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The Four Others in I. Kadare's Works : a Study of the Albanian National Identity

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University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2013 The four others in I. Kadare's works : a study of the Albanian national identity. Jing Ke University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ke, Jing, "The four others in I. Kadare's works : a study of the Albanian national identity." (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 730. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/730 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FOUR OTHERS IN I. KADARE’S WORKS - A STUDY OF THE ALBANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY by KE Jing B. A., Prishtina University, Kosovo, 1989 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky August 2013 Copyright © 2013 by KE Jing All Rights Reserved THE FOUR OTHERS IN I. KADARE’S WORKS - A STUDY OF THE ALBANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY by KE Jing B. A., Prishtina University, Kosovo, 1989 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2003 A Dissertation Approved on August 5, 2012 By the following Dissertation Committee __________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mark Blum (Director) __________________________________ Prof. Dr. Annette Allen __________________________________ Prof. Dr. Charles Ziegler __________________________________ Prof. Dr. Svetlana Stoicheva ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have helped me in my pursuit of a Ph.D. in humanities. First of all, I would like to thank my dissertation director Prof. Mark Blum who has guided me all the way through my writing process. I am profoundly grateful to Prof. Blum for his trust and encouragement. His insightful suggestions and constructive criticism broadened my academic vision and deepened my understanding of Kadare as a writer. I also feel grateful to the other three professors on my dissertation committee, Prof. Annette Allen (Director of the UoL-BFSU Ph.D. Program), Prof. Charles Ziegler (Director of Political Science at UofL) and Prof. Svetlana Stoicheva Anderson (Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Sofia University), for their valuable comments, kind support and warm encouragement. I feel extremely lucky that I had the opportunity to become part of the joint Ph. D. Program between the University of Louisville (UofL) and Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU), from which I have benefited tremendously. The professors who taught me knowledge and research methodology brought me into the wonderful world of humanities. I owe my sincere gratitude to Prof. Annette Allen, Prof. Osborne Wiggins, Prof. Elaine Wise, Prof. Robert St. Clair, Dr. Pamela Beattie from UofL and Prof. Jin Li, Prof. Sun Youzhong, Prof. Zhang Jian, Prof. Wu Yi'an, Prof. Zhang Zaixin, Prof. Chen Guohua and Prof. Chen Dezhang from BFSU. Their expertise and commitment made my doctoral studies an unforgettable and rewarding experience. iii My special thanks also go to Dr. Sun Xiujie, the coordinator of the Program, for her full support and indispensable help. I would like to express my appreciation to my friend Allan Ross and Ashly Bender of the Virtual Writing Center of UofL for proof reading the dissertation and giving advice on proper writing, and to Ms. Courtney Kerr of the Graduate School of UofL for her professional help with the dissertation formatting. My heartfelt thanks are also due to my dear colleagues: Prof. Ding Chao (Former Dean of the School of European Languages and Cultures, BFSU), Prof. Zhao Gang (Present Dean of the SELC, BFSU), Prof. Chen Ying (Vice-dean of the SELC, BFSU), Ms. Chen Fenghua (Head of the Albanian program at BFSU), Ms. Jin Qiao (Lecturer of Albanian language) and Mr. Ruzhdi Stringa (visiting professor from Albania). Their genuine friendship and unconditional support have contributed greatly to the completion of my dissertation. I am deeply indebted to my Albanian professors and friends who have frankly shared with me their understanding of Kadare and his works. They are: Prof. Rexhep Qosja, Prof. Rexhep Ismajli, Prof. Emil Lafe, Prof. Shaban Sinani, Prof. Mark Marku, Prof. Shezai Rrokaj, Mr. Lulëzim Shishani, Ms. Edlira Late, Prof. Bizena Bijo, etc. No matter how much they agree or disagree with my interpretations of Kadare’s works, they have shown their friendliness and dignity. Their academic openness, their absolute sincerity and their true love for the nation make me feel pround and honored that I am a teacher and researcher of Albanian language and culture. My gratitude also goes to Mr. Maxhun Peka (Former Albanian Ambassador to China) and Mr. Kujtim Xhani (Present Albanian Ambassador to China) who gave substantial support to me and the Albanian Program at BFSU over the past years. Finally, I want to thank my family for their continuing love, understanding and iv support throughout my entire doctoral studies. Without their selfless love and support, I would not have been able to complete this dissertation. To all of them I feel immensely grateful from the bottom of my heart. v ABSTRACT THE FOUR OTHERS IN I. KADARE’S WORKS - A STUDY OF THE ALBANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY by KE Jing August 5, 2013 Nationalism, as one of the most powerful forms of social mobilization in the contemporary world, was utilized as an effective ideological tool by Hoxha’s communist regime to construct the Albanian national identity. As an essential part of the process, the ‘Other’ was employed to strengthen the nation’s self-image and to justify the regime’s foreign policies and internal campaigns. Ismail Kadare, the most prominent Albanian writer to serve the national-communist ideology, has become a controversial figure since the collapse of Albanian Communism in the early 1990s. Scholars differ in their opinions of Kadare’s role under the Albanian communist regime and his current claim that the Albanian national identity is purely European. Based on the observation that Othering is Kadare’s most preferred means of treating national and personal identity issues, this dissertation examines all aspects of Otherness created by Kadare through the rhetoric of exclusion in service of the Albanian national identity formation. While acknowledging Kadare’s value as a great writer, the study focuses on Kadare’s role in the Albanian national identity construction, his opportunistic failings and the limitations of his Self-Other vi dichotomist mentality. It proves that Kadare is a superb master of employing myths and historiography to create the paradigm for the Albanian people to forge their unique national identity. By examining the four Albanian national Others presented in Kadare’s works, namely the Western, Oriental, Internal and Neighboring Others, the historical backgrounds for the appearance of the four Others, and the present rhetoric of calling the Western Other ‘Mother’, the dissertation illustrates the political nature of national identity, the fluidity of the political identity of the nations situated in the gray zone between East and West, and the relationship between literature and politics. This research demonstrates that Kadare’s life as a writer and his life as a person “are maintained on two parallel rails”. As a balance to the criticism of Kadare’s dichotomist mentality in treating his personal and the Albanian national identities, the non-dichotomist side of Kadare and his humanistic vision as reflected in his literary fictions is examined in the final chapter. The dissertation concludes by calling for efforts from intellectuals like Kadare to build humanistic platforms on which nations can be oriented to go beyond the limitations of political Othering. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 WHY KADARE? .................................................................................. 1 1.1 A fitting mind to probe ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 A controversial figure ...................................................................................... 24 1.3 A case in point ................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 2 THE WESTERN OTHER ................................................................. 49 2.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 49 2.2 The Hostile Other ............................................................................................ 53 2.3 The Immoral Other.......................................................................................... 67 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 3 THE ORIENTAL OTHER ................................................................ 84 3.1 Background ....................................................................................................
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