Source Index

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11336-7 — The Ancient Egyptian Economy Brian Muhs Index More Information

SOURCE INDEX

Note : An n following a page number indicates a note.

Archives Book 15, 29.1–2, 207 Archive of Amennakhte, 112 Book 15, 92.2, 196 Archive of Amenothes, 248 Book 17, 52.6, 236 Archive of Ananiah, 192 , 193 , 204 Herodotus Archive of Djekhy and Ituredj, 202 , 205 , Book II, 30, 196 , 197 , 208 208 – 209 Book II, 154, 197 Archive of gooseherds of Hou, 192 , 193 , 205 Book II, 157, 206 Archive of Horemsaef, 82 – 83 Book II, 158, 317 Archive of Inena, 105 , 116 Book II, 159, 195 Archive of Menches, 245 Book II, 161, 195 Archive of Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130 Book II, 161–162, 313n 167 Archive of Mibtahiah, 204 Book II, 161–163, 169 Archive of Milon, 199 , 226 , 243 Book II, 163, 197 Archive of Pefheryhesy, 200 –201 , 203 Book II, 164–166, 197 – 198 Archive of Petiese, 204 – 205 Book II, 168, 198 , 313n 167 Archive of Petubast, 147 – 148, 161 , 169 Book II, 169, 197 Archive of Totoes, 248 Book II, 177, 151 – 152 , 184 Archive of Tsenhor, 201 , 203 , 205 Book II, 178, 186 , 208 Archive of Zenon, 226 – 227 , 245 , 247 Book II, 179, 186 , 208 Book II, 182, 195 – 196 Biblical Works Cited Book III, 12, 15, 160, 207 Chronicles Book III, 91, 194 , 197 2 Chronicles 12:1–12, 170 Book IV, 42, 208 2 Chronicles 35:20–25, 206 Book IX, 32, 198 Isaiah 37:9, 170 Book VII, 7, 207 Kings Book VII, 89–99, 196 1 Kings 14:25, 170 Jerome 2 Kings 19:9, 170 Commentariorum in Danielem, 11, 5, 2 Kings 23:29–30, 206 234 , 236 2 Kings 23:31–34, 206 Justinian Edict XIII, 8, 234 Classical Works Cited Plutarch Athenaeus Life of Agesilaus, 36.9, 207 Deipnosophistai, 5.203d, 238 Life of Agesilaus, 37.1, 196 , 197 Aurelius Victor Polybius Epitome de Caesaribus I, 6, 234 Histories , 5.65, 240 Diodorus Pseudo-Aristotle Book 15, 3.4, 196 Oikonomika 2.2, 184, 185 , 199

363

364 SOURCE INDEX

Classical Works Cited (cont.) lines 42–47, 108 – 109 Strabo Nitokris Adoption Stela, 194 –195 Book 17, 1.13, 236 Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 19 , 48, 50 Thucydides Restoration Stela, 109 Book 1, 104, 109–110, 112, 207 South, Middle and North Stelae at Nahr el-Kelb, 133 Inscriptions and Stelae South Saqqara Stone, 29 Amasis Stela, 207 Statue Cairo CG 42121, 130 Athribis Stela, 133 Stela Ashmolean 1894.107a, 146 Autobiography of Harkhuf Stela Berlin 1157, 89 lines D1–6, and 25–26, 26 Stela Berlin 14753, 86 , 89 , 186 lines R4–L9, 48 – 49 Stela Boston MFA 03.1896 (Decree of Autobiography of Pepynakht called Heqaib, Neferirkare from Abydos), 25 – 26 lines 4–9, 48 Stela Brooklyn 69.116.1, 104 Autobiography of Sabni, lines 1–3, 48 Stela Cairo CG 1435 (Autobiography Block Berlin 1105, 36 of Weni) Block Berlin 1106, 36 line 36, 30 Block Berlin 14108, 36 lines 2–4, 25 Block Cairo CG 1432 (Inscription of lines 10–13, 24 Kaemnofret), 34 , 35 – 36 lines 13–18, 31 Block Cairo JdE 57139, 36 lines 13–32, 47 , 49 Block Saqqara RM 22.11.1956, 32 , 46 lines 37–38, 47 Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, 143 lines 39–42, 47 Decree of Horemheb, 95 – 96 , 98 –99 , 101 , 108, lines 42–45, 47 , 50 109 , 113 , 118 , 136 lines 45–47, 47 Doorlintel Cairo CG 1634, 32 , 38 , 46 Stela Cairo CG 34021, 126 Double Stela of Karnak, 110 Stela Cairo CG 34186, 126 Duties of the Vizier Stela Cairo CG 34502, 104 line 19, 73 Stela Cairo JdE 31408 (Israel Stela), 133 line 20, 64 Stela Cairo JdE 31882 (Apanage Stela), lines 13–15, 64 – 65 , 67 154 –155 , 162 , 169 lines 17–19, 63 lines 1–8, 149 – 150 lines 26–27, 63 lines 8–23, 160 , 166 – 168 lines 27–28, 58 – 59 Stela Cairo JdE 36327 (Nitokris Adoption ‘Great Karnak Inscription,’ 133 Stela ), 194 – 195 Inscription G61 in Wadi Hammamat, 77 – 78 Stela Cairo JdE 36861, 151 Instructions to the Vizier Stela Cairo JdE 37888, 160 lines R 9–13, R 21–22, R 24–25, and Stela Cairo JdE 42787, 28, 32 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 46 R 32, 63 Stela Cairo JdE 45327, lines 2–9, 155 – 156 Karnak Oracular Text against Harsiese, Stela Cairo JdE 48862 + 47086–47089 143 –144 (Victory Stela of Piye), 170 Memphis Decree of Year 9 of Ptolemy V (196 Stela Cairo JdE 52453 (Stela juridique de BCE), Rosetta, 199 Karnak), lines 4–22, 59 –61 , 75 , 85 lines 8–9, 222 Stela Cairo JdE 65834, 126 , 128 lines 9–10, 242 Stela Cairo JdE 66285, 166 , 169 lines 16–18, 243 lines 2–5, 155 Naukratis stela, 182 – 183 , 187 lines 9–26, 160 , 164 – 165 , 168 – 169 Nauri Decree lines 16–26, 164 – 165 , 168 lines 30–42, 97 – 98 Stela Cairo JdE 67095, 206

SOURCE INDEX 365

Stela Cairo JdE 70218, 160 , 166 Leather Roll Berlin P. 10470, 73 – 75 lines 2–9, 152 –153 Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179 , Stela Cairo TR 5/12/35/1, 126 , 128 216 , 217 Stela Cairo TR 11/1/35/1 (First Stela of Papyri Bibliotheque Nationale 203–213, 237 Kamose), 88 (P. Rollin 1882, 1884–86, 1889), 117 Stela Florence 1639 (2507), 204 Papyri British Museum 10752 and 10753 Stela Florence 1658 (2536), 186, 204 sheet 3, 81 Stela Hermitage 5630, 150 – 151 Papyri Cairo CG 31161, 31216, and Stela Liverpool University E. 583, 109 –110 31246–31248, 238 Stela Louvre C. 101, 186 , 204 Papyri Cairo CG 31219 and 31225, 237 Stela Luxor J 43 (The Second Stela of Papyri Cairo CG (P.Cair.Zen. I) Kamose), 88 59012–59014, 226 – 227 Stela Manchester Museum 3306, 81 Papyri Lille II 50 and 51, 237 Stela Strasbourg 1378, 127 , 128 Papyrus Amherst (VI), 96 Stela Turin 2682, 110 Papyrus Amherst XI, 117 Stuttgart Stela, 128 Papyrus Amiens (Papyrus Musée de Picardie Third Stela of Kamose, 88 88.3.5), 125 Trial of Mose, lines N4–9, 105 –106 Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.94 (Grii th Fragments), 149 Ostraca Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.97 (Will of Bowl Louvre E 706 (Bakir, pls. 17–18), 204 Naunakhte), 112 Ostracon British Museum 5631, 93 Papyrus Assoc. Cairo 30605, lines 19–20, 219 Ostracon British Museum 66383 (Andrews Papyrus Baldwin (Papyrus BM EA 13), 244 10061), 125 Ostracon DeM 258, 108 Papyrus Bauer-Meissner, 209 Ostracon DeM 764, 101 – 102 Papyrus Berkeley inv. unknown, Petition A, Ostracon Liverpool County Museum M lines 1–8, and Petition B, lines 1–7, 13624 verso, 107 – 108 146 –147 , 169 Ostracon Petrie 61, 129 Papyrus Berlin P. 3047, 101 Ostracon Stockholm MM. 14126, 108 Papyrus Berlin P. 3048 verso, 158 , 161 , 168 Ostracon Universität Zürich 1869 (O. Taxes Text 36, lines 11–19, 157 2, 156), 243 Papyrus Berlin P. 3063 (Papyrus Ostracon Uppsala Victoria Museum 3001, Reinhardt), 149 107 – 108 Papyrus Berlin P. 3110 (Choix I 5), 193 Ostracon Vienna Nationalbibliothek Aeg. 2, Papyrus Berlin P. 9010, 28 , 32 , 37 111 – 112 Papyrus Berlin P. 9784 lines 1–13, 130 Papyri lines 14–19, 112 , 129 , 130 Abusir Payri, 39 lines 20–33, 130 Eloquent Peasant, B1 (Papyrus Berlin Papyrus Berlin P. 9785, 100 , 130 – 131 3023), 86 Papyrus Berlin P. 10005, 82 – 83 lines 44–49, 59 , 61 – 62 Papyrus Berlin P. 13446 A-H, K-L, 187 lines B I 117–118, 220–221 and Papyrus Berlin P. 13476 (Cowley 35), 193 223–224, 63 Papyrus Berlin P. 13491 (Cowley 10), 193 Great Harris Papyrus (Papyrus BM Papyrus Berlin P. 13621 + Papyrus Giessen EA 9999), 107 , 110 – 111 , UB 101.3 recto, col. 2, lines 1–18, 124 , 135 217 – 218 Instructions for Merikare Papyrus Berlin P. 23757 recto, 216 lines P 106–109, 62 Papyrus Berlin P. 23890, 216

366 SOURCE INDEX

Papyri (cont.) Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.88 Papyrus Bibliotheque National 215, 198 (Kraeling 10), 204 Papyrus Bibliotheque National 223 (Tsenhor Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.91 8), 205 (Kraeling 4), 204 Papyrus Bodleian Library MS Heb. c. 59 P Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.92 (Cowley 11), 193 (Kraeling 9), 204 Papyrus Boulaq 18, 78 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.93 col. 29, 2, lines 1–8, 78 – 79 (Kraeling 11), 192 col. 29, 2, lines 9–15, 79 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.94 Papyrus British Museum 10052, col. 5, lines (Kraeling 12), 204 2–3, 96 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.95 Papyrus British Museum 10054 verso (Kraeling 3), 204 col. 1, lines 1–3, 96 Papyrus Cairo A-E, 125 , 136 pages 2–3, 108 Papyrus Cairo CG 30884 + 30864 + Papyrus British Museum 10055 (P. Salt 31182, 147 124), 94 Papyrus Cairo CG 50060, 190 recto, lines 1,1–1,6, 103 Papyrus Cairo CG 50062, 186 , 190 Papyrus British Museum 10056, 117 Papyrus Cairo CG 50150 + 50155, 178 – 179 Papyrus British Museum 10057–10058 (Rhind Papyrus Cairo CG 58043 (Boulaq 8), 27 Mathematical Papyrus), Problem 62, Papyrus Cairo CG 58058, 109 37 , 75 – 76 Papyrus Cairo CG 59012, 227 Papyrus British Museum 10068 verso, pages Papyrus Cairo CG 59013, 227 2–8, 108 Papyrus Cairo CG 59014, 227 Papyrus British Museum 10113 (Choix I 2), Papyrus Cairo CG 91061, 85 192 –193 Papyrus Cairo JdE 37108 (Cowley 13), 204 Papyrus British Museum 10117 (Reich), 185 Papyrus Cairo JdE 39410, 151 Papyrus British Museum 10221 (P. Abbot), 96 Papyrus Cairo JdE 43487 (Cowley 29), 193 Papyrus British Museum 10240 (Reich), 244 Papyrus Cairo JdE 43502, 187 Papyrus British Museum 10388 Papyrus Cairo JdE 58092 (P. Boulaq 10), 101 (Andrews 2), 245 recto, lines 10–15, 102 Papyrus British Museum 10401, 125 , 199 verso, 129 Papyrus British Museum 10528 Papyrus Cairo JdE 65739, 129 – 130 (Glanville), 226 lines 2–14, 139 – 140 Papyrus British Museum 10591, 216 lines 15–17, and 19–21, 100 Papyrus British Museum 10827 (Andrews Papyrus Cairo Museum ASR 1576 (Segal 14), 243 , 244 8), 205 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 16.205, 146, 152 , Papyrus Carlsberg 628, 216 159 –160 , 166 Papyrus Elephantine gr. 8, 226 col. 2, line 2–col. 3, line 10, 146 Papyrus Ermitage 1116A and B, 117 – 118 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 34.5596 Papyrus Florence Istituto Papirologico ‘G. (Wilbour papyrus), 82 , Vitelli’ + P. Carlsberg 301, 216 106 –107 , 119 Papyrus Gebelein I verso B, 32 , 33 – 34 , 38 , 46 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 35.1446, Papyrus Gebelein VI, 33 – 34 , 38 , 46 recto, Insertion B, 55 – 58 Papyrus Geneva D191 verso, lines 8–11, 93 recto, Insertion C, 55 Papyrus Génève D409 + Turin 2021, 95 , 96 , Text A, line 63, 67 101 , 113 Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.32 Papyrus Gurob II,1, 130 (Kraeling 6), 204 Papyrus Gurob II,2, 130

SOURCE INDEX 367

Papyrus Harageh 3, 64 Papyrus Louvre E. 7851 recto and verso, 165 Papyrus Hekanakht Papyrus Louvre E. 7856 verso, 165 1 recto, lines 4–6, 76 Papyrus Louvre E. 9293 ( Choix I 3), 192 1 recto, lines 5–6, 76 Papyrus Louvre E. 10935 ( Tsenhor 1), 201 , 203 1 verso, lines 1–4, 76 Papyrus Mayer A, col. 1, lines 1–10, 96 2 verso, line 1, 76 Papyrus Philadelphia 24, 244 2 verso, lines 2–3, 76 Papyrus Prachov, 149 3 recto, line 8–verso, line 1, 76 Papyrus Purches 3 recto, line 6–verso, line 1, 77 recto, lines 6–19, 90 3 verso, line 1, 76 recto, lines, 1–5, verso line 1, 90 5 recto, lines 37–54, 77 Papyrus Revenue Laws 6, 77 cols. 24–38, 221 – 222 7 recto, line 15, 90 col. 33, 221 – 222 7 recto, lines 1–7, 90 col. 39, 237 Papyri Hibeh I 67 and 68, 237 col. 40, 237 Papyrus IFAO A+B, 135 – 136 col. 45, 237 Papyrus Leiden F 1942/5.15 (OMRO 61, col. 46, 237 1980, p. 10), lines 3–9, 158 cols. 47–48, 237 Papyrus Leiden I 350 verso, 119 – 120 , 131 cols. 51–52, 242 Papyrus Leiden K 128, 169 col. 52, 227 Papyrus Loeb 43 (Hou 8), 178 cols. 54–55, 237 Papyrus Loeb 45 (Hou 5), 183 – 184 Papyrus Rylands, 177 , 180 – 181 Papyrus Loeb 48+49A (Hou 12), 193 1, 205 Papyrus Louvre 2428 (Schreibertradition 1, lines 3–7, 179 – 180 108), 245 3, 204 Papyrus Louvre 2429 (Schreibertradition 5), 4, 178 , 204 244 – 245 5, 204 Papyrus Louvre 2430, 178 – 179 6, 204 – 205 Papyrus Louvre AF 6345, 6346–6347, 149 7, 205 Papyrus Louvre AF 9761 (Tsenhor 15), 178 9, col. 3, line 16, 206 Papyrus Louvre E. 3171, 116 9, col. 5, lines 14–15, 182 Papyrus Louvre E. 3226, 116 – 117 9, col. 5, line 18, 182 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228 (RdE 6, 1951, p. 9, col. 6, line 1, 182 159–161), lines 5–12, 147 – 148 9, col. 6, line 5, 182 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228b (Choix I 1), 161 9, col. 7, lines 1–6, 208 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228c, 169 9, col. 8, lines 1–3, 180 , 208 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228d (Choix I 7), 169 9, col. 9, lines 12–13, 208 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228e (Choix I 6), 169 9, col. 9, line 20–col. 10, line 1, 182 Papyrus Louvre E. 3228f, 169 9, col. 10, lines 6–7, 182 Papyrus Louvre E. 3231a (Tsenhor 14), 9, col. 11, line 9–col. 12, line 21, 198 201 – 202 , 203 9, col. 11, lines 11–15, 177 Papyrus Louvre E. 7128 ( Tsenhor 10), 185 , 9, col. 11, lines 16–18, 180 186 , 204 9, col. 11, lines 17–18, 177 Papyrus Louvre E. 7832, 205 9, col. 11, lines 17–19, 175 – 176 Papyrus Louvre E. 7836, 202 , 208 – 209 9, col. 12, lines 2–3, 9–21, 177 Papyrus Louvre E. 7839, 202 , 208 – 209 9, col. 13, lines 7–8, 199 Papyrus Louvre E. 7843, 205 9, col. 14, line 16–col. 15, line 2, 206 Papyrus Louvre E. 7850, 186 , 190 9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 7, 180

368 SOURCE INDEX

Papyri (cont.) Papyrus Turin 1895 + 2006 (Turin Taxation 9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 19, 208 Papyrus), 117 , 121 , 125 – 126 9, col. 15, lines 3–4, 177 Papyrus Turin 2008 + 2016, 119 – 120 , 131 , 9, col. 15, lines 8–9, 176 136 – 137 9, col. 15, lines 8–11, 180 Papyrus Turin 2118A (246) (Choix I 9), 9, col. 15, lines 9 and 15, 176 185 , 203 9, col. 15, lines 12–17, 180 – 181 Papyrus Turin 2119 (244), 203 9, col. 15, lines 17–19, 181 Papyrus Turin 2120 (247) (Choix I 10), 9, col. 16, lines 1–14, 181 185 , 203 9, col. 16, line 14–col. 17, line 1, 181 Papyrus Turin 2121 (248) (Choix I 18, 9, col. 17, lines 1–9, 181 – 182 p. 117–124), 200 –201 , 203 9, col. 17, lines 1–20, 182 Papyrus Turin 2122 (Tsenhor 7), 205 9, col. 17, line 9–col. 18, line 4, 182 Papyrus Turin 2127 (Tsenhor 16), 205 9, col. 19, lines 8–21, 177 Papyrus UC 32037 (Kahun VII 1), 85 9, col. 19, line 13, 198 Papyrus UC 32055 (Kahun II 1), 33 , 9, col. 20, lines 1–20, 177 68 – 70 , 85 9, col. 21, line 2, 177 Papyrus UC 32058 (Kahun I 1), 70 –72 , 85 Papyrus Sallier I Papyrus UC 32163 (Kahun I 3), 65 – 67 , 70 4,5–5,4, 116 Papyrus UC 32164 (Kahun I 4), 66 , 70 9,2–9,9, 105 Papyrus UC 32165 (Kahun I 5), 66 , 70 Papyrus Sorbonne 1277, 178 – 179 Papyrus UC 32166 (Kahun IV 1), 65 Papyrus Strasbourg 4 (Hou 13), 192 Papyrus UC 32167 (Kahun I 2), 70 , 72 , 85 Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, lines 22–333, 226 Papyrus Vatican 2038C, 169 Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, re-edited as Corp. Ord. Reisner Papyri, 64 , 80– 81 Ptol. 53, lines 207–220, 215 – 216 Tablet Cairo JdE 41790 (Carnarvon Papyrus Tebtunis III 703, 237 – 238 Tablet I), 88 Papyrus Turin 1875 (Turin Judicial Papyrus), Tablet MMA 35.3.318 lines 1,1–2,9, 93 recto, 161 Papyrus Turin 1880 (Turin Strike verso, 161 – 162 Papyrus), 122 Tomb Robbery papyri, 96 , 108 Papyrus Turin 1887 (Turin Indictment Wilbour Papyrus, 82 , 106 –107 , 119 Papyrus), 94 Zivilprozessordnung, 179 , 216 , 217 – 218

SUBJECT INDEX

Note : A t following a page number indicates a table.

Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts, Akhetaten, 113 , 120 , 140 –141 . See also Amarna ; 156 , 187 El-Amarna Abu Ballas, 50 Akhet-Khufu, 28 , 32 , 33 Abu Roash, 51 Akhmim, 216 Abu Simbel, 126 Alexander IV, 213t 7.1 Abusir burial tax, 225 – 226 mortuary complex, 51 Alexander ‘the Great,’ 211 , 213t 7.1 mortuary cults, 45 measures of value, 230 mortuary temples, 30 , 39 , 41 , 42 – 43 property transfers, 227 royal tombs, 21 Alexandria sun temples, 44 dockyards, 249 – 250 work gangs, 40 foundations, 249– 250 Abydos garrisons, 239 criminal justice, 97 – 98 , 176 granaries, 234 donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166 revenue laws, 227 evidence of military, 81 royal court, 249 mortuary complex, 89 royal treasury, 236 mortuary temples, 82, 97 , 123 – 124, 125 , 135 Allen, J. P., 90 slave purchases, 168 Amada, 133 temple endowments, 111 Amara West, 134 tombs, 54 Amarna, 49 – 50, 88 . See also Akhetaten; See also Wah-sut El-Amarna Achaemenid Period Amasis, 175 t 6.1 bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255 army, 197 media of exchange, 9 burial taxes, 186 Agesilaus, 197 , 207 census, 151 – 152 , 184 agoranomic contract, 228 , 229 –230 criminal justice, 176 , 177 Aha, 15t 1.1 expeditions, 206 – 207 Ahmose I, 95t 4.1 Greek settlements at Naukratis, 186 campaign in Nubia, 132 land sales, 203 campaign in the Levant, 132 media of exchange, 190 land grant, 105 – 106 patronage, 181 – 182 Akhenaten priestly positions/prebends, 205 divine temple, 124 private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209 donation stelae, 113 private funerary endowments, 201 , 202 gang of the acropolis, 120 property dispute resolution, 179 temple inventory, 109 royal navy, 195 – 196 See also Amenhotep IV sales tax, 185

369

370 SUBJECT INDEX

slave sales, 204 – 205 Apollonios, 226 – 227 , 251 state donations to temples, 198 Apries, 175 t 6.1 Amenemhat I, 57t 3.1 , 87 , 88 credit, 192 –193 expeditions, 87 expeditions, 206 foundations, 89 garrisons, 196 mortuary complex, 89 land sales, 203 royal residence, 89 revolt by soldiers, 197 Amenemhat II, 57 t 3.1 royal navy, 195 expeditions, 87 tomb sale, 204 mortuary complex, 89 Aramaic, as administrative language, 173 – 174 Amenemhat III, 57 t 3.1 Archaic Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192 military, 81 Armant, 97 . See also Hermonthis mortuary complex, 89 Arsames, 195 , 196 , 209 property transfer documents, 70 , 72 Arses, 175t 6.1 , 207 Amenemhat IV, 57 t 3.1 Arsinoe, 221 , 251 . See also Cleopatris Amenemnisut, 145 t 5.1 artaba, 230 Amenemope, 145 t 5.1 Artaxerxes I, 175 t 6.1 Amenhotep I, 95t 4.1 expeditions, 207 campaign in Nubia, 132 house sale, 204 campaign in the Levant, 132 priestly positions/prebends, 205 Amenhotep II, 95 t 4.1 Artaxerxes II, 175t 6.1 campaign in Nubia, 132 credit, 192 , 193 campaign in the Levant, 133 house sale, 204 dockyard accounts, 117 – 118 Artaxerxes III, 175t 6.1 Amenhotep III, 95t 4.1 expeditions, 207 funerary establishments, 127 medium of exchange, 191 land transfers, 128 – 129 property dispute resolution, 178 – 179 marketplaces, 131 Ashdod, 134 – 135 , 206 . See also Azotos slaves, 130 Askut, 89 Amenhotep IV, 95t 4.1 Assiut, 21 – 22 campaign in Nubia, 132 Egyptian courts, 216 cattle exchange, 130 – 131 expeditions, 51 land transfers, 128 – 129 funerary cult, 68 , 79 property dispute resolution, 100 media of exchange, 190 property transfer, 112 priestly positions/prebends, 205 slaves, 130 temple endowments, 83 , 111 See also Akhenaten Assurbanipal, 170 Amenmesse, 95t 4.1 Assyrian Empire, 206 Amennakhte, 112 Assyrians, 170 , 206 Ameny-Qemau, 57 t 3.1 Aswan, 133 , 182 amethyst, 88 Aten, 124 Amun-Re, 123 – 125 Athribis, 111 . See also Tell el-Atrib Amyrtaeus, 175t 6.1 , 193 Augustus (Emperor), 234 , 256 Anedjib, 15t 1.1 , 18 Auserre, 76 Ankyronpolis, 237 . See also El Hiba; Teudjoi Avaris, 54 , 92 Antioch, 249 expeditions, 88 Apepi, 57 t 3.1 founding of, 89 Aphek, 134 – 135 state foundations, 134

SUBJECT INDEX 371

See also Tell el-Daba property dispute resolution, 178 Awibre Hor, 57 t 3.1 state donations to temples, 198 Ay, 95t 4.1, 128 Canopic Branch of Nile. See Nile (River), Ayn Asil, 36 – 37 , 43 –44 . See also Balat Canoptic Branch Ayn Soukhna, 88 Carchemish, 206 Azotos, 206. See also Ashdod Carians, 197 , 207 cattle tax, New Kingdom, 109 Babylonia Causeway of Unas, 46 –47 bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186, 255 Chabrias, 184 , 185 , 196 , 197 , 199 , 207 expeditions, 206 – 207 chalkoi, 230 Levant as part of, 206 Chaonnophris, 213 t 7.1 media of exchange, 9 choachytes See also Neo-Babylonia Ptolemaic Period, 244 – 245 Baer, K., 76 Saite and Persian Periods, 186, 200 – 201 , 202, Bakenrenef, 145 t 5.1 , 176 203, 204 , 208 – 209 Balat Third Intermediate Period, 165 , 171 expeditions, 50 choinix, 230 ka-chapels established, 43 – 44 chous, 230 provincial administrators, 42 Cilicia, slaves from, 195 , 209 use of clay tablets, 36 – 37 Classical Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192 See also Ayn Asil Cleopatra II, 213t 7.1 bargaining/negotiation costs, 3 courts, 215 Berenike, 251 customs duties, 226 Berlev, O., 82 Cleopatra III, 213t 7.1 Beth Shan, 133 , 134 – 135 courts, 215 Bingen, Jean, 234 – 235 customs duties, 226 Bir el-Abd, 134 property transfers, 229 – 230 Boethos, 250 – 251 temple allowance, 223 Bogaert, Raymond, 235 Cleopatra VII, 213t 7.1 bronze Cleopatris, 251 . See also Arsinoe coinage, 9 , 11 cleruchic land as store of wealth, 231 as allotment, 245, 247 , 250 Bubastis, 43 , 115 , 171 . See also Tell Basta as payment for loyalty, 239 Buhen, 87 , 89 , 134 as private property, 247 burial taxes taxation of, 221 , 245 Ptolemaic Period, 225 – 226 , 241 cleruchs Saite and Persian Periods, 185 – 186 at Battle of Raphia, 240 Byblos as core of Ptolemaic armies, 249 Egyptian military expedition against, 87 dif erence from machimoi, 239 foundations, 134 cloth as shipbuilding source of wood, 49 as medium of exchange, 37 , 38 , 75 , 159 as store of wealth, 9 – 10 , 38 Cadytis, 206 . See also Gaza Coase, Ronald, 2 – 3 , 10 Cambyses, 175t 6.1 coin hoards burial taxes, 186 Ptolemaic Period, 231 expeditions, 207 Saite and Persian Periods, 191 – 192 media of exchange, 190 compulsory labor priestly positions/prebends, 205 Third Intermediate Period, 149

372 SUBJECT INDEX

compulsory labor, 98 property dispute resolution, 178 Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 98 sales tax, 185 New Kingdom, 108 – 109 slaves sales, 205 Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31 taxation, 183 – 184 Ptolemaic Period, 223 temple endowments, 198 Third Intermediate Period, 151 tomb sale, 204 contribution tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 tribute, 194 Cooney, K.M., 138 Darius II, 175t 6.1 , 204 copper Darius III, 175 t 6.1 , 178 – 179 coinage, 8 – 9 deben, 37 , 75 – 76, 114 , 190 , 192 , 230 expeditions to mines, 133 Debod, 250 as measure of value, 8 , 230 Defenneh, 207 . See also Daphnae as medium of exchange, 8 , 75 , 111 Deir el-Bahri Coptos, 21 mortuary temple, 82 , 133 criminal justice, 25 , 58 temple inventory, 110 dockyards, 80 –81 Deir el-Balat, 134 expeditions, 51 Deir el-Medina, 92 – 93 , 94 ka-chapels, 43 , 44 cattle sales, 131 mny-laborers, 80 census, 107 – 108 temple expeditions, 135 entrepreneurial behavior, 137 – 139 Coptos, Desert of, 135 gang of the necropolis (see gang of the corvée . See compulsory labor necropolis (Deir el-Medina)) Cyprus, 195 – 196 , 206 – 207 , 249 house exchanges, 129 Cyrenaica, 194 , 206 , 249 low-value exchanges, 128 marketplaces, 131 Dahshur oracular consultations, 102 , 143 mortuary complexes, 51 , 89 patronage, 103 tombs, 21 , 54 property dispute resolution, 99 , 100 , 101 – 102 Dakhla Oasis property transfers, New Kingdom, 111 , 112 expeditions, 50 Delta, The ka-chapels, 43 – 44 Middle Kingdom, 62 , 89 property dispute resolution, 146 New Kingdom, 132 provincial administrators, 42 Saite Period, 186 , 197 Dakka (Pselkis), 250 Second Intermediate Period, 54 , 58 Daphnae Third Intermediate Period, 142 fortresses, 207 , 208 Demedjibtawy, 23 t 2.1 garrisons, 196 , 197 Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187 royal residence, 207 Den, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 17 – 18 , 19 See also Defenneh Desert, Eastern Darius I, 175t 6.1 expeditions burial taxes, 186 Dynasties 7 and 8, 50 cattle and fowl ownership, 205 Dynasties 9 and 10, 50 – 51 credit, 192 , 193 Middle Kingdom, 86 expeditions, 207 Ptolemaic, 251 foundations, 208 gold mining, 124, 135 – 136 land donation to funerary cult, 203 stone quarrying, 87 , 207 priestly positions/prebends, 205 Desert, Western, 88 , 135 private entrepreneurial activities, 208– 209 Desert of Coptos. See Coptos, Desert of private funerary endowments, 201 – 202 Djadjaemankh/Tepemankh, 47

SUBJECT INDEX 373

Djedefre, 23 t 2.1 , 51 provincial administrators, 41 Djedkare, 23 t 2.1 , 42 , 51 royal works, 40 Djer, 15t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19 See also Old Kingdom Djet, 15t 1.1 , 18 Dynasty 5, 21 , 23 t 2.1 Djoser, 15 – 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51 estates and towns, 31 documentation, of property rights/ expeditions, 50 transfers, 5 – 8 i eld surveys/censuses, 15 , 29 limitations of, 6 foundations, 51 non-written, 5 , 6 granaries and treasuries, 39 quantity and variety of written, 6 ka -chapels, 43 roles of written, 5 – 6 marketplaces, 47 state vs. private transactions, 7 – 8 mortuary temples, 42 – 43 Dodekaschoinos, 250 –251 property transfers, 35 – 36 Dorginarti, 196 provincial administrators, 41 double granary, 39 royal Residence, 41 double treasury, 18 , 39 , 77 royal works, 40 drachma(s), 192 , 230 sun temples, 44 Dynasty 1, 15t 1.1 testaments and transfers, 35 – 36 estates, 16 See also Old Kingdom expeditions, 19 Dynasty 6, 21 , 23 t 2.1 i eld surveys/censuses, 16 estates and towns, 31 foundations, 19 expeditions, 47 palaces, 18 i eld surveys/censuses, 29 – 30 royal domains, 18 foundations, 51 tax-marks, 17 – 18 granaries and treasuries, 39 tombs, 13 ka -chapels, 43 treasuries, 18 marketplaces, 47 See also Early Dynastic Period property dispute resolution, 28 Dynasty 2, 15t 1.1 provincial administrators, 41 – 42 expeditions, 19 See also Old Kingdom i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29 Dynasties 7 and 8, 21 , 23 t 2.1 foundations, 19 expeditions, 50 tombs, 13 foundations, 52 treasuries, 18 – 19 See also First Intermediate Period See also Early Dynastic Period Dynasties 9 and 10, 21 – 22, 23 t 2.1 Dynasty 3, 21 , 23 t 2.1 expeditions, 50 – 51 i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29 foundations, 52 foundations, 51 See also First Intermediate Period ka-chapels, 43 Dynasty 11 mortuary temples, 42 after unii cation, 54 , 57t 3.1 provincial administrators, 41 foundations, 52 title of vizier, 13 – 14 ka -chapels, 83 See also Old Kingdom palaces, 78 Dynasty 4, 21 , 23 t 2.1 before unii cation, 21 – 22, 23 t 2.1 expeditions, 47, 50 See also First Intermediate Period ; Middle i eld surveys/censuses, 29 Kingdom foundations, 51 Dynasty 12, 54, 57 t 3.1 ka-chapels, 43 campaigns, 89 property transfers, 33 – 34 palaces, 78

374 SUBJECT INDEX

Dynasty 12 (cont.) census, 107 – 108 property transfers, 68 – 70 criminal justice, 93 , 95 , 96 See also Middle Kingdom decline of authority of king, 163 Dynasty 13, 54 , 57 t 3.1 end of Egyptian control of Nubia, 132 criminal justice, 55 – 58 expeditions, 133 – 134 household accounts, 65 gang of the necropolis, 120 –123 palaces, 75 , 78 – 79 measures of value, 114 role of vizier, 58 mortuary temples, 124 See also Second Intermediate Period oracle petitions, 146 – 147 Dynasty 14, 54, 57 t 3.1 palace accounts, 117 role of treasurer, 58 property dispute resolution, 101 , 146 –147 See also Second Intermediate Period property transfers, 113 Dynasty 15, 54, 55 , 57 t 3.1 royal city, 142 expeditions, 88 state foundations, 134 – 135 role of treasurer, 58 temple expeditions, 135 – 136 See also Second Intermediate Period temple inventory, 110 Dynasties 16 and 17, 54 –55 , 57 t 3.1 temple levies, 125 expeditions, 88 temple production and exchange, 136 – 137 property dispute resolution, 59 – 61 See also New Kingdom role of vizier, 58 Dynasty 21, 145 t 5.1 See also Second Intermediate Period criminal justice, 143 Dynasty 18, 92, 95t 4.1 donation stelae, 155 campaigns in the Levant, 132 expeditions, 170 divine temples, 124 i eld survey, 149 expeditions, 132 foundations, 170 – 171 granaries, 116 granaries/treasuries, 162 livestock census, 109 High Priests of Amun, 142 , 145 t 5.1 marketplaces, 131 administration of criminal justice, 143 palace accounts, 117 foundations at El-Hiba, 171 royal land, 105 granaries/treasuries, 162 state foundations, 134 oracular consultations, 143 temple inventory, 109 – 110 oracular property decrees, 153 – 155 See also New Kingdom reassertion of control over, 170 Dynasty 19, 92 , 95t 4.1 land purchases, 166 campaigns in the Levant, 133 oracle petitions, 146 – 147 criminal justice, 93 property dispute resolution, 146 –147 expeditions, 133 property transfers, 152 –153 , 155 livestock census, 109 royal city of Tanis, 142 marketplaces, 131 See also Third Intermediate Period measures of value, 114 Dynasty 22, 145 t 5.1 mortuary temples, 124 collateral branch, 142 , 145 t 5.1 palace accounts, 117 control over south of Egypt, 143 , 144 – 145 property dispute resolution, 101 criminal justice, 143 –145 royal city, 142 documentation of property transfers, 188 state foundations, 134 – 135 expeditions, 170 temple expeditions, 135 foundations, 170 – 171 temple inventory, 110 granaries/treasuries, 162 See also New Kingdom oracular property decrees, 153 – 155 Dynasty 20, 95t 4.1 royal cities, 142

SUBJECT INDEX 375

subjugation of, 142 – 143 settlements, 206 temple managers, 163 – 164 See also Persian Period See also Third Intermediate Period Dynasty 30, 173 , 175t 6.1 Dynasty 23, 145 t 5.1 criminal justice, 178 – 179 control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145 expeditions, 207 criminal justice, 143 –145 foreign mercenaries, 197 documentation of property transfers, 188 foundations, 208 expeditions, 170 royal navies, 196 origins of, 142 settlements, 206 property transfers, 157 temple tax, 199 subjugation of, 142 – 143 See also Persian Period See also Third Intermediate Period Dynasty 24, 145 t 5.1 Early Dynastic Period, 13 – 20 documentation of property transfers, 188 distribution, 17 – 19 foundations, 171 palaces, 18 founding of, 142 royal domains, 18 subjugation of, 142 – 143 royal treasuries, 18 – 19 See also Third Intermediate Period tax-marks and other inscriptions, 17 – 18 Dynasty 25 (Kushite Dynasty), 145 t 5.1 Tomb U-j at Abydos, 17 control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145 documentation and enforcement, 13 – 17 criminal justice, 144 – 145 estates, 16 – 17 , 30 end of, 170 i eld surveys and censuses, 15 – 16 expeditions, 170 Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 29 founding of, 142 – 143 entrepreneurial activities, 19 property transfers, 157 – 158 expeditions, 19 See also Third Intermediate Period foundations, 19 Dynasty 26 evidence of writing, 13 after unii cation, 175t 6.1 timeline, 15 t 1.1 founding of, 170 , 173 tombs from, 13 before unii cation, 145 t 5.1 Eastern Desert. See Desert, Eastern See also Saite Period economic behavior Dynasty 27, 173 formalist approach, 1 i rst part, 175t 6.1 New Institutional Economics, 2– 3 second part, 175 t 6.1 substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3 See also Persian Period Edfu Dynasty 28, 173 , 175t 6.1 burial tax, 226 criminal justice, 178 – 179 expeditions, 51 expeditions, 207 levies on temples, 125 foreign mercenaries, 197 temple inventory, 110 foundations, 208 temple manager, 243 royal navies, 196 Egypt settlements, 206 media of exchange, 8 –10 See also Persian Period medium of exchange in Dynasty 29, 173 , 175t 6.1 ancient, 9 – 10 criminal justice, 178 – 179 as personal property of monarch, 247 expeditions, 207 redistribution, markets, entrepreneurial foreign mercenaries, 197 activity in, 10 – 11 foundations, 208 reunii cation of, 9 – 10 , 22 royal navies, 196 revolt against Persia, 207

376 SUBJECT INDEX

Egypt, Lower burial tax, 226 criminal justice, 93 – 94 , 95 – 96 , 99 , 176 credit, 192 , 193 Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187 criminal justice, 94 documentation of objects of taxation, customs duties, 187 182 –183 documentation of property transfers, 188 – 189 documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188 expeditions from, 48 – 49 economic documentation, 182– 183 fortresses, 207 , 208 expeditions, 170 garrison revolt, 196 property transfers, 156 garrisons, 196 , 197 , 239 provincial administrators, 41 house sale, 204 redistributive networks, 195 levies on temples, 125 royal court, Dynasty 18, 92 priestly positions/prebends, 205 tax-marks, 17 – 18 property dispute resolution, 180 temple inventory, New Kingdom, 110 property transfers, 73 –75 Egypt, Middle slave sales, 205 criminal justice, 176 storehouse/treasury at, 194 documentation of property transfers, 188 temple allowance, 223 garrisons, 239 temple inventory, 110 royal court, 92 temple manager, 199 , 243 temple land survey, 106 – 107 El-Gharbaniyat, 135 Egypt, Upper El-Hiba Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts, criminal justice, 175 – 176 , 177 156 , 187 foundations, 170 – 171 criminal justice, 93 – 94, 95 – 96 , 99 , 176 patronage, 181 – 182 documentation of objects of taxation, priestly positions/prebends, 205 182 –183 private entrepreneurship, 208 documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188 property dispute resolution, 146 –147 , 179 –181 i eld surveys, 149 , 221 property transfers, 152 foundations, 250 redistributive networks, 237 garrisons, 239 , 250 slave sales, 204 granaries/treasuries, 162 temple endowments, 198 land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248 See also Ankyronpolis; Teudjoi property transfers, 156 El-Kab, 59 – 61 , 85 , 110 , 132 provincial administrators, 41 El-Lahun revolt in, 250 household documents, 65 – 67 , 107 royal court, Dynasty 18, 92 mortuary complex at, 89 royal tomb building, 13 mortuary temple, 82 –83 tax-marks, 17 – 18 property registration at, 68 – 70 temple inventories, 110 property transfer at, 72 temple levies, 125 – 126 tombs at, 54 Egyptian alabaster (travertine), 49 – 51 , 88 See also Hetep-Senusert ; Sekhem-Senusert El-Alamein, 135 El-Lisht, 54 , 89 El-Amarna, 92 El-Markha, 50 El-Till hoard from, 115 Eltekeh, 170 gang of the necropolis at, 120 El-Till hoard, 115 See also Akhetaten ; Amarna endowment i elds, 126 , 165 , 171 , 202, 208 – 209 Elephantine enforcement of collections/redistributions boat building, 196 costs of, 3

SUBJECT INDEX 377

ef ects of incorporation into Roman Empire, entrepreneurial behavior, 137 – 139 256 – 257 house exchanges/ownership, 129 local, 253 – 254 households, 121 media of exchange, 254 – 255 lease/hire of donkeys of, 130 price formation, 255 – 256 personnel of the outside, 121 , 122 –123 state, 253 , 254 rations, 121 – 123 temples, 254 size of, 120 transaction costs, 255 – 256 during Third Intermediate Period, 163 written documentation, 254 Gaza enrollment tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 225 expeditions, 206 Esna, 125 foundations, 134 – 135 Ethiopia, expeditions to, 206 . See also Nubia garrisons, 135 Euphrates (River), 132 , 206 See also Cadytis Europe, property right enforcement Gebel Barkal, 170 in early modern period, 4 , 5 Gebelein (Pathyris), 33 – 34 , 230 , 250 in medieval period, 4 – 5 Gebel el-Ahmar, 133 exemption decrees, 25 – 27 , 29 , 40 Gebel el-Silsila, 133 Eyre, Chris, 6 , 8 Gebel el-Zeit, 133 Gebel Tjauti, 51 Fayum, the Gezer, 134 – 135 capitation taxes, 224 Ghoran, 237 i eld surveys, 104 , 220 – 221 gift estates, 221 , 241 , 245 , 247 , 250 foundations, 89 , 208 , 250 Gilf Kebir, 50 granaries, 233 Giza land grants, 249 , 250 exchanges, 33 land ownership/transfers, 245 – 246 , 247– 248 mortuary complex at, 51 First Intermediate Period property dispute resolution, 28 , 32 establishment of, 21 – 22 royal tombs at, 21 , 34 expeditions, 50 – 51 testaments/transfers, 35 – 36 foundations, 52 gold redistributive networks, 44 change in value over time, 230 timeline, 23 t 2.1 coinage, 8 – 9 , 191 See also Old Kingdom count of gold, 15 – 16 , 29 First Persian Period as measure of value, 8 , 10 , 75 , 230 criminal justice, 178 as medium of exchange, 8, 111 , 159 establishment, 173 as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231 expeditions, 207 value in Old Kingdom, 37 property dispute resolution, 178 gold mining See also Dynasty 27; Persian Period New Kingdom, 97 , 124 , 133 , 135 – 136 forced labor. See compulsory labor Ptolemaic Period, 230 formalist approach, 1 Ramesside Period, 133 Franke, D., 82 grain free riders, 4 , 7 , 62 , 254 levy tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 Fustat, 152 – 153 , 166 as measure of value, 230 as medium of exchange, 37 , 75 , 114 , 161 , gang of the necropolis (Deir el-Medina) 192 , 231 during New Kingdom, 120 –123 as store of wealth, 9 – 10 administration, 120 – 121 See also harvest tax

378 SUBJECT INDEX

granaries Saite Period, 183 – 184, 194 , 203 New Kingdom, 116 – 117 , 194 Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 , Old Kingdom, 39 , 194 162 , 167 Persian Period, 194 Hatnub, 47 , 49 – 51 , 88 Ptolemaic Period, 194 , 233 – 234 Hatshepsut (Queen), 95 t 4.1 , 102 , 133 Saite Period, 194 Hawara, 54 , 89 Third Intermediate Period, 162 Hefat, 146 Grandet, Pierre, 110 Hekanakht, 76 –77 , 84 –85 , 89 – 90 ‘Great is Khaefre,’ 35 , 36 hekat, 114 Great Prison, 67 Heliopolis Greece criminal justice, 96 colonies in Cyrenaica, 206 divine temples, 124 inl uence on Egyptian banking system, temple inventory, 110 234 – 235 Helwan, 155 – 156 Persian invasion of, 196 Herakleion-Thonis, 187 , 196 settlements at Naukratis, 186 Herakleopolis Greif, Andrew, 5 census, 151 greywacke, 50 , 87 , 133 economic documentation, 182 guard tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 foundations, 171 Gurob private entrepreneurship, 208 cattle exchange, 130 property dispute resolution, 180 – 181 palace accounts, 117 reserve soldiers, 198 property dispute resolution, 100 Herakleopolite province, 224 property exchange for silver, 128 –129 Herihor, 145 t 5.1 property transfer, 112 Hermonthis, 97 , 200 , 202 , 245. See also Armant slaves, 130 Hermopolis See also Mi-wer criminal justice, 177 Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179, Hakoris, 175t 6.1 , 196 , 197 , 207 216 , 217 hallur, 190 Legal Manual of Hermopolis, 189 Hapidjefa property dispute resolution, 179 divine temples, 83 temple endowments, 111 institutional exchanges, 85 – 86 Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218 land exchanges, 85 Hetepsekhemwy, 15 t 1.1 prebends, 85 Hetep-Senusert, 82 , 89 . See also El-Lahun private funerary establishment, 83 – 84 , 126 Hezekiah, 170 property transfer, 68 Hibis, 208 Harageh, 64 Hierakonpolis, 125 . See also Nekhen Harem Conspiracy, 93 hin, 114 , 230 Haronnophris, 213t 7.1 Hittites, 133 , 134 – 135 Harran, 206 Horemheb, 95 t 4.1 , 113 ẖ ꜣr-sack, 114 , 122 , 160 Horemsaef, 82 – 83 Harsiese, 143 – 144 , 145 t 5.1 Huni, 23 t2.1 harvest tax Hyksos, 54 , 92 , 132 Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 98 New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125 Iam, 26 , 31 , 48 – 49 Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31 Ibhat, 47 Persian Period, 183 – 184, 194 , 203 Idi, 44 Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220– 223, 240– 241 Inaros, 175 t 6.1 , 207

SUBJECT INDEX 379

Inena, 105 , 116 temple of Amun, 128 information costs, 3 , 8 transfers, 128 Intef I, 23 t 2.1 karsh, 190 Intef II, 23 t 2.1 Kawa, 134 Intef III, 23 t 2.1 Kerma, 132 , 134 Intef VI, 57 t 3.1 Keynesian economics, 1 Intef VII, 57 t 3.1 , 58 Khaba, 23 t 2.1 Intef VIII, 57t 3.1 Khababash, 175t 6.1 , 207 Iny, 145 t 5.1 Khaefre, 23 t 2.1 , 35 , 51 Ionia, 187 , 190 , 191 , 197 , 207 Khaemwaset, 119 – 120 , 135 Irtjet, 31 , 48 – 49 Khamudi, 57t 3.1 Iry-hor, 15t 1.1 , 17 – 18 Kharga Oasis, 208 Isocrates, 247 Khasekhemwy, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19, 29 Israel, 170 Khendjer, 57 t 3.1 Itjtawy Khen-sedjru, 31 mortuary complex, 82 Khepeshit, 84 –85 palace, 78 Khety, 23 t 2.1 royal residence, 54 , 55 , 89 Khnumhotep, 36 , 47 , 49 , 87 Iuput I, 145 t 5.1 Khufu, 23 t 2.1 expeditions, 49 – 50 Jaf a, 134 – 135 Great Pyramid, 40 Jerusalem, 170 , 206 mortuary complex, 51 Jews mortuary temple, 42 property dispute resolution, 180 Khusobek- called Djaa, 81 property transfer agreements, 5 , 188 – 189 Khyan, 57 t 3.1 Josiah (king of Judah), 206 kite, 114 , 189 –190 , 230 Judah, 170 , 206 Kleopatra, 250 – 251 Justinian (emperor), 234 Kom Abu Billo, 135 Kom Abu Girg, 135 Kaau, 31 Kom el-Hisn, 135 Kadesh, 118 Kom el-Lui , 104 Kaemnofret, 34, 35 Kom el-Qulzoum, 135 Kalabsha (Talmis), 250 Kom Ombo, 125 Kallimachos (provincial governor), 251 Kor, 89 Kamose, 57t 3.1 Kroll, John, 9 Kanais, 97 , 133 , 135 . See also Wadi Abbad ; Kumma, 89 Wadi Mia Kush/Kushites Karanis, 224 criminal justice, 176 Karnak invasion of Egypt, 54 – 55 expeditions, 135 – 136 , 170 Nauri Decree and, 97 – 98 , 125 gang of necropolis, 163 temple expeditions, 135 granaries/treasuries, 162 tribute from, 135 land purchases, 166 – 168 oracular consultations, 143 – 144 , 153 – 155 law slave purchase, 169 law codes, 148 , 179 temple administration, 124 – 125 law of pharaoh, 101 – 102 temple building/endowment, 124 Merchant Law (France), 4 temple inventory, 110 revenue laws, 221 – 222 , 227 temple levy, 125 Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218

380 SUBJECT INDEX

lead mining, 133 funerary establishments, 127 Lebanon, 49 , 87 garrisons, 197 Levant granary accounts, 116 abandonment of Egyptian empire in, 135 hoards, 191 – 192 Middle Kingdom expeditions to, 81 , 87 mortuary complexes at, 51 New Kingdom expeditions to, 132 – 133 , 134 palace, 207 , 208 Old Kingdom expeditions to, 49 , 87 palace accounts, 117 Ptolemaic Period expeditions to, 249 private funerary establishment, 126 Saite Period expeditions to, 206 , 207 provincial administrators, 41 , 42 Third Intermediate Period expeditions to, ship’s log, 119 – 120 170 soldiers, 197 See also Syro-Palestine state donations to temples, 198 Libya, expeditions against, 50, 133 – 134 , 206 stores of wealth, 191 – 192 Lippert, S.L., 148 taxation, 151 Lower Egypt. See Egypt, Lower See also Mit Rahinah Lower Nubia. See Nubia, Lower Menkauhor, 23 t 2.1 , 44 Menkaure, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 40 , 51 Macedonian Dynasty, 213t 7.1 Menkheperre Macedonians, 238 oracular consultation, 146 , 159 –160 machimoi (reserve soldiers), 197 – 198 , 239 Oracular Property Decree of, 145 t 5.1 , 154 , Magdolos (Migdol), 206 159 –160 , 166 Maghribi traders, 5 Menu, B., 46 malachite, 50 , 133 Merchant Law (France), 4 Manetho, 11 , 142 Merenre, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 48 –49 , 51 Manning, J.G., 247 Merhetepre, 57 t 3.1 , 61 Marea, 196 , 207 Merikare, 62 , 117 – 118 marriage Merneit (Queen), 15 t 1.1 contracts, 157 , 158 , 192 Merneptah, 95 t 4.1 , 110 , 133 house ownership/transfer, 70 – 72 , 248 Merykare, 23 t 2.1 Masaharta, 145 t 5.1 Meshwesh people, 118 – 119 , 164 – 165 , 166 Mazakes, 191 Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130 measurement costs, 3 , 8 Mesopotamia Medenyt, 31 bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255 Medinet Habu redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial expeditions, 133 – 134 activity, 10 mortuary temple, 124 , 135 – 136 Metjen, 36 , 44 , 46 temple inventory, 110 Middle Assyrian Period Medinet Madi (Narmouthis), 250 bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186 , 255 Mediterranean Sea, 195 , 238 , 249 transport taxes, 86 Medja, 31 Middle Egypt. See Egypt, Middle medjay-police, 78 – 79 , 81 , 118 , 162 Middle Kingdom Megiddo, 132 , 134 , 170, 206 criminal justice and property dispute Meidum, 21 , 51 resolution, 55 – 58 Memphis private social control, 61 – 62 criminal justice, 92 , 177 vizier and oi ce of vizier, 58 – 61 customs duties, 227 diversii ed uses of writing, 55 divine temples, 124 documentation of objects of taxation, 62 –67 dockyard accounts, 117 censuses, 64 – 67 dockyards, 135 i eld surveys, 63 – 67

SUBJECT INDEX 381

towns, 62 – 63 monopolies, Ptolemaic Period, 236 – 237 , 240, chief of estates, 63 241 , 242 – 243, 246 – 247 , 251 documentation of property transfers, 68 – 75 Monson, A., 219 – 220 , 248 local registration, evidence of, 68 – 70 Montuhotep I, 23 t 2.1 property transfers, evidence of, 70 –72 Montuhotep II, 57 t 3.1 role of reporter, 73 – 75 expeditions, 87 scribal notarization, evidence of, 68 foundations, 89 state registration, evidence of, 72 – 75 mortuary complex, 82 , 89 entrepreneurial activities, 86 –90 Montuhotep III, 57 t 3.1 , 88 expeditions, 87 – 88 Montuhotep IV, 57 t 3.1 , 87 – 88 to deserts east of Egypt/Punt/Sinai Peninsula, 87 –88 Nag’ ed-Deir to the Levant, 87 cattle sales, 169 to Nubia, 87 dockyards, 80 – 81 foundations, 88 – 89 property dispute resolution, 146 –147 private, 89 – 90 property transfers, 152 establishment of, 54 Nahr el-Kelb, 133 exchanges, 84 – 86 Napata, 134 , 142 – 143 houses, 85 Narmer, 15 t 1.1 institutional exchange partners, 85 – 86 Narmouthis (Medinet Madi), 250 land, 84 – 85 Naucratis, 191 marketplaces, 86 Naukratis, 186 – 187 , 191 , 208 ports of trade, 86 Nauri, 97 – 98 , 135 prebends, 85 Near East, ancient slaves, 85 media of exchange in, 9 media of exchange and redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial redistribution, 75 – 77 activity, 10 credit, 77 Nebirerau I, 57 t 3.1 measures of value, 37 , 75 – 76 Nebka, 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29 media of exchange, 76 Nebkauhor, 34 stores of wealth, 76 Necho I, 145 t 5.1 redistributive networks, 77 – 84 Necho II, 175t 6.1 divine temples, 83 expeditions, 206 granaries and treasuries, 77 – 78 foundations, 207 – 208 military and police, 81 – 82 shipbuilding, 195 private funerary establishments, 83 – 84 Nectanebo I, 175 t 6.1 residence and other palaces, 78 customs duties, 187 dockyards, 80 – 81 economic documentation, 182 – 183 provincial administrators, 79 property dispute resolution, 178 –179 royal mortuary temples, 82 – 83 Nectanebo I, foundations, 208 timeline, 57t 3.1 Nectanebo II, 175t 6.1 See also Second Intermediate Period appointed king, 207 Migdol (Magdolos), 206 foundations, 208 Mirgissa, 86, 89 , 186 medium of exchange, 191 Mitanni people, 132 , 133 Neferefre, 23 t 2.1 Mit Rahinah, 191 – 192 . See also Memphis mortuary complex at, 51 Mi-wer, 375 . See also Gurob mortuary cult, 42 – 43 Moeris, Lake, 250 Residence, 41 money, as social construction, 8 sun temple of, 44

382 SUBJECT INDEX

Neferirkare, 23 t 2.1 to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/ criminal justice, 25 Punt, 133 exemption decree, 25 – 26 to deserts west of Egypt, 133 – 134 mortuary complex, 51 to the Levant, 132 – 133 mortuary cult, 42 – 43 to Nubia, 132 Residence, 41 state foundations, 134 – 135 sun temple, 44 in the Levant, 134 – 135 Neferkauhor, 23 t 2.1, 44 in Nubia, 134 Neferkaure, 23 t 2.1 in Western Deserts, 135 negotiation/bargaining costs, 3 state production and exchange, 135 Nehesy, 57 t 3.1 temple expeditions, 135 – 136 Nekhen, 24 , 25 , 60 , 61 . See also Hierakonpolis temple production and exchange, Nemrat, 155 , 160 , 166 , 168 – 169 136 – 137 Neo-Assyrian Period exchange, 127 –131 bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255 cattle, small cattle, pigs, and fowls, 130 – 131 media of exchange in, 9 donkeys, 130 Neo-Babylonia houses, 129 bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255 land, 128 – 129 campaigns in Levant, 195 – 196 marketplaces, 131 media of exchange, 9 slaves, 129 –130 Nepherites, 175t 6.1 media of exchange and redistribution, Nespamedu, 176 113 – 115 Nespaqashuty C, 176 credit, 115 Nespaqashuty D, 176 measures of value, 37 , 114 New Institutional Economics, 2– 3 volumes of grain, 114 New Kingdom, 92 – 141 weights of metals, 114 criminal justice, 92 – 99 media of exchange, 114 – 115 king as adjudicator, 92 – 93 stores of wealth, 115 royal appointee as adjudicator, 93 property dispute resolution, 99 – 103 royal decrees concerning ḳnb.t -courts, 99 – 102 revenue, 96 – 99 oracular consultations, 102 vizier as adjudicator, 93 – 95 private social control, 103 vizier/scribe of vizier as adjudicator, patronage, 103 95 – 96 , 176 redistributive networks, 115 – 127 customs duties, 186 dependent institutions, gangs, and crews, documentation of objects of taxation, 119 – 123 104 – 111 gang of the necropolis, 120 –123 cattle counts, 109 dockyards, 117 – 118 censuses, 107 – 109 granaries/treasuries, 116 – 117 , 194 i eld surveys, 104 military and police, 118 – 119 royal land surveys, 104 – 106 palaces, 117 temple inventories, 109 – 111 private funerary establishments, 126 – 127 temple land, 106 – 107 temples, 123 – 126 documentation of property transfers, 111 – 113 administration, 124 – 125 private individuals, 111 – 113 divine temples, 124 – 125 royal/temple, 113 endowments, 123 entrepreneurial activities, 131 – 140 levies, 125 – 126 , 199 private, 137 – 140 mortuary temples, 123 – 124 state expeditions, 131 – 134 timeline, 95 t 4.1

SUBJECT INDEX 383

Nika’ankh, 34 , 46 Old Kingdom, 47 Nikaure, 29 , 34 criminal justice, 23 – 27 Nile (River) exemption decrees, 25 – 27 Canopic Branch, 186 , 187 , 196 , 208 king, 24 l ood prevention measures, 250 types of courts, 24 –25 Pelusaic Branch, 170 , 207 – 208 vizier, 24 semi-communal farming, 46 diversii ed uses of writing, 22– 23 Nile Valley documentation of objects of taxation entrepreneurial activities, 250 estates and towns, 30 – 31 i eld surveys, 220 – 221 i eld surveys and censuses, 29 – 30 foundations, 250 documentation of property transfers, 32 – 37 land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248 exchanges, 32 – 34 papyrus-plants, 36 – 37 high- vs. low-value goods, 45 – 46 ship building, 50 testaments and transfers, 34 – 37 Ninetjer, 15 , 15t 1.1 , 19 , 29 verbal statements, 32 Niuserre, 23 t 2.1 written transcripts, 32 marketplaces, 46 – 47 entrepreneurial activities, 47 – 52 mortuary complex, 51 expeditions, 47 – 50 mortuary temple, 42 to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/ sun temple, 44 Punt, 49 – 50 North, Douglass, 3 – 5 to deserts west of Egypt, 50 Nubia to the Levant, 49 , 87 criminal justice, 97 – 98 to Nubia, 47 – 49 customs duties, 186 foundations, 51 divine temples, 124 private, 52 expeditions, 47 – 49 , 87 , 206 establishment of, 21 foundations, 250 exchanges, 45 – 47 gold mines, 124 houses, 46 mortuary temples, 125 land, 46 ports of trade, 86 marketplaces, 46 –47 state expeditions, New Kingdom, 132 prebends, 46 temple expeditions, 135 media of exchange and redistribution, 37 – 38 See also Nubia, Lower; Nubia, Upper exchange media, 38 Nubia, Lower measures of value, 37 campaigns, 87 , 89 stores of wealth, 38 entrepreneurial activities, 250 –251 property dispute resolution, 27 – 28 foundations, 88 , 89 , 250 –251 ḳnb.t -courts, 27 – 28 garrisons, 196 redistributive networks, 38 – 45 See also Nubia ; Nubia, Upper granaries and treasuries, 39 , 194 Nubia, Upper ka-chapels, 43 –44 expeditions to, 87 private funerary establishments, 44 – 45 See also Nubia ; Nubia, Lower provincial administrators, 41 – 42 Niankhkhnum, 36 , 47 Lower Egypt, 41 Upper Egypt, 41 – 42 obol, 230 residence and other palaces, 40 –41 occasion of the count, 29– 30 royal mortuary temples, 42 – 43 oipe, 114 , 160 temple personnel, 43 Old Babylonian Period, bottleneck taxes, distributed of revenues from estates/ 86 , 186, 255 towns, 43

384 SUBJECT INDEX

Old Kingdom (cont.) Pepi I, 23t.2.1 revenues received from estates/ i eld survey, 29 towns, 42 – 43 ka -chapels, 43 royal works, 40 mortuary complex, 51 sun temples, 44 Pepi II, 23t.2.1 timeline, 23 t 2.1 criminal justice, 25 tombs from, 21 expeditions, 49 – 50 See also First Intermediate Period ka -chapels, 43 –44 Ombos, 111 mortuary complex, 51 oracle protocols, 102 mortuary temple, 42 Oracular Property Decree occasion of the count, 29 – 30 Henett away, 154 , 166 , 171 provincial administration, 42 Iuwerot and Khaenwase, 154 – 155 , 166 – 168 , tribute, 26 169 , 171 Per-Sekhemkheperre, 171 Maatkare, 154 , 166 , 171 Persian Period Menkheperre, 145t.5.1 , 154, 159 –160 , 166 , 171 criminal justice Osorkon I, 145t.5.1 garrison commanders, 177 , 178 foundations, 171 governors/satraps, 176 – 177 granaries/treasuries, 162 people who ran it, 175 institutional land survey, 149 – 150 documentation of bottleneck taxation, land purchases, 166 – 168 184 – 187 media of exchange, 160 burial tax, 185 – 186 slave purchase, 169 customs duties, 186 –187 temple managers, 163 sales tax, 184 –185 Osorkon II, 145t.5.1 documentation of objects of taxation, donation stela, 155 – 156 182 – 184 foundations, 171 censuses, 184 Osorkon III, 145t.5.1 chief i nancial minister, 182 –183 Osorkon IV, 145t.5.1 i eld surveys, 183 – 184 Osorkon the Elder, 145t.5.1 state land, 183 – 184 Owner of Tomb U-j, 15t.1.1 temple endowment land, 183 local agents, 183 Papazian, H., 39 shipping master, 182 Pathyris (Gebelein), 230 , 250 documentation of property transfers patrilineal inheritance Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189 in ancient Egypt, 10 Egyptian documentation, 187 –188 in Mesopotamia, 10 Abnormal Hieratic script, 188 patronage Demotic script, 188 New Kingdom, 103 state registration, 189 Persian Period, 181 – 182 entrepreneurial activities, 205 – 206 Ptolemaic Period, 220 expeditions, 207 Saite Period, 181 – 182 foundations, 208 Patumos, 207 – 208 . See also Pithom ; Tell private, 209 el-Maskhuta establishment of, 173 Pelusaic Branch. See Nile (River), Pelusaic exchanges, 203 Branch cattle and fowl, 205 Pelusium, 226 , 227 , 239 houses and tombs, 204 Penmeru, 36 , 44 , 45 land, 203 Pepi (mortuary priestess), 36 priestly positions or prebends, 205

SUBJECT INDEX 385

slaves, 204 – 205 Philip Arrhidaeus, 213t 7.1 media of exchange and redistribution, 161 , Philip-Stéphan, A., 67 189 –193 Philometoris, 250 – 251 credit, 192 – 193 Phoenicia, 187 , 196 , 208 grain loans, 192 Pimay, 145 t 5.1 money loans, 192 –193 Pinedjem I, 145 t 5.1 measures of value, 189 – 190 Pinedjem II, 145 t 5.1 silver, 189 Pi-Ramesses, 92, 111 , 119 – 120 , 142, 170. media of exchange, 190 – 191 See also Tell el-Daba commodities, 190 Pithom, 192 , 207 – 208. See also Patumos; Tell commodities worth weights of el-Maskhuta silver, 190 Piye, 132 , 145 t 5.1 , 158 , 169 , 170 Greek coins, 191 Plataia, 198 imitation Greek coins, 191 police tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 silver, 190 – 191 Posener-Kriéger, P., 39 stores of wealth, 191 – 192 Préaux, Claire, 234 – 235 , 236 , 245 , 247 hoards, 191 – 192 Preisigke, Friedrich, 235 silver, 192 Primis (Qasr Ibrim), 250 property dispute resolution profession/occupation/trade tax Aramaic courts, 178 , 180 Ptolemaic Period, 223 Egyptian courts, 178 – 180 Saite and Persian Periods, 184 , 189 access to courts, 179 – 180 Third Intermediate Period, cessation/quitclaim contracts, 178 –179 151 – 152 , 184 houses of judgment, 178 property rights, historical enforcement law codes, 179 of, 4 – 5 private social control, 180 – 182 Protodynastic Period, 15t 1.1 extended family and friends, 180 – 181 Psammetichus I, 170 , 175t 6.1 patronage, 181 – 182 burial tax, 186 private associations, 181 criminal justice, 175 – 176 , 177 redistributive networks, 193 – 202 distributed state revenues, 194– 195 dockyards, 196 expeditions, 206 granaries/treasuries, 194 foundations, 207 military and police garrison revolt, 196 garrisons, 197 land sales, 203 mercenaries, 197 oi ce of shipping master, 182 reserve soldiers, 196 , 198 priestly positions/prebends, 205 palaces and oi cials, 195 private entrepreneurship, 208 private funerary endowments, 200 , 201 private funerary endowments, temples, 198 – 199 200 – 201 temple managers, 163 property dispute resolution, 179 timeline, 175t 6.1 reunii cation of Egypt, 206 See also Saite Period soldiers, 197 Perunefer, 117 , 135 tax statements, 185 Pestman, P.W., 148 tomb sales, 204 Petition of Petiese, 175 – 176 , 177 , 180 – 181 , Psammetichus II, 175 t 6.1 182 , 208 criminal justice, 176 Petubast, 147 – 148 , 169 expeditions, 206 Petubast I, 145 t 5.1 private entrepreneurship, 208 Petubast II, 145 t 5.1 slave sales, 204

386 SUBJECT INDEX

Psammetichus III, 175 t 6.1 economic management, 214 expeditions, 207 entrepreneurial activities, 248 – 252 property dispute resolution, 178 Alexandria, 250 Psammetichus IV, 175t 6.1 expeditions, 249 cattle and fowl ownership, 205 Fayum basin, 250 expeditions, 207 foundations, 249 – 250 Psamtikmerineith, 176 Nile Valley, 250 Pselkis (Dakka), 250 Nubia, 250 –251 Psusennes I, 145 t 5.1 private, 251 – 252 i eld surveys, 149 Red Sea, 251 oracular consultation, 146 , 159 –160 state production and sale of Psusennes II, 145 t 5.1 commodities, 251 oracular consultation, 155 , 159 –160 exchanges, 245 – 248 Psusennes III, 145 t 5.1 houses, 248 Ptah, 124 , 127 , 135 – 136 marketplaces, 246 – 247 media of exchange at treasury of, 190 , 191 auctions, 246 state donations to temple of, 198 land, 247 – 248 Ptolemaic Dynasty, 213t 7.1 the Fayum, 247 – 248 Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE), 211 – 252 Upper Egypt, 247 – 248 criminal justice, 211 – 215 monopolies, 246 – 247 order and enforcement section, 213 , 214 real estate markets, 247 role of agents of king, 214 priestly positions/prebends, 248 role of king, 211 – 213 founding of, 211 role of local police/wayfarers, 211 – 213 media exchange and redistribution, 230 – 233 documentation of bottleneck taxation, credit, 231 – 233 224 – 227 measures of value, 230 burial taxes, 225 – 226 grain, 230 customs duties, 226 – 227 silver/copper/gold, 230 calculation of duties, 226 – 227 media of exchange, 231 revenue laws, 227 coins, 231 sales taxes, 224 – 225 grain, 231 enrollment tax, 225 stores of wealth, 231 property transfers, 224 – 225 property dispute resolution, 215 – 220 documentation of objects of taxation, Egyptian courts, 215 , 216 – 218 220 – 224 Houses of Judgment, 215 , 216 , 218 censuses, 152 , 223 – 224 law codes, 216 – 218 animals, 223 Greeks courts, 215 – 216 , 218 – 219 capitation tax reform, 223 – 224 private social control, 219 – 220 compulsory labor, 223 extended family/local community, 219 households, 223 patronage, 220 occupations, 223 private associations, 181 , 219 – 220 i eld surveys, 220 – 223 redistributive networks, 233 – 245 documentation of property transfers, 227 –230 dockyards, 238 agoranomic contracts, 228 , 229 –230 granaries, 194 , 233 – 234 Egyptian documentation, 228 military and police, 238 – 240 Greek documentation, 228 elite troops/bodyguards, 239 six-witness/double contracts, 228, 229 –230 garrisons, 239 state registration, 189 , 229 –230 mercenaries, 239 economic documentation, 213 – 214 , 220 reserve soldiers, 239 – 240

SUBJECT INDEX 387

palaces/oi cials/commodity monopolies, Ptolemy V, 213t 7.1 236 – 238 temple allowance, 222 distribution of commodities, 237 – 238 temple levies, 199 monopolies, 237 , 240 , 241 Ptolemy VI, 213t 7.1 state employee salaries, 236 foundations, 250 – 251 private funerary endowments, 243 –245 Ptolemy VII, 213t 7.1 royal banks, 234 – 236 Ptolemy VIII, 213t 7.1 and concessionary banks, 235 courts, 215 and private banks, 235 customs duties, 226 types of, 235 property transfers, 229 – 230 state employees, 240 – 241 Ptolemy IX, 213t 7.1 temples, 241 – 243 temple allowance, 223 levies, 199 Ptolemy X, 213t 7.1 monopoly production, 242 – 243 Ptolemy XI, 213t 7.1 priest salaries, 241 – 242 Ptolemy XII, 213t 7.1 , 236 temple manager, 163 , 199 , 243 Punt, expeditions to, 49 , 50 , 80 , 86 , 87 –88 , 133 timeline, 213t 7.1 Pyramid Texts, 22 – 23 Ptolemais Hermiou, 250 Ptolemy I, 213t 7.1 Qaa, 15t 1.1 burial tax, 226 Qadesh, 133 credit, 232 Qakare Ibi, 23 t 2.1 , 52 foundations, 250 Qasr Ibrim (Primus), 250 private funerary endowments, 244 – 245 Quirke, S., 67 property transfers, 227 Qurna, 127 , 133 Ptolemy II, 213 t 7.1 annual income, 234 , 236 Ramesses I, 95 t 4.1 capitation tax, 223 , 224 private funerary establishments, 127 , 128 customs duties, 226 – 227 See also Ramesside Period dockyards, 238 Ramesses II, 95t 4.1 private funerary endowments, 243 , 245 campaigns in the Levant, 133 property transfers, 227 – 228, 229 censuses, 108 revenue laws, 221– 222 , 227 criminal justice, 96 – 97 royal banks, 234 dockyards, 135 sales tax, 225 land transfers, 128 Ptolemy III, 213t 7.1 marketplaces, 131 burial tax, 225 military, 118 capitation tax, 223 – 224 mortuary temples, 123 – 124 dockyards, 238 private funerary establishments, 126 , 127 , 128 expeditions, 249 property dispute resolution, 100 , 101 private funerary endowments, 244 , 245 ship’s log, 119 – 120 redistributive networks, 237 , 238 state foundations, 134 – 135 temple land coni scation, 222 See also Ramesside Period Ptolemy IV, 213t 7.1 Ramesses III, 95 t 4.1 burial tax, 225 abandonment of Egyptian empire in capitation tax, 223 – 224 Levant, 135 enrollment tax, 224 – 225 campaigns in the Levant, 133 foundations, 250 – 251 criminal justice, 93 , 96 – 97 sales tax, 225 divine temples, 124 soldiers, 239 – 240 expeditions, 133 – 134

388 SUBJECT INDEX

Ramesses III (cont.) Rostovtzef , M., 236 , 245 , 247 , 248 gang of the necropolis, 122 Rudamun, 145 t 5.1 land transfer, 128 , 129 mining expeditions, 133 Sabakes, 191 mortuary temples, 124 , 135 – 136 Sahure, 23 t 2.1 private funerary establishments, 126 – 127 expeditions, 50 property transfer, 112 mortuary complex, 51 temple expeditions, 135 – 136 mortuary temple, 42 temple inventory, 110 – 111 sun temple, 44 temple land survey, 107 Sai (Island), 134 See also Ramesside Period Sais, 170 , 171 , 207 Ramesses IV, 95t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period Saite Period Ramesses V, 95t 4.1 criminal justice military, 119 chief i nancial minister, 176 temple land survey, 106 – 107 king, 175 – 176 See also Ramesside Period local authorities, 177 Ramesses VI, 95t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period provincial governors/generals, 177 Ramesses VII, 95t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period shipping master, 177 Ramesses VIII, 95t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period supervisor, 177 Ramesses IX, 95 t 4.1 system, 174 – 175 criminal justice, 96 viziers, 176 levies on temples, 125 Lower Egypt, 176 temple expeditions, 136 Upper Egypt, 176 See also Ramesside Period documentation of bottleneck taxation, 184 – 187 Ramesses X, 95t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period burial tax, 185 – 186 Ramesses XI, 95 t 4.1 customs duties, 186 – 187 granaries, 117 sales tax, 184 –185 levies on temples, 125 – 126 documentation of objects of taxation, See also Ramesside Period 182 – 184 Ramesside Period censuses, 184 criminal justice, 146 chief i nancial minister, 182 –183 divine temples, 124 , 125 i eld surveys, 183 – 184 mining expeditions, 133 state land, 183 – 184 oracular consultations, 143 temple endowment land, 183 paramilitary expeditions, 132 local agents, 183 temple expeditions, 135 shipping master, 182 Raneb, 15 t 1.1 documentation of property transfers, 158 Raphia, 239 , 240 Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189 redistribution, markets, and entrepreneurial Egyptian documentation, 187 –188 activity, 10 – 11 Abnormal Hieratic script, 188 Red Sea, 207 – 208 Demotic script, 188 expeditions to capture elephants, 249 state registration, 189 foundations, 249 – 250 , 251 entrepreneurial activities, 205 – 206 Rehoboam, 170 expeditions, 206 – 207 Reisner, George, 80 foundations, 207 – 208 reserve soldiers (machimoi), 197 – 198 , 239 private, 208 – 209 Ritner, R.K., 148 establishment of, 173 Roman Empire, incorporation of Egypt into, exchanges, 203 256 –257 cattle and fowl, 205

SUBJECT INDEX 389

houses and tombs, 204 salt tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 224 land, 203 Sanakht, 23 t 2.1 priestly positions or prebends, 205 Saqqara slaves, 204 – 205 criminal justice, 96 , 105 – 106 media of exchange and redistribution, estates, 16 189 –193 expeditions, 206 credit, 192 – 193 marketplaces, 46 –47 grain loans, 192 mortuary complex, 51 , 52 money loans, 192 – 193 property dispute resolution, 27 measures of value, 189 – 190 tags/labels, 15 , 19 silver, 189 testaments/transfers, 34 , 36 media of exchange, 190 – 191 tombs, 13 , 21 commodities, 190 Saqqara, South, 51 , 52 commodities worth weights of Sasobek, 176 silver, 190 Schaps, David, 8 – 9 Greek coins, 191 Sea Peoples, 133 imitation Greek coins, 191 search costs, 3 silver, 190 – 191 Second Intermediate Period stores of wealth, 191– 192 criminal justice, 58 hoards, 191 – 192 establishment of, 54 – 55 silver, 192 expeditions, 88 property dispute resolution palaces, 78 Egyptian courts, 178 – 180 timeline, 57 t 3.1 access to courts, 179 – 180 See also Middle Kingdom cession/quitclaim contracts, 178 – 179 Second Persian Period houses of judgment, 178 criminal justice, 178 – 179 law codes, 179 establishment, 173 private social control, 180 – 182 expeditions, 207 extended family and friends, 180 – 181 property dispute resolution, 178 – 179 patronage, 181 – 182 See also Dynasty 28; Dynasty 29; Dynasty 30 ; private associations, 181 Persian Period redistributive networks, 193 – 202 Sedeinga, 134 dockyards, 195 – 196 Sedjer, 31 granaries/treasuries, 194 Sehel (Island), 133 , 250 –251 military and police Sekhemib-Peribsen, 15 t 1.1 , 18 garrisons, 196 – 197 Sekhemkare, 57t 3.1 , 65 – 66 mercenaries, 197 Sekhemkhet, 23 t 2.1 , 51 reserve soldiers, 196 , 197 – 198 Sekhemre-Khutawy, 57 t 3.1 , 65 palaces and oi cials, 194 –195 Sekhem-Senusert, 82. See also El-Lahun private funerary endowments Seleucia, 249 donation stelae as source, 200 –201 Seleucid empire, media of exchange, 9 papyri as source, 200 – 202 Seleucids, 238 temples, 198 – 199 Semerkhet, 15t 1.1 timeline, 175t 6.1 semi-communal farming, 46 , 248 See also Persian Period Semna, 86 sales tax customs duties, 186 Persian Period, 185 expeditions, 86 , 89 , 186 Ptolemaic Period, 241 foundations, 89 Saite Period, 185 military, 81

390 SUBJECT INDEX

Semna Despatches, 81 Setjau, 49 Semna South, 89 Shabaka, 145 t 5.1 , 161 , 169 , 170 Senakhtenre Ahmose, 57t 3.1 Shalfak, 89 Sened, 15 t1.1 Sharuhen, 132 , 134 – 135 . See also Tell el-Ajjul seniu, 114 – 115 . See also shati shati, 37 , 75 – 76, 114 – 115 Sennuankh, 36 Shebitku, 145 t 5.1 , 170 Senusert I, 57 t 3.1 shekel, 190 divine temples, 83 Shellal, 206 dockyards, 80 – 81 Shemai, 44 expeditions, 88 Shepseskaf, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51 foundations, 83 Shepseskare, 23 t 2.1 granaries, 77 – 78 Sherden people, 118 , 119 military, 81 Shoshenq I, 145 t 5.1 mortuary complex, 89 census, 151 private funerary establishments, 83 – 84 donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166 , 168 property transfers, 68 expeditions, 170 Senusert II, 57 t 3.1 foundations, 171 mortuary complex, 89 media of exchange, 160 mortuary cult of, 89 Shoshenq II, 145 t 5.1 mortuary temple, 82 – 83 Shoshenq III, 145 t 5.1 Senusert III, 57 t 3.1 criminal justice, 143 –144 customs duties, 186 Shoshenq IV, 145 t 5.1 expeditions, 87 transfer of i scal ai liation, 150 – 151 foundations, 89 Shoshenq V, 145 t 5.1 military, 81 Siamun, 145 t 5.1 , 152 –153 , 160 , 166 mortuary complex, 89 Sidon, 206 mortuary cult of, 89 Sile, 98 , 99, 134 , 186. See also Tjaru mortuary temple, 82 silver ports of trade, 86 change in value over time, 230 Seqenenre Tao, 57 t 3.1 coinage, 8 – 9 , 10 , 11 Serabit el-Khadîm, 88 , 133 as measure of value, 8 , 230 server tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 as medium of exchange, 8, 111 , 159 Sesebi, 134 as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231 Sethnakht, 95t 4.1 value in Old Kingdom, 37 Seti I, 95 t4.1 Sinai campaign in Nubia, 132 expeditions, 49 , 87 –88 , 133 campaigns in the Levant, 133 garrisons, 196 , 197 criminal justice, 96 – 98, 108 – 109 Siptah, 95t 4.1 dependent institutions, 119 six-witness/double contract, 228 , 229 –230 dockyards, 135 slaves mortuary temples, 123 – 124, 125 , 135 from Cilicia, 195 , 209 protection of temple ships, 136 Middle Kingdom, 85 requisitions by military, 118 New Kingdom, 129 –130 royal lands survey, 104 Persian Period, 204 – 205 state foundations, 134 – 135 Ptolemaic Period, 225 , 229 temple expeditions, 135 Saite Period, 204 – 205 temple production by labor gangs, 136 self-sales, 204 – 205 Seti II, 95t 4.1 , 96 – 97 Third Intermediate Period, 168 – 169

SUBJECT INDEX 391

Smendes I, 145 t 5.1 tax(es) Smendes II, 145 t 5.1 bottleneck Smenkhare, 95t 4.1 Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255 Sneferu, 23 t 2.1 Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186 , 255 expeditions, 48 , 50 Neo-Assyrian, 186 , 255 mortuary complex, 51 Old Babylonian Period, 86 , 186 , 255 mortuary temple, 42 Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 227 ship building, 19 Saite and Persian Periods, 184 – 187 Sobekemsaf I, 57 t 3.1 burial Sobekemsaf II, 57 t 3.1 Ptolemaic Period, 225 – 226 , 241 Sobekneferu (Queen), 57 t 3.1 Saite and Persian Periods, 185 – 186 Soleb, 134 capitation/census Southern City, The, 55 , 57 , 58 , 63 . Early Dynastic Period, 15 – 16 See also Thebes Middle Kingdom, 64 – 67 South Saqqara. See Saqqara, South New Kingdom, 107 – 109 stater, 190 , 191 Old Kingdom, 29 –30 stater tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 Ptolemaic Period, 152, 223 – 224 substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3 Saite and Persian Periods, 184 Suez, Gulf of, 50 , 88 , 251 Third Intermediate Period, 151 – 152 Syria, 87 , 238 cattle tax Syro-Palestine, 249 . See also Levant New Kingdom, 109 contribution tax Taharqa, 145 t 5.1 Ptolemaic Period, 224 credit, 161 – 162 customs duties donation Amun-Re shrine, 151 New Kingdom, 186 expeditions, 170 Ptolemaic Period, 226 – 227 private funerary endowments, 165 Saite and Persian Periods, 186 – 187 property dispute resolution, enrollment 147 – 148 Ptolemaic Period, 225 slave sales, 169 guard Takelot I, 145 t 5.1 , 157 Ptolemaic Period, 224 Takelot II, 145 t 5.1 harvest credit, 161 Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63, 64 , 79 , 98 criminal justice, 143 –144 New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125 medium of exchange, 161 Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31 property transfer, 157 Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220 – 223 , 240 – 241 Takelot III, 145 t 5.1 Saite and Persian Periods, 183 – 184 , credit, 161 194 , 203 medium of exchange, 161 Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 , property transfer, 157 162 , 167 Talmis (Kalabsha), 250 levy Tanis Ptolemaic Period, 224 expeditions, 170 , 206 police foundations, 170 – 171 Ptolemaic Period, 224 Tanwetamani, 145 t 5.1 profession/occupation/trade expeditions, 170 Ptolemaic Period, 223 media of exchange, 160 Saite and Persian Periods, 184 , 189 Tausret (Queen), 95t 4.1 Third Intermediate Period, 151 – 152 , 184

392 SUBJECT INDEX

tax(es) (cont.) Teos, 175t 6.1 registration capitation tax, 184 Third Intermediate Period, 152 expeditions, 184 , 207 sales foreign mercenaries, 197 Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 225 , 241 medium of exchange, 191 Saite and Persian Periods, 184 – 185 royal navy, 196 salt Teti, 23t 2.1 Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 224 census, 29 server ka -chapels established by, 43 Ptolemaic Period, 224 marketplaces, 46 –47 stater mortuary complex, 51 Ptolemaic Period, 224 occasion of the count, 29 tax marks tetradrachma(s), 190 , 191 , 192 , 231 Early Dynastic Period, 17 – 18 Teudjoi, 180 , 181 , 208 . See also Ankyronpolis; tax statements El-Hiba Thebes, 185 Thebaid, The, 183 , 198 , 220 temple Theban Tomb 409, 128 New Kingdom, 106 – 107 , 109 –111 Thebes Saite and Persian Periods, 183 , 199 burial tax, 226 Third Intermediate Period, 149 – 151 credit, 161 , 192 –193 transport criminal justice, 92 , 93 , 95 Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255 ḳnb.t -courts, 96 , 176 , 178 Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186, 255 dispute resolution, 59 –61 Neo-Assyrian Period, 186 , 255 divine temples, 124 Neo-Babylonian Period, 186 , 255 entrepreneurial behavior, 139 – 140 Old Babylonian Period, 186 expeditions, 51 , 88 , 170 wool land purchases/sales, 166 , 203 Ptolemaic Period, 224 marketplaces, 86 , 131 yoke media of exchange, 190 Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 235 mortuary complex, 52 , 82 , 89 Tebtynis, 216 , 219 mortuary temples, 123– 124 , 133 property transfers, 229 palace, 78 – 79 redistributive networks, 237 , 238 private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209 Tefnakht, 145 t 5.1 private funerary endowments, 165 , 243 , Tehne, 34 244 , 245 Tell Basta, 115 . See also Bubastis private funerary establishment, 126 Tell el-Ajjul, 134 . See also Sharuhen property dispute resolution, 100 , 101 Tell el-Atrib, 191 . See also Athribis Abnormal Hieratic public protest, 147 Tell el-Daba, 117 . See also Avaris ; Pi-Ramesses ḳnb.t -court, 147 – 148 Tell el-Farah, 134 – 135 oracular consultations, 146 Tell el-Herr, 197 property transfers, 73 –75 , 113 , 152 , 156 Tell el-Hesi, 134 – 135 redistributive networks, 237 Tell el-Maskhuta, 192 , 207 – 208 . See also royal double granary, 116 – 117 Patumos ; Pithom royal residence, 54 Tell el-Minia wa el-Shorafa, 155 – 156 sacking of, 170 Tell er-Retabah, 134 . See also Tjeku sales tax statements, 185 Tell es-Shihab, 133 slave ownership, 129 – 130 Tell Qedwa, 196 , 197 slave sales, 169 , 205 Tel Sera, 134 – 135 temple expeditions, 135

SUBJECT INDEX 393

treasury, 78 dependent institutions, gangs and See also Southern City, The crews, 163 Theogonis, 224 granaries/treasuries, 162 Thinis, 80 – 81 , 111 military and police, 162 – 163 Third Intermediate Period, 142 –172 private funerary endowments, 164 – 165 criminal justice, 143 –145 donation stelae, 164 – 165 documentation of objects of taxation, mortuary priests, 165 149 – 152 temples, 163 –164 censuses, 151 – 152 oi ce of temple manager, 163 –164 i eld surveys, 149 – 151 timeline, 145 t 5.1 endowment land, 149 – 151 Thomas, Robert, 4 documentation of property transfers, 152 –158 Thompson, Christine, 9 Abnormal Hieratic system, 156 – 158 Thutmose I, 95t 4.1 donation stelae, 155 – 156 campaign in Nubia, 132 Halls of Writings, 157 campaign in the Levant, 132 Hieratic system, 156 Thutmose II, 95 t 4.1 oracular consultations, 152, 155 – 156 campaign in Nubia, 132 oracular property decrees, 153 – 155 campaign in the Levant, 132 oral agreements, 152 Thutmose III, 95t 4.1 registration tax, 152 campaign in Nubia, 132 temple notaries, 156 – 157 campaigns in the Levant, 132 – 133 written transcripts, 152 – 153 divine temples, 124 entrepreneurial activities, 169 –171 dockyards, 117 , 119 , 135 expeditions, 170 land transfer, 128 foundations, 170 – 171 mortuary temple, 130 private, 171 royal double granary, 116 – 117 exchanges, 165 – 169 royal oracular consultations, 102 cattle, 169 state foundations, 134 houses, 168 Thutmose IV, 95t 4.1 land, 166 – 168 private funerary establishment, 126 donation stelae, 166 royal oracular consultations, 102 multiple sales, 166 – 168 Ti, 31 , 46 slaves, 168 – 169 Tjaru, 98, 99 , 134 – 135 , 186 . See also Sile media of exchange and redistribution, Tjeku, 134 – 135 . See also Tell er-Retabah 159 – 162 Tjemeh-land, 31 credit, 161 – 162 Tjenti, 33 , 36 , 44 , 45 measures of value, 159 – 160 Tod, 110 cloth, 159 –160 tomb of Djari (TT 366) at Thebes, 86 silver, 159 – 160 Tombos, 134 media of exchange, 152 , 160 – 161 transaction costs, 2 –3 , 253 stores of wealth, 161 travertine (Egyptian alabaster), 49 – 51 , 88 property dispute resolution, 145 – 148 Triakontaschoinos, 250 –251 Abnormal Hieratic legal system, 147 – 148 Tuna el-Gebel, 217 Demotic legal system, 147 Tunip, 132 Halls of Writings, 147 , 178 Tura, 133 ḳnb.t -court of Thebes, 147 – 148 Tutankhamun, 95 t 4.1 law codes, 148 divine temple, 124 oracular consultations, 145– 148 private funerary establishment, 126 redistributive networks, 162 –165 temple survey, 109 – 110

394 SUBJECT INDEX

Type C marriage contract, 192 quarrying expedition, 50, 77 – 78, 81 , 87 –88 , Ty re 133 , 207 expeditions, 206 Wadi Maghâra, 133 naval battle, 195 Wadi Mia, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ; Wadi Abbad Wadi Natrun, 86 Ullaza, 87 , 134 Wadi Shatt el-Rigal, 133 Unas, 23 t2.1 , 42 , 51 Wadi Timna, 133 Upper Egypt. See Egypt, Upper Wadi Tumilat, 251 Upper Egyptian Revolt, 250 Wah-sut, 89 . See also Abydos Upper Nubia. See Nubia, Upper Walls of the Ruler, 89 Uronarti, 89 Wari s, 209 Userkaf, 23 t 2.1 Warohi, 209 mortuary temple, 42 , 51 Wawat, 31 , 48 , 49 occasion of the count, 29 Weneg, 15t 1.1 royal works, 40 Wepemnofret, 34 , 46 sun temple, 44 Weretyamtes (Queen), 24 Userkare, 23 t 2.1 Western Desert. See Desert, Western Wilkinson, T.A.H., 16 Valley of the Kings, 120, 129 , Williamson, O.E., 10 137 , 138 women Veblen, Thorstein, 2 funerary cults, 203 Von Reden, S., 231 , 232 mortuary cults, 45 Vymazalova, H., 40 plot holders in New Kingdom, 119 wool tax on, 224 Wadi Abbad, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ; wool tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 Wadi Mia Wadi al-Jarf, 50 Xerxes I, 175t 6.1 , 196 , 207 Wadi Allaqi, 133 , 135 Wadi el-Hudi, 88 yoke tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 235 Wadi Gawasis, 80 – 81 , 88 Wadi Hammamat Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, 135 Dynasty 7 and 8 expeditions, 50 Zenon, 226 – 227, 245 , 247 gold mining expedition, 133 zus, 190