The Nuremberg Trials
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16. the Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice
fdr4freedoms 1 16. The Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice On a ship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, four months before the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill agreed to commit themselves to “the final destruction of Nazi tyranny.” In mid-1944, as the Allied advance toward Germany progressed, another question arose: What to do with the defeated Nazis? FDR asked his War Department for a plan to bring Germany to justice, making it accountable for starting the terrible war and, in its execution, committing a string of ruthless atrocities. By mid-September 1944, FDR had two plans to consider. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. had unexpectedly presented a proposal to the president two weeks before the War Department finished its own work. The two plans could not have been more different, and a bitter contest of ideas erupted in FDR’s cabinet. To execute or prosecute? Morgenthau proposed executing major Nazi leaders as soon as they were captured, exiling other officers to isolated and barren lands, forcing German prisoners of war to rebuild war-scarred Europe, and, perhaps most controversially, Defendants and their counsel in the trial of major war criminals before the dismantling German industry in the highly developed Ruhr International Military Tribunal, November 22, 1945. The day before, all defendants and Saar regions. One of the world’s most advanced industrial had entered “not guilty” pleas and U.S. top prosecutor Robert H. Jackson had made his opening statement. “Despite the fact that public opinion already condemns economies would be left to subsist on local crops, a state their acts,” said Jackson, “we agree that here [these defendants] must be given that would prevent Germany from acting on any militaristic or a presumption of innocence, and we accept the burden of proving criminal acts and the responsibility of these defendants for their commission.” Harvard Law School expansionist impulses. -
Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE, -
7. Early October 1945
Chapter 7 Early October 1945 fter my assignment to Dachau, Gen. Frank Keating, CO of A the 102nd Division, advises Gen. Lucian Truscott, CO of the Third Army—through a hand-carried message—that I will be delayed in arrival due to my trying a murder case. The order states that I will report to Dachau on October 1, 1945. I see the judge advocate general (JAG) of the Third Army head- quarters in Munich and am told I will replace a lieutenant colonel who has left for home. The JAG is Col. Edward Cheever, about 50, my size, a quiet speaker who gets quickly to the point. I am only a captain in the JAGD, and I ask how I can replace a higher-ranking officer. He says this will be no problem because the ten officer-lawyers on the staff at Dachau are lieutenants. He notes the ob- vious: rank and qualifications do not always coincide in a war-time army. 91 Witness to Barbarism He looks at my personnel file, then says my experience with courts-martial law in Europe—war-crimes investigation for the Ninth Army, my assisgnment as trial judge advocate for the XVI Corps head- quarters and the resulting Bronze Star Medal, as well as my six years as a felony prosecutor before enlistment—qualifies me for this post. He says he will communicate my background to the staff at Dachau and that my title will be chief prosecutor, as used by my predecessor. He personally takes me to Dachau, introduces me to the staff, and sees to my living quarters, a mansion formerly occupied by the German camp kommandant. -
Appendix 1: Sample Docum Ents
APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS Figure 1.1. Arrest warrant (Haftbefehl) for Georg von Sauberzweig, signed by Morgen. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde 129 130 Appendix 1 Figure 1.2. Judgment against Sauberzweig. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde Appendix 1 131 Figure 1.3. Hitler’s rejection of Sauberzweig’s appeal. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde 132 Appendix 1 Figure 1.4. Confi rmation of Sauberzweig’s execution. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin- Lichterfelde Appendix 1 133 Figure 1.5. Letter from Morgen to Maria Wachter. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut APPENDIX 2: PHOTOS Figure 2.1. Konrad Morgen 1938. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut 134 Appendix 2 135 Figure 2.2. Konrad Morgen in his SS uniform. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut 136 Appendix 2 Figure 2.3. Karl Otto Koch. Courtesy of the US National Archives Appendix 2 137 Figure 2.4. Karl and Ilse Koch with their son, at Buchwald. Corbis Images Figure 2.5. Odilo Globocnik 138 Appendix 2 Figure 2.6. Hermann Fegelein. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Figure 2.7. Ilse Koch. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Appendix 2 139 Figure 2.8. Waldemar Hoven. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Figure 2.9. Christian Wirth. Courtesy of Yad Vashem 140 Appendix 2 Figure 2.10. Jaroslawa Mirowska. Private collection NOTES Preface 1. The execution of Karl Otto Koch, former commandant of Buchenwald, is well documented. The execution of Hermann Florstedt, former commandant of Majdanek, is disputed by a member of his family (Lindner (1997)). -
Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest
Evading the Hangman’s Noose: Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest Ernest 2 Contents Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program 3 Background and Historiography 10 Chapter 1: Investigations into Other Trials Erode the United States’ Resolve 17 Chapter 2: The Onset of Trial Fatigue Due to Public Outcry 25 Chapter 3: High Commissioner McCloy Authorizes Sentence Reviews 38 Chapter 4: McCloy and the United States Set the War Criminals Free 45 Conclusion: A Lesson to be Learned 52 Chart: A Complicated Timeline Simplified 57 Bibliography 58 Ernest 3 Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program “There is a supervening affirmative duty to prosecute the doers of serious offenses that falls on those who are empowered to do so on behalf of a civilized community. This duty corresponds to our fundamental rights as citizens and as persons to receive and give respect to each other in view of our possession of such rights.” Such duty, outlined by contemporary philosopher Alan S. Rosenbaum, was no better exemplified than in the case of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II. Even before the floundering Axis powers of Germany and Japan declared their respective official surrenders in 1945, the leaders of the Allies prepared possible courses of action for the surviving criminals in the inevitable collapse of the Nazi regime. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented a policy of waging a war so barbaric in its execution that the total numbers of casualties rivaled whole populations of countries. -
Education About Auschwitz and the Holocaust at Authentic Memorial Sites CURRENT STATUS and FUTURE PROSPECTS
Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust at Authentic Memorial Sites CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS edited by Piotr Trojański Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust at Authentic Memorial Sites CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS edited by Piotr Trojański AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU STATE MUSEUM OŚWIĘCIM 2019 Review: Professor Jacek Chrobaczyński, Ph. D. Co-ordination: Katarzyna Odrzywołek Language review of the English version: Imogen Dalziel Translation of texts from German and English: Kinga Żelazko and Junique Translation Agency Setting and e-pub: Studio Grafpa Cover design: Studio Grafpa ISBN 9788377042847 © Copyright by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum & the Authors The publication was created as part of a project implemented by the International Centre for Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust, entitled ‘The Future of Auschwitz and Holocaust Education in Authentic Memorial Sites’, which was financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Table of Contents Introduction ........................................... 6 Part 1: Challenges Bartosz Bartyzel Educational Challenges at the Authentic Auschwitz Memorial Site ..... 11 Piotr Tarnowski Educational Challenges at the Stutthof Museum and Memorial Site from the Perspective of a Museum Pedagogue ..................... 19 Małgorzata Grzanka Education at the Museum of the Former German Extermination Camp Kulmhof in Chełmno-on-the-Ner ......................... 25 Joanna Podolska What do the Stones Tell Us? Education and Memory of the Place: The Example of the Bałuty District and the Łódź Ghetto in the Activity of the Dialogue Centre .......................... 39 Part 2: Prospects Marek Kucia and Katarzyna Stec Education about Auschwitz and the Holocaust from the Perspective of Social Research ................................. 60 Alicja Bartuś On How to React to Evil: A Visit to Auschwitz and Attitude Shaping .. -
Joseph Goebbels 1 Joseph Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels 1 Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reich propaganda minister Goebbels Chancellor of Germany In office 30 April 1945 – 1 May 1945 President Karl Dönitz Preceded by Adolf Hitler Succeeded by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (acting) Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda In office 13 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Chancellor Adolf Hitler Preceded by Office created Succeeded by Werner Naumann Gauleiter of Berlin In office 9 November 1926 – 1 May 1945 Appointed by Adolf Hitler Preceded by Ernst Schlange Succeeded by None Reichsleiter In office 1933–1945 Appointed by Adolf Hitler Preceded by Office created Succeeded by None Personal details Born Paul Joseph Goebbels 29 October 1897 Rheydt, Prussia, Germany Joseph Goebbels 2 Died 1 May 1945 (aged 47) Berlin, Germany Political party National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) Spouse(s) Magda Ritschel Children 6 Alma mater University of Bonn University of Würzburg University of Freiburg University of Heidelberg Occupation Politician Cabinet Hitler Cabinet Signature [1] Paul Joseph Goebbels (German: [ˈɡœbəls] ( ); 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous orations and deep and virulent antisemitism, which led him to support the extermination of the Jews and to be one of the mentors of the Final Solution. Goebbels earned a PhD from Heidelberg University in 1921, writing his doctoral thesis on 19th century literature of the romantic school; he then went on to work as a journalist and later a bank clerk and caller on the stock exchange. -
Introduction Norman J.W
Introduction Norman J.W. Goda E The examination of legal proceedings related to Nazi Germany’s war and the Holocaust has expanded signifi cantly in the past two decades. It was not always so. Though the Trial of the Major War Criminals at Nuremberg in 1945–1946 generated signifi cant scholarly literature, most of it, at least in the trial’s immediate aftermath, concerned legal scholars’ judgments of the trial’s effi cacy from a strictly legalistic perspective. Was the four-power trial based on ex post facto law and thus problematic for that reason, or did it provide the best possible due process to the defendants under the circumstances?1 Cold War political wrangl ing over the subsequent Allied trials in the western German occupation zones as well as the sentences that they pronounced generated a discourse that was far more critical of the tri- als than laudatory.2 Historians, meanwhile, used the records assembled at Nuremberg as an entrée into other captured German records as they wrote initial studies of the Third Reich, these focusing mainly on foreign policy and wartime strategy, though also to some degree on the Final Solution to the Jewish Question.3 But they did not historicize the trial, nor any of subsequent trials, as such. Studies that analyzed the postwar proceedings in and of themselves from a historical perspective developed only three de- cades after Nuremberg, and they focused mainly on the origins of the initial, groundbreaking trial.4 Matters changed in the 1990s for a number of reasons. The fi rst was late- and post-Cold War interest among historians of Germany, and of other nations too, in Vergangenheitsbewältigung—the political, social, and intellectual attempt to confront, or to sidestep, the criminal wartime past. -
Outcome of the International Military Tribunal ( Imt)
OUTCOME OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL ( IMT) DEFENDANTS POSITION IN REICH SENTENCE RESULTS Hermann Goering Reich Marshal and Commander of the Luftwaffe Death Suicide Rudolf Hess Deputy Fuhrer Life in Prison Died in prison Joachim von Ribbentrip Reich Foreign Minister Death Hanged 10/16/46 Wilhelm Keitel Chief of the Armed Forces High Command Death Hanged 10/16/46 Ernst Kaltenbrunner Chief of the SD and head of RSHA Death Hanged 10/16/46 Alfred Rosenberg Reich Minister for the Eastern Occupied Areas Death Hanged 10/16/46 Hans Frank Governor-General of General Government Death Hanged 10/16/46 Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior Death Hanged 10/16/46 Julius Streicher Founder of Der Sturmer, Gauleiter of Franconia Death Hanged 10/16/46 Fritz Sauckel Plenipotentiary General for manpower Death Hanged 10/16/46 Alfred Jodl Chief of Armed Forces High Command Operations Death Hanged 10/16/46 Martin Bormann (in abstentia) Deputy Fuhrer, Head of the Chancellery Death Never Captured Franz von Papen Ambassador to Vienna and Turkey Acquitted Arthur Seyss-Inquart Reich Commissioner for Occupied Netherlands Death Hanged 10/16/46 Albert Speer Minister of Armaments and War Production 20 years Served full term Konstantine Freiherr Minister of Foreign Affairs, Reich Protector of 15 years Served 8 years Von Neurath Bohemia and Moravia Hjalmar Schacht Minister of Economics, President of Reichsbank Acquitted Walter Funk President of Reichsbank Life in prison Died in prison Karl Donitz Supreme Commander of the Navy, Chancellor 10 years Served full term Erich Raeder Supreme Commander of the Navy Life in prison Served 9 years Baldur von Schirach Leader of Hitler Youth, Gauleiter of Vienna 20 years Served full term Hans Fritzsche Head of Radio Division, Propaganda Ministry Acquitted These men were tried on the charges of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. -
NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin -
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J. -
June 2017 Shofar
519 Fourth Street • P.O. Box 659 • Greenport, NY, 11944 CONGREGATION 1-631-477-0232 • www.tiferethisraelgreenport.org IN This issueinfo@tifereth -israel.com TIFERETH ISRAEL Affiliated With The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism A National Historic Site E-Volume 17 Number 6 June 2017/Sivan-Tammuz 5777 • CALENDAR OF EVENTS • Weekly and Holiday Services Fridays: Erev Shabbat, 7:30 p.m. Saturdays: Shabbat, 9:30 a.m. Learning at our Shul Mondays, June 5, 12, 19 and 26: Hebrew classes, 4 p.m. Thursdays, June 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29: Parasha classes, 4 p.m. Shul Events Sunday, June 11: Board and Congregation meetings, 9 and 10 a.m., election of officers, followed by Men’s Club BBQ. Lighting Shabbat Candles in June June 2: 8:04 p.m.; June 9: 8:08 p.m.; June 16: 8:11 p.m.; June 23: 8:13 p.m.; June 30: 8:13 p.m. Dates to Remember Project Genesis lectures: Sundays May 28 and June 25, 1:30 p.m., Peconic Landing Monday, May 29: Memorial Day Wednesday, May 31: Shavuot Wednesday, June 7: Book Circle, 1 p.m., Gabriel/Greenberg home Sunday, June 18: Fathers’ Day Thursday, July 20: Catch A Star Luncheon, Porto Bello Restaurant, Greenport, noon Monday, July 31-Tuesday, August 1: Tisha B’Av Wednesday, June 21, 12:24 a.m.: The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere [At the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, the sun reaches its highest position in the sky, as seen from the North Pole. The summer solstice designates the first day of summer.] (Submission deadline for the July 2017 issue of The Shofar: June 20) From The Rabbi… “Open The Gates with Wisdom” As I’m writing this message, President Trump is wrapping up his trip to Saudi Arabia before flying (directly!) from Riyadh to Tel Aviv.