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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVI: Human Stone Statues in the 19Th and 20Th Dynasties

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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVI: Human Stone Statues in the 19Th and 20Th Dynasties International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVI: Human Stone Statues in the 19th and 20th Dynasties Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt Abstract— The ancient Egyptians continued to produce human stone statues during the 19th and 20th Dynasties. The types and design of those statues is investigated showing their characteristics and features. The stone type, statue height and present location are all outlined if available. Colossal human statues in the 19th Dynasty are highlighted. The dress and headdress types are outlined for each statue . Keywords— Mechanical engineering; Ancient Egypt; Human stone statues, 19th and 20th Dynasties, colossal statues . I. INTRODUCTION This is the 36th paper in a scientific research aiming at presenting a deep insight into the history of mechanical engineering during one of the greatest civilizations in the world, the ancient Egyptians civilization. The paper handles one of important industries practiced by ancient Egyptians during the Dynastic Periods of their history. The ancient Egyptian stone statues are filling all the Museums in all around the world indicating the unbelieved mechanical technology used in producing such statues. Magdolen (2002) investigated two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City Museum Bratislava. He compared the mouth of some 18th Dynasty Pharaohs from their statues and come to a conclusion that fragment VEIII indicates that perhaps it may be for Pharaoh Thutmose III [1]. Sadikoglu (2007) in her book about ancient Egyptian art and its influence on modern time through history presented some statues at the entrance of Karnak Temple at Luxor, a Pharaoh bust, statues of Hatshepsut in Amun Temple, statues of Memnon at Thebes, statue of Merytamun from the 19th Dynasty, a colossal statue of Pinudjem, Priest of Amun Temple at Thebes from the 21st Dynasty, a block statue of Amun-Re in Karnak, statues of Ramses II and his wife Nefertari in Hathor Temple and Ramses II statues in his temple at Abu-Simbel [2]. Olivier (2008) in her Master of Arts Thesis presented a number of illustrations including stone statues for Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty in his temple at Abu-Simbel, statue of Priestess of Hathor Enehy from the 19th Dynasty and a broken colossal statue of Ramses II at Tanis. She presented also a statue for Queen Tuya wife of Pharaoh Seti I of the 19th Dynasty, a statue for Queen Nefertari wife of Ramses II, the colossal statues of Ramses II and Nefertari in the small temple at Abu-Simbel, colossal statue of Merytamun, daughter of Ramses II and Queen Nefertari at Akhmim [3]. Sullivan (2010) in an article about the development of the Karnak Temple presented some stone statues in Pylon II of the temple and in Khonsu Temple of Ramses III of the 20th Dynasty, a sphinx stattue on the road between Karnak and Luxor Temple and sphinx statues in the way outside Pylon I of Karnak Temple [4]. Green (2012) discussed the results of suthor's survey of representations of Queens and Goddesses of the 19th Dynasty and implications for the use of the double uraeus versus uraeus-vulture combination in certain media and/or contexts [5]. Iskander (2012) presented the work undertaken during the 2011- 2012 season by the joint expedition to the Temple of Ramses II at Abydos. He included a description of identifying, collecting and cataloguing fragments of the granite colossal statue of Ramses II [6]. www.ijaetmas.com Page 106 International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116 Dorman, Garnet and James (2016) studied the Egyptian art and architecture including statues produced during the Dynastic Periods of the first three millennia BCE in Egypt and Nubia. They presented some of the colossal statues of Ramses II in the entrance of Luxor Temple, his colossal statues in his temple at Abu-Simbel and the colossi of Memnon at Madinat Habu in Thebes [7]. Hassaan (2016) investigated the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through his study of the human statues industry. He outlined different aspects of this industry during the Predynastic to Old Kingdom [8], from the 11th to the 17th Dynasties [9] and during the 18th Dynasty [10]. II. THE 19TH DYNASTY The 19th Dynasty of ancient Egypt expands over a time period from 1292 to 1189 BC rule by eight Pharaohs starting by Ramses I and ending by Twosret [11]. The 19th Dynasty is the Dynasty of colossal statues as a feature of its stone statues. Here, I present examples of the stone statues of this great dynasty: - The first example is stone head of Pharaoh Ramses I (1292-1290 BC), the founder of the 19th Dynasty in display in the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston and shown in Fig.1 [12]. The Pharaoh is wearing a decorated Khat headdress. - The second example is an alabaster statue for Seti I (1290-1279 BC), the second Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.2 [13]. This is a striding statue of the Pharaoh, wearing a short Shenti with front tail and holding an object in each hand. The headdress is missing and the nose is broken. Fig.1 Head of Ramses I [12]. Fig.2 Statue of Seti I [13]. - The third example is a granite statue for Queen Tuya, the wife of Pharaoh Seti I (1290-1279 BC) in display in the Vatican Museum and shown in Fig.3 [14]. The designer showed the Queen wearing a decorated headdress, crown, wide pectoral and putting her left hand on her chest and holding an object. The decorations of her headdress and crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.3. The carver could generate those complex decorations using of the hardest stones, granite with an accuracy may be possible now using CNC machines. www.ijaetmas.com Page 107 International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116 - The fourth example is a 2-coloured granite upper-part of Ramses II state, the 3rd Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty in display in the British Museum, weighing 7.25 ton and shown in Fig.4 [15]. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a Nemes headdress with Cobra on its front and a Crown above it with a thin long beard. The details of the face are wonderful as if it was generated by a computer showing the beauty of the Pharaoh when he was young. Fig.3 Statue of Queen Tuya [14]. Fig.4 Statue of Ramses II [15]. - The fifth example is a 2.44 m setting statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in display in The University of Pennsylvania Museum and shown in Fig.5 [16]. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti, a decorated Nemes with cobra on its front, putting his hands on his thighs and his chair is full of inscriptions. The nose is broken as indicated in the zoomed view in Fig.5. - The sixth example is a colossal striding statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in the Luxor Temple and shown in Fig.6 [17]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a Nemes headdress with Cobra on its front, holding an object in each hand with thin long beard. Unfortunately, the stone type and height are not identified !. Fig.5 Statue of Ramses II [16]. Fig.6 Statue of Ramses II [17]. www.ijaetmas.com Page 108 International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Science (IJAETMAS) ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116 - The seventh example is a 1.94 m height black granite setting statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in display in the Turin Museum of Italy and shown in Fig.7 [18]. This is may be one of the best statues of the Great Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a long inscribed Schenti, the Blue Crown with Cobra on its front, holding a Crook in his right hand and an object in his left hand. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a sandal in his feet. The details of the face and the decorations of the Blue Crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.7. The carver was so professional to carve granite and produce the very high quality depicted in the zoomed view. Fig.7 Statue of Ramses II [18]. - The eighth example is a colossal statue for Pharaoh Ramses II standing in the Giza Plateau and shown in Fig.8 [19]. The statue has an 11m height and an 83 ton weight. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a Nemes headdress and a Double Crown over the headdress, holding an object in its vertical straight hands and may be a double Cobra in front of the Crown as depicted in the zoomed view of Fig.8. - The ninth example is again a colossal statue for Ramses II in the entrance of his Temple at Abu-Simbel and shown in Fig.9 [20]. Four colossal statues were cut in the rocks of Pharaoh Ramses II Temple at Abu-Simbel. The estimated height is about 5.25 m and the weight is unknown.
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