Verurteilt in Dachau Alex Piorkowski Vor Einemus-Militärgericht Der Prozessder Gegen Den KZ-Kommandanten Verurteilt Indachau Martin Gruner Martin

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Verurteilt in Dachau Alex Piorkowski Vor Einemus-Militärgericht Der Prozessder Gegen Den KZ-Kommandanten Verurteilt Indachau Martin Gruner Martin Die juristische Wiederaufarbeitung der nationalsozialisti- schen Verbrechen begann unmittelbar nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Die historische Forschung konzen- trierte sich hierbei meist auf die Nürnberger Prozesse sowie auf Verfahren vor Bundesdeutschen Gerichten. Erst in jün- gerer Zeit fanden auch die Urteile alliierter Militärgerichte in den Besatzungszonen entsprechende Beachtung. Vom 6. bis 17. Ja- nuar 1947 fand vor „Time will come when they will have to stand in einem General Mi- courts of law in the very countries which they are litary Government now oppressing, and to answer for their acts.“ Court in Dachau (Rede von Präsident Roosevelt am 21. August 1942) das Verfahren ge- gen den ehemaligen Kommandanten des Konzentrations- lagers Dachau, Alex Piorkowski, und seinen Adjutanten, Heinz Detmers, statt. Diese Studie zeichnet den Verlauf des Prozesses anhand der Gerichtsprotokolle nach und ord- net zudem die US-Militärgerichtsbarkeit in Deutschland in den historischen Kontext ein. Schwerpunkt hierbei ist auch Verurteilt in Dachau Verurteilt die Geschichte des 1933 errichteten Konzentrationslagers Dachau und der dort verübten Verbrechen, für die sich die Martin Gruner beiden Angeklagten zu verantworten hatten. Mit einem Vorwort von PD. Dr. Ludwig Eiber, Lehrbeauftrag- Verurteilt in Dachau ter der Universität Augsburg und Mitarbeiter im Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte. Der Prozess gegen den KZ-Kommandanten Alex Piorkowski vor einem US-Militärgericht Martin Gruner ISBN 978-3-89639-650-1 01680 ISBN 978-3-89639-650-1 Wißner-Verlag www.wissner.com 9 783896 396501 16,00 € Verurteilt in Dachau Der Prozess gegen den KZ-Kommandanten Alex Piorkowski vor einem US-Militärgericht Martin Gruner „Time will come when they will have to stand in courts of law in the very countries which they are now oppressing, and to answer for their acts.“ (Rede von Präsident Roosevelt am 21. August 1942) Umschlagbild: Gerichtssaal des US-Militärgerichts in Dachau (ohne Da- tum); Aufnahme aus dem ersten Dachauer Prozess gegen den KZ-Kom- mandanten Martin Weiss. (Bildsignatur DA 5841) © Alle Rechte verbleiben beim Urheber. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Inter- net über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-89639-650-1 Druck: TZ-Verlag & Print GmbH, Roßdorf b. Darmstadt © Wißner-Verlag, Augsburg 2008 www.wissner.com Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf deshalb der vorhe- rigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Mit Genehmigung des Verlags wird dieses Buch bereitgestellt vom Online-Publikationsservice der Universität Würzburg. eISBN: 978-3-945459-06-5. URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122378. Inhalt Dank ____________________________________________ 9 Geleitwort _______________________________________ 11 Einleitung _______________________________________ 13 Strafprozesse als Quelle zur Geschichtsaufarbeitung ____ 17 Kriegsverbrechen, NS-Verbrechen, KZ-Verbrechen – eine Abgrenzung ______________________________ 18 Das Konzentrationslager Dachau ________________ 21 Historischer Abriss _________________________________ 22 Das Konzentrationslager in der Zeit bis 1939 _________ 22 Das Konzentrationslager während dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ___________________________ 27 Entstehung der Außenlager __________________________ 35 Das Konzentrationslager und die SS ___________________ 36 Piorkowski als Lagerkommandant ____________________ 39 Kurzbiografie __________________________________ 39 Heinz Detmers, Adjutant unter Alex Piorkowski _______ 41 Die Lagerführung ___________________________________ 42 Resümee __________________________________________ 45 Historische Entwicklung der US-Militärgerichts- barkeit _____________________________________ 49 Vorgeschichte _____________________________________ 49 Überlegungen des deutschen Widerstands zur juristischen Aufarbeitung der nationalsozialistischen Gewalt- verbrechen ___________________________________ 50 Alliierte Überlegungen, Planungen und Beschlüsse ______ 53 Kritik an den Prozessen und die juristische Problematik __ 59 Legitimation der Gerichte ________________________ 59 Das Rückwirkungsverbot _________________________ 60 Schwierigkeiten bei der Präzisierung der Anklage und fehlende Strafmaßregelungen __________________ 61 Die Definition des Common Design ________________ 63 Die US-amerikanischen Gerichte in Deutschland _____________________________ 65 Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Verfahren _________ 65 Die Befugnisse _____________________________________ 67 Die Anklageschrift __________________________________ 67 Das Gericht und seine Mitglieder ______________________ 68 Die Ankläger, Verteidiger und Zeugen _________________ 68 Die Angeklagten ____________________________________ 69 Die Beweismittel ___________________________________ 69 Der Verfahrensablauf und die Urteilsverkündung ________ 69 Die Dachauer Prozesse und die Bedeutung des Parent Case __________________________________ 71 Der Prozess gegen Alex Piorkowski und Heinz Detmers ______________________________ 73 Allgemeine, nachweisbare Straftaten im Konzentrationslager Dachau ____________________ 75 Misshandlung der Häftlinge _______________________ 75 Ermordung von Kriegsgefangenen _________________ 76 Medizinische Versuche an Häftlingen _______________ 77 Deportation und Verschleppung ___________________ 79 Exkurs: Der sogenannte „Befehlsnotstand“ ____________ 80 Das Verfahren _____________________________________ 81 Strategie der Verteidigung ___________________________ 83 Strategie der Anklage _______________________________ 85 Die Verhandlung ___________________________________ 86 Aussagen über die Gesamtsituation im Lager – Straftatbestand des Common Design ____________ 87 Anklagepunkt: Erschießung von sowjetischen Kriegs- gefangenen ________________________________ 89 Anklagepunkt: Misshandlungen an Häftlingen im Konzentrationslager _________________________ 93 Anklagepunkt: Medizinische Versuche an Häftlingen ___ 94 Anklagepunkt: Häftlingstransporte in andere Konzen- trationslager ________________________________ 96 Zwischenergebnis der ersten Verhandlungstage ______ 97 Die Zeugen der Verteidigung _____________________ 98 Zeugenaussagen über die Dienstunfähigkeit Piorkowskis ________________________________ 100 Zeugenaussagen zur Widerlegung der Anklage _______ 101 Allgemeine Aussagen zur Entlastung der Angeklagten _ 103 Berufung auf den Befehlsnotstand _________________ 105 Ergebnisse der Zeugenbefragung __________________ 108 Schlussplädoyer der Verteidigung ____________________ 109 Das Urteil _________________________________________ 112 Die Überprüfung des Urteils __________________________ 115 Ein Teilerfolg der Verteidigung vor der Reviewing Authority __________________________________ 115 Die letzte Instanz, die Confirming Authority __________ 117 Verfahrensabschluss, Urteilsvollstreckung und Entlassung _______________________________ 118 Zusammenfassung und Vergleich _____________________ 121 Das Ende des amerikanischen War Crimes Program ____________________________________ 125 Einstellung der Verfahren ____________________________ 125 Massive Kritik an der US-Militärgerichtsbarkeit und deren Folgen _________________________________ 127 Die Folgen der Teilamnestie und das endgültige Ende der US-Militärgerichtsbarkeit in der BRD _____________ 131 Resümee __________________________________________ 134 Fazit _____________________________________________ 137 Nutzen und Wirkung der Strafverfolgung _______________ 137 Internationale Dimension der Kriegsverbrecherprozesse _ 142 Anhang __________________________________________ 147 Verwendete Abkürzungen ____________________________ 147 Namensliste der vor Gericht geladenen Zeugen _________ 148 Zeugen der Anklage ____________________________ 148 Zeugen der Verteidigung _________________________ 150 Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 10 ____________________________ 153 Bibliographie ______________________________________ 160 Quellenverzeichnis _____________________________ 160 Literaturverzeichnis _____________________________ 160 Literatur, Quellen und weitere Informationen aus dem Internet _______________________________ 165 Dank Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Juli 2007 an der Philologisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Augsburg am Lehrstuhl der Neueren und Neuesten Geschichte als Abschlussarbeit (Magister Artium) angenommen. Für diese Ausgabe wurden sie nochmals überarbeitet und ergänzt. Berücksichtigt sind nun auch weitere wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, die bis Januar 2008 erschie- nen sind. Bedanken möchte ich mich bei den Mitarbeitern der von mir besuchten Archive in Ludwigsburg, München und Dachau. Besondere Anerkennung für ihr Engagement und ihre Hilfestellung verdienen Albert Knoll vom Archiv der KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau und Dr. Ludwig Eiber, der die Betreu- ung der Arbeit von Seiten der Fakultät übernahm und auch bei der Publika- tion hilfreiche Ratschläge gab. Geleitwort Die „Dachauer Prozesse“ sind nach dem Nürnberger Hauptkriegsverbre- cher-Prozess und dessen Nachfolgeprozessen die wichtigste Verfahrens- gruppe im Bereich der alliierten Militärgerichtsprozesse in der amerikani- schen Besatzungszone. Sie betrafen im wesentlichen zwei Verfahrensgrup- pen: Verbrechen in den nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern (Dachau, Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau) und Verbrechen an amerikanischen
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