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Fish Versus Power: an Environmental History of the Fraser River

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Fish Versus Power: an Environmental History of the Fraser River P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Fish versus Power Fish versus Power is an environmental history of the Fraser River (British Columbia) and the attempts to dam it for power and to de- fend it for salmon. Amid contemporary debates over large dam de- velopment and declines in fisheries, this book offers a case study of a river basin where development decisions did not ultimately dam the river, but rather conserved its salmon. Although the case is local, its implications are global as Evenden explores the transnational forces that shaped the river, the changing knowledge and prac- tices of science, and the role of environmental change in shaping environmental debate. The Fraser is the world’s most productive salmon river; it is also a large river with enormous waterpower potential. Very few rivers in the developed world have remained undammed. On the Fraser, however, fish – not dams – triumphed, and this book seeks to explain why. Matthew D. Evenden is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia, where he teaches courses in environmental history, the historical geography of Canada, and world historical geography. He has published nu- merous articles in journals, including the Canadian Historical Re- view and Journal of Historical Geography. i P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 ii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Studies in Environment and History Editors Donald Worster, University of Kansas J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University Donald Worster Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas Kenneth F. Kiple The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History Alfred W. Crosby Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900, 2nd Edition Arthur F. McEvoy The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850–1980 Robert Harms Games Against Nature: An Eco-Cultural History of the Nunu of Equatorial Africa Warren Dean Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History Samuel P. Hays Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 Donald Worster The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History Michael Williams Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography Timothy Silver A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in the South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800 Theodore Steinberg Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England J. R. McNeill The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: An Environmental History Elinor G. K. Melville A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico Richard H. Grove Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 Mark Elvin and Tsui’jung Liu Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History Robert B. Marks Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China Thomas Dunlap Nature and the English Diaspora Andrew C. Isenberg The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History Edmund Russell War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring Judith Shapiro Mao’s War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Adam Rome The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism Nancy J. Jacobs Environment, Power, and Injustice: A South African History iii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 iv P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Fish versus Power An Environmental History of the Fraser River Matthew D. Evenden University of British Columbia v cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521830997 © Matthew D. Evenden 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 978-0-511-21032-7 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-21388-3 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-83099-7 hardback isbn-10 0-521-83099-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 To my parents and Kirsty vii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 viii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Contents List of Tables, Figures, Photographs, and Maps page ix List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. “A Rock of Disappointment” 19 2. Damming the Tributaries 53 3. Remaking Hells Gate 84 4. Pent-Up Energy 119 5. The Power of Aluminum 149 6. Fish versus Power 179 7. The Politics of Science 231 Conclusion 267 Bibliography 277 Index 299 ix P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 x P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Tables, Figures, Photographs, and Maps Tables 1. Fraser River Sockeye Catches on the Big-Year Cycle, 1901–33 page 46 2. Central Station Groups, 1942 126 3. Comparative Electrical Costs and Domestic Consumption for Systems of Equal Size in BC and Ontario, 1942 127 4. The Growth of Fish–Power Fisheries Research Measured by Project Starts 245 5. Research Institutions and Cooperative Projects 246 Figures 1. BCER mainland power production (in kilowatt hours), 1905–28 65 2. “Fish Travel Modern Highway” 114 3. “The Future Fraser River” 187 Photographs 1. Hells Gate, ca. 1867 22 2. “Rockslide, Fraser River at Hells Gate” 27 3. Sockeye Salmon in Spuzzum Creek, August 1913 29 4. Clearing the Gate, 1914 33 xi P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 xii Tables, Figures, Photographs, and Maps 5. Opening of the tunnel connecting Coquitlam and Buntzen Lakes 61 6. Dr. William Ricker at Hells Gate, 1938 85 7. Tagged sockeye salmon from the Hells Gate investigations 92 Maps 1. Fraser Basin and British Columbia 6 2. Hells Gate and the landslides 25 3. The Fraser Canyon, ca. 1916 26 4. Lower-basin dam projects 57 5. Flooding in the Fraser Valley, 1948 143 6. The Alcan project 171 7. The Columbia River projects 181 8. Transmission networks in BC, 1958 190 9. Fraser Basin Board power site investigations, 1958 224 P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Abbreviations Alcan Aluminum Company of Canada BC British Columbia BCER British Columbia Electric Railway Company BCPC British Columbia Power Commission BPA Bonneville Power Administration CCF Canadian Commonwealth Federation CNR Canadian Northern Railway CPR Canadian Pacific Railway FRBC Fisheries Research Board of Canada IDA Industrial Development Act IPSFC International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission IJC International Joint Commission IWA International Woodworkers of America MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly MP Member of Parliament PUC Public Utilities Commission REA Rural Electrification Administration REC Rural Electrification Committee TVA Tennessee Valley Authority UBC University of British Columbia UFAWU United Fishermen and Allied Workers Union UW University of Washington VMAD virgin mean annual discharge WCPC Western Canada Power Company xiii P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 xiv P1: FCH/SPH P2: FCH/SPH QC: FCH/SPH T1: FCH CB647-FM CB647-Evenden-v1 January 29, 2004 18:59 Acknowledgments It gives me great pleasure to thank the individuals and institutions who helped to bring this book to completion. As a graduate stu- dent I received assistance from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Doctoral Fellowships program, the Canadian Forest Service Graduate Supplement initiative, and York Univer- sity, including the President’s Scholarship and the Ramsay Cook Scholarship. At the University of British Columbia, several small Hampton grants, and funds from the dean of arts and my depart- ment, have assisted me in my research. I gratefully acknowledge permission to use materials previously published in the Journal of Historical Geography (Elsevier) and BC Studies, in Chapters 1 and 3, respectively. I also thank the Pacific Newspaper Group, the Pa- cific Salmon Commission, and the BC Archives for permission to republish photographs and images. I have made every reasonable effort to determine the copyright holders of the photographs and images. If any person has information on the rightful copyright holders, I would be pleased to hear from them. This book has been written with the support of numerous teach- ers, colleagues, and friends.
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