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Home , Amenmesse, Block statue, Khaemwaset (Vizier), Ramesses IV, Ramesses V, Seti II

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

Mechanical Engineering in Ancient , Part XXXVI: Human Stone Statues in the 19th and 20th Dynasties

Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

Abstract— The ancient Egyptians continued to produce human stone statues during the 19th and 20th Dynasties. The types and design of those statues is investigated showing their characteristics and features. The stone type, statue height and present location are all outlined if available. Colossal human statues in the 19th Dynasty are highlighted. The dress and headdress types are outlined for each statue .

Keywords— Mechanical engineering; ; Human stone statues, 19th and 20th Dynasties, colossal statues . I. INTRODUCTION This is the 36th paper in a scientific research aiming at presenting a deep insight into the history of mechanical engineering during one of the greatest civilizations in the world, the ancient Egyptians civilization. The paper handles one of important industries practiced by ancient Egyptians during the Dynastic Periods of their history. The ancient Egyptian stone statues are filling all the Museums in all around the world indicating the unbelieved mechanical technology used in producing such statues. Magdolen (2002) investigated two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City Museum Bratislava. He compared the mouth of some 18th Dynasty from their statues and come to a conclusion that fragment VEIII indicates that perhaps it may be for Thutmose III [1]. Sadikoglu (2007) in her book about ancient Egyptian art and its influence on modern time through history presented some statues at the entrance of Temple at Luxor, a Pharaoh bust, statues of in Temple, statues of Memnon at Thebes, statue of Merytamun from the 19th Dynasty, a colossal statue of Pinudjem, Priest of Amun Temple at Thebes from the 21st Dynasty, a block statue of Amun-Re in Karnak, statues of Ramses II and his wife in Temple and Ramses II statues in his temple at Abu-Simbel [2]. Olivier (2008) in her Master of Arts Thesis presented a number of illustrations including stone statues for Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty in his temple at Abu-Simbel, statue of Priestess of Hathor Enehy from the 19th Dynasty and a broken colossal statue of Ramses II at . She presented also a statue for Queen Tuya wife of Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, a statue for Queen Nefertari wife of Ramses II, the colossal statues of Ramses II and Nefertari in the small temple at Abu-Simbel, colossal statue of Merytamun, daughter of Ramses II and Queen Nefertari at Akhmim [3].

Sullivan (2010) in an article about the development of the Karnak Temple presented some stone statues in Pylon II of the temple and in Temple of Ramses III of the 20th Dynasty, a sphinx stattue on the road between Karnak and Luxor Temple and sphinx statues in the way outside Pylon I of Karnak Temple [4]. Green (2012) discussed the results of suthor's survey of representations of Queens and Goddesses of the 19th Dynasty and implications for the use of the double versus uraeus-vulture combination in certain media and/or contexts [5]. Iskander (2012) presented the work undertaken during the 2011- 2012 season by the joint expedition to the Temple of Ramses II at Abydos. He included a description of identifying, collecting and cataloguing fragments of the granite colossal statue of Ramses II [6]. www.ijaetmas.com Page 106

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

Dorman, Garnet and James (2016) studied the Egyptian art and architecture including statues produced during the Dynastic Periods of the first three millennia BCE in Egypt and . They presented some of the colossal statues of Ramses II in the entrance of Luxor Temple, his colossal statues in his temple at Abu-Simbel and the colossi of Memnon at Madinat Habu in Thebes [7]. Hassaan (2016) investigated the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through his study of the human statues industry. He outlined different aspects of this industry during the Predynastic to Old Kingdom [8], from the 11th to the 17th Dynasties [9] and during the 18th Dynasty [10].

II. THE 19TH DYNASTY The 19th Dynasty of ancient Egypt expands over a time period from 1292 to 1189 BC rule by eight Pharaohs starting by Ramses I and ending by [11]. The 19th Dynasty is the Dynasty of colossal statues as a feature of its stone statues. Here, I present examples of the stone statues of this great dynasty: - The first example is stone head of Pharaoh Ramses I (1292-1290 BC), the founder of the 19th Dynasty in display in the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston and shown in Fig.1 [12]. The Pharaoh is wearing a decorated Khat headdress. - The second example is an alabaster statue for Seti I (1290-1279 BC), the second Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty in display in the at Cairo and shown in Fig.2 [13]. This is a striding statue of the Pharaoh, wearing a short Shenti with front tail and holding an object in each hand. The headdress is missing and the nose is broken.

Fig.1 Head of Ramses I [12]. Fig.2 Statue of Seti I [13].

- The third example is a granite statue for Queen Tuya, the wife of Pharaoh Seti I (1290-1279 BC) in display in the Vatican Museum and shown in Fig.3 [14]. The designer showed the Queen wearing a decorated headdress, crown, wide pectoral and putting her left hand on her chest and holding an object. The decorations of her headdress and crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.3. The carver could generate those complex decorations using of the hardest stones, granite with an accuracy may be possible now using CNC machines. www.ijaetmas.com Page 107

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

- The fourth example is a 2-coloured granite upper-part of Ramses II state, the 3rd Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty in display in the , weighing 7.25 ton and shown in Fig.4 [15]. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a headdress with Cobra on its front and a Crown above it with a thin long beard. The details of the face are wonderful as if it was generated by a computer showing the beauty of the Pharaoh when he was young.

Fig.3 Statue of Queen Tuya [14]. Fig.4 Statue of Ramses II [15].

- The fifth example is a 2.44 m setting statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in display in The University of Pennsylvania Museum and shown in Fig.5 [16]. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti, a decorated Nemes with cobra on its front, putting his hands on his thighs and his chair is full of inscriptions. The nose is broken as indicated in the zoomed view in Fig.5. - The sixth example is a colossal striding statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in the Luxor Temple and shown in Fig.6 [17]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a Nemes headdress with Cobra on its front, holding an object in each hand with thin long beard. Unfortunately, the stone type and height are not identified !.

Fig.5 Statue of Ramses II [16]. Fig.6 Statue of Ramses II [17].

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International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

- The seventh example is a 1.94 m height black granite setting statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in display in the Turin Museum of Italy and shown in Fig.7 [18]. This is may be one of the best statues of the Great Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a long inscribed Schenti, the Blue Crown with Cobra on its front, holding a Crook in his right hand and an object in his left hand. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a sandal in his feet. The details of the face and the decorations of the Blue Crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.7. The carver was so professional to carve granite and produce the very high quality depicted in the zoomed view.

Fig.7 Statue of Ramses II [18].

- The eighth example is a colossal statue for Pharaoh Ramses II standing in the Giza Plateau and shown in Fig.8 [19]. The statue has an 11m height and an 83 ton weight. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a Nemes headdress and a Double Crown over the headdress, holding an object in its vertical straight hands and may be a double Cobra in front of the Crown as depicted in the zoomed view of Fig.8. - The ninth example is again a colossal statue for Ramses II in the entrance of his Temple at Abu-Simbel and shown in Fig.9 [20]. Four colossal statues were cut in the rocks of Pharaoh Ramses II Temple at Abu-Simbel. The estimated height is about 5.25 m and the weight is unknown. The Pharaoh was shown wearing short Schenti, a Nemes headdress and probably a Double Crown with Cobra on its front and putting his two hands on his thighs. - The tenth example is a stone group statue for Scribe Ptahmai and his family (1250- 1200 BC) in display in the Neues Museum at Berlin and shown in Fig.10 [21]. The designer showed the Scribe and his two wives setting on a sofa with his daughter standing between him and her mother. He is shown wearing a long Schenti, pectoral and putting his hands on his thighs. Both wives are wearing a long Tunic, decorated headdress and putting one hand on her thigh and holding his waist with the other hand. The wives had a headdress with elaborated decoration as shown in the zoomed view of his wife at his right. www.ijaetmas.com Page 109

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

- The eleventh example is a limestone statue of one of Ramses II daughters in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.11 [22]. The princess is wearing a coloured-long Tung, well decorated headdress with two Cobra on its front and a Crown with Cobra on all its circumference. The statue was carved and painted with extreme sophistication and technology leading to a product sustaining for more than 3200 years.

Fig.8 Statue of Ramses II [19]. Fig.9 Statues of Ramses II [20].

Fig.10 Group statue of Ptahmai [21]. Fig.11 Statues of Ramses II daughter [22].

- The twelfth example is a sandstone statue for Khaemwaset, one of the sons of Pharaoh Ramses II in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.12 [23]. The designer showed the Prince wearing a short Schenti, a decorated Khat headdress and holding two long bars, one bar per hand. - The thirteenth example is a granite statue for , the fourth Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty (1213-1203 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.13[24]. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a decorated Nemes with one Cobra on its front and a Double Crown on it as clear in the zoomed view of Fig.13. www.ijaetmas.com Page 110

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

Fig.12 Statue of Khaemwaset [23]. Fig.13 Statue of Merneptah [24].

- The fourteenth example is a striding statue for Seti II, the 5th Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty (1203-1197 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at Turin, Italy and shown in Fig.14 [25]. The Pharaoh is shown wearing short Schenti with belt and front tail, a decorated Khat headdress with Cobra on its front and holding an object in each hand. The stone type nor the dimensions are not available. - The fifteenth example is a replica statue of Pharaoh Seti II in display in the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum at California and shown in Fig.15 [26]. The designer showed the Pharaoh kneeing, wearing a short Schenti, a Nemes headdress with Cobra on its front and holding a shrine to be presented to Amun. Here, the designer did not show the Pharaoh with thin long beard as in the design of Fig.14.

Fig.14 Statue of Seti II [25]. Fig.15 Statue of Merneptah [26].

- The last example from the 19th Dynasty is painted quartzite head for , the 6th Pharaoh (1201-1198 BC) in display in the Brooklyn Museum at NY and shown in Fig.16 [27]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing the Blue Crown of ancient Egypt with a Cobra on its front.

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International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

Fig.16 Statue of Amenmesse [27].

TH III. THE 20 DYNASTY

The 20th Dynasty of ancient Egypt covers a time span from1189 to 1077 BC ruled by 10 Pharaohs starting by and ending by Ramses XI [28]. Some of the human stone judging the evolution of stone statues industry in the are presented below: - Fig.17 shows a basalt statue of Ramses III, the 2nd Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty (1186- 1156 BC) in display in the Rockefeller Museum at East Jerusalem [29]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing a decorated Nemes headdress. - The second example is a granite striding statue for Pharaoh Ramses III in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.18 [30]. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a long Schenti, a decorated Nemes with a Cobra on its front and holding a Royal Bar by its left hand while his right is extending downwards. Even though the granite is one of the hardest stone, the carver could produce this wonderful piece with too many details and build-in decorations in the Schenti, headdress and bar.

Fig.17 Statue of Ramses III [29].

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International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

Fig.18 Striding statue of Ramses III [30]. - The third example is a kneeling mudstone statue for Ramses IV, the 3rd Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty (1155-1149 BC) in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.19 [31]. The designer showed the Pharaoh as an old man wearing a short Schenti with front tail, decorated Nemes headdress with front Cobra and holding two ointment jars, one per palm. - The fourth example is a granodiorite statue of the High Priest Ramessesnakht during the rein of Pharaoh Ramses IV (1155-1149 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.20 [32]. The designer showed the Priest as a Scribe in a writing position with a paper on his thighs and a pen in his right hand. He is wearing a special headdress.

Fig.19 Kneeling statue of Ramses IV [31]. Fig.20 Statue of Priest Ramessesnakht [32].

- The fourth example is a statue for Ramses V, the 4th Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty in display in the Egyptian Museum and shown in Fig.21 [33]. He is wearing a short Schenti with front tail, Nemes headdress and a Double Crown over the headdress. He is holding an object using his both hands. - The last example is a granite statue for Ramses VI, the 5th Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.22 [34].

Fig.21 Statue of Ramses V [33]. Fig.22 Statue of Ramses VI [34]. www.ijaetmas.com Page 113

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short decorated Schenti, a decorated Khat, a Crown above the Khat headdress. The Pharaoh is in a striding fighting position holding a military axe in his right palm and an enemy hair in his left palm as clear in the zoomed view of Fig.22.

CONCLUSIONS

- The evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through the study of the human stone statues industry during the 19th and 20th Dynasties was investigated. - The characteristics of the ancient Egyptian human stone statues were presented . - Samples of the ancient Egypt human stone statues were presented from the collections of national and international museums. - The study covered ancient Egyptian historical periods during the 19th and 20th Dynasties. - The Khat headdress continued to appear in both 19th and 20th Dynasties. - Short Schenti with front tail was the common Royal dress during both 19th and 20th Dynasties. - The Nemes headdress with or without Cobra on its front was the common Royal headdress in both dynasties. - Blue Crown was in use during the 19th Dynasty. - The Double Crown was in used during both 19th and 20th Dynasties. - Singe or double Cobra were used with some headdresses and Crowns. - Some Pharaohs appeared in their statues with thin long beard. - Royal and Elite women appeared in both dynasties with nicely decorated headdresses. - In a unique appearance one Pharaoh from the 20th Dynasty appeared smiting the head of his enemy. - The ancient Egyptians of the 19th and 20th Dynasties designed and carved stone statues is setting, striding and kneeing positions. - They used granite, alabaster, sandstone, mudstone, basalt, quartzite and granodiorite in producing their human stone statues during the 19th and 20th Dynasties

REFERENCES [1] D. Magdolen, “Two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City Museum Bratislava ”, Asian and African Studies, vol.11, issue 2, pp.147-160, 2002. [2] P. Sadikoglu, "Ancient Egyptian art influence on modern time through history", Boyut Publisher, 2007. [3] A. Olivier, "Social statues of elite women of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt: A comparison of artistic features", Master of Arts Thesis, University of South Africa, June 2008. [4] E. Sullivan, "The development of the Temple of Karnak", Digital Karnak, Los Angeles, http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak , 2010.. [5] L. Green, "Diagnostic use of the uraeus combination by Queen and Goddesses in the 19th Dynasty", The 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, April 27-29, 2012. [6] S. Iskander, "2011-2012 New York University Epigraphic and conservation expedition to the Temple of Ramses II at Abydos", The 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, April 27-29, 2012. www.ijaetmas.com Page 114

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

[7] P. Dorman, T. Garnet and H. James, "Egyptian art and architecture", www.britannic.com/art/Egyptian-art , 2016. [8] G. A. Hassaan, "Mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt, Part XXXIII: Stone statues industry (Predynastic to Old Kingdom)", International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol.30, pp.5-16, December 2016. [9] G. A. Hassaan, "Mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt, Part XXXIV: Stone statues industry (11th to 17th Dynasties)", International Journal of Engineering and Techniques, vol.2, issue 6, 2016 (Under Publication). [10] G. A. Hassaan, "Mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt, Part XXXV: Human stone statues in the 18th Dynasty", World Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2016 (Accepted for Publication). [11] Wikipedia, "Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt , , 2016 [12] Wikipedia, " I", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses I , 2016. [13] A. Shaffary, "Striding statue of Seti I, Dynasty 19", https://www.pinterest.com/pin/210754457536953091/ [14] J. Cromb, "Queen Tuya, wife of Pharaoh Seti I of Egypt and mother of Ramesses II", https://www.pinterest.com/pin/465911523924331261/ [15] British Museum, "Statue of Ramses II, the younger Memnon", http://britishmuseum.tumblr.com/post/125844964332/statue-of-ramesses-ii-the-younger- memnon

[16] J. Wagner, "Seated statue of Ramesses II", http://www.penn.museum/blog/collection/125th-anniversary-object-of-the-day/seated- statue-of-ramesses-ii-object-of-the-day-113/, 2012. [17] Sophy 1, "Luxor statue of Ramses II", http://www.sophyl.com/aegypten/017-luxor- statue-ramses-2.html [18] The Heretic Pharaoh, "The best known stattue of Ramses II at the Turin Museum", http://thehereticpharaoh.tumblr.com/post/48646268136/the-best-known-statue-of- ramses-ii-at-the-turin [19] Alamy, "Ramses square, the colossal statue of Ramses II", http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-egypt-cairo-ramses-square-the-colossal-statue-of- ramses-ii-48072420.html , 2016. [20] Ingpeace Project, "Four colossal statues of Ramesess II", http://ingpeaceproject.com/2015/11/ , 2015. [21] A. Clark, "Ptahmai with his wife Hatshepsut and his daughter", www.pinterest.com/pin/3523363708308391260/

[22] Artres, "Statue of Ramesses II's daughter, 19th Dynasty", http://www.artres.com/C.aspx?VP3=ViewBox_VPage&VBID=2UN365NZODLYX&IT =ZoomImageTemplate01_VForm&IID=2UN39YWE80R&PN=37&CT=Search&SF=0 [23] Catja, "Sandstone conglomerate statue of Khaemwaset", https://www.pinterest.com/pin/517280707171650745/ [24] Art & Archaeology, "Colossus of Merneptah", http://www.art-and- archaeology.com/egypt/egy51.html [25] A. Burnett, "Statue of King Seti II from the Egyptian Museum of Turin", https://www.pinterest.com/pin/176062666655508529/ [26] Wikipedia, "A replica statue of Seti II holding a shrine to Amun", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_II www.ijaetmas.com Page 115

International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116

[27] Metropolitan Museum, "Head of King Amenmesse wearing the Blue Crown", http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/34.2.2/ [28] Wikipedia, "Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt , 2016. [29] Alamy, " Statue of Ramses III from Beth Shean" , http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo- statue-of-ramses-iii-from-beth-shean-1184-1153-bc-basalt-on-display-86312071.html [30] R. Brewer, "Striding statue of Ramses III as a standard bearer of Amun", https://fr.pinterest.com/pin/380835712222292079/ [31] British Museum, " Kneeling mudstone figure of Ramses IV", http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/colle ction_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=22761003&objectid=177337 [32] World History, " High Priest Ramessesnakht as scribe, reign of Ramesses IV", http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55038-9-nineteenth-twentieth- dynasties.html , 2015. [33] Cfeetk, " Striding statue of ", www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/karnak/?ck=262&hl=ar [34] World History, " Ramesses VI smiting Libyan enemy", http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55038-9-nineteenth-twentieth- dynasties.html , 2015.

BIOGRAPHY

Galal Ali Hassaan:  Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics and Automatic Control.  Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo University in 1970 and 1974.  Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford University, UK under the supervision of Late Prof. John Parnaby.  Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, EGYPT.  Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and History of Mechanical Engineering.  Published more than 200 research papers in international journals and conferences.  Author of books on Experimental Systems Control, Experimental Vibrations and Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.  Chief Justice of the International Journal of Computer Techniques.  Member of the Editorial Board of a number of International Journals including IJAETMAS.  Reviewer in some International Journals.  Scholars interested in the author's publications can visit: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal www.ijaetmas.com Page 116