Kennewkk Man--Hackenberger chapter http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/design/kennewick/hackenberger.htm I ARCHEOLOGT _ i_THNOC_RAPHY "" _ PROGF_AM People&s ultures Kennewick Man Chapter 5 Cultural Affiliation Report Report Cultural Affiliation Study of the Kennewick Human Remains: Review of Bio-Archaeological Information Steven Hackenberger Ph.D. with contributions by Lourdes Henebry-DeLeon and Erin M. Shumate Introduction Introduction The general goals of this study are to identify, describe and summarize mortuary patterns and bid-archaeological ResearchDesign studies within the Pacific Northwest. A major purpose is to compile this information in a form that will help address the ChronologicalOutline possible cultural affiliation of Kennewick human remains with present-day Indian tribes. The specific objective is to StudiesofNortuar/ identify continuities, discontinuities, and gaps in mortuary Patterns information and bid-archaeological data for the Middle B,,_logicalAnthropology Columbia River region from 9500 BP to the early 19th irl the Pacific North'west century. inOsteologithe Pacific calStudiesNorthwest This first review section of the cultural affiliation study provides an executive summary of archaeological and Workin Progress osteological data, and previous studies. Hackenberger is the principal author of this review. Major sources and References studies are abstracted or annotated in a second section of our report. DeLeon and Shumate are the authors of the Ar,notated Bibliography majority of these summaries. When appropriate they have added tables of data that have been retyped as part of the IndextoTables annotations. Other relevant tables have been copied from original sources and included in appendices. Other IndextoAppendices appendices are comprised of lists of expert contacts; written contributions from consultants; examples of original osteological data records; and spreadsheets of recently formatted osteological data. Both the review and annotation sections are supported by an extensive set of references in the bibliography compiled for the third and final section of the study. Research Design Methods. Published and non-published books, reports, and articles were identified from existing stud es and bibliographies and interviews with consultants. Selected scholars and specialists have provided references as welt as personal v ews that aid the study. The internet and electronic mail made this practical and efficient. Given time constraints, responses to questions have not always been complete, but only a 1 of 23 DOI 10334 9/21/00 1:04 PM Kennewick Man--Hackenberger chapter http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/design/kennewicb/hackenberg er.htm few contacts have failed to respond. Interlibrary loan services have provided the majority of references we have located within a span of one or two weeks; copies of other sources were purchased through special arrangements. These major sources are cited in review and abstracted or annotated in detail. Inquiries with several museums and repositories resulted in critical information on the status of burial collections and human remains. Curators with Washington State University, University of Oregon, University of British Columbia, and Simon Fraser University have been especially helpful through electronic mail and postal services. Travel to the University of Idaho and the Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum was timely and practical. The help of gracious staff at both institutions produced valuable information on references, archival records and collections. Within this overview key archival records are described, and the locations of significant sets of human remains are noted. However, full inventory of known burial sites, and curated collections of burial artifacts and skeletal remains fall outside the scope of this study. Most of these collections have been inventoried and described as part of NAGPRA projects and reported to the National Park Service, or have been summarized by the Smithsonian Institution Office of Repatriation, National Museum of Natural History. Tribal officials and staff experts have/will be consulted on sources. Analysis: Four forms of comparative analysis are presented in this review. The first analysis orders data and sources in a temporal sequence. The second approach compares various interpretations of the relationship between culture change and mortuary practices. A third review contrasts the analytical approaches of biological anthropologists and the research emphases that have developed within the Pacific Northwest. The final analysis presents a critique of osteological studies of metric and non-metric skeletal traits within the context of the Pacific Northwest in general and the Columbia Plateau in particular. (1) A chronological outline of major burial sites and osteological data sets provides a database with which to assess mortuary practices and evaluate studies of skeletal variables. The results of this analysis indicate continuities, discontinuities, and gaps in bio-archaeological data for the Middle Columbia River region from 9500 BP to the early 19th century. (2) A historical review of literature on burial patterns provides a useful synthesis of published and non-published interpretations on the relationships of Columbia Plateau culture change and mortuary practices. A current synthesis tentatively accounts for regional variation and sex and age differences in variables such as: burial settings, mode of disposal, modification or treatment of human remains, body orientation, funerary objects. This review supplements the synthesis of mortuary studies by Schulting (1995) which includes a valuable summary of burial patterns within the northern and southern Columbia Plateau. (3) A review of the biological anthropology of Pacific Northwest peoples places focus on the preliminary nature of genetic, anthropometric, and osteological studies of populations within the Mid-Columbia Basin and related populations. Several significant case studies are summarized. Skeletal and dental evidence for pathologies and the general health and nutrition of individuals are outlined. Attention can be drawn to the unanalyzed data records and human remains that might be investigated in archives and repositories. (4) A critical review of morphological studies of crania, dentition, and post-cranial remains is relevant. Although such studies suffer from limited data, regional population comparisons may reveal continuity and/or discontinuities in regional DOI 10335 2 of 23 9/21/00 1:04 PM Kennewick Man--Hackenberger chapter http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/design/kennewick/hackenberger.htm populations. Comparative analysis of existing data sets, and reformatting records for more comprehensive analysis fall outside the scope of this study. A summary of the more preliminary and incidental reports of disease and nutritional indicators, and taphonomic observations is possible, but may be of more limited use for this study. A separate study, including northern coastal regions, should evaluate the time depth and geographic distribution of different forms of cranial modification as they might reflect social and cultural changes. Chronological Outline Key archaeological sites with burials and related osteological studies are summarized in Tables 1 through 4. These tables reflect an effort to place major sites and several distinct types of burials into probable time periods and indicate the type of skeletal data that may exist from osteological descriptions. Principal investigators are listed for burial investigations and osteological studies. Readers can look up bibliographic references, annotations, and supporting appendices. A key is also provided that cross-references to maps of general site locations illustrated in Figures 1 through 4. A question mark next to a site designation denotes an uncertain temporal assignment. Sites with multiple burial components are listed in two or more time periods. A relatively larger number of sites and burials are known from the Late Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic Periods, therefore sites are grouped by sub-regions in Tables 2 through 4. Also, some burial sites are combined by vicinity. Table 1 includes Early and Middle Period archaeological sites assigned to 2000 year m'_E_i-s. Most of these sites and/or burials can only be roughly assigned to time periods. The best known and least interrupted record of burials and human remains is found at the Marmes Rockshelter (45FR50) and adjacent open sites (Fryxell and Keel 1969, Rice 1969). However, even within the Marmes Rockshelter human remains and grave features are described according to interpolated age ranges estimated from boundaries such as Mazama ash layers (ca. 6800 years ago) and a series of radiocarbon estimates (Breschini 1975, 1979; Sheppard et al. 1987). Stratigraphic interpretations are also complicated by secondary burial or re-burial, and grave intrusions. 11000-9000 BP: Krantz (1979) describes and discusses the early, fragmentary and burned human remains from inside and outside the Marmes Rockshetter. His hypothesized taphonomic and morphological interpretations stand untested. Although presumed to represent early cremation practices by various investigators (Fryxell et al. 1968), Krantz outlines evidence he suggests fits a hypothetical scenario for cooking for the purpose of cannibalism. Although adult crania are heavily modified by fire and post-depositional forces he concludes they represent relatively broad headed individuals. Dentition may be too incomplete to infer the