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Greek Notes by Terry Cook (Pdf) Notes for the Study of hhjj kkaaiinnhh ddiiaaqqhhkkhh By: Terry Cook 1 Table of Contents Parts of Speech………………. P. 8 Nouns…………………………... P. 10 Case……………………………. P. 13 Nominative………..…….… P. 13 Genitive……..…….………. P. 16 Dative……………...……… P. 28 Accusative………………… P. 39 Prepositions…………………… P. 46 Adjectives………………….….. P. 65 Pronouns………………………. P. 78 Article…………………………... P. 96 Verbs..………………………….. P. 96 Linking Verbs……………… P. 98 Eimi………………………. P. 99 Contract Verbs……………. P. 106 mi Verbs…………………... P. 108 Voice…………………………… P. 109 Active..…………………….. P. 117 Middle……………………… P. 118 Deponent………………….. P. 120 Passive……………………. P. 124 Mood ………………………… P. 130 Indicative………………….. P. 132 Subjunctive……………….. P. 134 Optative…………………… P. 140 Imperative…………………. P. 141 Tense…………………………... P. 144 Present…………………….. P. 153 Imperfect…………………... P. 159 Future……………………… P. 162 Aorist………………………. P. 163 Perfect……………………... P. 168 Pluperfect…………………. P. 172 Infinitives………………………. P. 177 Participles……………………… P. 190 Adverbs………………………… P. 214 Conjunctions………………….. P. 219 Principle Parts………………… P. 228 Sentences and Clauses……... P. 233 Glossary…………………….…. P. 253 2 I have firmly decided to study Greek; nobody except God can prevent it. It is not a matter of personal ambition but one of understanding the most Sacred Writings. -Ulrich Zwingli The common equivalencies used in transliteration of Greek letters are as follows:1 a­ A alpha = A b­ B beta = B g­ G gamma = G d­ D delta = D e­ E epsilon = E z­ Z zeta = Z or dz h­H eta = E q­Q theta = TH i­I iota = I k­K kappa = K l­L Lambda = L m­M mu = M n­N nu = N x­X kasee (xi) = X o­O omicron = O p­P pi or pee = P r­R rho = R s,~­S sigma = S t­T tau = T u­U upsilon = U or Y f­F phi (fee) = PH c­C chi (key) = Ch y­Y psi (pcee) = PS w­W omega = W (long over it) “Language was originally spoken so that letters are but arbitrary symbols invented to represent sounds.”2 1 The first written manuscripts of the New Testament were “uncial” texts, which were written in capital letters without spaces or punctuation. For example: ETAPEINWSENEAUTONGENOMENOSUPHKOOSMECRIQANATOU = “he humbled himself and became obedient to death” (Philippians 2:8). 2 Dana and Mantey; A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament; P. 20. 3 eJn aJrch/` As will become immediately clear, what follows is built on foundational work done by many others3 and as we go along, the importance of these foundational contributions will become clear4. The purpose of this treatise is to help explain Greek grammar and syntax with an approach that is different from the usual Greek textbooks or supplements. The goal of this supplement is to clarify and reinforce the material presented in the textbooks given in the bibliography, after the students’ initial reading. Very important to the use of this guide is understanding the layout so that the user will be able to make the most of the material. The design includes hundreds of “notes” from these textbooks on all the features of New Testament Greek that I felt might be important to a 2nd year Koine Greek student whose primary interest is the ancient Greek New Testament. I have provided information on syntax and grammar, definitions5 (which appear at the end), explanations, and examples from both English and Greek- referring to the Greek New Testament when appropriate. It is my hope that when used as intended this guide will help students to gain a solid foundation upon which to understand the New Testament in its original language and that this guide might lead the student to pursue subsequent study and gain a thorough mastery of the language. Again, this guide is not intended for use as a stand-alone study guide but aims to provide the interested person a supplement to one or more of the many fine textbooks available. It is thought that this essay might be profitable for use in self-study,6 for use in the classroom, and as an independent reference tool. Remembering Man's Chief End Terry Cook Soli Deo Gloria 3 A representative listing occurs in the bibliography at the end. 4 I am a student of New Testament Greek and in no sense am I an expert. I wrote this guide during a time I was a 2nd and 3rd year Greek student in an effort to assist my own learning of NT Greek. I am aware there are deficiencies in this guide. This guide is not intended to be a student's one and only resource and used as intended this guide will be helpful as a supplement to many of the textbooks listed in the bibliography. However, this guide is best used in concert with the Dana & Mantey textbook. 5 I have found that all grammarians and users do not employ some of the terms consistently. 6 It is the rare individual who can acquire competence in ancient Greek through self-study and a textbook(s). Most people acquire proficiency with the right mix of teacher, textbook, patience and hard work. Whatever method one uses towards learning Greek, this tool may prove useful. 4 Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other. -the LORD In expressing our ideas and thoughts we use two kinds of words- spoken words and written words. Writing is a comparatively late development in the progress of mankind from caveman to the present day. No one knows when or where writing originated7 but apparently mankind has been making understandable sounds for quite some time. From those first utterances, language developed as a fundamental means of social interaction and information sharing8. Not until people wished to communicate with those at a distance, or thought they had something worth handing down to future generations, did they feel the need to commit their words to written form. So, from simple oral communication the need arose for written forms of communication. Mesopotamian writing systems have been traced to the end of the 4th millennium BC and some historians believe Chinese writing systems may predate those of the Mesopotamians by a millennium or more. As long ago as this sounds, writing is a relatively new means of communication in the history of humankind. “Ancient” Greek covers a broad range of language. The Proto-Greek9 language is the common ancestor of the Greek dialects, including the Mycenaean language, the classical Greek dialects Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and North-Western Greek, and ultimately the Koine and Modern Greek. The Greek of Plato (427 - 347 B.C.), the epitome of classical Attic10 writing style, is very different than that used by Homer (8th century B.C.). The Koine11 Greek of the New Testament is very different to that of Plato and Homer; indeed the transition to Koine is one of the most radical periods of change in the language.12 Many people whose native tongue was not Greek attempted to express themselves through the medium of the classical Attic dialect resulting in an 7 Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples can be considered precursors of writing, but are not considered writing. 8 With the advent of writing, formal rules about language usage tend to appear. 9 Proto-Greek dates from the late 3rd millennium BC. 10 The Greek language has five recognized periods. These periods are: (1) The Proto-Greek or Formative Period, to about 900 B. C.; (2) the Classical Period, 900 B. C. to about 300 B. C.; (3) the Koiné Period, ca. 300 B. C. to about 300 A. D; (4) the Byzantine Period, ca. 300 A. D. to ca. 1453 A. D.; and (5) the Modern Period, ca. 1453 A. D. to the present. This treatise shall primarily concern itself with the third period, Koiné Period, since the New Testament was written in the Koiné Greek. 11 Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, and Common; Koine dominated the Mediterranean world from about 300 BC to 300 AD. 12 During the time of Alexander (356 - 323 B.C.). 5 erosion and simplification of the language.13 This resulting form of Greek is known as the “common language” or Koine14 and is the language that the New Testament was originally written. “Koine is not simply Classical Greek on the decline”15 but was, “the vehicle of expression of all who spoke Greek in the postclassical period.”16 <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< <>< 13 Writing/speaking systems universally develop and change based on the needs of the people who use them. Over its history the changes involve vocabulary, where new words are invented, old words fall out of use, and current words pick up new meanings and lose old ones. Spellings change, pronunciation changes, even syntax and grammar change as a language evolves. Koiné Greek is a transitional form of communication: at the start of the period, the language was virtually identical to Classical Ancient Greek, whereas at the end of the period the language had more in common with Modern Greek than Ancient Greek. 14 Everything written in Koine is not identical. A reader of the Greek New Testament who finds John easy going will soon discover that 1Peter and Hebrews and even Luke’s Gospel are something quite different. There is also a difference between the Greek of Philo or Josephus and the Greek of much of the New Testament. 15 Black, D.A.; Linguistics for students of New Testament Greek; P. 162. 16 Ibid, P. 160. 6 For my part, it was Greek to me. -William Shakespeare • “When we are taught to read, first we learn by heart the names of the letters, then their shapes and their values, then, in the same way, the syllables and their effects, and finally words and their properties, by which I mean the ways they are lengthened, shortened, and scanned; and similar functions.
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