosa to the external Titanium plasma sprayed as the mandible or maxilla, or 2. A measurement of an Torus osteoblast deposition of the environment. (TPS) other solid object using X-rays or instrument capacity to do An exophytic bony prominence collagen matrix for wound A process involving high ultrasound. work or to continue to rotate or exostosis mainly occurring at healing and bone regeneration. Transmucosal abutment temperature deposition of See: Computed tomography (CT), under resistance to rotation. the midline of the hard palate Any prosthetic component that titanium powders that are totally Cone-beam computed tomography It is expressed in Newton (palatal), or on the lingual aspect Transitional implant connects an implant to the oral or partially melted and then (CBCT), Tomogram. centimeters (Ncm). of the mandible in the canine- Syn: Provisional implant. cavity through the soft tissue. premolar area (mandibular). Dental implant used during rapidly resolidified, forming a Tomogram dense or porous coating. Torque controller It may be used as a source of implant therapy to support a Transmucosal loading A type of x-ray revealing a See: Plasma spray. See: Torque driver. autogenous bone. transitional fixed or removable The pressure exerted through particular layer or “slice” of denture. It is usually an the soft tissue on a submerged Titanium reinforced the mouth while blurring out Torque driver Trabecular bone immediately loaded narrow dental implant, usually by a A feature in a nonabsorbable other layers. This x-ray examines Syn: Torque controller, Torque See: Bone. diameter implant, which may removable denture. membrane consisting of structures that are difficult to indicator, Torque wrench. be removed at a later stage of thin titanium ribbons, which clearly see because other nearby An instrument, manual or Transepithelial treatment. structures are superimposed, electronic, used to apply a torque. Going through or across the blocking the view. epithelium.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 136 Transosseous implant Two-stage surgery 137

Transosseous implant Treatment plan Triangle of Bone® Try-in screw either autologous subepithelial Syn: Transosteal implant. The course of therapy designed A zone of available bone as Threaded component matching connective tissue graft (CTG), or Two-piece implant 1. A dental implant that for a patient. visualized within a triangle the abutment screw, used by the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) A dental implant in which the completely penetrates shape superimposed upon a restorative dentist in the clinical from a tissue bank. endosseous and abutment through the edentulous ridge Trephine cross-sectional slice of a CT procedures. Its use avoids See: Acellular dermal matrix graft portions consist of two units. buccolingually. Surgical act of creating a circular (Computed Tomography) or damaging the prosthetic screw (ADM), VISTA. 2. A dental implant that opening. CBCT (Cone Beam CT) image, which is reserved for the clinical Two-stage implant Turned surface completely penetrates through also described as a three- insertion of the prosthesis. Syn: Submergible implant. the parasymphyseal region of Trephine drill dimensional “pyramid” of bone. See: Laboratory screw, Prosthetic See: Machined implant surface. An endosseous dental implant Hollow drill used to remove a designed to be placed according the mandible, from the inferior screw. Turnover (bone) border through the alveolar disc or cylinder of bone or other Tricalcium phosphate to a two-stage surgery protocol. crest. tissue. (TCP) T-test The process of older bone being It undergoes osseointegration See: Mandibular staple implant. An inorganic, particulate or solid Commonly used statistical replaced by new bone, often while covered with soft tissue. Trial-fit gauge form of biodegradable ceramic, method to evaluate the expressed as percent per year. Transosteal implant Syn: Implant try-in. Two-stage surgery which can be used as a bone differences in means between Twist drill See: Transosseous implant. Replica or near replica of the substitute. two groups. A surgical protocol consisting A rotary cutting instrument with body of a specific dental implant See: Biphasic calcium phosphate of placing an endosseous root- several grooves in its body used Transport segment configuration used for testing (BCP), Calcium phosphate. Tuberosity form dental implant in the bone In distraction osteogenesis, the size of the osteotomy. A protuberance or elevation of to create or widen an osteotomy. and leaving it covered with a Tripodial Subperiosteal flap. A second surgery is needed the sectioned and moving bone. Two-part implant segment of bone. Triamcinolone Implant See: Maxillary tuberosity. to expose the implant in order to A dental implant in which the An intra-articular, topical, and See: Subperiosteal implant. create the prosthesis. Trauma reconstruction inhaled glucocorticoid with a Tunnel Technique endosseous and transmucosal Surgical and/or prosthetic long half-life. Tripodization Periodontal surgery which portions combine to present a reconstruction of the See: Glucocorticoid. The placement of three or more increases the zone of keratinized joint surface to the tissues (i.e., maxillofacial complex, alveolar dental implants with a non-linear tissue in cases where recession implant-abutment junction). ridge, and/or teeth by means alignment of their platforms. has occurred, or tissue bulking Two-piece abutment of bone grafting, implant is needed using special placement, an soft tissue instruments to lift and separate An abutment that connects to a reconstruction. the gingiva to allow insertion of dental implant with the use of an abutment screw.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 138 University of California at Los Angeles abutment (UCLA abutment) Vertical mattress suture 139

U V

University of California Vascularization Verification cast Vertical dimension at Los Angeles abutment Uninterrupted suture Valsalva maneuver The process of infiltration by A cast made from a verification Available distance between (UCLA abutment) See: Continuous suture. Act performed by attempting to blood vessels; regarded as a jig. the incisal and/or occlusal forcibly exhale while keeping the critical support for the health See: Verification jig. surfaces of the teeth or trial wax A plastic castable pattern that Unit load by adding wax or resin can be mouth and closed. It is an and maintenance of living tissue occlusion rims during phonetics customized to the desired shape The part of the total load on a assessment tool, used during or the healing of a graft. Verification index and speech. and emergence profile for a bone, carried by a square unit of a surgery, to evaluate the loss See: Angiogenesis. See: Verification jig. See: Vertical dimension of screw-retained restoration, direct its cross section or surface, that of integrity of the Schneiderian occlusion (VDO) Verification jig to the implant. causes a corresponding strain membrane. Vascular supply See: Castable abutment. and stress. It is arithmetically The source of blood to a tissue Syn: Confirmation jig. Vertical dimension of equal to the total load divided Variance or organ. An index of multiple implants occlusion (VDO) Ultrasonic bone surgery by the cross section area of the Measure of statistical dispersion fabricated on the master cast Also known as occlusal vertical See: Piezoelectric bone surgery. bone carrying it. about the mean. The larger the Veneer and tried in the mouth to check dimension (OVD) is a term variance, the further individual A coating usually of resin or the accuracy of the master cast. used in dentistry to indicate the Uncovery values of the random variable ceramic material attached to If the jig does not fit in the superior-inferior relationship of Popular term for the act of (observations) tend to be from the facial or buccal surface mouth, it is cut and reconnected. the maxilla and the mandible surgically exposing a submerged the mean, on average. of a natural tooth, crown, or A new cast or an alteration of when the teeth or wax rims dental implant, following healing See: Standard deviation (SD), pontic restoration by bonding, the master cast is then made are situated in maximum from stage-one surgery. Standard error (SE). cementation, or mechanical from the reconnected jig, which intercuspation or contact. Sugg/See: Stage-two surgery, retention. is called a verification cast. Vascular endothelial Implant uncovering. Also, a verification jig can be Vertical incision growth factors (VEGF) Vent fabricated directly in the mouth, A cut made in the soft tissue in Underwood cleft or Factors with potent angiogenic, 1. An opening in the implant and a verification or master cast the apicocoronal direction to septum mitogenic, and vascular body that allows for tissue poured from that. allow elevation and mobilization See: Maxillary sinus septum. permeability, which enhance ingrowth for increased retention, See: verification cast of a flap. activities specific for endothelial stability, and antirotation. Unilateral subperiosteal cells. 2. An opening in a surgical guide Vertical mattress suture implant to allow for external irrigation, or See: Mattress suture. See: Subperiosteal implant. to visualize proper fit in a tooth- borne template.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 140 Vestibular Wound 141

W

Vestibular Virtual articulator Virtual Surgical Planning Vital bone content Voxel Waxing sleeve The mouth, consists of two A computer software simulation Pre-surgical manipulation of The percentage of newly formed Volumetric pixel or Volumetric A premade castable plastic regions, the vestibule and the based on the input of real 3D models of the surgical site bone in a histological section Picture Element is a volume pattern used to fabricate oral cavity proper. The vestibule patient data, allowing analyses to predict outcomes, design obtained from a healed bone element, representing a value a custom abutment or the is the area between the lateral with regard to static and surgical guides, simulate the grafted site. on a regular grid in three framework of a restoration. or buccal surfaces of the teeth, dynamic occlusion as well as to actual surgery, or to develop dimensional space as a unit See: Castable abutment. residual ridges, lips and cheeks; jaw relation, useful in prosthetic, options. Generally limited to Vitreous carbon of measure in Computed may also refer to the space restorative, and implant movement of bone, specifically Biomaterial with a glassy Tomography and CBCT. Isotropic Wax-up between the lingual surfaces of dentistry. in craniofacial and orthopedic amorphous structure once used being cube shaped (CBCT) and Wax and/or resin pattern the teeth or residual ridges and See: Articulator surgery, but techniques are for the fabrication of endosseous Orthotropic being rectangular contoured to the desired form for the tongue. available for orthognathic and implants or as an implant (CT). a trial denture, cast coping, metal Virtual reality (VR) maxillofacial surgery. coating. framework, or for diagnostic Vestibular incision A term that applies to computer- purposes. Process of placing See: Mucobuccal fold incision. simulated environments Virtual tooth/teeth Volkmann’s canal denture teeth on a wax-rim. that can simulate physical Computer simulation of single Passages containing . See: Diagnostic wax-up, Lost-wax Vestibule presence in places in the real or multiple teeth via software as They run within the osteons casting technique. See: Vestibular. world, as well as in imaginary and aid to planing implant(s). perpendicular to the Haversian worlds. Most current virtual Software applications capable of canals, interconnecting the Wicking (effect) Vestibuloplasty reality environments are designing prosthetic restorations latter with each other and the Bacterial colonization of a suture Surgical procedure that primarily visual experiences, virtually by means of CAD CAM periosteum. thread. increases vestibular depth, to displayed either on a computer fabrication for natural teeth or See: Haversian canal. restore alveolar ridge height by screen or through special for dental implants Wolff’s Law lowering muscles attaching to stereoscopic displays, but some A principle stating that bone, either the buccal, labial, and lingual simulations include additional VISTA normal or abnormal, will develop aspects of the jaws. sensory information, such Abbr: vestibular incision the structure most suited to resist See: Preprosthetic surgery, as sound through speakers subperiosteal tunnel access those forces acting on it. Vestibuloplasty. or headphones, and tactile information. Wound Any break in the continuity of a tissue.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 142 Wound closure Zygomatic guide 143

X Y Z

Wound closure Xenograft Young’s modulus Zirconia the mineral baddeleyite. It is an molar. Its end point engages the Flap approximation with sutures. Syn: Heterogeneous graft, See: Modulus of elasticity. See: Zirconium (Zr), Zirconium amorphous, odorless, tasteless . The implant is See: Healing by first (primary) Heterograft. dioxide (ZrO2). powder or crystalline solid, used directed in a lateral and upward intention, Healing by second Grafting material harvested as an opaquing agent for dental direction with an angulation of (secondary) intention, Tension-free from different species from that Zirconia abutment porcelain, and other ceramic approximately 45 degrees from flap closure. of the recipient. An esthetic alternative to metal processes. In implant dentistry, a vertical axis, following an implant abutments due to the it is used for the fabrication intrasinusal trajectory. Wound dehiscence X-ray (Dental) of all-ceramic abutments, white color of zirconia. Zirconia Zygomatic guide See: Dehiscence. There are two main types of abutments can be custom substructures of fixed partial dental X-rays: intraoral (meaning milled, or stock abutments from dentures, crown copings, and A surgical template to aid Wound healing the X-ray film is inside the a specific manufacturer, available dental implants. in the surgical positioning The process by which skin of a zygomatic implant, mouth) such as a periapical in a variety of configurations Zoledronate or other body tissue repairs radiograph, and extraoral with or without pre-machined usually CT/CBCT derived itself after trauma. Healing (meaning the X-ray film is margins. A very potent intravenous via stereolithography or 3-D occurs over time in three outside the mouth) such as a See: Abutment, Stock abutment, nitrogen-containing printing. separate phases: inflammatory, panoramic radiograph, or CBCT. Angulated abutment. bisphosphonate used to See: Surgical guide. proliferative, and maturation. See: Panoramic radiograph, Cone- prevent skeletal fractures in beam computed tomography Zirconium (Zr) patients with cancers such as Woven bone (CBCT), Tomograph. A steel-gray hard ductile metallic multiple myeloma and prostate See: Bone. element with a high melting . It is also used to treat point that occurs widely in hypercalcemia caused by cancer. Wrench combined forms. It is highly Zygomatic implant Device or tool used to apply resistant to corrosion, and is torsional force to an object as in used especially in alloys and in A root-form dental implant tightening or loosening a screw, refractories and ceramics. that has its origin in the region or delivering by rotational force of the former first maxillary an implant to a receptor site. (ZrO2) See: Cylinder wrench, Open-ended Syn: Zirconia. wrench, Torque driver. White crystalline oxide of zirconium occurring in as

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 144 145

Illustrations & Diagrams

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 146 147 Table of Contents

Implant Types...... 148 Generic External Hexagon Implant ...... 169

Cantilever Distal Extension...... 150 Generic one-Piece Implant ...... 170

Types of Guided Surgery Templates ...... 152 Generic Two-Piece Implant ...... 171

Classification of Sagittal Root Position...... 154 Papilla ...... 172

Prolongation in guided surgery...... 156 CAD CAM...... 174

Socket Shield Technique...... 158 Bone Grafting Sources ...... 176

Subperiosteal Implant...... 160 Implant Types...... 178

Transosseous or Staple Implant ...... 162 Implant Surfaces...... 180

"All-on-Four" Implant Reconstruction ...... 164 Biologic Width...... 182

Disc Implant...... 168 Comparison of Tooth and Implant Support Structures...... 184

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 148 149 Implant Types The Blade Implant See: Blade implant.

A B This narrow implant is placed Blade loaded after the within a channel into the bone. healing period.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 150 151 Cantilever Distal Extension See: Cantilever, Distal extension.

A

If the cantilever is too long, it could lead to screw loosening or framework fracture.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 152 153 Types of Guided Surgery Templates See: Surgical guide.

Guide Guide Cylinder Cylinder

A B C Bone Borne Template Tooth Borne Template Mucosal-Borne Template 1. Guide Cylinder 1. Surgical Template 1. Guide Cylinder 2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw) 2. Soft Tissue 2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw) 3. Surgical Template Seated on Bone 3. Teeth 3. Surgical Template 4. Bone 4. Bone 5. Soft Tissue 5. Soft Tissue 6. Guide Cylinder

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 154 155 Prolongation in guided surgery See: Surgical guide.

Guide Cylinder Height of Guide Cylinder

Distance from the bottom of cylinder to top of the implant = Prolongation

A B Template with Fixation Soft Tissue Supported Template 1. Guide Cylinder 1. Guide Cylinder 2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw) 2. Surgical Template 3. Surgical Template 3. Bone 4. Bone 4. Soft Tissue 5. Soft Tissue

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 156 157 Classification of Sagittal Root Position Classification of Sagittal Root Position in Relationto  the Anterior Maxillary Osseous Housing See: Surgical template.

A B C D Class I Sagittal Root Position Class II Sagittal Root Position Class Ill Sagittal Root Position Class IV Sagittal Root Position

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 158 159 Socket Shield Technique See: Socket shield technique.

1

2

A B C Tooth to be Extracted Sectioning Root Implant and Root 1. Tooth Root 1. Tooth Root 1. Root Remnant (Shield) 2. Alveolar Bone 2. Alveolar Bone 2. Implant 3. Periodontal Ligament 3. Periodontal Ligament 4. Clinical Crown

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 160 161 Subperiosteal Implant Custom-fabricated implant, designed to rest on the surface of the bone, consisting of permucosal abutments, posts, and intra-oral bars to retain the prosthesis. See: Subperiosteal implant, Complete subperiosteal implant.

Frame resting on the bone

Avoiding the nerve

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 162 163 Transosseous or Staple Implant See: Staple implant, Mandibular staple implant.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 164 165 "All-on-Four" Implant Reconstruction The fixed-detachable restoration is fabricated and attached to the four implants with four retaining screws, only removable by the dentist. See: “All-On-4”. Retaining Screws

Avoiding the nerve Fixed-Detachable Implant Bridge

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 166 167 Unilateral Unilateral Subperiosteal Implant Subperiosteal Implant Not Finally Finally Seated Seated Implant. Implant with teeth. See: Unilateral subperiosteal implant.

The teeth are attached to the The teeth are attached to the posts which emerge through posts which emerge through the gum tissue. the gum tissue.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 168 169 Disc Implant Generic External See: Disc implant. Hexagon Implant See: Cylindrical implant, Endosseous implant.

Screw Access Hole

Platform

External Hex Connection Implant Collar

Threads

Threads

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 170 171 Generic one-Piece Implant Generic Two-Piece Implant See: Implant type. See: Implant apex, Implant neck, Major (thread) diameter, Implant type, One-stage implant. Screw Access Hole Internal Hex Platform Connection

Abutment Implant Neck (Transmucosal)

Transmucosal Element

Implant Body Threads Threads

Implant Body Threads Journal of Screw

Vent

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 172 173 Papilla See: Papilla, Interdental papilla, Interimplant papilla.

Legend References 1. The vertical distance from the crest of bone to the contact point 1. Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P. The effect between two teeth. of the distance from the contact point to the crest of bone on the presence or absence of When this distance was 5 mm or less, the papilla completely filled the the interproximal . J Periodontol interdental space almost 100% of the time. When the distance was 6 1992;63:995-996. mm, the interdental space was filled about 55% of the time; and at 7 2. Grunder U. Stability of the mucosa; mm, the interdental space was completely filled about 25% of the time.1 topography around single-tooth implants and Illustration to be adjacent teeth: 1-year results. Int J Perio Rest Dent 2000;20:11-17. 2. The vertical distance on the tooth side from the crest of bone to 3. Choquet V, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P, completed the height of the papilla between a tooth and an implant. Daelemans P, Tarnow D, Malevez C. Clinical • When the papilla completely filled the interproximal space, this distance and radiographic evaluation of the papilla level was on average 4.5 mm (range: 3.0 to 5.0 mm).2 adjacent to single-tooth dental implants. A • The interdental papilla was present (at least half the papilla present) retrospective study in the maxillary anterior region. J Periodontol 2001;72:1364-1371. when this distance was 4 mm or less).3 4. Esposito M. Ekestubbe A. Grondahl K. Radiological evaluation of marginal bone loss at 3. The horizontal distance from the implant to the adjacent tooth. tooth surfaces facing single Branemark implants. A strong correlation was found between bone loss at adjacent teeth and Clin Oral Implants Res 1993;4:151-157. the horizontal distance implant to tooth. Bone loss at tooth surface was 5. Tarnow DP, Cho SC, Wallace SS. The effect of most severe for a horizontal distance of less than 2 mm.4 inter-implant distance on the height of the inter-implant bone crest. J Periodontol 2000;71:546-549. 4. The horizontal distance between two adjacent implants. 6. Elian N, Jalbout Z, Cho S-C, Froum S, Tarnow This distance should be more than 3 mm in order to minimize the DR Realities and limitations in the management vertical loss of the interimplant bone crest. The lateral distance D from of the interdental papilla between implants. the implant to the crest of the ridge was 1.34 mm (SD = 0.36 mm) and Three case reports. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2003:15:737-744. 5 1.40 mm (SD = 0.60). 7. Tarnow D, Elian N, Fletcher P, Froum S, Magne A, Cho SC, Salama M, Salama H, 5. The vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the Garber DA. Vertical distance from the crest of interproximal papilla between adjacent implants. bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants J Periodontol Only 2, 3, or 4 mm of soft tissue height (average 3.4 mm) can be 2003;74:1785-1788. expected to form over the interimplant crest of bone.6,7

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 174 175 CAD CAM See: CAD/CAM, 3-D printing. CAD CAM

Rapid Prototype subtractive manufacturing

Additive Layer Manufacturing CNC Milling “Dental CAD CAM”

wax Acrylic Metal SLS SLM

Binder Jetting Polyjet 3DP

SLA FFF FDM

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 176 177 Bone Grafting Sources See: Bone grafting. Bone grafting sources

Genetically Same Species Same Subject Synthetic Different Species Identical Allograft Isograft Alloplast Xenograft

DFDBA FDBA Frozen Calicium Carbonate Calicium Synthetic Particulate HA Bioactive Glasses Calicium Sulfate TCP 1. absorbable ceramic (coralline) Phosphate Polymers 2. absorbable non ceramic Autogenous

Extra oral Intra oral

Calvarium Fibula Hip Tibia Chin Exostosis Ramus Torus Tuberosity

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 178 179 Implant Types See: Implant type. Implant Types

Subperiosteal Ramus Frame Endosseous Mucosal Insert Transosseous

complete unilateral circumferential Blade Endodontic Root-Form Disc Three Dimensional Mandibular Staple

threaded screw- Subperiosteal Hollow Basket shaped

transitional parallel-sided stepped tapered Parallel Sided Cylinder Stepped Tapered Truncated Cone

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 180 181 Implant Surfaces See: Implant surface, Blasted implant surface. Implant Surfaces

Machined Textured

subtracted (uncoated) Added (coated) Oxidized

Etched Blasted Hydroxypatite Titanium Plasma Sprayed Sintered (HA) (TPS)

Acid Laser Absorbable Ceramic Titanium Oxide Aluminum oxide

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 182 183 Biologic Width See: Biologic width.

Teeth Implant

Submerged Protocol Nonsubmerged Protocol

Gargiulo et Berglundh et Berglundh et Abrahmsson et al. 1997 Hermann et al.2000 cocharn et al.1997 al.1960 al.1991 al.1991

No abutment disconnection Abutment disconnection reconnection N/A reconnection

Supracrestal Supracrestal placement iaj 1 placement iaj 1 Loaded 12 Crestal placement iaj at the bone crest Unloaded Loaded 2 months mm above the mm above the months bone crest bone crest

0.41-1.09 0.49 ± 0.32 0.50 ± 0.30 0.16 ± 0.14 SD Average 0.69

0.44-1.56 2.05 ± 0.06* 2.14 ± 0.47** 2.04 ± 0.22*** 1.65 ± 0.24*** 1.16 ± 0.47 1.44 ± 0.41 1.88 ± 0.81 JE Average 0.97

0.69-1.49 1.12 ± 0.03 1.66 ± 0.23 1.28 ± 0.11 0.85 ± 0.26 1.36 ± 0.64 1.01 ± 0.32 1.05 ± 0.38 CT Average 1.07

IAJ-B N/A N/A 0.78 ± 0.17 1.49 ± 0.19 1.57 ± 0.22 2.64 ± 0.24 1.25 ± 0.40 2.90 ± 0.52 2.91 ± 0.49 2.95 ± 0.68

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 184 185 Comparison of Tooth and Implant Support Structures

Misch CE. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2008.

Structure Tooth Implant

Connection Cementum, bone, periodontium Osseointegration

Junctional epithelium Hemideosmosomes and basal lamina Hemideosmosomes and basal lamina

Only two groups: parallel and circular fibers Thirteen groups: perpendicular to tooth surfaces Connective tissue No attachement to implant surface and bone ↑ Collagen ↓ Fibroblasts ↑ Collagen ↓ Fibroblasts

Biological width 2.04 to 2.91mm 3.08mm

Vascularity Greater, supraperiosteal and periodontal ligament Less, periosteal

Probing depth 3mm in health 2,5 to 5.0mm (depending on soft tissue depth)

Bleeding on probing More reliable Less reliable

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III Index by Alphabet 188 189

3-D printing 6 Acellular dermal allograft 8 Alveolar distraction Anodization 12 Articulator 14 Azithromycin 16 3-D rendering 6 Acellular dermal matrix graft osteogenesis 10 Anodized surface 12 Artifact 14 3-D scanner 6 (ADM) 8 Alveolar mucosa 10 Anodontia 12 Artificial gingival 15 3-D volume 6 Acetaminophen 8 Alveolar nerve 10 Anorganic bone matrix (ABM) 13 Asepsis 15 3-D volumetric reconstruction 6 Acid-etched surface 8 Alveolar preservation 10 Anorganic bovine Asleep 15 B Activating tool 8 Alveolar process 10 bone matrix (ABBM) 13 Aspergillus 15 Bacterial leakage 17 Actual implant Alveolar recess 11 Anterior loop 13 Atraumatic extraction 15 Ball abutment 17 length/diameter 8 Alveolar ridge 11 Anterior nasal spine 13 Atrophic 15 Ball attachment 17 A Added surface 8 Alveolar ridge augmentation 11 Anterior superior Atrophy 15 Bar 17 Additive fabrication 8 Alveolar ridge defect 11 alveolar nerve 13 Attached gingiva 15 Absorbable 6 Barium sulfate (BaSO ) 17 Additive Manufacturing (AM) 8 Alveolar ridge resorption 11 Anteroposterior spread Attachment 15 4 Abutment 6 Bar overdenture (implant) 17 Additive Manufacturing File Alveolar septum 11 (AP spread) 13 Attachment activating tool 15 Abutment analog 6 Barrier membrane 17 (AMF) 9 Alveolectomy 11 Antibiotic 13 Attachment-retained 15 Abutment clamp 7 Barrier membrane exposure 17 Additive surface treatment 9 Alveoloplasty 11 Antibiotic prophylaxis 13 Attachment selection 15 Abutment connection 7 Basal bone 18 Aesthetic Buccal Flap (ABF) 9 Alveolus 11 Anti-inflammatory 14 Augmentation 15 Abutment driver 7 Basic multicellular unit (BMU) 18 Ailing implant 9 Amoxicillin 11 Antirotation 14 Auricular prosthesis 15 Abutment holder 7 Basic structural unit (BSU) 18 Alendronate sodium 9 Analgesia 11 Antral floor 14 Autogenous bone graft 15 Abutment impression coping 7 Beam hardening 18 Allogenic graft 9 Analgesic 11 Antral mucosa 14 Autogenous Demineralized Abutment-implant interface 7 Bending stress 18 Allograft 9 Analog/analogue 11 Antral polyp 14 Dentin Matrix (ADDM) 16 Abutment-level impression 7 Benign paroxysmal “All-On-4” 9 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 11 Antral septum 14 Autogenous graft 16 Abutment mount 7 positional vertigo (BPPV) 18 Alloplast 9 Anatomic healing abutment 11 Antrolith 14 Autograft 16 Abutment Rotation 7 Betamethasone 18 Alloplastic graft 10 Anchor pin 12 Antroscope 14 Autologous graft 16 Abutment screw 7 Beveled flap 18 Aluminum oxide 10 Anesthesia 12 Antroscopy 14 Available bone 16 Abutment selection 7 Beveled incision 18 Alveolar 10 Angiogenesis 12 Antrostomy 14 Avascular 16 Abutment swapping 7 Bicortical stabilization 18 Alveolar augmentation 10 Angiogenic 12 Antrum 14 Avascular necrosis 16 Abutment transfer device 7 Bilateral stabilization 18 Alveolar bone 10 Angled abutment 12 Antrum of Highmore 14 Axial loading 16 Access hole 8 Bioabsorbable 18 Alveolar bone proper 10 Angulated abutment 12 Apical (retrograde) Axial slice 16 Accessory ostium 8 Bioactive 19 Alveolar crest 10 Anisotropic surface 12 peri-implantitis 14 Axonotmesis 16 Acellular 8 Bioactive fixation 19 Alveolar defect 10 Ankylosis 12 Apically positioned flap 14 Azalide 16

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 190 191

Bioactive glass 19 Block graft 21 Bone milling 23 Button implant 25 Cervix 27 Commercially pure Bioceramics 19 Bone 21 Bone mineral density (BMD) 23 Chin graft 27 titanium (CP-Ti) 30 Biocompatible 19 Bone-anchored Bone modeling 23 Chisel 28 Compact bone 30 Biodegradable 19 hearing aid (BAHA) 21 Bone morphogenetic Chi-square test 28 Compatible 30 Bioinert 19 Bone atrophy 22 protein (BMP) 23 C Chlorhexidine gluconate 28 Complete subperiosteal Biointegration 19 Bone augmentation 22 Bone necrosis 24 Cicatrix 28 implant 30 CAD/CAM 25 Biologic width 19 Bone biopsy 22 Bone quality 24 Circumferential Complication 30 CAD/CAM dentistry 25 Biomaterial 19 Bone collector 22 Bone reduction guide subperiosteal implant 28 Composites (Dental) 30 CAD/CAM abutment 25 Biomechanical test 19 Bone condenser 22 (bone reduction template) 24 Clamping force 28 Composite bone 31 Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) 25 Biomechanics 19 Bone conduction 22 Bone remodeling 24 3 Clarithromycin 28 Composite graft 31 Calcium phosphate 26 Biomimetic 20 Bone core 22 Bone remodeling rate (BRR) 24 Clavulanic acid 28 Compressive stress 31 Calcium sulfate (CaSO ) 26 Bioresorbable 20 Bone curettage 22 Bone remodeling unit (BRU) 24 4 Clean technique 28 Computed axial Caldwell-Luc 26 Biphasic calcium Bone defect 22 Bone replacement graft 24 Clindamycin 28 tomography (CAT) 31 Callus 26 phosphate (BCP) 20 Bone “density” 22 Bone resorption 24 Clip 28 Computed tomography (CT) 31 Calvaria 26 Bisphosphonate (BP) 20 Bone derivative 22 Bone scaffold 24 Clipping Function 29 Computer-aided design/ Calvarial graft 26 Bisphosphonate-associated Bone expander 22 Bone scraper 24 Closed-tray impression 29 Computer-aided Calvarium 26 osteonecrosis (BON) 20 Bone expansion 22 Bone sounding 24 Closure screw 29 manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 32 CAM abutment 26 Bisphosphonate-induced Bone fill 22 Bone spreader 24 Cluster (implant) failure 29 Computer-aided navigation 32 Cancellous bone 26 osteonecrosis of the jaw Bone fusing 22 Bone substitute 24 CMOS device 29 Computer-assisted surgical Cancellous bone graft 27 (BIONJ) 20 Bone graft 22 Bone tap 24 CNC milling (CNC) 29 guide 32 Cantilever 27 Bisphosphonate-related Bone grafting 23 Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) 24 Coagulum 29 Computer-based planning 32 Cap attachment 27 osteonecrosis of the jaw Bone-implant interface 23 Bone trap 25 Coaptation 29 Computer-generated Case-control study 27 (BRONJ) 20 Bone induction 23 Bone trephine 25 Coating 29 surgical guide 32 Case report 27 Bite splint 20 Bone loss (implant) 23 Bone turnover 25 Cohort study 29 Computer Numeric Case sequencing 27 Black space 20 Bone marrow 23 Bruxism 25 Collaborative accountability 30 Controlled Machining 32 Case series 27 Black triangle 20 Bone “mass” 23 Buccal index 25 Collagen 30 Confocal microscopy 32 Castable abutment 27 Blade implant 21 Bone “mass” measurement 23 Buccal mucosal incision 25 Collagen membrane 30 Cone-beam computed Cement-retained 27 Blanching 21 Bone matrix 23 Buccal plate 25 Collar 30 tomography (CBCT) 32 Ceramic 27 Blasted implant surface 21 Bone mill 23 Bundle bone 25 Comfort cap 30 Configuration 32

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 192 193

Confirmation jig 32 Corticosteroid 34 Cutting resistance Depth gauge 39 Distraction osteogenesis (DO) Conical abutment 32 Corticotomy 34 analysis (CRA) 37 Dermal graft 39 42 E Connecting bar 32 Cortisone 34 Cylinder implant 37 Desktop optical scanner 39 Distraction parameters 42 Connective tissue (CT) 32 Countersink 34 Cylinder wrench 37 Design (implant) 39 Distraction period 42 Ear prosthesis 44 Connective tissue attachment 33 Countersink drill 35 Cylindrical implant 37 Device orientation 39 Distraction protocol 42 Early crestal bone loss 44 Connective tissue graft 33 Cover screw 35 Cytokine 37 Dexamethasone 39 Distraction rate 42 Early implant failure 44 Consolidation period 33 Cover screw mill 35 Diabetes mellitus (DM) 39 Distraction regenerate 42 Early loading 44 Contact osteogenesis 33 Craterization 35 Diagnostic wax-up 40 Distraction rhythm 42 Edentulism 45 Contact Scanner 33 Crest 35 Digital imaging and Distraction vector 42 Edentulous 45 Continuous suture 33 Crestal 35 D communication in medicine Distraction zone 42 Edentulous site 45 Continuous wave Crestal bone loss 35 (DICOM) 40 Distractor 42 Edentulous space 45 Data merge 37 mode (Cw-mode) 33 Crestal implant placement 35 Digital impressions 40 Disuse atrophy 43 Elastic modulus 45 Decortication 37 Control group 33 Crestal incision 35 Digital radiography 40 Dolder bar 43 Electric discharge Defect 37 Conversion prosthesis 33 Crevicular epithelium 35 Digital volume tomography Donor site 43 method (EDM) 45 Definitive prosthesis 37 Coolant 33 Critical bending moment 35 (DVT) 40 Drill 43 Electron Beam Dehiscence 37 Coping 33 Critical-size(d) defect (CSD) 35 Digital workflow 40 Drill extender 43 Melting (EBM) 45 Delayed loading 38 Coping design 33 Cross-arch stabilization 35 Diphosphonate 41 Drill guide 43 Element 45 Demineralized bone matrix Coping screw 33 Cross-sectional slice 36 Direct impression 41 Drilling guide 43 Emergence profile 45 (DBM) 38 Coping, Telescopic 34 Cross-sectional study 36 Direction indicator 41 Drill path 43 Enamel matrix Demineralized freeze-dried Coralline 34 Crown height space (CHS) 36 Direct Metal Laser Sintering Drilling sequence 43 derivative (EMD) 45 bone allograft (DFDBA) 38 Coregistration 34 Crown-implant ratio 36 (DMLS) 41 Drill stop 43 Endodontic implant 45 Dense PTFE (dPTFE) 38 Coronally advanced flap 34 Cryotherapy 36 Direct sinus graft 41 Drill sleeves 43 Endodontic pin 45 Dental implant 38 Coronally positioned flap 34 C-telopeptide cross-linked Disc implant 41 Dual-energy X-ray Endodontic stabilizer 45 Dentin grinder 38 Correlation coefficient 34 collagen type 1 36 Distal extension 41 absorptiometry (DXA) 43 Endosseous 46 Denture 38 Cortical bone 34 CTx/CTx Test 36 Distal extension prosthesis 41 Dual Scan Protocol 44 Endosseous distractor 46 De-osseointegration 39 Cortical bone graft 34 Cumulative success rate 36 Distance osteogenesis 41 Dynamic loading 44 Endosseous implant 46 Depassivation 39 Cortical bone pin 34 Cumulative survival rate 36 Distraction 41 Dysesthesia 44 Endosseous ramus Deproteinized bovine Cortical perforation 34 Curettage (bone) 36 Distraction axis 42 frame implant 46 bone material 39 Corticocancellous bone graft 34 Custom abutment 36 Distraction device 42 Endosteal implant 46

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 194 195

Endosteum 46 Extraction socket 48 Fibrous integration 51 Full arch bridge/prosthesis 53 Guide 55 Healing phase 57 Engaging 46 Extraction socket graft 48 Fiducial markers 51 Full-thickness flap 53 Guided bone Healing screw 57 Envelope flap 46 Extraoral (external) Finite element analysis (FEA) 51 Functional loading 53 regeneration (GBR) 55 Heat necrosis 57 Epithelial attachment 46 distraction device 48 First-stage surgery 51 Fused Deposition Guided cylinder 55 Helical cone-beam Epithelial implant 46 Extraosseous distractor 48 Fistula 51 Modeling (FDM) 53 Guide drill 55 computed tomography 57 Epithelialization 46 Exudate 49 Fixation period 51 Fusobacterium nucleatum 53 Guided sleeve 56 Hematoma 57 Epithelium 46 Fixation pin 51 Guide pin 56 Hematopoietic stem cell 57 Eposteal implant 46 Fixation screw 51 Guided tissue regeneration 56 Hemorrhage 57 Erbium-doped yttrium Fixation tack 51 (GTR) 56 Hemostasis 58 aluminum garnet F Fixed-detachable 51 G Heterogeneous graft 58 (Er-YAG laser) 46 Fixed hybrid prosthesis 51 Heterograft 58 Facebow 49 Gap 54 Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) 47 Fixed prosthesis 52 Hex 58 Facial prosthesis 49 Gap distance 54 Esthetic zone 47 Fixed-removable 52 H Hexed 58 Facing 49 Gingiva 54 Etching 47 Fixture 52 High-water prosthesis 58 Failed implant 49 Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 54 Handpiece motion tracker 56 Exclusion criteria 47 Fixture-level impression 52 Histomorphometry 58 Failing implant 49 Gingival flap 54 Hard tissue graft 56 Exfoliation 47 Flank angle 52 Hollow basket implant 58 Failure rate 50 Gingival graft 54 Harvest 56 Expanded Flap 52 Homograft 58 Fatigue 50 Gingival recession 54 Haversian canal 56 polytetrafluoroethylene Flapless implant surgery 52 Homologous graft 58 Fatigue failure 50 Gingival sulcus 54 Haversian system 56 (ePTFE) 47 Flat panel detectors 52 Horizontal mattress suture 58 Fatigue fracture (failure) 50 Glucocorticoid 54 HbA1c test 56 Experimental group 47 Fracture 52 Host response 58 Feldspathic Porcelain 50 Glycosylated hemoglobin Healing 57 Exposure 47 Framework 52 Host site 58 Fenestration 50 A1c test (HbA1c test) 55 Healing abutment 57 Extender 47 Free soft tissue autograft 52 Hounsfield unit (HU) 58 Fibrin Matrix Gold cylinder 55 Healing by first External bevel incision 48 Free-standing implant 52 Howship’s lacuna 59 (Fibrin-Rich Matrix) 50 Graft 55 (primary) intention 57 External connection 48 Freeze-dried bone Hybrid implant 59 Fibroblast 50 Graft consolidation (bone) 55 Healing by second External hexagon 48 allograft (FDBA) 52 Hybrid prosthesis 59 Fibronectin 50 Grafting material 55 (secondary) intention 57 External irrigation 48 Freeze-drying 52 HPISE 59 Fibrous 51 Grit blasting 55 Healing cap 57 External oblique ridge 48 Frenectomy 53 Hydroxyapatite (HA)/ Fibrous connective tissue 51 Growth factor 55 Healing collar 57 External sinus graft 48 Friction-fit 53 Ca10(PO4)(OH)2 59 Fibrous encapsulation 51 Guidance 55 Healing period 57 Extracellular matrix (ECM) 48 Friction-retained 53

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 196 197

Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Immediate placement 61 Implant loading 63 Implant therapy 65 Interdental papilla 68 Intraosseous distractor 70 (HEMA) 59 Immediate provisionalization 61 Implant loss 63 Implant thread 65 Interim abutment 68 In vitro 70 Hydroxylapatite (HA) 59 Immediate restoration 61 Implant mobility 63 Implant-tissue-supported Interim prosthesis/restoration 68 In vivo 70 Hygiene cap 59 Immediate temporization 61 Implant mount 63 prosthesis 65 Interimplant distance 68 Irrigation 70 Hyperbaric oxygen Implant 61 Implant neck 63 Implant try-in 65 Interimplant papilla 68 Ischemia 70 therapy (HBOT) 59 Implant abutment 61 Implant overdenture 63 Implant type 65 Interlock 68 Isogeneic graft 70 Hyperesthesia 60 Implant-abutment interface 61 Implant periapical lesion 64 Implant uncovering 66 Intermaxillary relationship 68 Isograft 70 Hyperplasia 60 Implant-abutment Implant placement 64 Impression coping 66 Internal bevel incision 68 Isologous graft 70 Hypodontia 60 junction (IAJ) 61 Implant prosthesis 64 Incision 66 Internal connection 68 Isotropic surface 70 Hypoesthesia 60 Implant analog 61 Implant prosthodontics 64 Incisive foramen 66 Internal hexagon 68 Implant anchorage 61 Implant rejection 64 Inclusion criteria 66 Internal irrigation 68 Implant apex 62 Implant-retained prosthesis 64 Index 66 Internal sinus graft 69 J Implant-assisted prosthesis 62 Implant root 64 Indirect impression 66 Internally threaded 69 I Implant body 62 Implant scaler 64 Indirect sinus graft 66 Interpositional graft 69 Jig 71 Implant collar 62 Implant selection 64 Individual suture 66 Interradicular septum 69 Ibuprofen 60 Joint-separating force 71 Implant component 62 Implant shaft 64 Infection 66 Interrupted suture 69 Iliac crest 60 Jumping distance 71 Implant-crown ratio 62 Implant shape 64 Inferior alveolar canal 66 Intrabony 69 Iliac graft 60 Junctional epithelium 71 Implant dentistry 62 Implant shoulder position 64 Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) 66 Intramucosal insert 69 Image guidance 60 Implant diameter 62 Implant site 64 Inferior dental foramen 66 Intraoral digital X-ray sensor 69 Image Stitching 60 Implant drill 62 Implant splinting 65 Inflammation 66 Intraoral distraction 69 Immediate functional loading 60 Implant exposure 62 Implant stability 65 Informed consent 67 Intraoral (internal) Immediate implantation 60 K Implant failure 62 Implant stability Infracture 67 distraction device 69 Immediate implant placement 60 Implant fracture 63 quotient (ISQ) 65 Infraorbital artery 67 Intraoral scanner 69 Kaplan-Meier analysis 71 Immediate loading 61 Implant head 63 Implant success 65 Infrastructure 67 Intramembranous ossification 69 Keratinized gingival 71 Immediate non-functional Implant insertion 63 Implant-supported prosthesis 65 Initial stability 67 Intraosseous 69 Knife-edge ridge 71 loading 61 Implant installation 63 Implant surface 65 Insertion torque 67 Intraosseous vessels 69 Immediate non-occlusal Implant interface 63 Implant surgery 65 Insulin-like growth Intraosseous Anastomosis loading 61 Implant length 63 Implant survival 65 factors (IGF) 67 (of the Lateral wall of the Immediate occlusal loading 61 Implant-level impression 63 Implant system 65 Interalveolar septum 68 Maxillary Sinus) 69

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 198 199

Load 74 Mandibular ramus 76 Maxillary sinus septum 79 Microgap (IAJ) 81 Mucosal implant 83 Loading 74 Mandibular ramus graft 76 Maxillary sinus hypoplasia Microinterlock 81 Mucosal insert 83 L Long buccal nerve 74 Mandibular staple implant 76 (MSH) 79 Micromotion 81 Mucosal peri-implant tissues 83 Labial plate 71 Longitudinal study 74 Mandibular symphysis 76 Maxillary sinusitis 79 Midcrestal incision 81 Mucous retention cyst 83 Laboratory analog 71 Lost-wax casting technique 74 Mandibular symphysis graft 76 Maxillary torus 79 Middle superior alveolar nerve 81 Mucosal-supported surgical Laboratory screw 71 Low energy laser therapy 74 Mandibular torus 76 Maxillary tuberosity 79 Mid-palatal implant 81 guide / template 83 Lamellar bone 71 Low intensity level Marginal peri-implant area 76 Maxillectomy 79 Mini-implant 81 Mucositis 83 Lapping tool 71 laser therapy 74 Marking bur 76 Maxillofacial prosthesis 79 Miniscrew 81 Multi axis machines 84 Laser 72 Low level laser therapy (LLLT) 74 Master cast 76 Mean (arithmetic) 79 Minor (thread) diameter 81 Multicenter study 84 Laser etching 72 Low power laser therapy 74 Master impression 76 Mechanical failure 79 Misfit 81 Multi-unit abutment 84 Laser phototherapy (LPT) 72 Lyophilization 74 Mastication 77 Median 79 Mobility (implant) 81 Mylohyoid ridge 84 Laser welding 72 Masticatory mucosa 77 Medical-grade calcium Mode 82 Late implant failure 72 Matrix 77 sulfate (MGCS) 79 Modeling (bone) 82 Latency period 72 Mattress suture 77 Medullary 80 Modulus of elasticity 82 Lateral antrostomy 72 M Maxilla 77 Medullary bone 80 Moment 82 N Lateral window technique 72 Maxillary antroplasty 77 Megapascal (MPa) 80 Monolithic zirconia (MZ) 82 Machined implant surface 75 Narrow Ridge Implant (NRI) 84 Layered manufacturing 72 Maxillary antrum 77 Membrane 80 Morse taper connection 82 Macrointerlock 75 Nasopalatine nerve 84 Leukocyte and Platelet Maxillary artery 77 Membrane exposure 80 Motion artifact 82 Macromotion 75 Natural tooth intrusion 84 Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) 72 Maxillary overdenture 77 Mental foramen 80 Motion-sensing Magnetic attachment 75 Navigation 84 Levofloxacin 73 Maxillary pseudocyst 77 Mental nerve 80 device (implant) 82 Maintenance 75 Navigation surgery 85 Life table analysis 73 Maxillary retention cyst 78 Mesenchymal stem Motion tracking 82 Major (thread) diameter 75 Nd:YAG laser 85 Lingual 73 Maxillary rhino-sinusitis 78 cell (MSC) 80 Mount 82 Malpositioned implant 75 Necrosis 85 Lingual artery 73 Maxillary sinus 78 Mesostructure 80 Mucobuccal fold incision 82 Mandibular block graft 75 Neoplasm 85 Lingual nerve 73 Maxillary sinus aplasia 78 Meta-analysis 80 Mucocele (oral) 83 Mandibular canal 75 Nerve lateralization 85 Lingual plate 73 Maxillary sinus augmentation 78 Metal encapsulator 80 Mucogingival junction 83 Mandibular flexure 75 Nerve repositioning 85 Lining mucosa 73 Maxillary sinus floor 78 Metal housing 80 Mucogingival surgery 83 Mandibular foramen 75 Nerve transpositioning 85 Lip-Lift 73 Maxillary sinus floor elevation 78 Metal tap 80 Mucoperiosteal flap 83 Mandibular movement 76 Neurapraxia 85 Lip Line 73 Maxillary sinus Methylprednisolone 80 Mucoperiosteum 83 Mandibular overdenture 76 Neurotmesis 85 Lithium Disilicate 73 pneumatization 79 Metronidazole 81 Mucosa 83

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 200 201

Newton (N) 86 Occlusal adjustment 87 Osseous graft 89 Osteoporosis 92 Papilla-preservation flap 94 Peri-implant Newton centimeters (Ncm) 86 Occlusal guard 87 Osseous integration 90 Osteoprogenitor cell 92 Papilla reformation 94 crevicular epithelium 96 Nightguard 86 Occlusal loading 87 Ossification 90 Osteopromotion 92 Papilla regeneration 94 Peri-implant disease 96 Nominal implant Occlusal overload 87 Osteal 90 Osteoradionecrosis 92 Papilla-sparing incision 94 Peri-implantitis 97 length/diameter 86 Occlusive membrane 87 Ostectomy 90 Osteotome 92 Paracrestal incision 94 Peri-implant mucositis 97 Nonabsorbable 86 Occlusal table 87 Osteoblast 90 Osteotome lift 92 Parallel confocal Peri-implant soft tissue 97 Nonangled abutment 86 One-part implant 87 Osteocalcin 90 Osteotome technique 92 imaging technology 94 Periodontal biotype 97 Nonangulated abutment 86 One-piece abutment 87 Osteoclast 90 Osteotomy 92 Parallel(ing) pin 94 Periodontal disease 97 Nonaxial loading 86 One-piece implant 87 Osteoconduction 90 Ostium (maxillary sinus) 92 Parallel-sided implant 95 Periodontal ligament (PDL) 97 Nonengaging 86 One-screw test 88 Osteocyte 90 Overdenture (implant) 93 Parallel-walled implant 95 Periodontal membrane 97 Nonfunctional loading 86 One-stage grafting procedures 88 Osteodistraction 90 Overload (occlusal) 93 Paresthesia 95 Periodontal plastic surgery 97 Nonhexed 86 One-stage implant 88 Osteogenesis 90 Oxidized surface treatment 93 Partial anodontia 95 Periodontal probe 98 Nonlamellar bone 86 One-stage surgery 88 Osteogenetic 90 Oxycodone 93 Partially edentulous 95 Periosteal 98 Nonocclusal loading 86 Onlay graft 88 Osteogenic 90 Oxygen therapy 93 Partial thickness flap 95 Periosteal release 98 Nonresorbable 86 Open-ended wrench 88 Osteogenous 90 Particulate graft 95 Periosteal suture 98 Nonresorbable membrane 86 Open-tray impression 88 Osteoid 91 Passivation 95 Periosteum 98 Nonsteroidal Opioid 88 Osteoinduction 91 Passive fit 95 Periotome 98 anti-inflammatory Optical surface scan 88 Osteointegration 91 P Patient motion tracker 95 Permucosal 98 drug (NSAID) 86 Oral implantology 89 Osteology 91 Patient-specific abutment 95 Permucosal extension 98 PACS 93 Nonsubmerged implant 87 Oral mucosa 89 Osteolysis 91 Patrix 95 Permucosal seal 98 Palatal graft 93 Nonsubmergible implant 87 Orientation jig 89 Osteomyelitis 91 Pedicle graft 95 Pick-up impression 98 Palatal implant 93 Nonthreaded implant 87 O-ring 89 Osteon 91 Penicillin 96 Piezoelectric bone surgery 98 Palatal vault 93 Nonworking side 87 Oro-antral fistula 89 Osteonecrosis 91 Percentage Pilot drill 98 Pamidronate 93 Orthodontic implant 89 Osteonecrosis of bone-to-implant contact 96 Pilot guide 98 Panoramic radiograph 94 Orthopantograph 89 the jaw (ONJ) 91 Percutaneous implant 96 Pilot osteotomy 99 Panoramic reconstitution 94 Osse(o) 89 Osteonectin 91 Perforation 96 Pinhole Surgical Technique 99 Panoramic reconstruction 94 O Osseointegration 89 Osteopenia 92 Periabutment 96 Placement torque 99 Papilla 94 Osseous 89 Osteoplasty 92 Pericervical saucerization 96 Plaque 99 Oblique slice 87 Papilla preservation 94 Osseous coagulum 89 Osteopontin 92 Peri-implant 96

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 202 203

Plasma Rich in Grown Positioned flap 101 Primitive bone 103 Recipient site 107 Resorbable blast Factors (PRGF) 99 Posterior lateral nasal artery 101 Probing depth 103 Recombinant human media (RBM) 109 Q Plasma spray 99 Posterior superior Processing analog 103 bone morphogenetic Resorbable membrane 109 Plaster of Paris 99 alveolar artery 101 Profiler (bone) 103 Quality of Life 105 protein (rhBMP) 107 Resorption 109 Platelet-derived growth Posterior superior Profilometer 103 Quality of Life Index 105 Record 107 Restoration 109 factors (PDGF) 99 alveolar nerve 101 Progenitor cell 104 Record base 107 Restorative dentistry 109 Platelet gel 99 Postoperative maxillary Progressive loading 104 Re-entry 107 Restorative platform 109 Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) 99 sinus cyst 102 Progressive maxillary Regenerate 107 Retaining screw 109 Platelet-rich gel 99 Pre-angled abutment 102 sinus hypoplasia 104 R Regenerate maturation 107 Rethreading 109 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) 100 Prednisolone 102 Prophylaxis 104 Regeneration 107 Retrievability 109 Radiographic guide 105 Platform 100 Prednisone 102 Proprioception. 104 Regional acceleratory Retrograde peri-implantitis 109 Radiographic marker 105 Platform edge 100 Preemptive analgesia 102 Prospective study 104 phenomenon (RAP) 107 Retromolar implant 109 Radiographic template 105 Platform shifting 100 Prefabricated abutment 102 Prosthesis 104 Registration 107 Retrospective study 110 Radionecrosis 105 Platform swapping 100 Prefabricated cylinder 102 Prosthetic platform 104 Rejection 108 Reverse torque test (RTT) 110 Radiopaque 105 Platform switching 100 Preliminary cast 102 Prosthetic retaining screw 104 Releasing incision 108 Reverse torque value 110 Radiopaque marker 106 Pneumatization 100 Preload 102 Prosthetic screw 104 Remodeling (bone) 108 Revolutions per Ramus frame implant 106 Polished surface 100 Premachined margin 102 Prosthetic space 104 Remount index 108 minute (Rpm) 110 Ramus graft 106 Polishing cap 100 Prepable abutment 102 Prosthetic table 104 Remount record 108 Ridge 110 Ramus implant 106 Polyglactin 100 Preprosthetic 102 Protocol 104 Removable prosthesis 108 Ridge atrophy 110 Ramus (mandibular) 106 Polyglycolic acid (PGA) 100 Preprosthetic surgery 103 Provisional abutment 104 Removal torque value (RTV) 108 Ridge augmentation 110 Random assignment 106 Polylactic acid (PLA) 101 Preprosthetic vestibuloplasty 103 Provisional implant 104 Repair 108 Ridge defect 110 Random controlled trial 106 Polymethylmethacrylate Press-fit 103 Provisional Replica 108 Ridge expansion 110 Randomization 106 (PMMA) 101 Pressure necrosis 103 prosthesis/restoration 104 Residual ridge 108 Ridge mapping 110 Range 106 Polytetrafluoroethylene Primary bone 103 Pterygoid implant 104 Residual ridge resorption 108 Ridge preservation 110 Rapid manufacturing 106 (PTFE) 101 Primary closure 103 Pullout force 105 Resin 108 Ridge resorption 110 Rapid prototyping 106 Porcelain-fused-metal Primary implant failure 103 Pulsed mode 105 Resonance frequency Ridge sounding 111 Ratchet 106 restoration 101 Primary maxillary mucocele 103 Punch technique 105 analysis (RFA) 109 Ridge splitting 111 Reactive bone 106 Porous 101 Primary stability 103 P-value 105 Resorbable 109 Rigid fixation 111 Reattachment 107 Porous surface 101 Primary union 103 Risedronate 111 Reamer 107

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 204 205

Risk assessment 111 Scar 113 Sensor (Digital X-ray) 115 Sinus pneumatization Split-ridge technique 120 Straight implant 122 Risk factor 111 Scatter 113 Scintillators 115 (maxillary) 118 Split-thickness flap 120 Strain 122 Risk indicator 111 Schneiderian membrane 113 Sensory mapping 115 Sinus septum 118 Spongy bone 120 Stress 122 Root-form implant 111 Screw 113 Septum 115 Sinusitis 118 Stability 120 Stress concentration 122 Root submergence 111 Screw fracture 113 Sequential drilling 115 Site development (implant) 118 Stabilization 120 Stress shielding 122 Root submersion 111 Screw implant 113 Sequestration 115 Site preservation 118 Stabilization pin 120 Stripped threads 122 Rotational freedom 111 Screw joint 113 Set Screw 116 Sleeper implant 118 Staged protocol 120 Stripping 123 Rotational misfit 111 Screw loosening 114 Sharpey’s fibers 116 SmartPeg 118 Stage-one surgery 120 Stud-type attachment 123 Rough surface 111 Screw preload 114 Shear stress 116 Smile line 118 Stage-two surgery 120 Subantral augmentation 123 Round bur 112 Screw-retained 114 Short implant 116 Socket 118 Staggered implant placement 120 Subcrestal implant R value 112 Screw tap 114 Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) 116 Socket graft 118 Standard abutment 120 placement 123 Screw tightening 114 Silicone 116 Socket preservation 118 Standard deviation (SD) 120 Subepithelial connective Screw-type implant 114 Simulation 116 Socket shield technique 118 Standard error (SE) 120 tissue graft (SCTG) 123 Sealing screw 114 Simultaneous placement 117 Soft tissue augmentation 118 Standard Tessellation Language Sublingual artery 123 S Seating surface 114 Single-stage implant 117 Soft tissue cast 119 or Standard Triangulation Submerged healing 123 Secondary closure 114 Single-tooth implant 117 Soft-tissue defect 119 Language (STL) 120 Submerged implant 123 Sandblasting 112 Secondary implant failure 114 Sintered 117 Soft tissue graft 119 Staple implant 121 Submerged root 123 Sandblasted, large grit, Secondary maxillary Sintered (porous) surface 117 Software-based planning 119 Static loading 121 Submergible implant 123 acid-etched implant mucocele 114 Sintering 117 Solid freeform Stem cell 121 Subnasal elevation 123 surface (SLA) 112 Secondary stability 114 Sinus 117 fabrication (SFF) 119 Stent 121 Subperiosteal implant 123 Sandwich Technique 112 Secondary union 114 Sinus augmentation 117 Solid screw 119 Stepped implant 121 Subtractive Saucerization 112 Second-stage Sinus elevation 117 SonicWeld Rx 119 Stereolithographic guide 121 Manufacturing (SM) 124 Sausage Technique 112 permucosal abutment 114 Sinus elevator 117 Sounding 119 Stereolithographic model 121 Subtracted surface 124 Scaffold 112 Second-stage surgery 114 Sinus graft 117 Spark erosion 119 Stereolithography 121 Subtraction radiography 124 Scaler 112 Segmentation 114 Sinusitis (maxillary) 117 Specialized mucosa 119 Sterile technique 121 Subtractive Scalloped implant 112 Selective Laser Sinus lift 118 Spiral cone-beam Stippling 122 surface treatment 124 Scanning abutment 113 Sintering (SLS) 115 Sinus lining 118 computed tomography 119 Stitching 122 Success criteria 124 Scan body 113 Self-tapping 115 Sinus membrane (maxillary) 118 Splinting 119 Stock abutment 122 Success rate 124 Scanographic template 113 Sensor (CBCT) 115 Sinus perforation 118 Split-crest technique 120 Straight abutment 122 Sulcular epithelium 124

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 206 207

Sulcular incision 124 Thread angle 128 Tissue punch technique 131 Transforming growth Twist drill 135 Summers Technique 124 Thread crest 128 Tissue recession 131 factor beta (TGF-ß) 133 Two-part implant 135 T Superimposition 124 Thread depth 129 Tissue-supported 131 Transitional implant 133 Two-piece abutment 135 Superstructure 124 Tack 127 Threaded implant 129 Titanium (Ti) 131 Transitional Two-piece implant 135 Suppuration 125 Tap 127 Threader 129 Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 131 prosthesis/restoration 133 Two-stage implant 135 Supracrestal Tapered implant 127 Thread flank 129 Titanium mesh 131 Transmandibular implant 133 Two-stage surgery 135 implant placement 125 Tapping 127 Threadformer 129 Titanium oxide 132 Transmucosal 133 Surface alteration 125 Teflon scaler 127 Thread lead 129 Titanium plasma Transmucosal abutment 133 Surface Teflon Tape Technique 127 Thread path 129 sprayed (TPS) 132 Transmucosal loading 133 characteristics (implant) 125 Telescopic coping 127 Thread pitch 129 Titanium reinforced 132 Transosseous implant 134 U Surface roughness 125 Template 127 Thread root 129 Tomograph 132 Transosteal implant 134 University of California at Los Surface treatment 125 Temporary abutment 127 Three-dimensional imaging 129 Tomography 132 Transport segment 134 Angeles abutment Surgical bed 125 Temporary anchorage Three-dimensional implant 129 Tomogram 132 Trauma reconstruction 134 (UCLA abutment) 136 Surgical guide 125 device (TAD) 127 Three-dimensional modeling 129 Tooth-supported Treatment plan 134 Ultrasonic bone surgery 136 Surgical indexing 125 Temporary cylinder 128 Three-dimensional printing 129 surgical guide 132 Trephine 134 Uncovery 136 Surgical navigation 125 Temporary healing cuff 128 Three-dimensional Torque 132 Trephine drill 134 Underwood cleft or septum 136 Surgical template 125 Temporary volume rendering 129 Torque controller 132 Trial-fit gauge 134 Unilateral Survival rate 125 prosthesis/restoration 128 Three-dimensional Torque driver 132 Triamcinolone 134 subperiosteal implant 136 Suture 126 Tensile stress 128 volumetric reconstruction 130 Torque gauge 133 Triangle of Bone® 134 Uninterrupted suture 136 S value 126 Tension-free flap closure 128 Tibia 130 Torque indicator 133 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 134 Unit load 136 Symphysis 126 Tenting 128 Tibial bone graft 130 Torque wrench 133 Tripodial Subperiosteal Syngeneic graft 126 Tenting screw 128 Tibial bone harvest 130 Torsion stress 133 Implant 134 Synthetic bone 126 Tent pole 128 Tissue bank 130 Torus 133 Tripodization 134 Synthetic graft 126 Test group 128 Tissue-borne 130 Trabecular bone 133 Try-in screw 135 V System (implant) 126 Textured surface 128 Tissue Conditioner 130 Transepithelial 133 T-test 135 Systematic review 126 Texturing 128 Tissue conditioning 130 Transfer coping 133 Tuberosity 135 Valsalva maneuver 136 Thick flat periodontium 128 Tissue engineering 131 Transfer Tunnel Technique 135 Variance 136 Thin scalloped periodontium 128 Tissue-integrated prosthesis 131 (implant) impression 133 Turned surface 135 Vascular endothelial Thread 128 Tissue punch 131 Turnover (bone) 135 growth factors (VEGF) 136

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 208

Vascularization 137 Vascular supply 137 W Z Veneer 137 Vent 137 Waxing sleeve 139 Zirconia 141 Verification cast 137 Wax-up 139 Zirconia abutment 141 Verification index 137 Wicking (effect) 139 Zirconium (Zr) 141

Verification jig 137 Wolff’s Law 139 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) 141 Vertical dimension 137 Wound 139 Zoledronate 141 Vertical dimension Wound closure 140 Zygomatic implant 141 of occlusion (VDO) 137 Wound dehiscence 140 Zygomatic guide 141 Vertical incision 137 Wound healing 140 Vertical mattress suture 137 Woven bone 140 Vestibular 138 Wrench 140 Vestibular incision 138 Vestibule 138 Vestibuloplasty 138 Virtual articulator 138 X Virtual reality (VR) 138 Xenograft 140 Virtual Surgical Planning 138 X-ray (Dental) 140 Virtual tooth/teeth 138 VISTA 138 Vital bone content 139 Vitreous carbon 139 Y Volkmann’s canal 139 Voxel 139 Young’s modulus 140

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III 210

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III