Buying a Musical Instrument – Making the Right Choice

Buying a musical instrument – making the right choice

A guide brought to you by the Music for All Charity Welcome to the amazing world of playing a musical instrument!

Music is a wonderful and Music is an essential part of the fabric of our lives. It is an extremely powerful means of engaging pursuit for any communication, playing a role in many of our social institutions and religious rituals. Making music child or adult and there can break down cultural barriers and strengthen social unity. is considerable evidence This booklet has been produced by the Music for All charity (MfA), which is the UK charity that of the positive effects of believes “Making Music Changes Lives”. music making for everyone. Many of the best known instrument manufacturers and shops have helped us to collate the This is over and above the publication and we are very grateful for their support. We have, however, deliberately kept the sheer fun and enjoyment book “brand free” in order to leave all the information as impartial as possible and to allow you to of playing an instrument. make informed choices about what you wish to purchase. Making music also: The Music for All charity networks with hundreds of quality musical instrument shops throughout the UK and you can find your nearest one by going to our websitewww.musicforall.org.uk and • Builds greater social and clicking on the “Practical Help” tab. We also have a “Find a music teacher” section in this tab, which team skills may be of use. • Improves reasoning capacity and problem solving skills • Improves maths and language performance • Improves memory, concentration, creativity, self-esteem and self- discipline

| 1 Some truths about making music

TRUTH 1: Everyone is musical and nearly all of us have the ability more dependent on the learning approach and the student’s to sing and to play an instrument. Of course some of us have motivation and goals than whether you are playing Blur, Bhangra more aptitude than others. That’s natural in exactly the same or Bach. way that some people are more gifted than others in sport, or TRUTH 6: There are two major aspects to music, playing an any other area of learning. instrument and understanding and being musical (some people TRUTH 2: Because everyone is musical, everyone can develop call it music theory). These two elements are not separate their musical skills to the point that they are able to. Very few of subjects and should be integrated in the process of learning and us will become professional musicians but most of us can have a developing as a musician. life of enjoyment and achievement through making music. TRUTH 3: There is no one way to learn to play an instrument. Over the years various methods and approaches have been developed. Each approach will suit one person but not necessarily another. Individuals need to find a style and approach that best suits them. TRUTH 4: Music is often best enjoyed when it is shared with others. That ‘other’ can be a teacher or a member of the family. They can be friends, or a class of other players, a band or a whole orchestra. The important thing about making music is that you make your music with other people as soon and as often as you can. TRUTH 5: All music is made up of the same core elements such as melody, rhythm, harmony and tone. These precepts of music are evident in all styles from classical to rock. There is no best music through which to learn nor is there any right order as to which style should come first. Success and enjoyment are | 2 Getting the best out of this guide

This publication exists to give you a brief overview of the STUDENT OR BEGINNER careful design of mouthpieces main instrument categories, followed by a short guide INSTRUMENTS and bodies). A lower action on a guitar makes playing of “what to look for” when purchasing a quality musical On the surface it is easy instrument. The information has been collated with easier and more fluent for to think that a student or young or inexperienced hands. children, adults, parents and teachers in mind and we beginner instrument is just (The ‘action’ is the distance hope it is useful to all! a cheaper version of what between the fret board and the professionals play. While the strings.) student instruments are SOME GENERAL THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE YOU BUY certainly less expensive, There are many things to think about when choosing a suitable they are not what ‘cheaper’ GET TO YOUR LOCAL instrument including: normally implies (ie less well MUSIC SHOP! designed or manufactured). In • the age of the student (if of school age) fact a good student instrument Whether you are starting or already play, the best advice • the kind of music you want to play offers special attributes that assist the learner to progress anyone can give you is to go • the amount you can afford and enjoy their music making. out to your nearest music shop and play all the instruments • the practicalities (such as size and portability of the This includes things like you can until you find the instrument) less resistance being built one that suits you and your into a student woodwind budget best. There is simply or brass instrument so the no substitute for trying and instrument easier to blow selecting the instrument you for an inexperienced player. will make your own. (‘Resistance’ refers to how much pressure or effort is required to make the sound, and is influenced by the | 3 BUY, RENT OR BORROW? buying for a child who is at a an instrument by a friend CONCLUSION state school or academy.” or family member, or are You may not wish to buy The best advice is to talk considering the purchase of an instrument immediately Many shops operate finance to other musicians, music a second-hand instrument, in case it turns out not to schemes to help spread teachers and music stores suit you or your child. Some the cost of an instrument a teacher should check to advise on the brands Music Services and schools purchase. it for suitability before and models to look out for. offer instruments on loan it is used. However These are the people with to beginners; many others “Take it away” is a publicly good an instrument is, it the experience to direct you (including some retailers) funded scheme that supports may not necessarily be to the kinds of products that operate rental systems that, music education by providing appropriate for you. Most they trust to do the job for interest free loans to help for a modest fee, provide young string players, for them. There is no shortage of you spread the cost of buying for an experimental trial example, begin learning great products and brands so a musical instrument. It is period. (Music Services are on specially-made smaller you will usually be spoilt for available through a network organisations around the instruments and will find choice! of registered member country that provide music it very uncomfortable (if retailers in England and tuition in state schools and not impossible) to play an Northern Ireland. at local Music Centres. Go instrument that is too large. www.takeitaway.org.uk to www.musicmark.org. uk/members to find your The instrument must local one.) This is invaluable be appropriate for you, for the more expensive however you intend to instruments as it allows you obtain it. Learning on a or your child to get a feel for sub-standard instrument what is involved in learning, is extremely demoralising playing and maintaining the and will prevent you from instrument before actually progressing. You do not have buying one. to buy the most expensive instrument, but it must be fit Some shops working with for purpose and properly set local schools operate the up to suit you – try to consult VAT-free Instrument Purchase a teacher or music shop. If Scheme (A.I.P.S.) and it is you are offered the loan of worth asking about if this if | 4 Some general things to ask when buying a musical instrument

• Does your music teacher recommend any brands/models for • What is their repair turnaround time? Can the shop loan an you to learn on? instrument while yours is repaired? • The safe option is always to go with the established brands – • Ensure there are no potential instrument health and they are usually established brands for a good reason. safety issues e.g. sharp edges, poisonous substances. Check that instruments conform to appropriate EU legislation e.g. • Can you have an instrument on approval from the shop? rules concerning nickel and nickel plating. • Is there a rental scheme for instruments with the option to • What sort of guarantee does the shop/manufacturer offer on buy the instrument at a later date? (Check the A.P.R.) the instrument? • Does the shop operate the A.I.P.S. VAT – free instrument • Get the manufacturer’s/distributor’s guarantee card stamped. purchase scheme for school children? • If there isn’t a guarantee, get that fact written on the receipt. • Is the ‘Take it away’ interest free purchase scheme available in store? Take it away is supported by Arts Council England • Make sure that the full details of the instrument, including and the Arts Council of Northern Ireland. serial number, are on the receipt. • Is there a practice/demonstration room in the shop? • If buying on the internet make sure that the guarantees/ repairs/return policies are all fully explained. Check that you • Do the instruments get checked over (set up) before they are familiar with the distance selling regulations should you are sold? need to return the instrument for a full refund. • Check with the local retailer whether spare parts are readily • Insure your instrument. This may need a specialist music available for the brand you choose. insurer (your home policy may not cover instruments). • Does the shop offer a free checkover after 6 months? Is it written down on the receipt? • Does the shop have a repairer on site (or nearby) in the event that something goes wrong?

| 5 Ukulele

The ukulele is a very popular instrument for beginners as What to look for: it is easy to learn and small enough to carry around. With 1. Avoid the very cheapest or case. If not, you should just four nylon strings, a beginner can easily pick up their models – As a beginner, buy one to ensure that first few chords and start playing. Since the 1990s the the cheapest models may you are transporting your ukulele’s popularity has been enhanced by YouTube video instrument safely. performances and by its take-up as an alternative classroom offer problems such as teaching instrument. uneven frets and poor 5. Care and Storage – intonation. Good quality Ukuleles are particularly There are four main sizes of ukulele: soprano, concert, tenor beginner models will have sensitive to humidity and and baritone. The soprano is the most traditional and most a well-finished fingerboard temperature. The ambient popular as it makes a classic ukulele sound. and quality geared pegs as temperature should be The concert ukelele is larger than the soprano, and has a these are easy to tune. between 20c and 25c. Be bigger body and a longer neck with slightly more room 2. Long term – If you are careful, as the wood could between the frets. Like the soprano, it has a typical ukulele thinking about playing warp if it gets too hot. sound that is slightly louder. The tenor ukulele is larger again long term, buy a model 6. String change – Your with a deeper, more resonant sound than the soprano and that will take you further in ukulele strings should concert ukuleles. The largest of the range is the baritone your playing. For example, be changed if they start ukulele which sounds more like a classical guitar and has a choose a ukulele with to sound unusually dull, different tuning, tuned the same as the four highest strings solid tonewoods or better or if you notice any on a guitar. It is often seen as a transition instrument to the quality strings. discolouration. guitar. 3. Buy an electronic tuner There is a huge range of songbooks and teaching guides – This will make tuning available with easy chord-based arrangements for songs you your ukulele a much easier know. Many of these have access to online resources and process. videos. Another easy way to learn is to join a local ukulele group and enjoy playing together with fellow players of all 4. Case – Check if your abilities. ukulele includes a gig bag | 6 The guitar family of instruments

There are 3 main types Acoustic Guitar Electric Guitar of guitar: Acoustic The acoustic guitar is affordable, easy to transport In the past, guitar teachers felt that it was Guitar, Electric Guitar and quiet enough not to disturb others during important to obtain a good technique on an and Bass Guitar. practice. It’s relatively easy to get a nice sound, acoustic guitar before playing an electric, but Guitars are highly which is encouraging for a beginner, and it doesn’t attitudes have changed, and as long as the correct popular starter need any additional equipment like amplification. tuition is given, an electric guitar is just as good a instruments, and there starter instrument. There are two types of acoustic guitar: nylon strung are many theories on acoustic and steel strung acoustic. Like the classical guitar’s nylon strings, the electric which kind of guitar to guitar also has thinner, lighter strings that are start on. However, it Nylon strung (also called classical guitar) offers closer to the fretboard and offer a good level of is most important to the most comfortable playing experience as the comfort for the beginner. choose an instrument strings are easier on the fingers. Classical guitars are that reflects your considered the best for beginners, as they’re easier As electric guitars don’t have a hollow body to musical tastes. For to play and the lighter string tension makes it much amplify the sound, magnetic pickups are used example, if you like easier to press the string down into the fretboard to underneath the strings which need external hardcore death metal, sound a note amplification. This means you will also need a an acoustic guitar won’t guitar amplifier and an instrument cable to connect The steel string acoustic guitar is a more modern necessarily be the best it with. Electrics are generally played with a form of guitar that produces a brighter, louder instrument for you! plectrum and you’ll also need a strap. sound. They are often used for pop, folk, rock and Many guitars also come other styles. in smaller sizes to suit younger players.

| 7 Bass Guitar What to look for: The bass guitar is similar in appearance and 1. Sizes: Guitars come in a variety of sizes, and a construction to an electric guitar, except with a full size one is generally suitable for ages 10-12 longer neck and scale length, and generally it will and upwards. Smaller sizes are available for have 4 strings. younger students. If low end thunder is more your thing, consider a 2. What suits you: You should buy the guitar bass guitar. Since the 1960s, the bass guitar has that plays, sounds and looks the best for you. largely replaced the double bass in popular music. The expertise of the maker and the degree to The bass guitarist is responsible for anchoring the which an instrument is handmade are of major harmonic framework and establishing the beat. significance for the development of tonal quality These instruments are very easy to handle for the 3. Packages: Most shops will offer a complete beginning player, and you can play an acoustic starter package to get you started that includes bass, or an electric bass. all you will need, check these out as many offer good value 4. Try before you buy: If possible, buy the instrument in store and not online – you need a chance to see, touch and feel the instrument. They will also help you with tuning and maintenance. They’re likely to have information to help you find a teacher, and may even have teaching facilities on site! 5. Guitar shows: Look out for a guitar show or convention in your area, there will be a variety of products to try and see, demonstrations, and experts with a wealth of knowledge and advice. 6. Lessons: Invest in music tuition; by far the most important investment of all. It’s all too easy for an instrument to be bought and just sit in a corner gathering dust – get an inspiring teacher and get playing! | 8 Piano

The piano is a wonderful The digital piano is a clear instrument that encompasses alternative to the acoustic. harmony, melody and rhythm. As always, you get what you It enables you to learn general pay for, the better the model, musicianship skills that are the closer it is to an acoustic applicable to all kinds of piano, the more realistic music. There is a wide range the touch and tone will of sheet music available for become. The big advantage the piano that covers a huge of the digital piano is that and varied repertoire from the volume level is totally classical and jazz right through controllable, and can also be to blues and pop music so that used with headphones. it can appeal to people of all They may also come with a ages and ability. range of other instrument There are two main types of sounds, and on some models piano, the ‘traditional’ acoustic can be used with music piano and the digital piano, software on a computer. It both of which have their should be pointed out that pros and cons. The acoustic certain (more expensive) piano has a mechanical acoustic pianos are now ‘action’ where pressing the available with a “quiet piano” key moves a felt hammer, system, which allows silent which hits the metal strings to practice through headphones. produce the sound of varying volume through the wooden soundboard, (hence the name Pianoforte!). | 9 What to look for: 1. Decide what sort of piano you are looking for – Do you and budget. Remember not to buy too big a piano for the size want an Upright, Grand or Digital Piano. Do you want a of room. Too big is just as bad as too small. “quiet piano” system, or do you want the ability to have an 7. Maintaining your piano – Acoustic pianos are made automatic self-playback system? from natural materials that are susceptible to changes in 2. Do you want to buy a brand new piano, or a second- temperature and need to be tuned professionally on a hand instrument? – Many of the leading brands now offer regular basis. Keep in touch with your piano shop, they will be affordable options, and purchasing a new piano means able to advise on maintaining your piano. you can rely on the quality as it will also come with a 8. Regulation and tuning – Once you have bought your piano, manufacturer guarantee. If you buy a restored second hand ensure that the chosen showroom and workshop will check piano, or a nearly new one from a showroom, you should also over the piano, carrying out a full regulation, and tuning prior get a guarantee. Don’t be frightened to ask. to delivery, as well as a follow up tuning after delivery once 3. The size of the instrument – When looking to buy a the piano has had the chance to settle down. traditional piano (Upright or Grand), do bear in mind the size of the instrument and where it will go in your home. It has to be able to turn tight corners, be carried up a small flight of stairs, or be turned on its end to fit into a lift. 4. It is always best to see, hear and try before you buy – Take your time to visit a few piano shops where the staff will be able to offer you expert advice. 5. Make sure you sit down and play the piano in a shop – It should be responsive to your touch and most importantly, have a tonal quality that you like. Be sure to play all of the notes, especially at the extremes of the instrument (the very top and the very bottom) to give you a good indication of the overall tonal quality. 6. Soundboard and strings – The two major factors that affect the tone are the soundboard area and the length of the strings. As a general rule, the bigger the piano, the better it is. It is worth considering the largest piano to suit your home | 10 Portable Keyboard

The electronic keyboard in memory using the left hand, is a very practical and low whilst the right hand plays cost way to start playing a the melody. Schools often keyboard. Many will come choose portable keyboards to with basic keyboard skills provide entry-level instruction instructions. for young beginners. These allow immediate results to be Whereas a digital piano will mixed with basic teaching and usually have a fairly standard can act as an introduction to and basic feature set, portable the piano, when it is felt that or ‘home’ keyboards come the student has reached a in a variety of different sufficient standard. Remember keyboard lengths and sizes, to look for two headphone and generally include a sockets so that a tutor can host of digital sounds and listen in as well! accompaniment features. They usually have built-in speakers, and battery operation is common with smaller models. These portable keyboards take full advantage of digital technology, providing auto- accompaniment features which quickly allow beginners to play pieces of music. Drum, bass and chord parts can be triggered, shaped and stored

| 11 What to look for: 1. 5 octave (61 black and 5. USB or MIDI connections white full-size keys) to PC – With ‘sequencing’ keyboard – This length software installed within of keyboard allows full a PC, these connections piano repertoire to be allow players to record, played and is ideal for the store and arrange music beginner. Don’t forget a within a PC environment. height adjustable stand 6. Digital effects – Such as for the keyboard. reverb, chorus and delay 2. Full-size keys – This enhance the overall sound means the keys are the of the instrument. same size as an acoustic 7. On-board song recording piano. – (Or sequencer). This 3. Touch sensitive (also allows players to record known as touch their own performances responsive) keys – and store within This means that, like the keyboard. Many an acoustic piano, the instruments offer ‘multi- volume of the notes is track’ recording. louder when the keys are 8. ‘Hybrid’ keyboards – struck harder. Also known These are keyboards that as semi-weighted or fully- offer an extended range of weighted piano-action keys (76 or 88 notes) which keys. combine the functions of a keyboard with more piano 4. Sustain pedal input – like performance potential. This allows connection of a sustain pedal, which enhances the expressiveness of the performance. | 12 Drums

Drums are the standard of seconds. They are not What to look for: backing instrument in many expensive. 1. Value for money – Check carefully whether the deal genres of music including An alternative is the electronic includes all stands and pedals (usual on entry-level and rock, soul, jazz and latin, and drum kit, which can be used some intermediate kits) and cymbals (usually only on basic together with the bass guitar with headphones. These have starter kits). make up the ‘rhythm section’. been growing in popularity 2. Building – Whether the kit comes boxed for self-assembly, A typical drum kit comprises over recent years. However, or already built and tuned by the dealer (some good dealers 5 drums: bass drum, snare to produce a sound audible will offer this service – tuning a drum kit is a skill which drum and three toms; hi-hat, to others, (for example, when comes with experience). crash and ride cymbals; and you join a band), you will need stands and pedals. some sort of PA (typically a 3. Stool – Whether or not a height adjustable stool is included. powered monitor) which adds 4. Cymbal Material – What the cymbals are made of (basic Playing cymbals can wear out to the cost. your sticks quickly, so it’s a ones are brass; bronze gives a better tone and durability). good idea to buy several pairs 5. How many drums are in the set – Five (5A is a good weight to start are standard, and most tuition books with), and if you plan to move are scored for five drums. your kit around, you may wish to protect them with a set of 6. Quality – Of the stands, pedals and cases. drumheads, all of which can get considerable wear and tear. The drum kit can be loud although the sound can be reduced considerably by using sound damping pads that are placed on or removed from the drumheads and the cymbals in a matter | 13 World Percussion

World percussion covers a vast Caxixi and Gourd Shekeres. What to look for: range of instruments, both Doumbeks are like smaller 1. Quality – be sure you get the best quality by buying from a ancient and modern, that are djembes, and originate in music outlet, not a gift shop or tourist outlet. either played with the hands or North Africa. struck with a beater. Percussion 2. Material – Percussion instruments can be made of Latin percussion also involves is important in music education traditional materials like wood or a modern day equivalent, passion and energy by using eg fibreglass, which may be more durable. Heads may be as it develops rhythm and has hand drums, known as natural (animal hides) or man-made. Natural heads are links with mathematics, history Congas, Bongos and Cajons. more authentic but tuning can be affected by changes in and culture. Congas typically come as a temperature or humidity. Replacing a natural head is a job set of two or three, often on Using world percussion is for a skilled craftsman. Man-made heads can be replaced stands to improve resonance. an excellent way of adding easily provided the drum has tuning keys. intriguing and unusual sounds Bongos are generally placed 3. Specialist steel drums – Steel drums are a very specialist into your music and many of between the knees. Cajons market. Search for a music outlet that imports authentic today’s top artists employ are effectively ‘sit on wooden instruments from Trinidad & Tobago. many percussion sounds. boxes’, often with internal sound The most recognised world effects such as a snare. There 4. Have fun! – Be sure to percussion instruments come are also hand-held instruments experiment and above all from Africa, South America like Tambourines, Maracas and have fun! World percussion and the Caribbean. other shakers; Claves; Cabasas; groups and events have an amazing energy and are African percussion mainly uses Bells and Blocks. very inspiring. hand drums called Djembes to Caribbean steel pans are build complex rhythms. They made from old oil drums of come in various sizes. The different sizes tuned with bigger they are, the deeper different notes and the the note. Also in common different sized pans make up use are basket shakers called steel pan bands. | 14 Music Technology

All musicians use music regardless of ability, age technology in one form or or cost. It is also standard another. Music technology in all educational music encompasses how music departments, and essential is recorded, composed for passing Music GCSE, and produced. There are A-Level exams and beyond. two distinct areas of music It is also useful for recording technology: hardware and any performance be it a rock software. Hardware generally band, exam grade or school covers the computer (laptop), choir concert. microphones, MIDI controllers A lot of music software can (keyboards), audio interfaces now be found as iPad and (soundcards), headphones iPhone apps. This helps to What to look for: and monitor speakers. increase flexible use of music Software is everything inside software and most apps can 1. Mac or PC This is the biggest decision you need to make. the computer, so generally work in tandem with their You need to decide what computer you’re going to use a sequencer program (or full program versions. These because this will determine what software is compatible. DAW, short for Digital Audio musical ‘tools’ are very useful Both work very well, but there is a big price difference with Workstation) a notation for all musicians, from a fully Mac computers being a lot more expensive than a PC. You program and various plug-ins functional metronome like can only use Apple’s GarageBand and Logic on a Mac (they (effects/virtual instruments). the Smart Click metronome, do not work on a PC), but other programs such as Cubase, Ableton, Pro Tools, Dorico and Sibelius work on both Mac Music technology is seeing digital tuners, PDF readers and PC. tremendous growth. This is and fully functional due to its accessibility and the sequencers like GarageBand 2. Microphones are available at a wide range of prices. There speed of development and and Cubasis. are two main types of microphone: a dynamic mic and innovation. All musicians can generally the more expensive condenser mic. The main engage in music technology difference is that the condenser mic needs a power supply. | 15 3. An audio interface (or soundcard) is very important, as it computer software. They come in different sizes depending helps to convert an analogue sound (e.g. voice) to a digital on how many piano keys you need and the size available to sound very quickly, cutting out latency. Microphones and you. electric instruments can be plugged directly into the audio 8. Headphones and monitor speakers. You need to be able interface and then recorded into the computer. Once the to hear the music you are creating and this can be done sound is inside the computer (using DAW software), you can using headphones or through a pair of monitor speakers. mix and master the music before producing a recording. Headphones are useful if there are lots of people around, The versions with two inputs and two outputs are the most but to get the best results when mixing, it is best to use a popular and good for reducing latency. pair of monitor speakers. Headphones should generally be 4. Sequencer software. A sequencing program or DAW is ‘closed back’ headphones and it’s worth taking into account mainly used to record, edit, mix and produce a piece of music. how long the lead is. You do not need a long lead on a pair You can however also record, compose and ‘play’ instruments of headphones! Monitor speakers come in a variety of sizes from within the software to create music. There is a variety of and these depend on the size of the room you are using. different versions of sequencer software from entry level to 9. Help and support. There are many video and training advance. You can also get free light versions to help get you courses available online. These often offer a free ‘taster’ started with some tech hardware. lesson followed by a course that covers various aspects of 5. Notation software. You are able to write music directly into a a particular software program. YouTube offers lots of free computer using a notation software program, rather than pen tuition. and paper. This tends to speed up the process and gives you 10. Exams and grades. You can now take a Graded Exam a good clear printed version of the music. The music you write in Music Production. This is with the Rockschool (RSL) also plays back the sound as you write it. examination board, ideal for secondary school students and for keen music production musicians. You can even 6. Updates/upgrades. The biggest issue with music tech is the gain useful UCAS points when passing grades 6 to 8. speed with which technology is now being developed. This is especially true with software. Not keeping up to date with changes can disadvantage musicians. This is particularly true for students as it can affect exam results. It is often cheaper to update regularly, rather than leaving it for a few years. 7. MIDI keyboard controllers are piano keyboards that you can plug into a computer to create music. They are often ‘dummy’ keyboards with no ‘on-board’ sound. This is because the sound is produced by the software program within the | 16 Clarinet

What to look for: 1. Choose a reputable/well-known brand – A good quality instrument is The clarinet is a from hardwoods more reliable and easier to maintain, and is a better investment in the end! very versatile reed such as African 2. Material – Clarinets can be made from synthetic materials or wood. Many instrument, used in Blackwood (Dalbergia student instruments are made from plastic or ABS resin, which can make both chamber and melanoxylon) and them more durable for children. Wooden models have a richer, warmer orchestral music. It was produce a better tone. sound and should be considered for advancing players. Mozart’s favourite and More advanced players it has been played in should consider a 3. Keywork – The key mechanism should be nice and smooth, it should not jazz ensembles by great wooden instrument. rattle or click against the body or other keys. Good quality keywork will players such as Sidney stay correctly adjusted for longer and will be more durable. The instrument Bechet and Benny separates into five 4. Mouthpiece and Reed – When trying out different clarinets, it is Goodman. smaller sections to pack advisable to use the same mouthpiece and reed, otherwise the different There are many away. The use of cork tone qualities may be due to the different mouthpieces. different types of grease helps to make 5. Straps – For smaller children, there are straps available that will help clarinet, but the Bb a smooth connection reduce the weight of the instrument and can reduce the chance of soprano clarinet is the when assembling the repetitive strain injury. Thumbrest cushions are also available to make most common and parts of the instrument. holding the instrument more comfortable. popular choice. Clarinet reeds can be 6. Cleaning Materials – When purchasing the instrument, you will need to Cheaper clarinets bought individually or in ensure you have appropriate cleaning materials. A cleaning swab should are made from man- boxes of 10. Beginners be used to dry out the instruments after each time the instrument is made materials and should start off with played. are generally the best softer reeds marked 1 ½ choice for beginners. or 2 to produce an even 7. Reeds and ligature recommendations – The reeds and ligature greatly More expensive tone and pitch. affect the sound and response of a clarinet. Ask a teacher or music shop models are made for their recommendations. | 17 Oboe

The oboe is a double reed What to look for: instrument from the woodwind 1. Choose a reputable/well-known brand – 5. Rubber Thumbrest Cushion – Some people family. It produces a bright and A good quality instrument is more reliable find it more comfortable to use a rubber penetrating tone and can be and easier to maintain, and is a better thumbrest cushion whilst playing. It is also usually heard in orchestras, investment in the end! possible to get a sling to help support the concert bands or films. instrument. 2. Reeds and Maintenance – As well as the You produce a sound by cost of the instrument, remember that you 6. Materials – Oboes can be made from blowing air through a reed will also need to factor in the cost of reeds woods such as African Blackwood made from two blades of and maintenance. (Dalbergia melanoxylon) or Cocobolo cane. The reeds come in (Dalbergia retusa). They can also be made 3. Show a teacher – It is a good idea to show different strengths ranging from synthetic materials. from soft to hard. Beginners a new instrument you are thinking of buying should start off with a soft to a teacher or someone who already plays 7. What’s best for you? – Choose instruments reed to help them produce first, before completing the purchase. They, best suited for your ability. even tone and pitch. Reeds or a specialist music shop, will be able to can wear out quite quickly advise you on the best model to buy. and/or break so it is a good 4. Cleaning – Ensure you have appropriate idea to have replacement cleaning materials for your instrument. reeds ready to play. Using them after every time you have played will help to protect the instrument and keep There are many models of oboe it working well. suitable for all levels of players. Student instruments have less complex keywork, and special beginner instruments are available to make the oboe simpler and lighter. | 18 Saxophone

The saxophone was saxophones. Due to the What to look for: invented by the Belgian size and weight of the 1. Make and Model – There are lots of choices of woodwind maker instrument, children make and model. Make sure you select one that is Adolphe Sax in the traditionally start comfortable for you to hold and play. mid-19th century. Its playing the alto around sound is produced age 8 and the tenor 2. Size – Your hands should be able to reach around the palm keys without using a reed, so even around age 12. New accidentally opening them. These are the three keys that stick out towards though it’s made of models have also been your left hand. It also important that your third fingers on each hand can metal it is considered developed to make the reach their keys without too much of a stretch. part of the woodwind instrument lighter and 3. Quality – You should choose an instrument from a reputable brand to family. Although some more manageable for ensure the instrument is good quality. Poor quality instruments are difficult composers adopted the younger children to to maintain and will not always work correctly, this is most apparent on saxophone as part of play. the low notes, which may not sound if the keys do not shut fully. the orchestra, it gained Saxophone reeds are more popularity in 4. Extras – Remember that in addition to purchasing the saxophone, you will made of cane, and will military bands due to also need to buy reeds and have the instrument maintained. wear and split with use. its big sound, and was It’s a good idea to buy a 5. Cleaning – When purchasing the instrument, you will need to ensure you later made famous by few replacement reeds, have appropriate cleaning materials. A cleaning swab should be used to great jazz musicians which can be bought dry out the instruments after each time the instrument is played. such as Charlie Parker either individually or in and John Coltrane. 6. Strap – Make sure you have a good quality neck strap to help support the boxes of 10. They come weight of the instrument. Other methods of support are also available The saxophone in different strengths including harnesses that go across your shoulders for comfort. family consists of ranging from 1 – 5. seven instruments, Beginners should start 7. Reeds and Ligature – The reeds and ligature greatly affect the sound but the most popular on reeds marked 1 ½ to and response of a saxophone. Ask a teacher or music shop for their beginners’ instruments 2 to make an even tone recommendations. As well as making the instrument easier to play, this are the alto and tenor and pitch. will help you produce the sound that you are looking for. | 19 Trumpet

What to look for: 1. Finish – The most common finish for student models is clear or gold lacquer. The lacquer protects the instrument and is easy to keep clean. Unlacquered trumpets will look ‘dull’ and have a matte finish. They are harder to keep clean. Some players prefer a silver plated finish. These have a smooth rounder sound and a more regular response throughout their range. They tend to be more expensive and heavier. Plain brass and nickel finishes are not recommended for health/legal reasons. The trumpet is one beginner. As with the 2. Ease – Beginner trumpets should be easy to blow and have accurate of the most versatile flute, it requires good intonation. The trumpet’s bore size affects how resistant it is to blow. Most instruments, standing its breath control. student trumpets have a medium-large bore. ground in every music Important accessories genre imaginable. It’s 3. Valve Quality – The valve body is the heart of the instrument. Best quality for the trumpet both the smallest and valves are normally of monel. If buying a second hand instrument the way are valve oil and a the highest sounding to check valve wear is to unscrew a valve top and let the valve come out cleaning kit to keep brass instrument. about a couple of inches (5cm) and then try to move the valve sideways in the instrument in the valve casing. If there is lateral movement (in other words if the valve good working order. The modern 3 valve ‘rocks’ from side to side), the valve could be worn and therefore would not trumpet was first There are products be airtight. Another way to check if the instrument is airtight is to put water developed by Bluhmel available that can through it, and once there is enough water inside, hold it still and see if and Stoelzel and is adjust volume levels there are any drips. Possible leak points are joints, water keys and valves. popular in orchestras of trumpets, such and jazz bands. 4. Mouthpiece – A good mouthpiece is very important. If you get the right as mutes. There one you can keep that mouthpiece with you as you progress up the grades. The Bflat trumpet is are even “quiet” the most common and brass instruments so is the most sensible specifically designed choice for the student or for this. | 20 Flute

What to look for: 1. Get the teacher’s advice before shopping – They will have to teach the child and will want to be sure you are buying a good quality instrument. The flute is one of are smaller flutes the mostly frequently available. These are 2. Make sure you buy a flute of the correct specification – Closed hole played woodwind approximately 7cm keys with an offset G, an E mechanism and a C foot joint is the most instruments, and the shorter than the common in the UK. transverse flute is the normal flute, allowing 3. Finish – There are different finishes of flute available. The most popular standard orchestral fingers to reach all the for beginners is a silver plated finish, comfortable to hold and easier to design, so-named holes and pads easily. keep clean. because it is held In addition to this, they horizontally and air weigh less (approx. 4. Checked and Tested – When buying the flute, ensure it has been checked is blown across the 325g) and are easier and tested properly, as flutes have intricate parts which, if not set up mouthpiece rather to play, requiring less correctly, can make it difficult to play. This includes making sure the joints than into it. It is usually breath than standard are not too loose or too tight. made from metals flutes. 5. Tips for a younger player – like nickel or silver, or Because of the special If the flute is for a small child, sometimes hardwoods breathing, sound a curved head flute may be like Grenadilla. generation and required to avoid strain issues As a result of how it fingering techniques with the player. Some curved is played, the tone required, it is best to head flutes are also supplied is much breathier get professional tuition with the straight head joint and softer than the and guidance from the making the transition to a recorder, but it does outset, as is the case standard flute easy as the child need a lot more puff with all woodwind grows. Check with the teacher (air), so for younger instruments. if this is necessary and always children there follow their advice. | 21 Bassoon

The bassoon is one of large and can be heavy. What to look for: the lowest sounding Because of this, models 1. Size and weight – Choose an 5. Crook – The bassoon uses a instruments from the have been developed metal tube called a crook to join that are more suitable instrument that is a suitable size woodwind family. It is the reed to the main body of the for young children to and weight for you. most commonly found instrument. This can be bent and play. Most bassoons are in orchestras or concert 2. Cases – Full-size instruments can broken easily. Always use a crook made from maple. There bands and can also come in a selection of cases. Pick case when storing. be found in seemingly are instruments made one that protects the instrument unusual settings, such from synthetic materials whilst not adding too much to the 6. Assembly – The large wooden as jazz ensembles. The available too, however weight of the instrument. joints can be awkward to hold bassoon is often used in wooden instruments are when assembling the instrument. 3. Supporting the instrument – comedy settings too! recommended. Ask a teacher or experienced The weight of the bassoon needs player to show you the parts The bassoon is played supporting when playing the where particular attention is with a double reed, instrument. There are different needed during assembly. Keep the and sound is produced ways to do this, including slings, cork joints well-greased to ensure by blowing through harnesses and other supports ease of assembly. the two blades of like a spike or knee rest. Try a cane. Bassoon reeds selection to see which works best are not categorised for you. into strengths so it 4. Cleaning – It is important to would be useful to clean the bassoon after each time talk to a teacher or you play it. Swabs/pull throughs music shop so they can are the most reliable method and recommend a soft reed there are specially sized ones for beginners. for each part of the bassoon to Full-size bassoons are ensure it is cleaned properly. | 22 Violin and Bowed

The size of the violin What to look for: is very important. 1. Condition of the Instrument – Violins are made of wood Unsuitably sized and it is important to examine the body of any violin, both instruments will new and old. New instruments made from un-seasoned affect the student’s wood may have bulging ribs, heavily warped fingerboards, playing ability: and possible shrinkage cracks. Tell-tale signs are in the neck too small and the and bottom rib (especially on cellos). The violin is both a solo and student will be cramped, too ensemble instrument, and 2. Alignment – Check to make sure that the neck of the violin big and the arms and hands makes an ideal choice for is set straight. Make sure the bridge is centered between the will be over-stretched. If the someone who wants to join an f-holes, then sight up the fingerboard to see if it aligns with orchestra and play with other student is a child, they will the bridge. If the bridge has to be off-set to one side to line musicians. move up sizes until they reach up, then the neck is out of line. If the neck is skewed, playing full size. Ask your teacher or Practising and performing in becomes very difficult as the strings will want to fall off the get “fitted” at your local music groups assists in learning an side of the fingerboard. shop. instrument more quickly, as 3. Fingerboard – The best wood for wear and fingering is more advanced students will As a guide, a 4/4 violin is ebony although other hardwoods are used. The nut which help you. Although there are normally suitable for most divides the strings at the top of the fingerboard must have notable players in jazz and folk secondary school age children, equal string spacing and the grooves correctly cut for the music, most music written for a 3/4 for 7 – 10 years, a 1/2 for type of string used. If changing from metal core to synthetic the violin is from the classical 6 – 8 years and 1/4 for 5 – 7 core strings, the nut grooves will need adjusting or broken repertoire, and this should be years. There are smaller sizes strings will result. The fingerboard should be slightly convex taken into account when taking down the length to prevent buzzing. up your first instrument, as you below this for even younger will generally practise harder children. There is also a range 4. Pegs – Usually made from ebony, rosewood, hardwood or when you enjoy the music of sizes available for violas, boxwood. On in-expensive violins an “ebonized” hardwood you’re playing! cellos and double basses. or fruitwood peg can be used. Whatever the material | 23 used, the peg needs to turn smoothly and stay in place. A 6. Soundpost – A small and IMPORTANT length of wood that jerky turn will break strings, while slipping pegs obviously sits vertically in the violin under the treble (E string) side of don’t hold pitch. Basses have machine heads because of the the instrument. Some instruments are delivered without the huge tensions involved. Are they well fitted and do they turn soundpost in (if so do not throw away) or if the soundpost falls smoothly? down it needs to be in place before the instrument is played. Bringing the strings to pitch without a soundpost can severely 5. Bridge – This should be tailored to each individual instrument. Some important things to look for are: Wood quality, as a poor harm the instrument. soft piece of wood will not offer enough sound resistance and 7. Tailpiece – The tailpiece wood usually matches the pegs and will wear out quickly. Is the height of the bridge right? This, and chinrest. Some violins have a metal tailpiece with integral the height of the strings over the fingerboard are vital. Too high adjusters (do the small screws turn smoothly?) The choice of and the strings are very difficult to press down, too low and material will be influenced by the type of strings used. there is a chance the strings will buzz. 8. Strings – There is a vast range of strings available. Most beginner instruments come with metal factory strings fitted. These are fine, but the quality of tone is limited. Upgrading to better quality metal strings helps both the tone and tuning. Other strings are made with a synthetic core or natural gut core, all usually wound with metal. 9. Bow – Bows come in sizes to match the instrument. Usually made from wood (or fibre-glass/carbon fibre). Choosing the right bow is important. Check when you look down the length of the bow, is it straight? When you look side-on, does it have a camber? Does the bow feel right in the hand (if it’s too heavy it will be difficult to control, too light and it may jump about). Does it tighten up smoothly? (Too stiff and little hands will find it difficult). For advice ask both your teacher and the shop. NB: Do not leave the bow under tension as this can damage it. 10. Left-Handed Violins – Nearly all violins are right handed. Occasionally a left-handed violin is made if the student cannot hold the instrument or bow conventionally. Beware of so- called left handed violins as these are invariably right handed ones with the strings and bridge turned round | 24 Recorder

What to look for: 1. If the student is at school – 5. Toys – There are toy recorders get the teacher’s advice before on the market. The best way to shopping; they will often want the ensure you get a properly tuned whole class to have the same brand instrument is to buy it from a of recorder. The recorder often The descant recorder musical instrument retailer. provides the first tuned is easy to play and 2. Construction – A recorder can be of 6. Protection – The recorder is musical instrument is the most popular one, two or three piece construction. a finely engineered musical playing experience for model used in schools. If the student is at school, check instrument and should be children. Internationally it is which version the teacher would supplied in a protective bag; sometimes referred to like the children to play. Normally The first school recorder its joints should be regularly as the soprano model. the three piece construction is the is usually made from greased and should fit together There are various sizes preferred descant choice as there is ABS resin, although snugly. To separate the of recorder – the treble flexibility with individual tuning and many professional instrument twist the joints – do (internationally referred finger positioning for small hands. players prefer wooden not pull apart. to as the alto) is the However some teachers prefer the recorders. Wooden next popular model single piece model as there is less 7. Watch out – There are ‘German recorders are harder and for ensemble to fiddle with! fingering’ models on the market, to play consistently playing the sopranino, these recorders are different as tuning varies with 3. Pieces – On a three piece recorder tenor and bass and should not be purchased for different atmospheric the top part is the head joint and you recorders are also used. normal use in the U.K. conditions and they blow into the beak of the head joint. take more looking The descant and tenor The middle part is the body joint and 8. Special adaptations – For after. As such, wooden recorders are in the the bottom is the foot joint. anyone with finger or hand recorders are not key of “C” whilst the 4. Cleaning – Good recorders are difficulties there are some suitable for beginner sopranino, treble and supplied with a cleaning rod, pot of specially adapted recorders groups. bass are in the key of “F”. joint grease and a fingering chart. available. | 25 In our view, EVERYONE should have the How can you help? opportunity to learn to play music. Sadly, many Become a Member via a monthly donation and help support musicians – people are not fortunate enough to have access to young and old. Each member will receive a Music for All wristband, a Music musical instruments or ways to help them to learn for All badge and a quarterly Members Newsletter. But more importantly, your and discover. This is where we come in. membership will make an invaluable contribution to a Charity that changes • We donate instruments and music tuition to lives through music. individuals who need our help. Fundraise – we are delighted that more • We make grants available to address the and more events are being held by the public around the country to fundraise for musical needs of community music groups and Music for All. All monies raised go directly educational organisations. into helping others learn and discover • We bring free of charge ‘Learn to Play’ through music. Get in touch to find out how experiences to people of all ages and you can support the future of musicians backgrounds. across the UK! • We promote the life-changing benefits of music Donate – Our charity is extremely grateful making. for any support it receives and always ensures that your donation goes directly Now that you’ve read our advice on buying a musical into actions to help people experience the instrument, we have lots of resources available to wonderful world of music making. Making help you to continue your musical journey. Please visit a donation is easy, just visit musicforall.org.uk/practical-help to find a music www.justgiving.com/musicforall teacher, music shops, online teaching programmes, music groups and well-being advice for musicians. | 26 We would like to thank the following companies for all their help in collating this guide:

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