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ISSN 1538-2834 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY A Collection of Papers from the Journal of Northwest Anthropology Associated with Traditional Indigenous Resources Part 2: Aquatic Spring 2011 Electronic Edition JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES EDITORS Roderick Sprague Darby C. Stapp Deward E. Walker, Jr. South Fork Press Richland, WA University of Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. Melvin Aikens (University of Oregon), Haruo Aoki (University of California), Virginia Bevert (Yakama Tribe), Don E. Dumond (University of Oregon), Don D. Fowler (University of Nevada), Raymond D. Fogelson (University of Chicago), Rodney Frey (University of Idaho), Ronald Halfmoon (Lapwai), Tom F. S. McFeat (University of Toronto), and Jay Miller (Lushootseed Research). Julia G. Longenecker Operations Manager Kara N. Powers Editorial Assistant Diana C. Stapp Editorial Assistant Composed by South Fork Press, Moscow; Printed by Copy Court, Moscow; Bound by Arts & Crafts, Oakesdale. Missing issue claim limit 18 months. For back issues and catalogue of prices contact Coyote Press, P O Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912. <http://www.californiaprehistory.com>. POLICY Journal of Northwest Anthropology, published semiannually by NARN, Inc. a non-profit organization in Richland, Washington, is a refereed journal and welcomes contributions of professional quality dealing with anthropological research in northwestern North America. Regular issues are published semiannually with additional memoirs issued as funds are available. Theoretical and interpretive studies and bibliographic works are preferred, although highly descriptive studies will be considered if they are theoretically significant. The primary criterion guiding selection of papers will be how much new research they can be expected to stimulate or facilitate. SUBSCRIPTIONS The subscription price is $40.00 U.S. per annum for individuals and small firms, payable in advance, $60.00 for institutional subscriptions, and $30.00 for students with proof of student status. Remittance should be made payable to JONA. Subscriptions, manuscripts, change of address, and all other correspondence should be addressed to: Darby C. Stapp J O N A telephone (509) 554-0441 P.O. Box 1721 e-mail [email protected] Richland, WA 99352-1721 website northwestanthropology.com MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts can be submitted in double-spaced typescript on 8½ x 11 in. paper; an electronic file in Microsoft Word sent via e-mail or on a CD is preferred. An abstract will accompany each manuscript. Footnotes will be avoided and if used at all will be assembled at the end of the text. Questions of reference and style can be answered by referring to the style guide found on the website or to Journal of Northwest Anthropology, 37(1):101-130. Other problems of style can be normally solved through reference to The Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, 14th edition (1993). All illustrative materials (drawings, maps, diagrams, charts, and plates) will be designated “Figures” in a single, numbered series and will not exceed 6 x 9 inches. All tabular material will be part of a separately numbered series of “Tables.” Authors will receive one free reprint of articles, Memoirs, or full-issue monographs. Additional reprints may be produced by the author, however they must be exact duplicates of the original and are not to be sold for profit. © by NARN Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences–Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 CONTENTS* 1. Toward the Identification of Lampreys (Lampetra Spp.) in Archaeological ........................... 1 Contexts. Ross E. Smith and Virginia R. Butler. 2008. Volume 42(2):131–142. 2. Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Pacific Lamprey (Etnosphenus Tridentatus) ................. 13 in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington from Indigenous Peoples of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. David A. Close, Aaron D. Jackson, Brian P. Conner, and Hiram W. Li. 2004. Volume 38(2):141–162. 3. Implications of an Experimental Freshwater Shrimp Harvest ................................................. 35 Mark G. Plew and Jay Weaver. 2001. Volume 35(1):21–26. 4. The Ethnohistory and Archaeology of Shellfish Utilization in Puget Sound ........................... 41 William R. Belcher. 1998. Volume 32(2):133–162. 5. No Bones About It: The Effects of Cooking and Human Digestion on Salmon Bones .......... 71 Christopher Jordan. 1997. Volume 31(1/2):1–4. 6. The Archaeology of Straits Salish Reef Netting: Past and Future Research Strategies ......... 75 N. Alexander Easton. 1990. Volume 24(2):161–177. 7. Fraser Lillooet Salmon Fishing .................................................................................................. 92 Steven Romanoff. 1985. Volume 19(2):119–160. 8. Shellfish Utilization Among the Puget Sound Salish ................................................................. 134 William R. Belcher. 1985. Volume 19(1):83–92. 9. Sahaptin Fish Classification ...................................................................................................... 144 Eugene Hunn. 1980. Volume 14(1):1–19. 10. Cultural Ecology in the Canadian Plateau: Estimates of Shuswap Indian Salmon ............... 163 Resources in Pre-Contact Times. Gary Palmer. 1978. Volume 12(1):5–8. 11. Indian Fisheries Productivity in Pre-Contact Times in the Pacific Salmon Area ................... 167 Gordon W. Hewes. 1973. Volume 7(2):133–155. * In 2002, the name of the publication changed from Northwest Anthropological Research Notes to the Journal of Northwest Anthropology. Citations for the articles should appear as follows: 1967 (Volume 1) to 2001 (Volume 35): Northwest Anthropological Research Notes. 2002 (Volume 36) to 2009 (Volume 43): Journal of Northwest Anthropology. JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 42 FALL 2008 NUMBER 2 TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF LAMPREYS (LAMPETRA SPP.) IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS Ross E. Smith and Virginia L. Butler ABSTRACT Lampreys were and continue to be an important resource for Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. Lampreys possess several skeletal structures that are regularly identified in marine mammal and bird stomach contents and fecal samples, suggesting that lamprey elements may preserve in archaeological contexts. However, their remains have not been identified in archaeological faunal samples in the Pacific Northwest. This may be due to the lack of an adequate “search image” for lamprey remains among faunal analysts and limited use of fine screen sampling. Descriptions and photographs of lamprey remains that are most likely to survive in archaeological contexts are presented to increase awareness of lamprey anatomy. Horn-like teeth located around the lamprey oral disc are the largest and most distinctive elements that may be encountered in archaeological samples. Use of standard 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) mesh will retain elements from mature adult Pacific Lampreys. Introduction Lampreys (Lampetra spp.) were and continue to be an important resource for many Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. While it is likely that this fish was utilized prior to the contact period, lamprey remains have not been identified in Pacific Northwest archaeological settings. We suggest they are an underappreciated component of prehistoric subsistence systems in the region. While lampreys lack a bony skeleton, they possess mineralized dental plates and statoliths (specialized structures similar to otoliths in teleost fishes). Such structures are robust enough to have been recovered in the fecal material and stomach contents of marine mammals and birds, suggesting they might preserve in archaeological contexts. Establishing the presence and distribution of lampreys from archaeological contexts is important for several reasons. Understanding their role in past human subsistence is of obvious value. With recent declines in lamprey populations, fishery scientists and resource managers have emphasized the need for detailed historical records regarding the distribution and abundance of lamprey populations prior to industrial fishing, introduction of alien species and 1 132 modification of Pacific Northwest river environments to inform future management decisions (Kostow 2002; Moser and Close 2003). Archaeological sites provide a repository for such data (Butler and Delacorte 2004; Gobalet 2004; Lyman and Cannon 2004). Over 30 years ago, Casteel (1972) suggested that lamprey remains may be present in western North American archaeological contexts. Why have their remains not been documented since his publication? We suggest four possible reasons: lack of knowledge of lamprey anatomy and morphology of lamprey elements, inadequate field and lab recovery methods, low presser-vation potential, and finally limited human use. This paper addresses the first two factors. Our goal is to familiarize archaeologists with the lamprey physical remains that may be encountered in the course of archaeological investigations. We also describe the appropriate sampling and identification strategies to document the occurrence of lampreys in archaeological faunal assemblages. Natural History Lampreys (family Petromyzontidae) are members of the superclass Agnatha (“jawless fishes”). They possess an elongated eel-like body form and lack jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins (Fig. 1) (Wydoski and Whitney 2003).
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