Grammatical Handbook for the Greek New Testament by Brian Lantz

Home , Adverbial genitive, Nominative absolute

Grammatical Handbook for the Greek New Testament By Brian Lantz

A Collation Treatise based upon the following grammars of the Greek NT:

A Greek Grammar by Herbert Weir Smyth: revised by Gordyon M. Messinger (S.) Moods and Tense by E.D. Burton (Br.) The Greek Particles by J.D. Denniston (D.) An Idiom-Book of the New Testament Greek by C.F.D. Moule (Mi.) Grammar of the Greek New Testament by J.H. Moulton (Mo.) A Grammar of the Greek New Testament by A.T. Robertson (R.) Beyond the Basics by Daniel B. Wallace (W.) Greek Seminars at Chafer Theological Seminary J. Niemela (N.)

A note to the User: this is a write only file for the convenience of the user to ensure its protection. The user is encouraged to use this as a study aide to bridge the great memory gap that results from the vast amount of information and basic confusion that exists between authors of various grammatical commentaries. Please feel free to amend this text , but please do not misrepresent the content of this work with editions that do not reflect the original quotations and analyses of the works cited. This will undo its benefit and create great confusion for the reader in the long run.

Thanks, Brian

An Introduction and Purpose of Study

Prioritizing Chapter Study, a logically organized approach:

1. Historical, comparative and contextual analysis must always come before the use of logic and the application of the Word to develop a contextually relevant exegesis reflective of both the spirit and letter of the passage. 2. Writers can no more adhere to a set pattern of syntax than the human mind can always express itself in a strict format. 3. Syntactic analysis must precede both translation and exegesis. Translation must also precede exegesis. 4. No translation can completely adhere to syntax observed. The English language does not facilitate the contexts of Scripture conveyed in Koine Greek. 5. Ask the appropriate questions and allow the context to answer them. 6. Derive lesson objectives in the form of propositions and relate to previous propositions.

Steps for Study:

1. Define clauses which dictate the use of cases, tenses, and even particles 2. Define cases, tenses, moods, etc. (phrases, clauses) 3. Render a reasonable translation apart from any other tradition. What does the text actually say? 4. Exegete #2 5. Derive the natural outline from your notes: underline it. 6. Derive propositions, lesson objectives

Principles of Syntactic Analysis:

1. Examine the action of the main verb of the sentence before you examine anything else in the sentence. All other elements of the sentence evolve about the concept of the main verb as it relates to the subject of the sentence. 2. The analysis of case and tense should compliment each other to form a picture, an overall development. Where the developments are disjunctive and capricious, the analysis is inaccurate. 3. Verbalize this relationship between subject and compliment in a fashion that reflects the syntax in a group of sentences for a given praecipe. A1. Divide up the sentences into heading categories as the conjunctions permit and divide the categories further summarizing following sentences into major topics to include definitions. Thus categorization is to some degree backwards and once the body of the text is grasped, may require revisiting. This is the not only the nature of syntactical analysis, it is the nature of exegesis and it is the nature of theology itself. The more you learn, the better the frame of reference you have to perceive the text in greater detail and understanding. The perversion of this process is to be constantly reinventing the theological wheel, rather than building the chassis and installing an engine. If this is the communicator’s experience, his purpose has been to entertain, not teach the word of God. He has set aside Christ as his foundation.

The Great Apostle Paul’s experience is completely opposite to his reading audience. He observed supernatural events first hand almost immediately after salvation to include the mystery doctrine of the Church, theretofore unknown. But we can only read about something that happened 2000 years ago. The apostle spends the remainder of his lifetime unlearning the evil and religion to which he was so enslaved as Saul of Tarsus, suffering the most horrific persecutions from the same and very probably his previous associates. But the great equalizer is the Holy Spirit teaching our human spirit in the privacy of our own souls. For ultimately, apart from faith, none can please God. But this perspective effects lexical and syntactic analysis and translation, as well as exegesis. This perspective is very much a part of Isogogics.

Rules of Homiletics: 1. To introduce and clearly state a doctrinal principle, in short predicate sentences, as demonstrated in the epistles of John. This is a very ancient propositional form employed in Jewish evangelism throughout an otherwise barbaric illiterate world. “behold the Lamb of God that takes away the sin of the world’ 2. Pace yourself so as to think at least a paragraph ahead of your mouth and be prepared to repeat. 3. Stay away from words which generalize relationships and dilute your explanation - no shortcuts 4. Stick with the natural outline of your original exegesis. 5. It may be necessary to write the outline out as you teach, but not always- use an out line to clarify and keep the suspense down. Don’t use an outline for purposes of repetition or routinely. 6. When introducing a doctrine or passage, define their necessity. Illustrate the circumstances wherein humanity finds itself. Define the necessity of a born again soul to understand such doctrines. 7. Understand that the direction your notes take you will be the direction the Holy Spirit takes you if you were spirit filled while you studied. Certainly there are always amendments. In fact, the more one verbalizes a concept, the more other information and relationships come into play. There one must quickly distinguish between explanation and rabbit trails. But we are commanded to ‘do everything decently and in order’. Stay disciplined and do no harm!

Principles of Exegesis:

The OT illustrates the NT:

NAB 2 Timothy 3:16 All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness;

On the other hand, the Apostle Paul’s ministry regards the mystery doctrine of this congregation never revealed before 1 Corinthians 2.7, Ephesians 3.3.

The Comos exists to mix truth with error. And the Scriptures contrast the two. Much of the Bible is addressed to disobedient sons who range between simply confusing the two vs perversely declaring the one to be the other. And in the case of ‘the mystery’, even after two thousand years throughout which time we have had the completed Canon of Scripture, it’s still a mystery!

(GRAMMAR TO FOLLOW)

CASE USAGE

I. Nominative e exclamation a subject b predicate c appellation d independent

II Vocative (as it stands) 3. content I Genitive of: f reference a attribute a subjective b descriptive b objective c possession c partative d relationship d absolute e adverbial genitive of : IV Ablative of: 1. time a separation 2. place b source c means d comparison e agencyV

DaDative of: a direct object b indirect object (reception) c advantage or disadvantage d possession e reference/respect f cognate (after certain verbs)

VI Locative a place b time c position d sphere with nouns, verbs, and adjectives VII Instrumental a association b means c cause d manner e measure or degree of difference f agency VIII Accusative a. direct object b. adverbial 1. measure 2. manner 3. reference c cognate a double acc. with: 1. an object 2. a predicate e absolutes a oaths b predicate

The Subject of the Sentence Is found in the form of:

I. The Simple Noun in Apposition a may be found with any case and used in any number b the apposition occurs with subject or predicate

II. Case Classification a Syncretism: though several possible meanings of the same form may be sensible, the possible uses of different case, e.g. dative and instrumental, only accentuate the blending of meanings. A single form may be pregnant with different elements of case usage, particularly in theological contexts.

For example

David spoke concerning him, I saw the Lord continually before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved:

GNT Acts 2:25 Daui.d ga.r le,gei eivj auvto,n( Proorw,mhn to.n ku,rion evnw,pio,n mou dia. panto,j( o[ti evk dexiw/n mou, evstin i[na mh. saleuqw/Å

The preposition may denote ablative of source, agency to describe the basis for the actions he regards as appropriate and right or an adverbial genitive’ of place, translated “from my right hand” connoting where David put the Lord.

Be careful, however, prepositions make case usage specific and verbs definitive and emphatic.

I. The Sentence defined:  language is the medium of thinking and thought transfer hence sentence clarity means thought clarity. Thus completeness of thought defines the sentence, not necessarily grammar. A sentence may be one word or it may be an entire paragraph.

 a sentence must be composed of a subject (real/implied) and a predicate verb or noun (real/implied)  One member sentences: exclamations/ commands (imperative mood)   elliptical sentences: o with subject /predicate implied as in the use of Jms 5.1; ea Lk 4.34, idou Rv14.14, ide Jn 1.2 ouai Rv/8.13 which interjections may be used alone or with other words a. John 11.27 is two sentences : nai kuree which has an understood subject of nai and an understood predicate “believe you"or “yes, I believe you”. Kurios is vocative, not dative and therefore constitutes another complete thought of exclamation; thus they constitute 2 sentences which are elliptical b. Only in the predicate, the subject is stated in koine for reasons of clearness, emphasis or contrast, otherwise the subject is defined from context and the verb form. The subject is most frequently pronominal . 1. sometimes the subject can only be found in a verb ICor 15.52 Mt 22.30. This is common with the causative indicative (Hebraism) 2. the plural is common to the indefinite subject “one/they” e.g. fhesin they say 3. this is a rhetorical /general plural 4. the subject may be an entire previous /following statement 2 Cor 12.1, 1Pt 2.6, an infinitive Act 21.35 common to anebh/sunebh w/o or w/ the definite article o egeneto kai has a subject of a clause in apposition w/ an understood pronoun used also w/ other impersonal verbs and ina/ oti clauses o the partative genitive w/o polloi or tinej / other implies the subject of the verb or the abl. + ek c. Only the Subject, the predicate may be impllied from previous context, but alluded to in a pronoun 1. the predicate may be implied as an affirmative after negatives followed by an adversative conjunction I Cor 7.19; h` peritomh. ouvde,n evstin kai. h` avkrobusti,a ouvde,n evstin( avlla. th,rhsij evntolw/n qeou/ [panta estin] 2. Mrk 12.5 the verb must be supplied from the two participles 3. ei de me ( me ge) also imply a verb always which is generally previously stated Lk 10.6; 13.9 ou monon de Ro 9.10 4. understood verbs of eipen and eimi are common 5. appropriate verbs may also be supplied when left out for emphasis in the case of sentences w/o verbs Ro 5.18 apobainw ; Gal 2.9 6. legei can be supplied in the case of ellipsis where the subject explains or states itself (e.g. II Pt 2.22); where more than the one verb stated is necessary to fulfill the thought; ellipsis also occurs when a demonstrative pronoun is left implied and at times have the same case as a stated relative. e. The Predicate Sentences with copula verbs: 1 - eimi, ginomai kaqistamai esthka fainomai uparxw are considered copula between the nominative of subject and the nominative predicate (a nominal sentence). (See Colwell rule also) ; the pronoun, proper name, articular noun, is always a subset of the noun; this is not true for adjectives. These may be definite, indefinite or qualitative as in: O logoj Qeoj (the word was divine, not belonging to any set of individuals as per the definite article.) Often times, convertible sentences may be either anarthrous in both the subject and predicate or articular. Pas is not conclusive (see usages below) (N.)

f. Clauses: Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis : Parataxis is the coordination of two dependent clauses . Hypotactic construction is a relative clause subordinate to the main verb of the principle clause such as an object clause or descriptive phrase. In hypotatic correlative and comparative construction this is a much closer construction where there may be agreement in case as well as number and gender. This is a matter of degrees of difference, but the relative force came after independent construction where the pronoun was a mere repetition of the subject. This difference seems to be clear where the clause of the pronoun has more than one verb.

R. 951 the paratactic conjunctions were first on the field. Popular speech has always had a fondness for parataxis . In modern Greek vernacular, the propensity for parataxis has considerably reduced the ancient Greek wealth of dependent constructions. S. 952 the normal sentence that is complete has subject, predicate, object. Each of these may receive further amplification. The predicate may have a substantive. This substantive may be described by an adjective. An adverb may be used with predicate, adjective or substantive. Thus in the subject predicate sentence (S/PN) the sentence is built up around the predicate. In the same way each subordinate sentence is either a substantive (subject or object like an hoti clause), an adjective like wstij or an adverb like hopou. N. The predicate sentence employing a predicate adjective is not a set subset relationship. It becomes strictly descriptive.

(observation: as a reflection of spontaneity of thought, though the m.v. is central to the sentence, the question may arise whether the writer is focused upon building the predicate around the subject vs.: (R.) 953 “the relative force arises where oj connects and compliments’ (Br.) no change of mode usage between principle and relative clause i. Indirect relative clause (strictly descriptive relationships, not set-subset): w/ ostij an// ean oj d an “whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness Mat 3:29 whoever drinks of water that I will give him will never thirst again; temporal clauses indicate a future contingency to the main verb “Blessed are you whenever they revile you”

ii. Relative clauses may be with the indicative adjectival: restrictive or explanatory (defining) causal: grounds for assertion of the main clause concessive: (the indicative tks ou) on the part or the listener or speaker (not found w/ subject except Hb 8.11) simple condition: indicated by an indefinite relative pronoun found in reference to some indefinite word or generic term (takes ou, occasionally mh) Br.289-300 other conditionals include: (Br. 289-300) "the relative doesn’t occur with contrary to fact conditions. Other conditionals include : Simple present or past particular supposition indicated by any form of the main verb in the principle clauses and the past or present indicative in the relative clause. Future supposition of more probability is indicated by any form of the main verb in principle clause referring to future time. The relative clause takes the subjunctive + an also ean. The subj. w/o an may also refer to future time, though rare. The present or future indicative w/ or w/o an may also be used in this manner.

a. other conditionals include:

1. simple present or past particular as in the future supposition of less probability indicated by the optative + an (or without); the subjunctive 2. present general of supposition: principle clasue is the present indicative. The relative uses the imperfect or aorist indicative + an 3. purpose clause of the finite verb: a. that for which a person /thing is fitted b. takes the subject or future indicative

II. Word order of importance

the main verb, as a rule, is the most important element of the sentence. The root meaning of the stem is where all examination must begin. The main verb links the subject with the context and is modified by all parts of the sentence:

where there is no subject, the subject Circumstantial infinite-infinitive used participle: time, Prepositional phrase more manner, means, etc. of Main verb is modified clearly defines or how the action of the by the following: intensifies meaning

m.v. took place

a. sometimes words are brought sharply together for contrast which is primarily rhetorical, the word order hinges entirely on the spontaneity of the author’s thinking, regardless. Particles, not a set, of rules determine this order and overall progression of thought. b. The spirit of the message is most defined by word order: 1. emphasis comes at the beginning and the end of the sentence 2. the sequence of the writer’s thought determines both the context, as to the development of the subject, and determines the progression of the theological concept. 3. minor words generally are located near other words they directly relate to within a sentence. Otherwise post positive position within a phrase gives added attention to the phrase as a whole. Genitives together yield sharp contrasts to be considered as a whole. 4. minor words such as enclitics and pronouns not found with anarthrous adjectives and nouns have minor significance and emphasis. 5. terminology may be set off by the unexpected phraseology 6. Prolepsis: has a parenthetical quality to a following statement that might raise questions of debate 2 Corinthians 2:4 evk ga.r pollh/j qli,yewj kai. sunoch/j kardi,aj e;graya u`mi/n dia. pollw/n dakru,wn( ouvc i[na luphqh/te avlla. th.n avga,phn i[na gnw/te h]n e;cw perissote,rwj eivj u`ma/jÅ proplepsis (df) is the placement of a word out of a subordination and before the conjunction which introduces the clause (2 Cor 2.4) This substantive may also serve as an object of a previous verb as well as the subject of a following clause Lk 19.3

kai. evzh,tei ivdei/n to.n VIhsou/n ti,j evstin kai. ouvk hvdu,nato avpo. tou/ o;clou( o[ti th/| h`liki,a| mikro.j h’ nÅ

Here a relative pronoun for emphasis Ro 9.19,20 Romans 9:19,20 VErei/j moi ou’ n( Ti, Îou’ nÐ e;ti me,mfetaiÈ tw/| ga.r boulh,mati auvtou/ ti,j avnqe,sthkenÈ w’ a;nqrwpe( menou/nge su. ti,j ei’ o` avntapokrino,menoj tw/| qew/|È mh. evrei/ to. pla,sma tw/| pla,santi( Ti, me evpoi,hsaj ou[twjÈ

7- Hyperbaton (df) adverbs in an unexpected order. Be careful of the negative (hy p`er ba ton) of the negative adverbs which are out of place, they may imply something abstruse. Used in a fortiori logic, translated , “it is far more likely that”

Romans 5:17 For if by the transgression of the one, death reigned through the one, much more those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness will reign in life through the One, Jesus Christ.

GNT Romans 5:17 eiv ga.r tw/| tou/ e`no.j paraptw,mati o` qa,natoj evbasi,leusen dia. tou/ e`no,j( pollw /| ma/llon oi` th.n perissei,an th/j ca,ritoj kai. th/j dwrea/j th/j dikaiosu,nhj lamba,nontej evn zwh/| basileu,sousin dia. tou/ e`no.j VIhsou/ Cristou/Å

8. The attributive relationship of substantives: a noun that serves substantively as an attribute may be in juxtaposition to a noun and said to be in apposition to it. If it follows, the noun must be articular a proper name preceding the substantive requires a definite article a proper name in the initial position does not require the article a substantive is apposition with a personal prn does not require the da

III. Noun Number: M. (2) - generic, distributive and idiomatic sense 1. the singular may be used generically pertaining to a class: o_ Ioudaiaoj , o asqheneia, to ponera, to agathon ergon or pertain to a collective singular I J 3.10; Gal 5.19; collective substantives take the singular e.g. oikia ocloj, plhqoj, laoj ; see expansion of the predicate 2. uncommonly, the singular refers to something pertaining to or belonging to a group to swma umwn 3. the plural may pertain to one person, hebraism: aiwnej (world, ages, eternity): Here the class is stressed rather than number. But only the singular does the action in Greek, which never is used to stress group action e.g. Mt 2.23 polloi ocloi means no more than polluj ocluj 4. the plural for abstract subjects: pluralis poeticus, or it may mean all cases of I Peter 2.1 Apoqe,menoi ou’ n pa/san kaki,an kai. pa,nta do,lon kai. u`pokri,seij kai. fqo,nouj kai. pa,saj katalalia,j(

IV. Pluralis Sociativus: Letter - writer’s plural : frequent w/ personal or possessive pronoun but mainly in the case of Paul where he appears to be writing on behalf of a group. This is W.’ exclusive “we”

The Nature of Abstract Verbs and Nouns:

This form of vocabulary is largely conceptual, combining many ideas into a single concept referred to by one word. One idea may be emphasized over others in any give context, but they must all be considered for lucid understanding of the concept. E.g. Pistis is commonly found both with and without the da. Regardless it not only represents but conceives of a concept that regards both a means of perception of the soul and its object. The object is also abstract (whether historical or future) or merely an ideal. The object has not been observed physically and at the time of speaking such a concept cannot be perceived in any other manner.

The Pronoun

The Indefinite Relative: ostij fades in distinctive usage to oj which remains the same. Oj an is also indefinite relative. Tij an anything whatever

Demonstrative Pronoun: touto estin is used w/o regard to # or gender Immediate demonstrative vs. the remote : to the writer’ thinking definite article + men or de has demonstrative force “those” in the use of contrast clauses o[de hde to,de also used 10x in the New Testament in Luke’s writings: the indefinite pronoun is used w/ demonstrative force used mostly with attributive force in the New Testament , but in the Ptolomy papyri , used predicately (sometimes the definite article is omitted in that it belongs to the noun)

Intensive Pronoun: attributive position : “the same” predicate position: “the man himself” intensive to the subject of the sentence also found with the personal pronoun in the predicate position autoj egw : not reflexive as in the plural demonstrative use as found in Luke

Possessive Pronoun Attributive Use Genitive of personal possession Definite article as clarified by context only “stretch out your hand” idioj possession is emphatic (also reflexive): private (must be distinguished )

Reflexive Pronoun “do yourself no harm” a. eautwn is used for all 3 persons for the plural

 Reciprocal allhlouj regular reciprocal reflexive middle voice

 Interrogative Pronoun interrogative use: “what” adverbial use: “why” exclamatory: kai ti “and how” relative: “what”, not interrogative

ALLOS ETEROS attributive commonly: eteroj indicates division into “another” kind whereas alloj is another of the same kind. But alloj may usurp eteroj

Indefinite Relative pronoun (enclitic) pronominal Use : transl. “ anything”, “something” adjectival use: “a certain”, before a noun emphatic use: w/ contextual emphasis on the subject “those/ certain” men numerical : attributive transl. “some” , “approximately”, “a certain pair” “so to speak” cf. quidam e. ei’ j serves as a substitute for tij more likely semitic on rare occasions - it is post positive Alternative usage: in alternative expressions “tinej … tinej” . M. p.199 anarthrous paj :every”, “any” , “all”, “the whole of” ; articular: “the whole” ; ou paj / paj ou cf. Semitic lk … al al … lk extreme harshness is mitigated with alla S

The Article

(W.209) Before the article defines and it may conceptualize into a noun. It may distinguish within a class or it can make unique,

R. 761 qeoj is a proper name used with or w/o the definite article indicating nothing about essence. Moulton: the difficulty of the definite article is to account for its absence from concrete nouns and its presence w/ abstract nouns. It is used to denote: a. individuals or a particular object b. previous reference in the same context (anaphoric) translated “that” to context/ person’s thinking that one knows so well c. abstract nouns : for distinctness th cariti Eph 2.8 d. proper name: w/o the definite article is explanatory emphasizing the name as a designation and not identity of the one named. The emphasis of the definite article is therefore on identity rather than designation of an object

e. Generic use: designate class out from other classes - common with the plural f w/ pronouns: o paj “the whole” (W.253 Does not require the da. In which case the adjective has a generic force) oloj anqrwpoj “a whole man” John 7:23 “I made a whole man well” paj o “all the ” oi pantej “all” (more collective than) pantej oi “all” g. with any part of speech, the definite article emphasizes identity, however, the article derives its meaning from other entities, not the reverse. h. O men O de the article is demonstrative ( in this case ... in that case), or this group...that group (pl. Some... others) therefore a participle which immediately follows is circumstantial, not substantive to the main verb which subject the article is defined by. In effect the article serves more as an adjective modifier. More important than a grammatical balancing act is the contrast and comparisons and distinctions to be drawn. i. the kataphoric use of the definite article underlines the defining nature lending concreteness: to uper cristw thus inexpressible in English, kataphorosis quantifies an adverbial phrase , particles (nai ouai ou ), finite verbs (Rev 1.4) j. The second attributive position: (Hack Chin Kim) is translating the adjective in an emphatic fashion “the dog, I mean the red dog”: thus more emphatic than the regular attributive position) k. Used in concert with a possessive pronoun, it may be translated “ own” , e.g. “ stretching out his (own) hand” Mark 1:41; Ro 5.9 having been justified by his (own) blood, to emphasize the pronoun peculiar to the individual.

l. Apollonius’ Canon : the head noun and genitive noun mimicked each other with regard to articularity. Rarely did they go their own separate ways. If one employed the article, so did the other. IF both lack the article, they may still be definite. m. Monadic nouns may be made so with adjectives apart from the article (Holy Spirit, Heavenly Father)

n. Colwell’s Rule: “Definite predicate nouns which precede the verb usually lack the article ... a predicate nominative which precedes the verb cannot be translated as an indefinite or ‘qualitative’ noun solely because of the absence of the article; if the context suggests that the predicate is definite, it should be translated as a definite noun. - due to a methodological error, no examining the indefinite p/n but making assertions about them, his assertions are faulty to the point later where he asserts the converse “all indefinite p/ns preceding the verb are “normally” definite. -Harner: describes most the indefinite nouns to be “qualitative’, however he describes them as 20% “definite” complaining that the “older” scholars drew no distinctions between “qualitative” and “indefinite”. (well neither has he by the percentage assertion)

W. believes that the preverbal p/n is qualitative bordering upon definite and the post verbal is indefinite. Whereas a finitive p/n present a convertible proposition, a qualitative or indefinite one is not.  the focus of an indefinite noun is on the member of the class whereas the focus of a qualitative noun is on the attributes of the class John 4:19: legei autw h gunh Kurie qewrw oti profhths ei su

o. Granville-Sharp Rule: multiple nouns, adjectives or particles refer to the previous articular noun if they are : personal, singular and not proper names. However the construction exists outside these requirements and should be considered outside the rule in some cases presenting a formal title or describing not an individual, but a single group (some members within both categories ) and some within only one of the categories, or one group may be a subset of another group e.g. I Cor 5:10 “the greedy and swindlers”, Mark 2:16 “the sinners and tax collectors”. e.g. Eph 4.11 kai. auvto.j e;dwke tou.j me.n( avposto,louj( tou.j de.( profh,taj( tou.j de.( euvaggelista,j( tou.j de.( poime,naj kai. didaska,louj(

CASI :

The Nominative Case

1. Subject - the word in the nominative is commonly the subject of a finite verb, either expressed or implied. Here the verb expands upon the meaning of the subject where voice is the intimate aspect to both. i. Voice: is a matter of emphasis, the active placing the emphasis on the action, the middle placing the emphasis on the doer. Sometimes the shift is from transitivity vs. intransitivity as part of the meaning of the verb, also serving to further to define this relationship between the subject and its verb; or it may be from causative (I stop (the ball) to non causative (reflexive) (I stop (myself) a. Active: the subject is represented as merely acting or existing as defined by the verb. 1) Causative Use: this is an understood use and not related to voice. What one does through another, he does himself. This is not the Hebrew causative. There are exceptions Mt 5.45 In the middle the causative use becomes reflexive e.g. pauw (I stopped (caused to stop) him, paomai I stopped (myself) The complimentary infinitive /participle is sometimes found for this purpose but with verbal nouns, the concept acts as its own implied compliment. Cf. 1Cor 13.8 Prophecy stops prophesying, tongues stop tonguing.

o[ti to.n h[lion auvtou/ avnate,llei evpi. ponhrou.j kai. avgaqou.j kai. bre,cei evpi. dikai,ouj kai. avdi,koujÅ

(Bl, D&M, R) are often found with God as the subject. Blass: found commonly in extant literature and especially in the LXX the Hiphil and omega verbs.

2) Reflexive Use: with reflexive pronouns more actively brings out the reflexive idea than the middle (R.) voice would: (B) the active and reflexive pronoun substitute for the middle.

o Infinitives do not always reflect voice, as in the epexegetical infinitive

b . This was originally thought of as in apposition to the subject of the verb, as person is already indicated by the suffix. Subsequently, in a doctrinal dissertation, the subject can be misunderstood easily without close observance of the context. The subject must be observed carefully and never assumed. 1) Predicate sentence - the word in the nominative follows a finite verb infinitive “to be” as its predicate and is the same as the subject. Anarthrous participles also used as verbs, Ro 1. 9 with infinitives “to become” and to be called” i. there is a predicate vocative :rare J 1.38; 20.16 ii. predicate nom. used in indirect discourse with the infinitive Ro 1.22 iii. Mt 19.3, Lk 3.5 2Cor 6.18: in formal eis + akk may rplc the pred. Nom, as also found in LXX which indicates a hebraism; Blass 2) Absolute - This is commonly found in epistolary salutations, not considered an entire sentence. (anacoluthan common w/ nominative pendens / more extensive parenthesis: the word in the nominative is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence Mrk 8.2 This is a common anacoluthan Rob 416. (N.) The n/pend. introduces a thought prior to the point at which a sentence is introduced whereas a parenthetical nom. is introduced afterward.

3) Appellation - sometimes a proper name appears in the nom., even though another case would perhaps be more appropriate, (rare) e.g. w/ a preposition

4) in lieu of vocative: as the vocative came to be used less, the nominative became more frequent. J 20.28 (the plural forms are the same differing only in singularity) W. this is a substantive in a+direct address to addressees. Ro.1.13 This can have an impact of a complete sentence.

Nuances: (W.) include: There are 600 instances of the nominative for the vocative in the NT, only 60 of them are articular: i) w/ the anarthrous nominative but with w: emotional; w/o - less so w- anohtoi Galatai, tij umaj ebaskanen w/o w- : pathr dikaie, ai o kosmoj se ouk e’;gnw ii) articular: a Semitic source: a substitution of a simple noun of address as per the LXX; if not, superior address to an inferior h paij egeire caire, o Basileuj twn Ioudaiwn (thus addressing him as King but depriving Him of the title (M-M) Prolegomena 71)

5) Exclamation - sometimes the nom is used in exclamation without any grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence, interjectional,. This can have extreme parenthetical quality and very emotional. Though the verb may be implied. (R. 461) N.B. be careful of an implied copula (I Cor 15.57). But in Mrk 3.34 ide functions as an interjectional particle instead of a verb form) R 7.24 talaipwroj egw anqrwpoj R.11.33 W baqoj ploutou kai sofiaj kai gnwsewj qeou

6) Nom. in place of the vocative: as the vocative came to be used less and less , the nominative was frequently used for the vocative, common to the plurals. E.g. “brethren” is sermon specific. (How one chooses to define it (jew, gentile, believer, unbeliever) must be determined by the specificity of that sermon. Acts has multiple sermons, James and Hebrews are directed to a single group of recipients. This definition cannot “float” to suite some theological need.

7) Appositional: especially in Revelation, the nom. may appear with any other case. Rv.1.14 (also in apposition with the vocative, but N. considers the object of the preposition to be understood, not the vocative) N. These are not convertible and should be regarded as set and subset to each other.

8) Double Nominative: the predicate nominative may be in apposition with the subject occurring especially when the verb is passive, the common use of the d.n. commonly w/ verbs of saying Lk 2.21 (a specialized use of the predicate nominative.)

9) In proverbial expressions may be inappropriate for the context but is an accurate reflection of the quote.

10) Predicate nominative: forms a logical proposition that may be convertible iff the predicate is articular (or possibly a prepositional phrase that makes it definite , e.g. En arch o logoj . otherwise the subject is a subset of the predicate and is distinguishable by : a. the article b. it is a pronoun c. it is a proper name

IIII. ACCUSATIVE (der akkusatif)

The akk. is the oldest of cases where all others may be considered variations or ptosis, failings away there from. The cases varied with different verbs which they became specific to after their use in the akk. The genus meaning of the akk. is limitation. It sets the limit on a transitive verb, see Mt 24.4 for examples. Blass regards the akk. as the complement of a transitive verb. Robertson regards it as the object of a transitive verb. But D/M primarily relates to the aktionsart direction, extent, or cessation thus limiting the action as to direction & extent to which it occurs. The fundamental root meaning of the accusative is limitation to which the action of the transitive verb is true.

Prepositions, as they relate to the root meaning of the akk.: ana : to define limits in reference to the place where and distribution, as well as rate and destination (back again, up, up to) of the action of the verb. GNT Matthew 13:25 evn de. tw/| kaqeu,dein tou.j avnqrw,pouj hlqen auvtou/ o` evcqro.j kai. evpe,speiren ziza,nia avna. me,son tou/ si,tou kai. avph/lqenÅ dia : a. limits the action of the verb with reference to cause as the predominant meaning of motivation and may blend with kata + akk: “according to”, “because of” which would be translated “on the basis of’ (Lantz77)

b. coordinates agency (person) with cause : egw zw dia ton patera John 6.57; Hb 6.7 dia- ouj kai gewgetai ; note the more generalized usage of the genitive: I J 4.9 o[ti to.n ui`o.n auvtou/ to.n monogenh/ avpe,stalken o` qeo.j eivj to.n ko,smon i[na zh,swmen diV auvtou/Å

GNT 2 Corinthians 4:5 ouv ga.r e`autou.j khru,ssomen avlla. VIhsou/n Cristo.n ku,rion( e`autou.j de. dou,louj u`mw/n dia. VIhsoun.vvv/vvvvv c. clearly distinguishes between agency and cause: Mrk 2.27: GNT Mark 2:27 kai. e;legen auvtoi/j( To. sa,bbaton dia. to.n a;nqrwpon evge,neto kai. ouvc o` a;nqrwpoj dia. to. sa,bbaton\

d. (R.) agency: GNT Romans 8:20 th/| ga.r mataio,thti h` kti,sij u`peta,gh( ouvc e`kou/sa avlla. dia. to.n u`pota,xanta( evfV e`lpi,di

1-- Direct object: the word in the akk. receives, or is the immediate object of the action of a transitive verb. The accusative completes the meaning of the verb, and is never in apposition to another accusative. Smyth’s breakdown is as follows: (I & ii he regards as cognate) i) the object affected: (abstract) , 'strike blows I (verbal action emph. ii) the object of the results:(Concrete), 'bind bundles' iii) the object effected: (concrete), 'pursue the enemy' (i & ii are Smyth's cognate accusatives)

2-- Predicate: the noun in the akk. is used to predicate another noun in the akk. . This is appositional to another accusative, or to a nominative as in the hebraism (see Predicate Nominative). This does have adverbial force so it can't be classified as merely appositional. It is also found with lambano and echo, verbs of thinking, saying, as abbreviated indirect discourse. It is without the use of hoti or the conjunction. eis + akk. Is sometimes employed as a predicate nom., as a Hebraism, cf. nukto,j nukta, nukti, nukti,

3- Doubled: certain verbs take an accusative of remoter object as well as of the immediate object. This is also called '2 accusatives' where one is the accusative of person and the other of thing, as opposed to apposition. a. w/ verbs: to appoint, choose, call, make, akk./do + predicate. This may also be appositional with an adverbial connotation. b.w/ verbs: to ask, deprive, teach, persuade, cloth, anoint, fill akk./person + akk./thing. It may connote content. c. w/ verbs: to do something, to say something, of thinking, and eimi, one is the predicate akk and the other modifies the verb. There is apposition but the emphasis is adverbial, 'acknowledge him as Christ', to emphasize manner. This is common to Johanine style: IJ 4.2, Jn 9.22, also Phil 3.7 IIPT 3.15 Hb 11.26 . Note: where the verb is passive, the akk. of thing is retained & the akk. of person becomes the subject. . w/ verbs that are causative: orkidzo Mrk 5.7, Ac 19.13 IThess 5.27 d. Object - Complement: (W.186) the second akk predicates something about the first akk. Occasionally markedin the presence of wj or eij the object always is definitive with the article or as a pronoun or as a proper name. Where there is no definite object, the construction tends toward qualitative-indefinite. - predicate adjectives with the infinitive of eimi (implied) may easily be confused as being attributive.

4- Manner: the noun in the accusative has exactly the force of an adverb. Mt 10.9 demonstrates this also as an adverbial Akk. This is a rare use of the akk. with transitive verbs, substantives, and adjectives that were developed from the akk./ gen. reference. It is also found with trans. vb. The advb. akk. almost always has its root in comparative adverbs. This is distinct from the akk./ time and space in that it refers to motion itself, not to the extent to which motion occurs. Smyth: the adverbial akk. fulfills the same functions as adverbs concerning manner measure degree, motive, time, space, and succession, whereas the instrumental of manner denotes fashion in situ, not extent. 5-Measure (adverbial/extent of time or space (distance)) the noun in the acc. tells how far (distance) or how long (lapse of time) the action of the verb occurs. Lk 22.41 , Jn 6.19 in reference to aktionsart. D/M : sometimes the akk is used to indicate a point in time that is part of a continuous period given in the context. Jn 4.52, Acts 27.33 ICor 15.30, J 6.10q Lk 11.3 19.47 6- Respect or (general) reference: the noun in the accusative denotes that in respect to which, or in reference to which something is true, otherwise it would be false (W.203) I Cor9.25. This is an atticism to some degree. The adverbial emphasis is not time, space, or in direct -reference to the verb of motion but more specifically in reference to state. From the akk/general reference develops the more strict adverbial akk. which is more common since the dative has all but replaced the akk/ g.r. used with intransitive verbs found in attributive relationship to substantives. 7- In oaths: the noun in the accusative denotes the person or thing by which one swears. Mrk 5.7, Jms 5.12 8- By antiptosis: the shifting of nouns/ pronouns from the usual position to the government of preceding clause thus becoming accusative, whereas it was nominative before. (Prolepsis?) 9- Accusative absolute: the noun or pronoun in the accusative is usually accompanied by a participle in the accusative, and acts as its subject. This clause is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence (hence absolute) Ac 26.3. However, unlike the use of the genitive absolute, the akk. may refer to the same subject as that of the following main verb. Eph 2.1 (here the akk. object kai umaj ontaj is separated by hypotatic construction comprised of two relative clauses in v 2 and 3 and finally a contrasting de clause. WBC would ignore this and simply call this accusative “the object” of v4 hgaphsen , but this is not possible. Instead the 1 ps. pl akk. pronoun immediately follows to establish the object. 10- Subject of the infinitive: often a noun or pronoun in the accusative acts as the subject of an infinitive. This construction would more properly be considered an accusative of general ref., but koine will be koine) There is a common tendency to exchange this use of the infinitive with a hoti clause. Ro. 1.20, 2.19

11- Vocative: rare Ps5l.6

A . This was originally thought of as in apposition to the subject of the verb, as person is already indicated. (In a doctrinal dissertation, the subject can be misunderstood easily without close observance of the context. The subject must be observed carefully and never assumed upon) 1. Predicate - the word in the nominative follows a finite verb infinitive “to be” as its predicate and is the same as the subject. Also used, Ro 1. 9 with infinitives “to become” and “to be called” i there is a predicate vocative :rare J 1.38; 20.16 ii predicate nom. used in indirect discourse with the infinitive Ro 1.22 iii Mt 19.3, Lk 3.5 2Cor 6.18: in formal eis + akk may rplc the pred. Nom, as also found in LXX which indicates a hebraism; Blass 2. Absolute - This is commonly found in epistolary salutations, not considered an entire sentence. (anacoluthan common w/ nominative pendens / more extensive parenthesis: the word in the nominative is grammatically unrelated the rest of the sentence Mrk 8.2 This is a common anacoluthan Rob 416. (N.) The n/pend. Introduces a thought prior to the point at which a sentence is introduced whereas a parenthetical nom. Is introduced afterward.

3. Appellation - sometimes a proper name appears in the nom, even though another case would perhaps be more appropriate, (rare) e.g. w/ a preposition

4. in lieu of vocative: as the vocative came to be used less, the nominative was frequently J 20.28 (the plural forms are the same differing only in singularity) W. this is a substantive in a direct address to addressees. Ro.1.13 This can have an impact of a complete sentence. Nuances: (W.) include: There are 600 instances of the nominative for the vocative in the NT, only 60 of them are articular: i) w/ the anarthrous nominative but with w: emotional; w/o - less so w- anohtoi Galatai, tij umaj ebaskanen w/o w- : pathr dikaie, ai o kosmoj se ouk e”;gnw ii) articular: a Semitic source: a substitution of a simple noun of address as per the LXX; if not, superior address to an inferior h paij egeire caire, o Basileus twn Ioudaiwn (thus addressing him as King but depriving Him of the title (M-M) Prolegomena 71)

5. Exclamation - sometimes the nom is used in exclamation without any grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence, interjectional,. This can have extreme parenthetical quality and very emotional. Though the verb may be implied. (R. 461) N.B. be careful of an implied copula (I Cor 15.57). But in Mrk 3.34 ide functions as an interjectional particle instead of a verb form) R 7.24 talaipwroj egw anqrwpoj R.11.33 W baqoj ploutou kai sofiaj kai gnwsewj qeou

6. Nom. in place of the vocative: as the vocative came to be used less and less , the nominative was frequently used for the vocative, common to the plurals. E.g. ‘brethren” is sermon specific. (How one chooses to define it (jew, gentile, believer, unbeliever) must be determined by the specificity of that sermon. Acts has multiple sermons, James and Hebrews are directed to a single group of recipients. This definition cannot “float”to suite some theological need.

7. Appositional: especially in Revelation, the nom. may appear with any other case. Rv.1.14 (also in apposition with the vocative, but N. considers the object of the preposition to be understood, not the vocative) N. These are not convertible and should be regarded as set and subset to each other.

8. Double Nominative: the predicate nominative may be in apposition with the subject occurring especially when the verb is passive, the common use of the d.n. commonly w/ verbs of saying Lk 2.21 (a specialized use of the pred. n.)

9. In proverbial expressions may be inappropriate for the context but is an accurate reflection of the quote. 10-Predicate nominative: forms a logical proposition that may be convertible iff the predicate is articular (or possibly a prepositional phrase that makes it definite , e.g. En arch o logoj . otherwise the subject is a subset of the predicate and is distinguishable by : a. the article b. it is a pronoun c. it is a proper name

IIII. ACCUSATIVE (der akkusatif)

d. (R.) agency: GNT Romans 8:20 th/| ga.r mataio,thti h` kti,sij u`peta,gh( ouvc e`kou/sa avlla. dia. to.n u`pota,xanta( evfV e`lpi,di

4. Manner: the noun in the accusative has exactly the force of an adverb. Mt 10.9 demonstrates this also as an adverbial Akk. This is a rare use of the akk. with transitive verbs, substantives, and adjectives that were developed from the akk./ gen. reference. It is also found with trans. vb. The advb. akk. almost always has its root in comparative adverbs. This is distinct from the akk./ time and space in that it refers to motion itself, not to the extent to which motion occurs. Smyth: the adverbial akk. fulfills the same functions as adverbs concerning manner measure degree, motive, time, space, and succession, whereas the instrumental of manner denotes fashion in situ, not extent. 5. Measure (adverbial/extent of time or space (distance)) the noun in the acc. tells how far (distance) or how long (lapse of time) the action of the verb occurs. Lk 22.41 , Jn 6.19 in reference to aktionsart. D/M : sometimes the akk is used to indicate a point in time that is part of a continuous period given in the context. Jn 4.52, Acts 27.33 ICor 15.30, J 6.10q Lk 11.3 19.47

6. Respect or (general) reference: the noun in the accusative denotes that in respect to which, or in reference to which something is true, otherwise it would be false (W.203) I Cor9.25. This is an atticism to some degree. The adverbial emphasis is not time, space, or in direct -reference to the verb of motion but more specifically in reference to state. From the akk/general reference develops the more strict adverbial akk. which is more common since the dative has all but replaced the akk/ g.r. used with intransitive verbs found in attributive relationship to substantives.

7. In oaths: the noun in the accusative denotes the person or thing by which one swears. Mrk 5.7, Jms 5.12 By antiptosis: the shifting of nouns/ pronouns from the usual position to the government of preceding clause thus becoming accusative, whereas it was nominative before. (Prolepsis?)

8. Accusative absolute: the noun or pronoun in the accusative is usually accompanied by a participle in the accusative, and acts as its subject. This clause is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence (hence absolute) Ac 26.3. However, unlike the use of the genitive absolute, the akk. may refer to the same subject as that of the following main verb. Eph 2.1 (here the akk. object kai umaj ontaj is separated by hypotatic construction comprised of two relative clauses in v 2 and 3 and finally a contrasting de clause. WBC would ignore this and simply call this accusative “the object” of v4 hgaphsen , but this is not possible. Instead the 1 ps. pl akk. pronoun immediately follows to establish the object.

9. Subject of the infinitive: often a noun or pronoun in the accusative acts as the subject of an infinitive. This construction would more properly be considered an accusative of general ref., but koine will be koine) There is a common tendency to exchange this use of the infinitive with a hoti clause. Ro. 1.20, 2.19

10. Vocative: rare Ps 5l.6

THE GENITIVE CASE

The usage of the genitive case has multitudinous possible meanings which are not expressed in the case but are expressed by context alone. Often there is a secondary usage. The genus character of the genitive is "kind". (S. 1320. The genikh ptwsij , the case connoting the class. Thus FROM this class another class arises, hence the ablative.

The genitive may be used as a direct object with certain verbs that otherwise would take the akk.. Therefore the author can be making an important point. The emphatic genitive comes first. It may also be used in sharp contrast (Act 14.1, Phil.2.25)(see below under verbs that take the genitive)

The concatenation of the genitive: never implies common syntactical usage (but note Ro. 1.18 and I Thess. 1.3) In a list, the governing genitive will precede the descriptive genitive, Mt. agrees. The remaining genitive are usually possessive.

Adjectives governing the genitive may or may not be derived from verbs that do the same. Adjectives include words of possession, attaining, sharing, experience, remembering, fullness, ruling, value, accountability, separation, etc. Verbs governing the genitive emphasize quality whereas those governing the akk would emphasize content.. But they don't exclude each other, for the genitive may be used for understanding in the sense of obedience or hearing. With verbs of the gen. for the exception of verbs of smelling. Also used with verbs of emotion, sharing partaking,, filing, ruling, buying, selling being worthy of (which can go from the gen. to ex abl), accusing. - w/ the infinitive: the substantival aspect Is in view.

(W. lexical/syntatical genitives) 1. Possessive -- the noun in the genitive possesses the thing to which it stands related, its previous noun. It may also be used in the predicate position with einai or ginesthai. In Ro 1.1 the p.g. is used without the neuter article to denote affairs, conditions, powers. With the prep. en, the object is understood. (NB. don't be too strict! "the love of Christ may have a possessive and subjective connotation)

2. Subjective -- the noun in the. genitive acts as the subject of the action of the verbal, noun in a transitive or intransitive sense. For this sense possesses the action implied in the verbal noun to which it stands related. In essence, the genus character of the genitive is reversed for the verbal noun describes the genitive( cf. Ro.3.1) just as the verb describes the subject. This genitive is mostly concrete, as with the objective genitive. a. the verbal action may be classified in contrast to another b. the verbal action may describe the genitive as to action taken

GNT Romans 3:1 Ti, ou”n to. perisso.n tou/ VIoudai,ou h' ti,j h` wvfe,leia th/j peritomh/jÈ

3. Objective -this noun acts as the object of, or receives the action implied in the verbal noun to which it stands related. Here the genus-character is maintained. The verbal idea is also more transitive than the gen. / reference and often depends upon substantives denoting frame of mind or emotion, "longing for his parents" DON'T CONFUSE: where the verbal noun is anarthrous, it may not have an objective genitive attached to it at all but a gen./ attribute in that the attention is called to the quality of the noun Ro. 3.25. This is mostly concrete.

4. Plenary: where the context of the passage supports both the subjective and objective meanings: Rev 1.1 apokalupsis Ihsou Cristou

5. Separation (ablative) the noun in the genitive is that from which something is physically or spatially separated or withdrawn. I Tm 1.6 This is used with verbs of: ceasing, release, removal, restraint, failing want, lacking, hindering from, estranging from, being distant from, all with the corresponding adjectives & adverbs or improper prepositions which are commonly used.

a. ablative/source: (Blass and R) lead me to conclude that where 2 verbal nouns are in genitive relation, the an abl/source excluding the prep ek, may be seen. Ek would be redundant to the causative idea of the action. I Thess 1.3 may also reflect appositional genitives:

mnhmoneu,ontej u`mw/n tou/ e;rgou th/j pi,stewj kai. tou/ ko,pou th/j avga,phj kai. th/j u`pomonh/j th/j evlpi,doj tou/ kuri,ou h`mw/n VIhsou/ Cristou/ e;mprosqen tou/ qeou/ kai. patro.j h`mw/n

Blass: a syncretism of verbal causative and ablative of source: Mt 24.6: a-koai polemwn h dikaiosunh ek pistewj

- This is more commonly found with abstract verbal nouns, therefore.

6. Reference -- is sometimes used with the adjective to refer to the limits of their qualifying force, “an evil heart of unbelief'. Thus the gen. is with respect to verbs denoting limitation of action by qualifying it. The gen. might even be translated adverbially. A partative -en. limits the action. before the verb in a quantitative manner.

7. Attribute-- used with the neuter relative pronoun or definite article to demonstrate the true and basic meaning of the - genitive, the indefinite nature of the neuter is described specifically by an attribute given in the genitive with respect to a specific category or "kind". Thus "the same thing of suffering" may be better translated "the same kinds of suffering." The true genus-character of the genitive is shown here. It is often found without a definite article used with its predicate.

The noun in the genitive names an attribute or quality of the noun to which it stands related, and has the same force as would the adjectival form of the same word acting as a simple adjectival modifier. The genitive can either be attributive or predicative in position. It is often found with an anarthrous noun thus emphasizing quality otherwise it might be an objective usage. Ro.1.1, 6.6, 8.21

In classical Greek it is only used poetically. This also reflects a hebraism as it is employed in Hebrew more commonly. Hebrew employs it with the personal and demonstrative pronouns when the attribute poorly belongs to the noun, 'his body of humiliation and not 'the body of his humiliation,

8. Description -- the noun in the genitive describes and qualifies the noun to which it stands related, but in a looser and broader sense than does the genitive of attribute. The two are frequently quite similar. Also where there .is more than one attribute invoiced, the gen. of description would be more general, encompassing such attributes. In Hb 1.9 the question is whether this 'oil of gladness' has any other characteristic relative to the context. If not, it is definitive, not descriptive. 9. Material-- the noun in the genitive denotes the material out of which the noun to which it stands related, is made, or of which or of which it consists. Mt 21.4

10. Content -- the noun in the genitive denotes the contents of a thing contained or by the word to which it is related. Ro 1.29 . (Blass: often found with a second appositional genitive to the container 2 C 5.1)

11. Apposition or Definition -- the noun in the genitive is the same as the word to which it stands related. There is no limiting quality and the genitive pertains to the whole of the word it is in apposition to. (logon akoues, I Thess.2.13) This is different from simple apposition. In simple apposition, the appositive always agrees in case ( and usually in number ) with the word to which it is in apposition. The genitive of apposition is always genitive, regardless of the case of the word to which it is in apposition. Ro. 4.11, 5.1. Therefore , this is not a gen.of description with attributes nor is it attributive assigning a simple attribute, it :is more comprehensive to include types of apposition:

The Genitive is the set to which the noun it stands related modifies in genitive of apposition. In simple apposition it is equative to the noun to which it stands related:

i) Distributive -- common when the word is appositional, but not corresponding to the whole of a previous substantive Mt. 22.5, I THess. 5.8

ii) Epexegetical -- further defines or explains and is common to both simple and appositional genitives J 7.2

iii) Emphatic Epexegetical -- commonly used with outos

(W. the Adverbial Genitives)

12. Price -- to indicate price paid for or value assessed 13. Time -- the noun in the genitive expresses the kind of time or period during which or within which, something occurred. . But nothing is implied as to duration of the action Lk 18.7 . Blass : the gen. of point in time is not classical. Tou loipou (classical formula Afrom now on” ; Jn 11.9 en te hemera cf. (Lk9.37) dia tes hemeras in the course of the day

14. Place -- (rare) the noun in the genitive simply denotes the kind of place where something occurred, "within which", or at which" something happened. Lk 16.24

15. Relationship / membership (rare) -- the genitive case expresses a familial relationship. It is similar, within these narrow bounds to the genitive of possession. Peri is sometimes added. huios, pater, and adelphos are sometimesunderstood 16. J6.17 - non classical I Cor 1.11 Lk 2.49 huios must be supplied or it may be indicated by the definite article. Smts the definite article refers to the family in general.

17. Direction/ purpose: the noun in the genitive specifies the way which the noun takes, to which it stands related or the purpose for which it exists Ro 8.36. It is very similar to cause. Blass: apo employed to answer the question , rom how far away . dia: has a double connotation of means and direction. After certain verbs, nouns, and adjectives. In the case of verbs, the genitive is considered the genitive of direct object. - adjectives: R. 503, Blass 263: akou6, person listened to is akk., but the content is genitive. (W.101) transl. Adestined for@ - very theological 18. (W. 102) Predicate : an emphatic kind of apposition in the genitive due to the presence of the participial form of the equative verb. Act 1.12; Acts 7.58 Heb 10:39

19. Subordination: (W.103) denoting that which is subordinated to or under the dominion of the head noun indicating power, rule or authority.

20. Association: (W 128) normally prefixed with sun, such compound nouns naturally lend themselves to the association , commonly translated “with”. Eph 5.7 “my fellow prisoners” . Thus there is a similarity of kind underlying this usage.

21. After certain verbs: which the genitive alludes to an adverbial kind of action : ruling, touching, sharing sensation, emotion/volition

Ablative Case (a subset of the genitive morphology)

Question: how does the idea of separation, cause, agency have similar elements?

i) the verbal noun in relation to the ablative refers to separation of some kind, which is the dominant character of the ablative ii) the ablative of source categorically distinguishes cause from the effect thus ‘separating’ the two iii) w/ verbs of despairing, missing, lacking, excelling, differing (where the comparative idea is dominant) w/ verbs of asking and hearing (apo, ek, para) - the person asked is in the ablative to indicate the source from whom the request might come, and the thing asked for is in the accusative ; also verbs with the partative idea

1 - Separation: is tantamount in the verbal idea to classify its related case usage as ablative. Otherwise we have only the genitive. Be sure you understand the idea of the verbal noun : e.g. kltoj (or designated from among others)

2 - Means: the noun in the ablative specifies the means (impersonal) by which something is done Ro 4.11 combining means and source, best translated “the sign by means of circumcision”

3- Agency: the noun in the ablative specifies the agent (personal) by which something is done Ro 1.6,7 and is commonly used with the prepositions upo proj para dia ex apo ( dia for intermediate agency and apo for direct agency

4- Source: the noun in he ablative specifies the source from which something originates and depends on for existence Ro 9.16 (ek may be understood, but qeoj may be the only concrete example)

5- Partative genitive: the noun in the abl. designates the whole of which a part is mentioned. The action of the verb only effects the object in part. Thus if the entire whole is effected, the akk. of direct object would be used . Ro. 11.17 This is the semantic opposite to the Gen. / Apposition indicating a particularu unit to which the class of the noun stands related.

6- Comparative (either genitive relating to description or ablative): after a comparative adjective, implies comparison “than” being the thing which comparison is made. Hebrew 1.4 Also found with apo pro peri & u,po and verbs of differing, surpassing, being inferior. 1 - this is Blass’s abbreviated comparison though more rarely with h; ; the use of para for comparison without the genitive. This is classical. 2- Moulton also finds it with uper & para

The Dative Case

The dative is a more personalized use and approaches the akk in physical relations e.g. “I come to you” . The fundamental root meaning behind the dative is personal interest (R 536, D/M &93), and with things, reference. The locative, instrumental, and dative are less syncretistic than the ablative and genitive. Thus they are more easily distinguished a But the dative is not used for meaning of locality, in fact there was originally no idea of place in it. Erchomai soi is used of a person, not a place. As above, it approaches to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God

b The dative is never used for time.

1. Indirect Object: the noun or pronoun in the dative is the person or thing to which the direct object (of a transitive verb) is given, or which the subject of a passive verb is given. Ro. 1.11 M-M.: that which is remotely concerned but more directly concerned than the dative of advantage. (cf. Eis and pros w/ akk : similar meanings) R. recognizes the dative with persons only, there are no impersonal references contrary to Blass’s assertions 2. Direct Object: certain verbs take as dative as their direct object Ro 4.3: used with verbs of trust, envy, pleasure, satisfaction that are either simple or cmpd. 3. Possession: the word in the dative is usually in the predicate position after the verb to be, and possesses the subject of the verb.. Sometimes, however, the dative of possession occurs in much the same construction as the genitive of possession. Note the difference of kind of relationship vs. thing possessed. Either ginomai, uparcho or eimi may be used to denote some past/future act, but not a recent acquisition. Here also, personal interest is strengthened to ownership. John 2:4 legei auth o Ihsouj Ti emoi kai soi gunai; 4. Instrumental (R.) or accompaniment : the word in the dative designates the person or thing with which one associates or one accompanies. The dative of association denotes friendly or hostile association or intercourse. The dative of accompaniment is used with verbs of accompanying or following Ac 24.26; 2Cor 6.14: strange emphasis on physical proximity. 5. Reference or respect: the word in the dative is that in reference to which, or in respect to which, something is true. This is close to the dative of accompaniment when both subject and predicate are people. It is also close to manner where a statement is made from a certain point of view. Ro 6.2. (personal interests is no more than a vague reference here) Cf. Eph 2:8 a. in the attributive relationship with verbal nouns, the dative may express more an attribute than a relationship which comes more commonly to verbs, though reference should not be excluded. 6. Ethical Dative: the first and second personal pronouns may denote a more or less lively interest of a person in an action or statement. “remember (you), not to make a disturbance”. This may be a possible Hebraism: Blass. W. 147 :”as far as I’m concerned”, “as for me” Phil 1.21 “as for me, (actual) life is Christ” 7. Advantage (dativus commodi) : the word in the dative is that for whose advantage something is done. This may be syncretistic to the dative of i.o. (cf. R. Thieme) Ro 10.4. a. Blass :in whose interest are effected Rv.21.2 8. Disadvantage (dativus incommodi): the word in the dative is that to whose disadvantage something is done. This is also syncretistic to the dative of indirect object. Thus where einai forms a predicate it implies credit or discredit to in the persons eyes. 9. Accompanying Circumstances: abstract substantive denotes accompanying circumstances or manner in which something is done. Bl. Definition: the NT always uses en with accompaniment of military force. 10. Cognate: the noun in the dative has the same root as the verb. Lk 21.15 “I desire with desire” or “I earnestly desire” cf. Hebrew use of the infinitive.

11. Destination: common with intransitive verbs and similar to indirect object, often replaced with prepositions epi eij en.

12. Recipient: of a letter sent common in salutations

13. Material: to indicate the material by which the action of the verb is executed. The genitive is used for nouns. “written not with ink”, “crowned with glory and honor”

The Locative Case

This is the “in” case, using prepositions en more commonly, but also epi, para and pros. The LXX interchanges eis

1. Place: the noun in the locative denotes place where verbal action occurs in a literal spatial sense. This is missing from the New Testament without indication of the preposition according to Blass (p107)but Dana and Mantey cite John 21.8 “this disciple came in a little boat”, also Ro14.10. .19. cites other examples. 2. Sphere: this is similar to the locative of place, except that it is metaphorical rather than literal position. It denotes the sphere in which something is done or in which something is true. It is often difficult to distinguish this from the dative of reference or respect and sometimes from the ethical dative, Ro.4 :

Romans 4:19 kai. mh. avsqenh,saj th/| pi,stei kateno,hsen to. e`autou/ sw/ma Îh;dhÐ nenekrwme,non( e`katontaeth,j pou u`pa,rcwn( kai. th.n ne,krwsin th/j mh,traj Sa,rraj\

This dative may also be syncretistic as long as the bounds of logical limits for the application are definite. (neither Rob. /Blass distinguish) 3. Time: the word in the locative denotes the time when something is done, a point of time or, in Koine, sometimes it may denote duration, thus punctiliar, durative or collective, (R. not necessarily referring to aktionsart). Cf. The akk/ extent and the genitive of duration for a longer period of time. Mt 12.17.23, Ro16.25 (W.156) here the root meaning of the cases are each described in their representation of time: akk. : limitation: therefore this refers to a time period, or extent of time gen.: the genus character describes the quality, attribute or kind of time loc.: emphasizes position and therefore describes a point or specific period in time

The Instrumental Case

This may be syncretistic to the dative from which it originated, but the increasing use of the prepositions, en, dia, meta makes the mere instrumental a disappearing case in the N.T., as compared to earlier Greek, though far from dead (Rob. 526). Here the root meaning is, of course, means.

1. Manner: the word in the instrumental denotes the manner in which something is done at the site of its occurrence (vs. the adverbial akk to indicate extent to which something is done). This has an adverbial connotation I Cor 10.30 “If I partake with thanksgiving” and I Cor 11.5 . Cf. The adverbs: dhmosia, eikh, idia ,krufh, laqra, eqei,, also in Mrk 14.65, very strong. This has a much stronger adverbial character than the instrumental of means. 2. Means: the word in the instrumental denotes the intermediary means by which something is done (impersonal). Common with en, it may be used with expressions of time, though rarely. This is the basic instrumental meaning. The passive may be used with or without en. Personality is not in view, but instrumentality. Therefore God may use men as instruments of God’s hands , but without regard to their personality: not servants who obey Him personally. (W.162).Mat 8.16 “he cast out a spirit by means of a word” (W.162); John 11.2 “she wiped his feet with her hair” (indeed the action was personal, but the instrument didn’t care”; Ro 8.28: “we maintain that a person is justified by faith” (faith is nonmeritorious to the person exercising. The MERIT is in the OBJECT of faith, not the faith.

3. Association: (Rob.) Cause, motive or occasion wavering between association and intermediary means : Galatians 6:12 o[soi qe,lousin euvproswph/sai evn sarki,( ou-toi avnagka,zousin u`ma/j perite,mnesqai;; 2 Cor 2.7; Ro 4.20; Ro 11.20; I Pt4.12, 2 Th2.22

Act 9:7 the men who were traveling with him II Cor 6:14 do not become unequally yoked with unbelievers

4. Agency: the word in the instrumental denotes the agent by whom something is done (personal), though the subject is not necessarily personal. Here the actions are done in the interests of the agent. It may also be used with adjectives, -tos and -teos (attic). D/M: without the use of prepositions, the verb is always passive or middle. (but for an anomaly to this, Rev. 1.6 uses two accusatives and therefore must use an active verb detached from the instrumental of agency by an ascensive kai. Tw/| avgapw/nti h`ma/j kai. lu,santi h`ma/j evk tw/n a`martiw/n h`mw/n evn tw/| ai[mati auvtou/( 6 kai. evpoi,hsen h`ma/j basilei,an( i`erei/j tw/| qew/| kai. patri. auvtou/( auvtw/| h` do,xa kai. to. kra,toj eivj tou.j aivw/naj Îtw/n aivw,nwnÐ\ avmh,nÅ

5. Measure or degree of difference: the word in the dative usually follows a comparative adjective and designates the measure to which the comparison is true or the degree of difference stated in the comparison. Ro. 5.9 Here the verbal aspect is definitely in view: Ro 5.9 pollw/| ou”n ma/llon dikaiwqe,ntej nu/n evn tw/| ai[mati auvtou/ swqhso,meqa diV auvtou/ avpo. th/j ovrgh/jÅ-

This underlies a forti ori logic.

6. Cause: the word the instrumental designates the cause or basis of something. But also in Ro 11.30-31 used in of verbs of emotion expressing motive, and is common with epi , translated “because of” w[sper ga.r u`mei/j pote hvpeiqh,sate tw/| qew/|( nu/n de. hvleh,qhte th/| tou,twn avpeiqei,a|( 31 ou[twj kai. ou-toi nu/n hvpei,qhsan tw/| u`mete,rw| evle,ei( i[na kai. auvtoi. Înu/nÐ evlehqw/sin\

7. Association: as in the dative of accompaniment (D/M) is common with the adjective compounded with sun, di...a This, however, is not mere reference to discourse between two people as in the dative of accompaniment, but involves concepts of reconciliation, image noted, complaint made or in some way association with a person 2 Cor 6.14: don’t become equally yoked to an unbeliever; Act 5.13 “no one dared to associate with the people” association deals with agreement/disagreement, accompaniment deals with physical proximity

8. Instrumental Cognate; (R 531) Conybeare and Stock cite its usage in Plato. The object effected merely intensifies the verbal action and may in some cases limit it. I Pt 3.14 avllV eiv kai. pa,scoite dia. dikaiosu,nhn( maka,rioiÅ to.n de. fo,bon auvtw/n mh. fobhqh/te mhde. taracqh/te( There also may be constructions that are merely cognate in meaning without following the verbal root: Rv 5:11 “I heard a voice saying with a loud voice” I, Pt 1.8 agaliasqe cara A. Object of Results -examples include verbal nouns used in place of the Hebrew infinitive as well - legw legein, feugwn fugh; LXX : blepontej blepete,; NT : akoh akousete; Blass - this intensifies the verb; Quasi-cognate: where the idea and not the form is cognate B. Object of Effect: to describe the limitation placed upon the verbal idea: NT Mark 10:38 o` de. VIhsou/j i”pen auvtoi/j( Ouvk oi;date ti, aivtei/sqeÅ du,nasqe piei/n to. poth,rion o] evgw. pi,nw h' to. ba,ptisma o] egw. bapti,zomai baptisqh/naiÈ C. Where the antecedent is not given, the neuter relative pronoun refers to the cognate of the verb: Ro 6.10;o] ga.r avpe,qanen( th/| a`marti,a| avpe,qanen evfa,pax\ o] de. zh/|( zh/| tw/| qew/|Å; ; Gal 2.20: zw/ de. ouvke,ti evgw,( zh/| de. evn evmoi. Cristo,j\ o] de. nu/n zw/ evn sarki,( evn pi,stei zw/ th/| tou/ ui`ou/ tou/ qeou/ tou/ avgaph,santo,j me kai. parado,ntoj e`auto.n u`pe.r evmou/Å

Phraseology

1. Parenthesis: additional information non syntactically inserted to provide additional information not directly related to writer’s train of thought. Apart from parenthesis, the audience might not make such correlations otherwise. And so the parenthesis allows the analysis of additional information relating to the subject, but not directly related to the flow of thought in the sentence. John 7.30 is an example of using too much parenthesis. A. gar is never parenthetical due to the strength of conjunction emphasizing thought flow B. explanatory relative clauses may be parenthetical C. the insertion of one or two words in the middle of a sentence is the simplest form of parenthesis

2. Anacoluthan: is a more violent break in thought flow changing the subject characterizing the greatest mental activity, or vehemence. This is always a matter of emphasis, grouped into: A. Suspended Subject: (there is a suspended object as well) replaced with a relative pronoun is characteristic of additional information apart from the specific context Luke 6.47: pa/j o` evrco,menoj pro,j me kai. avkou,wn mou tw/n lo,gwn kai. poiw/n auvtou,j( u`podei,xw u`mi/n ti,ni evsti.n o[moioj\

This is more violent prolepsis than anacoluthan. And the subject should not be taken up again (Roberston)

B. Nominative absolute C. Be careful you do not count every oun and gar phrase as anacoulthan

3. Digression: intervening sentence / explanatory clause as in the use of gar for emphasis where one form (e.g. finite) of a verb is used in place of a participle or the main verb of a previous statement may also relate to the anacoluthan (e.g. indirect discourse) but the anacoulthan has absolutely no syntactical relation to the previous sentence other than explanation. Addenda with respect to direct discourse or indirect discourse are used for those being quoted, or, even who quotes whom.

A. with respect to time and sequence: Jesus had a discourse and then a change of place and time and then another discourse; also an addendum to direct discourse by means of indirect discourse J 10.36 for the purposes of abbreviation.

o]n o` path.r h`gi,asen kai. avpe,steilen eivj to.n ko,smon u`mei/j le,gete o[ti Blasfhmei/j( o[ti ei”pon( Ui`o.j tou/ qeou/ eivmiÈ

4. The participle in anacoulthan has no syntactical relationship to the main verb. This is the appositional absolute. 5. The absense of de / alla indicate anacoluthan: Winer and Blass agree, but Rob. Considers it “gratuitous”

6 . Oratio Variata: the substitution of cases, voices, phrases for other similar usage e.g. the one having eyes a flame, and his feet like burnished bronze vs. his eyes were a flame of fire and his feet like.. or the one having eyes a flame of fire and feet like burnished bronze, clearly a descriptive emphasis to refocus the reader from the context.

7. Connection between paragraphs: is commonly accomplished with particles and asyndeton is almost absent in the Pauline arguments

8. Blass: Ellipsis, Bracheology & Pleonasm Formulaic Ellipsis (df) an absent term which can’t be supplied from some grammatically related term. The following are not formulaic: a anything obvious from the structure of a sentence e.g. copula b the subject if it is a generality (anthropos panta) or required by the assertion c the subject expressed by an attributive adjective used especially with the feminine of hmera and wra or by the article with certain attributive genitives (W. 87: the equivalent though with stronger force) d the omission of allos, eteros, ostis (other, whatever) e verbs may become intransitive by the omissions of objects f ellipsis of adjectives, e.g. eteros, allos g ellipsis of mallon h verbs in various usage that are cumbersome and superfluous e.g. epei and legei

Aposiopesis: omission of the apodasis to a conditional subordinate clause

Brachyology:- omission of an element for the sake of brevity, but is necessary for the completion of a thought, e.g. hina clauses which are placed before the main clause

Pleonasm: repetition of an idea already expressed in a sentence (e.g. used with direct discourse in stating the source of the quote)

(ask the appropriate questions and allow the context to answer them)

Expansion of the Predicate a. second only to the subject in the main verb on which everything in the predicate must relate b. apposition is loose amplification found in the akk., gen., ablative, locative c. the neutral plural shows a collective singular d. Pindaric construction: Jms 5.2 ,if a predicate follows a compound subject, it is put in the plural nearly always (the verb as well as what follows) e. Here the elements of a compound subject are considered singularly I Cor 13.13 ITm 6.4 as opposed to Mt 5.18 which subject is collectively taken, cf. Lk 2.33, Mrk 10.35, excellent (Gal 1.18 cf. Jms 2.15) f. literal plural (pl. merely used for the singular):  used in I John 1.4 and Hebrews (blass) w/o distinction  Rob. Claims that Paul uses this as a man of culture  this may best be understood as the writer associating himself with the reader or someone else for a specific reason (e.g. principle : instead of saying “one”, say “we”) The first question is with whom the writer associates himself and what they have in common according to context

g. representative singular: used to signify the whole class II Cor 12.12 Lk 10.7 abstract (idiomatic) plural in nouns: Mark 7.22, Jas 2.1used of people or things

Note: a singular verb takes its subject (whether plural / singular) as a single subject. The plural takes the subject in a plural manner without reference to single instances or a single subject. Thus where the subject is compound, the verb makes note of each item in the list plural. The single verb treats the plural as a single category / collectively.

i representative singular : used to signify the whole class II Cor 12.12 Lk 10.7 j. abstract (idiomatic) plural in nouns Mark 7.22 Jas 2.1 used of people or things - not also in the plural

Indirect speech: both mood and tense are retained therefore the subject is quoted and Mt 6.25 is an indirect deliberative question - otherwise the future indicative is used. In the relative position, the subjunctive is retained.

GNT Philippians 3:11 ei; pwj katanth,sw eivj th.n evxana,stasin th.n evk nekrw/n Note the use of the future tense as a rhetorical question of indirect speech. In other words, Paul does not possess such personal confidence on his own. His ‘working out his salvation’ gives develops that confidence and is complete in the day of Christ.

CLAUSES

See parataxis and hypotaxis

Results (df) describe the consequence of or what issues from the action of the main verb as indicated by: i. ina + subjunctive: can be used in a consecutive force Lk 9.45 Mt 15.32 i. an infinitive only ii. conceived results : infinitive + tou (rare) ; eij to + infinitive; oti / wste + indicative to indicate actual result. Theory / inference and not mere purpose can also be implied. Purpose may take subordinate place to author’s meaning, though there may be others in the context to whom it applies.

Conditional : (an is used for all except #1 ): R 1005: the conditional statement deals only with the statement of reality and not the fact itself .

i. supposition from the viewpoint of reality (but not fact necessarily). This is the simple condition. ii. supposition contrary to fact: protasis is not implied as existing and so stated iii. supposition from the viewpoint of probability: more probable future condition iv. supposition from the viewpoint of possibility: less probable future condition (never occurs in complete form) v. irregular forms: mixed conditions (Lk 17.6); implied conditions; protasis is implied in the participle, imperative, question; elliptical condition; one member is omitted but implied from context

Concessive Clauses: the antithesis to a conditional clause (df) realization of the apodasis is attained in spite of the unfavorable conditions of the protasis. This clause may therefore be: i) logical: assumed to be fact admitted in the protasis as introduced by ei kai + indicative ii) doubtful concession: protasis concession of possibility , ei kai / ean kai + subjunctive, transl “even if” . The supposition is viewed actually / rhetorically as an extreme case. Without kai there may be concessive force but not emphatically so. iii) emphatic: supposed assumption without any likelihood of fulfillment. As introduced by kai ei the indicative, kai ean with the subjunctive, the participle with or without kaiper

Substantival Clauses ( to determine the type of clause substitute of the substantival participle for the main verb) i) subjective: with the infinitive with oti / ina . Used with the passive verbs which in the active take the objective clause , e.g. exhorting, striving, etc . Used also with the impersonal verbs of profit or sufficiency ii) objective: with the infinitive (most common), with o,ti or ina opwj wj after verbs of saying,caring, exhorting, striving.  Found with the participle and verbs of caution, fearing, warning, commanding and sometimes only implied in context. Which clause can be translated with the preposition ‘for’ and rephrased with a participle. The fearing clause is the negative caring clause “I fear that” is used with mh + subjunctive more vaguely translated , “lest” Words that introduce the opwj clause approximate an indirect deliberative question after phrases meaning to plan. W/o the conjunction this is asyndeton. with the infinitive : commonly used with some kind of pronoun related to the main verb

Indirect Discourse, the grammatical designation of heresay: Introduction may take place by use of a main verb, ei, or other interrogative word . The subjunctive + an is retained in indirect discourse . The negative of the direct form is retained. There is normally tense agreement between the quote and the statement, but the imperfect may represent the present. Mood is generally preserved ( sometimes the subjunctive is exchanged for the optative) . Introductory verbs introduce a quotation of a definite idea as an independent expression. The time relation is expressed by the context and not by the tense of the verbs in indirect discourse. It is the aktionsart that is preserved and not the time value. Sometimes the optative stands for the subjunctive and the infinitive for the present indicative. The perfect indicative for the perfect infinitive and the future indicative for the future infinitive. Types: i) Indirect Declaration by: oti + indicative, the infinitive or the participle ii) Indirect Questions: uses pronouns /adverbs with an occasional oti / ei S 2671 . The mood is retained though Luke sometimes uses the optative (W.) Found with the subjunctive and considered deliberative in nature : mat 15:32: they have already been with me three days and they do not have what they might eat (What are they to eat?) iii) Indirect commands ( very weak species where the main verb is commanded or entreaty). Found with the infinitive Br 204 337 391; ina / opwj subjunctive in indirect deliberative questions where an earlier question is implied iv) Commands and prohibitions by the future indicative, aorist subjunctive (punctiliar action where the actions of all time are gathered up), ingressive aorist imperative to denote summary action as transient, instantaneous or to be undertaken at once or any combination thereof. The duratie present imperative is repeated action /continuance. The present prohibition therefore demands one to cease and desist. Ina + subjunctive may be used as a passionate entreaty.

Direct Discourse: to be continued

THE FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVES

a discussion of Classical Greek Grammar

(Smyth: Greek Grammar)

1. Denoting the agent or doer of the action: masculine trid ( trij, aulhtrij tria yaltria treira doteira tid tis iketij feminine -ta thj poihthj thr dothr tor rhtwr trovj iatroj euj grafeuj.

2 Substantives denoting verbal actions express abstract ideas:  masculine: tij pistij  sij xij lexij  sia dokimasia  moj diwgmoj  mh gnwmh  ma tolma ia mania

3 Denoting quality - feminine substantive derived from the adjectival stem ia from adjectives in hj, soj, ouj alhqeia sunh from sunoj diakiosunh thj from thtoj filothj aj gen./ adoj triaj

4 Denoting results or effect expressed by primary suffixes - but the oj - tekoj from tiktw ma from agrafw

5 Denote instrument of means of action: atron arotron qron kleiqron thrion pothrion

6 Denote the person concerned (male) or occupied with anything is denoted by the denominative formed by one of the following: euj - grammateuj, iereuj thj nauthj 7 Denoting patronomics: proper names denoting descent from a father or ancestor formed into proper names of persons: dhj boreadhj 8 Denoting place: ion calkeion from calkeuj thrion from thr ..ilasthrion as in place of propitiation pothrion as in place of drinking katoikhthrion asin place of dwelling emphasizing location where one dwells wn wnoj parqenwn from parqenoj wnitij andrwnitij tra orchstra - dancing place 9 Diminuatives: denote familiarity, contempt, affection, daintiness, pity , are formed from substantives:

ion many are diminuative in form but not in meaning

Compound Substantives and Adjectives1

1 Determinative : the first part determines or modifies the meaning: a descriptive : the first part defines or explains the second usually with the force of an adjective/adverb e.g. upper city, fellow slave i copulative compound results from two substantives / adjectives (physician - user, deaf - mute) ii comparative cmpds: e.g. bitter sweet, swift (as) wind, some of these are also possessive rosey fingered” 2 Dependent determinative compounds- one or the other part stands in an oblique case to its partner. Accusative: army leader (strategos); army camp (stratopedos); abl - sheltering from the wind (anemoskephes); dat. God like (isoYYs qew); instrumental: made by hand (ceiropoihtos); locative born in a house (oikiogenes)

Formation of Adjectives (be careful of koine changes) many adjectives formed with the suffixes oi, ,mo ,no ,ru ,to, are used as abstract substantives 1 iaj,, ioj, expresses that which pertains or belongs in any way to a person or thing: dikaioj 2 express fulness or abundance: eij dendheij dendron 3 possessive cmpds: the emphasis as a determinative compound is on an understood noun possessing the characteristics of the compound : Ared breasted@ (bird)

1 4 Prepositional Phrase Compounds: cmpd adjectives are formed with a preposition to form literal substantives: apoikoj , colonists; egcwrioj, natives

PARTICLES: the punctuation of Attic Greek

The Greek Particles@ Denniston, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press , Amen House, London E.C.4

Rob 242: It was Aristophanes of Byzantium (260BC) who is credited with inventing a more regular system of sentence punctuation which was further developed by the Alexandrian grammarians. As a rule all the sentences, like the words, ran into one another in an unbroken line (scriptura continua) (p245) It is the priveledge of each N.T. student to make his own punctuation.

1. affirmative: something is truly so 2. intensive: something is very much so 3. determinative: concentrating the attention on one idea to the exclusion of all else 4. limitative: imply that beyond the prescribed limits, the reverse may be true 5. polysyndeton: repetition of the negative lends great emphasis 6. asyndeton: used for emotional emphasis

Methods of Connection 7. additional: piling one idea upon another; progressive a: development of thought (de) 8. adversative: eliminate: negative statement vs. positive; balancing a truth with a positive adversative: o”` men o` de 9. confirmatory: 10. inferential 11. paratactic: the joining of equal words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs or sections, all being independent structures 12. hypotactic: the subordination of a clause dependent in structure to a clause independent in structure. Therefore where the subject changes throughout a string of clauses, a stair step effect occurs linking one clause to the next and not the main verb of the independent sentence. However, where the subject does not change, the grocery list effect occurs with the main verb being related to each clause independently of the next.

Coordinating: copula kai de oude mhde te oute mhte disjunctive: h eite separated in a sense of contrast or disjunctive fashion (or) adversative: alla de men mentoi plhn ei mh omwj kaitoi inferential: oun ara dia dh wste (if found in the middle of the sentence, these are subordinating and not coordinating) Causal: gar (also illative and explanatory)

Subordinating Purpose ina opwj cause oti, dioti epei epeidh wj conditional ei ean an eiper result wste opwj concessive wj ojper kaqwj kaqaper local ou opou oqen temporalote ewj otan prin wj declarative oti ina wj

Causal / Concessive may either be coordinating or subordinating

Collocation may be significant to the use of particles or merely fortuitous. Juxtaposition must be analyzed and not assumed.

Particle (df) expresses another mode of thought in isolation or mood of emotion. Particles used in isolation include: ge dh h/ per toi: expresses attention “would have you know” (remember). To some grammarians, particles include all parts of speech except verbs and nouns.

The rest are used with varying emphasis. But particles which effect the whole of the sentence are rare in post-positive or subordinate clauses. The adverbial usually follows immediately or at a short interval after the connective. It may be emphatic to some word or an entire sentence. alla : adversative conjunction. Where alla serves as a balancing adversative, the logic of it is open to doubt , though the meaning isn’t: but, except, in fact , certainly. For contrast: however,but rather  but except, in fact, certainly : mostly eliminating or objecting to the words previously spoken as an adversative. Sometimes is in answer to me`n (classical usage) ou monon deYY Y alla kai .cf. ou Y alla :the second is a toning down of the first, ‘for this would be too little’. To be sure, it merely deemphasizes the first concept: ‘not so much this as that’ Blass 448. Rob.1184 And is commonly used to demonstrate overlooked distinctions which unobservance creates misconception. alla ou, kai ou : the of ideas, first expressed incompatibility of ideas whereas the second merely adds a negative to a positive. The first translated ‘not’ eliminating adversative, the second translated ‘and not’ a balancing adversative.  ou monon ouc opwj … alla kai following a negative clause: clause (kai is omitted where the first idea is included in the second, or the less in the greater. It also comes to mean ‘except’ after negative statements; generally the speaker anticipates an objection which another is likely to make: ‘but you say’  judicial usage: in contrast between that which has just been thrown out of court to that which remains true, transl. ‘well then’, the speaker offers an alternative : either affirmative, interrogative or imperative in de , alla : followed by an imperative + su : the idea of substitution in the apodasis of a conditional (sometimes causal) it contrasts the apodasis with the protasis ‘if.. on the other hand’ or ‘even though…still’  used at the end of an argument for exhorting towards an action to be taken  assentient: agreement, repudiation of asking a superfluous question, “but of course”; practical consent: expression of willingness to act in a required way  inceptive: speeches open also expresses assent, translated: ‘well’  it may also open a speech for objection or defense , respond to an invitation to speak, response or approval in general  Progressive: just as with de, there is only a continuative sense without any adversative connotation  Position: as a strong adversative, takes the initial position, emotional fervor makes it second to another connective (de or gar  alla oude : ‘why not even’, ‘nor again’  alla h?/ after negatives and questions expecting a negative answer ‘except that’, ‘but merely’, cf. praeter quam ‘other than’, ‘ besides’  ou mhn alla, ou mentoi alla ou gar alla are elliptical demanding the insertion of a verb from a preceding clause amhn uses of Jesus, especially to the disciples :to solemnly introduce a significant truth from the Gospels concerning Christ, translated: “wake up and pay attention, dammit!”; expressess assent to praises and prayers respectful of authority

an found with any mood to indicate a contingent meaning given to the main verb when the clause is conditional. Ei is expressed or understood. This usage replaces ostis by use of the conjunction or pronoun, e.g. oj an w`|- a,n Therefore, ostij an intensifies the generalization.

An + indicative is a SECOND class condition (if, and it’s not true)

ARA (enclitic can be:  illative and inferential introducing a conclusion but used in a less objective sense than oun or dio which are more direct. Transl. Then, so perchance, perhaps  emphatic: transl. ‘indeed’, ‘really’, ‘certainly’

GAR used post positive:  explanatory to a statement giving a reason, an assurance or even a confirmation, transl: for, that is, indeed, certainly  TI GAR used introduce an interjection in the form of an interrogatory statement. (R.B. Thieme: ‘which of the two alternatives’,’ what alternatives are we faced with’  to introduce an example, translated : for instance, for example  alla gar translated : ‘certainly’ vs. ou gar transl. ‘no indeed’ ge emphasize the word translated at least, indeed, even, in fact, really; found with alla, ara, de emphatic to ‘yea even!) de used p.p. :  adversitively, translated “but”, “however”, “yet”, “on the other hand”, (if translated at all)  continuatively transl. “and”, “ moreover”, then”, “now”  in explanation, transl. “now”  emphatically, translated “indeed”, “really”, “in fact”

dh (R.) climatic to where the reader should understand and therefore assume to be true. Translated in LXX and NT, indeed, by all means, really.

Dio :used from dia touto, inferring a causal relationship  inferentially, translated: therefore  oper is stronger, translated: for which very reason Mt 27.8 Lk1.35, Ac 20.37, Heb 3.

dioti : used with Pauline epsitles to establish causal relationship in discourse or argument. This may also be emphatic causal rather than in the form of an argument, a brief causal clause is drawn attention to (I Thess 2.8, 4.6 Heb 11.5) ean used for hypothetical uncertainty, but also found with the indicative  can replace an to mean “ever” ean me/ ei me transl. “unless”  wj ean “ wj an/wsan (past time and future time, respectively, but only conceived)  present: indicates something that may happen repetitively  aorist: definite event only once in the future and conceived of as taking place  with emphatic expectation, yet unfulfilled. This is more than probability, cf. otan ei used to introduce :  hypothetical, transl. “if“  indirect question, trans.: whether  direct question, left untranslated as with hoti  words of wondering, transl. as an objective hoti “that”  per: although, if indeed (rare)  eiper : although, if even, if also  kai ei: even if  ede me :otherwise, (ei de me ge is elliptical)  eiwj: if at all possible  ei ti … ei tij “ o ti … ostij “ whatever  ei is used as a causal conjunction and translated “since”, “because”, “then” (else and otherwise are rare)  w/he future indicative: used for a feeling of definiteness and actual realization but also common to hypothesis 2 Tm 2.12 Mrk 14.29 Lk 11.8 (rhetorical emphasis clearly in view)  w/ present indicative: current reality to time of speaking/writing: w/ ge this is intensive  subjunctive: this is an encroachment on ean Rv 11.5 Lk 11.1

ei mhn assuredly / above all

 ewj temporally limits the action of the main verb in two ways:  the beginning of the verb limits the action of the main verb “until”  the continuance of the ewj verb limits the action of the main verb, “while”, “as long as” ewj clauses of future time implied by the main verb meaning contingency is always subject in mood accompanied by an (though frequently w/o an following the main verb in the present/future tense. In reference to the future it may have the force of a conditional relative clause. But when it refers to an actual event it has the force of a temporal clause .

ewj past reference employs the past tense + indicative mood

ewj same tense as the main verb, transl. “while” referring to an event contemporaneous, transl. while

ina :subjectively  purpose w/ the subjunctive (also w/ mh for neg. purpose) aka. Final/Telic; commonly found with the infinite  in asyndeton it may be omitted in the presence ofh  final clauses :oti w/ verbs of : striving, caring, asking, wishing transl. “that”  apposition transl. “namely” - very close to epexegetical  result clause (consecutive) transl. “ so that” Lk 9.45, Mrk 15.32 ( this is only conceived, but never intended)  semi final: blending purpose and result 3 J 8  ecbatic : actual result previously or currently conceived/ most intimately associated with the main verb as to be separable

clauses may be used:  subjectively  objectively  appositionally: common in Johannine literature, commonly with words Anamely that...@  predicatively  epexegecally: clarifying a noun or adjective complementary imperatively kai :  results: describing a loose connection of the preceding to the followg  continuation of the subject  transition from one subject to another, transl. “now” - in the initial position  junctive to a subordinate added thought, “also”  ascensive to an unexpected thought, transl. “even”  adversative to a contrast thought, “and yet”  emphatic, transl. “ indeed”, “even”, “in fact”, “certainly”; found with gar / /de  hebraism: initial to egeneto (de is also used in this way  to introduce an infinitive clause used subjectively  mildly inferential (illative): translated “and so” I Thess 4.11  k … de by John is used as emphatic to unexpected information. But in the gospel it may be broken up and used in contrast conjunctive paratactic clause: something that is not in the immediate thinking of the reader or may be contradicted by it.

oti because, for; common in introducing objective clauses after verbs of knowing, saying, seeing, feeling  direct discourse : not translated , instead use quotation marks  rarely: “ ti “why”, wj oti genitive absolute  indirect assertion: used with the comparative clause (R. 1033)  apposition to substantives: word, witness, judgment, confidence (Mk 9.41) en onomati  apposition to verb-clauses referred to by en touto : verbs of cognizance I John 3.16, Ro 5.8; Mrk 1.34 IJ 5.11(w/o en: Eph 2.8,9)  this may look more like ellipsis, which would also allow for a more intimate use of o”ti w/ the verb)  ellipsis also occurs with ti in Lk 2.49 and John 14.22  indirect assertion: commonly found with verbs of knowing : I Cor 16.15 also with verbs of saying: J 8.54 Awhom you say (oti) is our God@; I Cor 15.27 Ait is clear that@ Mt 25.24(excellent to see contrasts) Ac 9.20 Ahe immediately began communicating in the synagogues the Jesus that this is the son of God.@ (this gives reference to the general content of knowledge but the emphasis is the completion of the main verb) o subjective: used with verbs in passive and impersonal verbs of striving/sufficieny: AIs it not important to you that we are perishing?@ o objective: commonly found with transitive verbs: AI believe that you are the Christ@ J 11.27 o Oratio Variata: (possibly) James 1.13 or recitative: Alet no one being tempted say “I am tempted of God” (not a direct quote: no one has specifically said this) o Causal: I J 5.9 “If we have received the witness of men, the witness of God is greater, because it is the witness of God..” I J 2.9 o Declarative: (direct discourse indicated by parataxis) o Indirect discourse: (Recitative) Paul and Luke as a rule, Robertson has a fairly exhaustive list accumulated from other sources as well) o other possible usage might include result, substantive cluase o A/G consecutive : so that “ result : Hebraism as seen in Gn 20.9 o w/ the copula indicating spontaneous live exclamation common to every period of Greek: I J 3.11 o Epexegetical

oun :inferential, therefore (with the implication of succession making the verb more specialized)  when inferential, this is expressed by the main verb in the sentence not by a verb in subordination nor by an infinitive nor a participle  also translated: (D/M) : then ( succession of events/time; a conclusion, inferential); now (continuative of other as in the introduction of a new series of thoughts, an explanation. “ Now” can also be transitional/resumptive . This usage is similar to gar, de kai pote  responsive : in reply, in response, in return, in turn  intensive: w/ 2p subjunctive + oun A@@to be sure@ found in conglomeration with other particles  exhortative: “by all means”  adversative: “however”

(Note: the best translation, though awkward : now therefore, however therefore, therefore in reply, therefore then. But be careful not to be too emphatic). See D/M p 257: conjunction diagram of meaning mh denies subjectively with hesitancy, involving will and thought not objective fact. This may be used to prohibit on the basis of some thought or wish - with the independent to denote fear or warning, but which phrase leaves the subject open for further remarks or entreaty. This may also be used with the indicative for cautious assertions.  used with the gnomic aorist in an axiomatic statement of situations that may have already occurred.  in questions: always implies no  translated, “lest” w/ verbs of hindering or denying  relative clauses take ou  hence ou is in the protasis an mh is in the apodasis; exc - Mark 14.21, Mt 26.24  in questions: ou expects a positive answer and mh a negative men differentiates its clause from a following clause  without the article indicates pronominal use  used emphatically if found with other particles (in fact) (men oun in fact rather; mentoi - in fact (adversative) nh, nai nh with oaths only : I affirm that nai transl “yeah, yes@ confirming a preceding statement per affixes to a word emphasizing it: indeed, really, completely

pote (enclitic) translate Aever@ ; with temporal significance Aat the same time@ toi emphatic meaning given to another word but without translation on its own wj in the comparative wj Y outwj the protasis follows in every case of the NT examined Correlatives

h Y h : “eitherYor” eite Y eite : “whether Y or” ean te Y ean te : A @

transl. these AneitherY nor@ ouk Y oude oute ..oute mhde Ymhte oude .. oude mh .. mhde mhte Ymhte oude .. oute mhde Y mhde

Rhetorical Figures of Speech (Robertson/Smyth)

1 Anacoluthan: caused by 1) a choice of some form of expression more convenient or more effective than that for which the sentence was grammatically planned: a brief expression of additional thought: 2) the intrusion of an explanation in which case the beginning may be repeated or summed up with de / oun 2 Anaphora: the repetition of a word or phrase to emphasize it at the beginning of several successive clause “shall we sin…’ Ro 6.1 and 6.15

3 Prodiorthosis: e.g. Paul’s change of tone to adapt himself to the readers every mood without sacrifice of principle (II Cor 7:1- 7 cf v8 Paul writes because of his love of the believer’s soul in his desire for them to be edified similar in epidiorthosis, Ro 3.5 “I communicate as a man” and paraleipsis 2Cor 9.4 “lest we should be ashamed”

Parallels and Contrasts -

4 Antithesis: contrast of concepts expressed by antithetical words: J 3.6 and the men Y de of Ro 2.7; I Thess 4.11

filotimeisqai hsucazein ,5.2 hmera kuriou.. … klepthj nuktoj (this is an incredibly theological antithesis. Study it carefully!)

the use of antonyms towards like concepts : Mt 10.26 Jo 1.17 Ro 11.33

5 Chiasm or Reverted Parallelism: cross arrangement of words to give alternative stress, thus the extremes and the means are correlated: Phil 5 Mt 7.6 Phil 1.15

Contrast of Words:

6 Anadiplosis (epandiplosis) : the rhetorical repetition of a word or several words for strong emotional emphasis, natural to strong emotion: J 19.6 Rev 18.2 7 Climax: the arrangement of words where the last word of a sentence is the same as the initial of the following sentence - each following with more importance than the preceding: 2 Pt 1.5 Ro 5.3-5 There is a cumulative force in the repetition 8 Zeugma: puts together words that do not go. It is a form of brachylogy wherein two connected substantives are joined by a single verb that must be used in a contextually wider sense with the second substantive: I Cor 3.2 “I caused you to drink with milk, and not solid food” Lk 1.64 I Tm 4.3 9 Paranomasia : demands similar sounds - possibly of the same stems, as a play on words

10 Parechesis: different words but similar sounds as in limoi kai loimoi , thus the repetition of the same sound in words in close or immediate success and alliteration is the initial rhyme Mt 16.18 petros kai petra. Thus there is overlapping with 9 as a turn of words verses humor. The ancients did not smile because a pun was made. It was merely a neat turn of speech and very very common R. 1201)

Contraction and Expansion:

11 Aposiopesis: a conscious expression of anger, fear or pity - the emotional element making the difference between itself and anacoulthan. Thus a form of ellipse where an abrupt halt is made: Ro 7.24 Lk 13.9 19.42 12 Brachylogy: a compressed expression, sometimes terse and generally obscure. This may be zeugma, constructio praegens or ellipse. The most common use is insertion by the author “that the Scriptures should be fulfilled” or “it is written”. See Smyth on different forms.  praegnans constructio: a construction with multiple meanings I Thess 5.3 where two sentences are condensed into one - here two comparative clauses

13 Pleonasm: a redundancy for vividness and emphasis (R. this is a custom of the language without thought or repetition). Note the cognate akk. a hyperbole J 21.25 Mt 13.32: particularly semitic thought b litotes Ac 1.5: an understatement or perhaps an affirmation expressed by its logical negative c meiosis: an understatement in the positive / original form I Thess 2.15 II Thess 3.2,7

Metaphors and Similar Tropes:

14 Synecdoche: is the use of a part to be an understood reference for the whole to which it belongs , e.g. a fox-skin for a fox, blood for life a. Metonymy: the substitution of one word for another for which it stands in some close relationship: “We wish infancy may learn the purpose of its creation”, meaning humanity. b. Homoeoteleuton: ending in similar lines: beware of parablepsis and the copyists eye skips an entire line to make the first line end with the second identical ending

15. Hendiadys: the use of two words(substantives) connected by a copulative conjunction to express a single complex idea:

Graham Sharp rule, but the definite article is not used (: one by two) Ephesians 4:11 kai. auvto.j e;dwken tou.j me.n avposto,louj( tou.j de. profh,taj( tou.j de. euvaggelista,j( tou.j de. poime,naj kai. didaska,louj(

a. where the nouns are proper, as the case of o Iwannhj kai Iakwb the article signifies the same group, not the same person. Where the nouns are in the plural, they may be distinct groups though united “the Pharisees and the Saducees”, identical groups W.288: only one clear example in Acts 1:25), one may be the subset of the other or they may be simply overlapping “the blind and the elderly”, “the poor and the sick”, “the cowardly and unfaithfully and abominable and murders and fornicators and sorcerers” (W. 278)

THE PREPOSITION

I Robertson: The way to study the preposition is to begin with root meaning of the case, then add the meaning of the preposition and finally consider the context. The Koine period is the height of prepositional development when both the akk. and locative are used and 17 prepositions occur.

A. Prepositions have two purposes : 1 - form compound verbs 2 - define the relationship of the substantive to some other part of the sentence, usually the verbal predicate. Adverbs are the precursors to prepositions : outside, upwards anoqen ‘from above’

B (Giles) The preposition is therefore an adverb specialized to further define case usage (Farrar) It is the case which gives meaning to the preposition not the preposition which gives meaning to the case. The preposition (adverb?) more clearly defined historical case usage pre existing the preposition. Homeric greek developed from the adverbial Sandscrit tmesis but did not establish prepositions with cases. This occurred afterward when the 18 classical prepositions occurred less commonly as adverbs and more commonly in compound formation w/ verbs as well as set with cases of nouns.

C. D/M: Cases limit and define the relation of verbs to substantives, so also prepositions help to express more exactly and effectively the very distinctions for which cases were (previously) created . Thus the resultant meaning stems from case usage may differ radically from the root meaning of the preposition. But note that separable prepositions change the meaning of the verb whereas inseparable simply intensify it. The inseparable preposition is an Attic phenomena as well. 1 - The double compound paints a picture as well as being intensive. Exanastasij : to get up , stand again and go out’ 2 - The trend of the case usage from the Ptolemaic times was the disappearance of the locative, genitive, dative and akk. with the dative and akk. superseding until eij + akk replaces en + dative a. Prepositions that don”t form elision include : peri, amfi ,pro

D. Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases: carin tinoj transl. “because of what thing; kaq eson as much as since acri ou until; en tini with what, through whom eij ti for what purpose; anq ou / hj since ana meson between, in the midst of ; proj ti why; en wn because of what reason ; anq\wn because ; ef wn, ef oson in as much as, as long as

1. Ellipsis: the preposition is used alone and verb is to be supplied 2. Tmesis: from the time of Homer, the preposition was regarded more as an adverb 3. The effect of the preposition in the verbal sense, regardless of tense is seen with prepositions apo, dia kata sun and are usually to establish original “local” meaning and not the perfective idea at all. For example, epignwskw is effective, but katafeugw is perfective even when the tense is durative, or it may coincide with the effective aorist. Thus the preposition may be effective, durative, or perfective in its influence. (R.) This both intensifies and expresses emphasis. 4. The object of the verb may also be effected by the preposition. The genitive of object (?) as determined by a compound verb may have a cognate akk. in secondary force and which would be primary in the absence of the preposition. 5. Attributive usage of the prepositional phrases and adverbs: a. if enclitic it is necessary to clarify: attributive usage is seldom to an anarthrous noun, but several instances in the NT 6. (W 249) the article employed with the noun governed by the preposition makes it definitive, however the reverse is not true with an anarthrous structure (though W. readily admits that most anathrous constructions are qualitative)

ana see the akk.; kata: opst.: back again, to the number of at the rate of; used with a ptc.: distributive transl.” to everyone a denarius” to ana dhnarion position: between brother: ana meson tou adelfou autou generally repeated noun is omitted) cf. Metaxu attic usage: at full speed ana kratoj with numerals: (sometimes repeated but this preposition is used with the same meaning when they are not as well as any word indicating grouping : sumposia; in turn: ana meroj anti abl. (Personal benefit not in view?) Instead of(?), against, face to face , but tends towards:  causal: because (used in causal clauses)  illative: therefore  oti dioti combining anqwn oti/ anti touto  classical genitive of price/ substitution : in behalf of (cf. Uper) also I Tim 2.6 antilutron uper cf. Mrk 10.15 lutron anti pollwn

apo (denoting emphatic separation): abl.: from , away from (remote meaning: by, on account of)  also used in the abl. / comparison : II Tm 1.3  partative usage: preferred  noun ellipse frequently : apo miaj in reference to ormh fwnh gnwmh (with one mind or voice). Or it may be an Aramaism “at once”. Another Hebrew preference to the distributive singular: something belonging to the group placed in the singular  causal: take the place of upo combining both means and source  apo more generalized than ek: from country,  temporal sense: apo tote ““from that time forward”  (after or return from the market; never ek)  ap arti Jn 13.19 from now on; apokatabolhej kosmou dia see M 236,237, 280, 144,25,85,147, 345: concerning agency (growth at expense of the ?) along with sun meta ; genitive: (agency) through, by means of, by throughout (some time internal), after, (attend circumstances : with) (manner) : attic similar; akk: because of, for the sake of, (motive), by way of (route)  w/ the infinitive “ oti dioti denoting cause  agency lends toward manner / attendant circumstances I Pt 3.20 Hb 3.16 “the women shall be saved in child bearing”, “the eight were saved in water”, “the one coming out of Egypt with Moses@

Moulton sees cause tending toward purpose but in each of the instances cited, people”s benefit seems more in view than mere purpose of the speaker, though this suggestion should not be ignored. It is best transl. “for the sake of”, and not “for the purpose of” eij used as a hebraism, translated as a predicate nominative  with numbers: “upto”, “fold” (distributive sense)  akk. Into, within, unto, to , for (indicating direction); Rt in, upon, against among equivalent to (einai, genesqai, kalesqai), for the purpose of’ is an attic usage; (because D/M southern baptists)  w/ inf. Of purpose (anarthrous); purpose or result (articular in Lk) though P. prefers pros; (Burton: tendency, measure of effect, result) as in “they led him away to crucify him combining purpose and result into intended result; (Westcott: eis marks the remoter aim and hina the more immediate, especially when in proximity   used after verbs of exhortation like a simple infinitive or hina, thus epexegetical  circumlocutions: eij proswpon eij ceiraj at the expense of the dat. Along with dia, meta,sun thus interchangable with the dative of time indicating the person more remotely concerned  en is very close and begins to replace eis in Scripture by 150 BC  eij is more impersonal than proj as well (a causal use of eis bears on the rediculous)

ek (M. 7,15,24, 249, 208-10, 233,260,215,234,235,259,260,280) abl. Out, out of, from, within (rt - on, by means of, because of)  partative also used  subjective 2 Cor 8.7  causal: because of the journey he was tired”  means: as per the abl.  Pauline usage: to express character or standards of these men Ga 3.7 “those of faith who are the sons of Abraham” Jn 8.23,47 “you are from your father the devil” ek katw  ceir as a hebraism of separation, cf. nMi (the author of Hebrews commonly uses for source in most instances) en a pervading concept of manner characterizes each of these usages severely coloring instrumentality resulting in almost a metaphorical usage., though the literal meaning remains. loc. In, on, to; Rt besides, into , because , (temporal) in at instrumental: with, by means of but used in a general sense (e.g. military defeat/capitol punishment “smitten by the sword” . For an extensive discussion see Moule p.75 w/ verbs of rest, interchanged with eij, though Paul and John rarely confuse the usage Moulton”s derivative sense

local: used of actual place (allowing for a physical sense imposed an abstract idea to describe manner in a fuller sense) Lu 2:49 Ti, o[ti evzhtei/te, meÈ ouvk h;|deite o[ti evn toi/j tou/ patro,j mou dei/ ei”nai, meÈ (some transl. AIn my father”s house@. 1 formulaic: in the Law, in David, in his name 2 classical: inside clothing or equipment 3 metaphorically: in the vine, in a race 4 sphere: God, law, Christ, the gospel, darkness vs. light, circumcision 5) temporal: (dative of both point and durative) commonly found with the articular infinitive: present “while”, aorist “ when / after” , though context is the ultimate decider. There is also an element of cause a Biblical usage (metaphorical): in the spirit, in the name, in truth. When Paul means “to liveto” someone and not sphere, he uses the dative only b metaphorical destination: “into” Eph 4.4 “called into one hope”; I Thess 4.7 “into honor”; M263 Ait is from theology and Biblical syntax, no comparative, that light is shed on this peculiar relationship expressed by en@ c pleonasm: were “to” is a redundancy d equivalent to eis: Jude quotes the LXX using eij e dat./reference Ro. 8.31 “we are conquerors with regard to all things” Ro 16.2 en kuriw f circumlocution: en ceiri J 3.35 g partative “someone in the Sanhedrin” Ac 5.34; geographical indication of the country within which the town lies, transl. “in”

epi locative (emph. Position) that upon which a state of being or an action is based; upon, on, at, over, before, after, on account of , especially with verbs of motion; used for destination of verbs linear/punctiliar aktionsart “upon” genitive: (emph.contact) : upon, on, at, over, before , in time of, of persons in contact with or in the presence of ( the genitive as a general reference to time stresses the aspect of a mere occasion or perhaps opportunity but never linear or punctiliar aktionsart. akk.: upon, on, to, up to, over; Rt. in, in addition to (possibly dative is used with verbs in emotion: makrothumew / splaggizw (epi + akk.) indicates the situation or persons that allow for the action of the main verb to occur A/G p 289 Act 4.22 Mark 9.12 15.24 II Thess 3.4

kata gen. Down upon, against, down, throughout, by akk. Along, according to (typically Pauline), throughout, during, at , at that time  in contrast to para ““contrary to”  remote meanings: w/reference to, pertaining to, in before, w/ respect to, by virtue of Ro 2. 5 kata. de. th.n sklhro,thta, sou abl. Down from

meta gen. With, in the midst of, accompanied by (mutual participation, accompanying circumstances or instrument) akk. Along, according to , after (temporal usually, rarely spatial) - infinitive indicates antecedent action (M.85)

proj loc. At akk. To, toward, with at, beside, against, at

sun instrumental: with, together with (Rt besides), including  much more technical as a near synonym to meta, thus used less  mostly used by Paul

uper gen. (M. strictly Pauline) about, concerning, on behalf of, w/ a view , in substitution of - a distinct connotation ) akk. over, above, beyond, more than abl instead of, in behalf of, for the sake of

This is used to heighten comparison of a comparative adjective or its positive (just as para) , in place of :h With the infinitive : purpose; advervial usage: sometimes is indistinguishable from the prepositional meaning uper egw: “ more” I Cor 4.6; II Cor 11.23; the boundary of antiis narrow, but anti does not denote benefit, only substitution.

Prepositions with regard to Agency: en emphasizes personal agency (cf b) agency; para agent is the same as source of the action of the main verb; dia agent is intermediate to the action of the main verb; apo indirect influence of agent and remote source to mark the point of departure that initiates the action of the main verb. This is not agency so much as it relates to authorization; ek describes emanation of the action of the main verb from its source; proj action done in the presence of...

upo the instrumental without the preposition is frequent. Dia is intermediary agency but u. is the primary or immediate agent : M. 274,249,258,275 abl. By (the agency of):motive (usually found after passive verbs) akk. Under (motion beneath); once for time “about dawn” para loc. (used with person) by, by the side of, beside, with, among akk. Besides, along, beyond, to the side of (Rt. Opst. To kata) para touto “ en touto “for this reason” abl. (used with persons only) from (from the side of - a very personal reference)  as with dia, the more immediate reference is para, then upo to the source/origin  also used for comparison, transl. “than” w/o the abl.: classical  w/ genitive: found with the akk. Neut. Definite article denoting objects Lk 10.7 Phil 4.18, especially of things transferred from one person to another ta para sou (from instructions to drink)

M. akk: more than, minus/except because peri gen. : about, concerning (Rt. In behalf of) - metaphorical akk.: besides , beyond, belong, about, around on all sides (with - rare), in respect to (spatial or temporal)

Moulton observations: 1 metaphorical sense transl. “things” (according to context)  with the akk. Pl. definite article rather than the local sense “surroundings”  ta peri sou refers more to intangible objects (Lantz”78); peri panta “in all respects”  used with verbs of accusation or verbal adjectives  akk. (rarer): local or temporal

pro also with the abl. R. 617 akk. Before (r. in the name of, above all)

proj akk. To, toward, with, at, beside, against, tending toward, in view of, concerning - temporal indicator of duration ; verbs of motion (in accordance with in the presence of) abl.. for, with reference to, on on account of (concerning)

 w/ infinitive “in order to” (purpose)

M. 1 - 1ps oblique 2 - pros is used toward personal objects and eis towards impersonal 3 - intended result : 2 Cor10.4 I Tm 4.8 I Thess2.9

THE VERB

Voice: may emphasize either the subject, as in the case of the simple active, or the action of the verb. The defective form simply means the active form does not exist. The Deponent form simply declares it is active in meaning becausethe passive form existed at one point but it was “laid aside” (deponens).  Transitivity suggests active voice in the case of verbal cognates.

Mood: (df) mood relates the verbal idea to the speakers attitude. It presents something either as a fact or a possibility. This describes asseverative reality: the indicative is first, the subjunctive second, the optative and least associated with reality is the imperative, last. The truth of the verbal idea is not the issue, but rather the speakers representation of the reality, how the thought was conceived. It represents an attitude of mind on the part of the speaker and is therefore the manner of affirmation. (adapted from D/M p165)

I Indicative - assumes certainty and is the mode of assertion. a Declarative makes a straight forward assertion presenting it as fact. The future indicative merely presents a logical relationship without regard to probability at all 2 Tm 2.12; Hb 4.4 b Interrogative asks a simple question expecting a declarative statement. There is essentially no difference in intent of the speaker. c Potential or conditional: the root may imply potential, not the mood. This is a semitism often followed by the infinitive as with verbs. dei ofeilei boulomai, qelw1rst Class simple or assumed to be true; 2nd Class contrary to fact or the protasis is assumed to be false. Assumptions may or may not indicate reality e.g. done for the sake of argument d Cohortative : the future indicative is used for command. (There is no tense value in the various degrees of contingency) e found with an: 1 the indicative of unfulfilled obligation, priority or possibility with the imperfect of personal expressions 2 unattainable wish: use of the indicative referring to the present /past which can”t be realized is expressed by eiqe or ei gar (negative mh) . There may be no NT instances of past obligation yet unfulfilled M. 90. But the imperfect refers to continuance in the present time. The aorist refers to unattainable in the past time. Wfelon “ | eboulomhn as a regret of an unfulfilled wish. 3 unreal indicative: the past tense of the indicative with an may imply unreality. The imperfect is transl.@should have been@ represented in the aorist 4 past potential : aorist indicative + an , less often the imperfect may denote past potentiality, probability , cautious statement or necessity 5 M. By omitting the apodasis , ei + indicative may become as a wish clause “if only” 6 apodasis lacking an: with an emphasis on reality, usually in emphatic notations for vividness : “It is just as well, if that man had not been born” “ It is just as well if that man had a stone around his neck” “Except this one be from God, he is not able to do anything” J 9.33 7 The Augmented indicative w/ an indicating temporal and conditional relative clauses and iterative actionsart a an is as close to the front as possible, even joining the conjunction b thus very indefinite usage as to specific time “whenever evening came “ not, “ when evening came” c sometimes found with the present or future indicative, though rare (M110) II Subjunctive - assumes uncertainty and is the mode of probability. Future time is implied by mood form - Smyth The subjunctive may best regard the main verb as a transient stage of action without certainty or regard to time. a hortatory presents an exhortation in the 1ppl and is translated : “let us”, to join the speaker in a coarse of action. It is sometimes found with afej ?/ deuro to permit the speaker to do something. This suggests or urges and the negative is mh b prohibition can either be stated with the negative mh + aorist subjunctive (“don”t) or mh + the present imperative “stop doing” . It is also used in dependent clauses of fearing and warning : ou mh is the strongest; pwj mh + aorist subjunctive for command. Where the subject is general, this may vary. c deliberative is rhetorical questioning that can be asked regarding means “how can we” or a deliberative question suggested by 1ps and pl, “should we” - also found less commonly in the future. d emphatic negation is made by the aorist subjunctive + ou mh. It may also be made with reference to the future rarely by ou mh + future indicative. Thus the subjunctive has a futurative nuance for they are both emphatic negation. e anticipatory subjunctive (nearly equivalent to the future indicative anticipating a future event) f basic meaning of potential is ina + subjunctive (1/3 of all NT usages of the subjunctive) g an is sometimes not used: the contingent element lies in context and the character of the verbal with verbs of fearing or watching h Indirect questions

III Optative - assumes uncertainty and is the mood of possibility, not probability. Thus the sense of reality fades from probability to possibility. The optative is found in concessive, conditional, temporal and indirect speech clauses besides expressing wish. It denotes only a stage of action or mood by form (Symth). There are only 3 conditionals found with the optative Ac 24.19 I Pt 3.14,17 (others are indirect questions) (W. the optative is slowly being infringed upon by the subjective due to the inability of the learner to acquire its distinctions)

a Voluntative of obtainable wish used w/o an which Burton lists every occurrence in the New Testament. b. Paul’s mh genoito implies that he fears the false conclusion stated in the following statement that might be concluded from his aforesaid argument.

Potential: this clause implies condition. an is used to state the results of some fulfilled condition, also deliberative after an introductory main verb in the past of saying or thinking each tense denotes a stage of action and time relative to the main verb. This is what the writer considers as possible, proper or likely in the future. An optative may be used in the apodasis with an implied protasis.

c. In indirect discourse: the present optative represents the imperfect as well as the present indicative. The future optative is only in actual or implied indirect discourse

IV. Imperative - states a command or exhortation expressing neither certainty, probability nor possibility. This mood regards fullment to be the furthest removed from reality. a Command: gives a simple, straight forward command: aorist may be ingressive and the present continuative W. makes this more akin to “he must” / “I order that” b Prohibition gives a negative command by the use of mh + present imperative (mh + aorist subjunctive is also considered a command. Thus the present “stop doing”, the aorist “don’t continue as you are doing” for specific subjects. The aorist subjunctive is more common than the aorist imperative + mh which does occur (Br 163) and is used in polite commands Lk 17.5 and in the permission uses of the imperative I Cor 7.15. The use of the perfect denotes completion / permanent result. c Entreaty or polite command: used to make a request - almost pleading sometimes to call attention to something d Permission used for permission for one to do something though it does not necessarily imply approval of what is permitted but merely allowance. e Condition / Concessive - the imperative sometimes states a condition on which the corresponding fulfillment depends: Jn 2.19 Adestroy this temple and Y I will raise it up.@ Lk 6.37; Eph 5.14 (may or may not retain hortatory force)

III Categories of Questions - either using the subjunctive or future indicative in deliberative questions a Interrogative question of Fact asks questions of fact which demand an immediate declarative answer b Rhetorical question of fact implies a fact demanding an immediate affirmation c Interrogative Deliberative asks a question of coarse of action based on desirability, necessity or possibility d Rhetorical Deliberative implies an assertion based on desirability, necessity or possibility

IV Translation : the optative is used for the indicative in indirect discourse a The present optative “ present indicative Ahe asked what they wanted@ b The present optative “ imperfect indicative Athey explained that they kept sailing against the enemy@ c The aorist optative “ aorist indicative “he asked what had happened to them” d The perfect opt. “ perfect indicative “they said that the troops of Demonsthanes had surrendered”