r- -rrSt 12-18, L974 xnEstNcts coNTEMpoRARy aRcHrvES 26667 GREECE. End of Military Dictatorship. other hand, rejected this clairn and repeatedlv expressed its i,rrmation of Civilian Govemment uttaer-fvfr.- X"r"- readiness to negotiate !q::r'nlis. an agreenlent witil Gree6e to'determine -_ Dispute with Turkey over Continental Sh;If in the two countries' respective rights in the hxgean Sea. - Reintroductioir af rg12 Constitution, Aegean. -: rjntter the 1958 Geneva convention on the continental shelf lsee the *'ake of the events in CSprus 164151, [see 26661 A], the lfeads -page sigrred by Greece in lg72 but not sisned. by Turkey, tbe rrni' r"rr* Greek armed forces decided on iuly zs to citi tq)on nine bouniLaty within wLtich a state hail exclusive fisltis ti-exploit ltttntt*-,-"--ent persons-all for.mer leading politicians-to form mineral resources of its continental shelf might be determinea, by ., States iuri :r'tr Government in view of the n6tibnal emergency ". lying opposite to each other on the same shelf, eittier fy -:l: mutual agreement or, failing: such agreement, by the meclian rine Cabinet led try Mr. Adamantios Androutsopoulos, who betrveen the two shores. irtturur -'p"eatgdlV !een, severely criticized by his fo" Mr. prime llrttrr" ':€ u-.ed "oit"ug;", Alaio"Fqpoulos, then Greek Minister, had the Government merely to endorse actionJalready announced rl,**' :-h]' the military readers, ha.i in February that significant deposits of crucle oil il;;iit;iiror.r*h and natural gas had been discovered (u.s.) rltlilrllil.r :' dlt a meeting on the same day. "a"ii"" by ftre oceanic ';:"r€k Exploration Conrpany near the Grcek island of Thas'os, in the li officers of thc Third. Army Corps,, irr an appeal broaclcast northern Aegean. llrlrr'' - f eutsche The Greek Government thereupon claimed Welle of Cologne and by tne RgC oo.futy 2i, had all mineral rights in Greek territorial rmlil,r". : on Turkey to cease its hostile action in cyprus ald not to waters andbn the con- r*llhr .. ;retext offerecl to them by ,, ttre tinental shelf. 'l ,', i*esponsible and. criminal lllrrittltlL ' the group ruling in Athens and (b) on Presiclent Ghizikis - Turkey had earlier granted the state-ownecl rurkish petro- ilfiil1r [ :.: lead-erg of the armed. forces to convene a .. council for leum Compa+y exploration 'lllri*r ':":- Salvation', flIPAO) permits in the Aegean, anrl which should comprise (in adclition to the on Feb. 27 the lfurkish Governmeni haa in a Note offered to llllllltnurt, ' :j State) the armed. forceg, Ieaders, I(ing Consturriio", u*- Gre-ece oq jqigdiction ll0llttrnr.lll4lllitiilr' ::"- Fonqmonlio onn r.nn-^a^-+^l:-,^^ ^c +L^ ^^---L_,'- L , legotiate'with over the Aegean outside Karamanlis, and representatives of the country's two great the two countries' llltnu",^* l-il of the new political tendencies in the country, witn lfr. territorial wate$. In the a6sence of a lffi,,rrrrr,'r' -:., repl-y, :'iiq be,coming chairman of this Council with the iott po*"", -Gregk the Turkish Government decided early in April to I,,l,L of State and Prime Minister. The ofEcers also pr^oposecl L"gil exploration work at 27 points in the Ae{ean oot*ide ": taramanlis shoulal, together with president Makarios of Greek territorial waters. 'r i - .. cl )Iajor Karoussos (whom they described" as the legitimate Greco-Turkish relations aleterioratetl further rqi : to the late General Grivas',), make proposals after an announce- * to Britain ment in Athens on April 4, accord.ing to which Greek Air x'orce l:;eJ for an immecliateuE settlementDevvreureru ofuf UIIU vypr uts the Cyprus crisisul.rsru ; and fighters hatl on March 28 intercepted rurkieh bombers lr": elections shoukl be held in Greece trying to within six months. " penetrate into Greek air space ". [untter NATO regulations the ""' ' ; Iral, stating that those in power Aegean Sea was consiclered -"- in Athens hacl brought as being: under Groek coitrol, ancL all |in0( '" the brink of national catastrophe, also callecl upon Greece,s Allied naval forces in the area were under Greek conrmand. NATO l1r1r',r : ::ably the United States, to-discontinue imniertialetv-aff manoeu\-res were reportecl to have been broken off afber the incid.ent.l rilr', * ::: the Athens regime. The two sides repeatedly asserted their respective points il,l ili'rstantinos Rallis, then lWinister prime of at the Minister,s view in corurexion rvith tlie Aegean d-ispute. lltLrr'n r-r L in a broadcast assured the nation that mmours about an ' : :-e coup (by the _ Mr' And.routsopoulos cleclared on 1\{ay g that, although Greece was r#;-A;;;'6ffiffi i';il;":H"til#*"i!fll peace, -:::H-:h border and. commanded by Lieut.-General Ioannis cleclicatecl to she would " stand- unitecl to confroit any danger were " malicious fabrications,,, and. or threat " ; the discovery of oil cleposite in the Aegean,'he said, "-:4lant that the armed. forces would. ,. for the protection of the interests of the nation ancl of make the Greek economy almost seU-sufficient;,, and. a !, :r:d.er and tranquillity,, ; he hatl urged all Greeks to ofier " cornerstone of Greek policy " wag " the fi'cd.amental principle of -:: t\ey eould. " for the salvation of the nation,'. the ind.ivisibility of a countr-r,B territorial integrity, both conf,inental " and. inzular ", 'rr',rrr ,/ national emergency " referred to above involved the :::r,a,tion Professor Turan Giines, the Turkish X'oreign llinister, said in the of Greece's armed forees and a call-up of reserves senate in Ankara g '"r=;:'le military action against Turkev. on Ilfay that, although rurkey wuotea to rnaintain In-the eircum- friendly relations with Greece, she woul,cl'. nevei allow ilre Aeg;an to '*{ President (Genera!) Ghlzikis on July 28 become a Greek lake ". -,-rye+l four former Prime-Phaedon Ministers-l\{r. panavotis Mr. Biilent Ecevit, the Turkish Prime lrinister, anrrouneed :i ,-':,lulos, Mr. Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Mr. Gdorse ::i.ir:,adis-Novas gn l{"y _25 that_the Greek Government had replied to the and Jltr. Spyros lVlarkezinis-as well 6s Turkish Note of F"b-. "*:-:e Jlavros (the 2? and expressed aprreement to settle the Litreral le-ader), Mr. Petros Garoufalias dispute direct negotiations. in u'*'';- Jfinister {gS"rt -by in his repll- \Ir. Spr-- of Defenee), Mr. Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza q4"" Tetenes, the Greek Foreign nrrr:lrr,Foreign Minister), General (retd.) ]rinister. stated that Greece Solon Ghikas and did " not object to the demarcalion of eontinental rrr'ru:ln --r Xenophon Zplgt_as (a shelf bound- leading'economist) to a meeting, aries between the two eountries itrrtrt'r"r *:ur " on the basis of the lg5g also attended by General Gregorios Eonanos (c.-in- Geneva Convention. tt :,,,:r* -\rmed tr'orees) and the three service chiefs-Lieut.- ililly"ll -{ndreas Galatsanos, on May 29 Professor Giines announced. that a naral s.rre5 ressel Vice-Admiral Petros Arapakis woulrt carry out research on proposed ,-:' \-ice-Marshal Alexandros Papanieolou. oil drillilrg: in the aisp,tt.o waters; although the vessel woulcl be escorted. bykarships, he said-, ,t,,1^ l:::s frve-hour meeting President Ghizikis was said to have this action wae not intended to riolate Greece's ierritorial iratesrity. IlttrttLrri:.r':: to the politicians that the country was praetically lThe Turkish vessels returnecl to Istanbul on June 4.] tllllruiulr.l; 66 a Government and that it was ibsolutelv vital " on J'ne 3 Professor G;iLnes declared that Turkey (which has a u, :$'ar one should be formed immediatelv in view of reports lZ-mile territorial water limit in the Black sea) wouid never accept l-,c 36 the raising of the existing Tr.uks \vere viglatlng the cease-fiie in C5ryrus'i [see 6-mile rimit in the Aegean to 12 milel, ,.'1. lnd .'o' because this would. make the Aegean Sea Greek tenitory. and" of thetne need fortbr Greeee to be stronslv"fenresenierlstrongly represented rlrii,FEi'3 at the talks on C1prus arranged by Britain. _ I1.i-ts^reply to the Greek Note received on Mav 28, the 'utr rirLe National Radical Union) : Mr. Papakonstantinou hacl successively held. ti*r I\fr. I{onstantinos Karamanlis (NRU) Prime Minister. Agriculture antl Justice under l\[r. Karamanlis ;,e!ql Mr. George Mavros (CU) Deputy Prime Minister Minister of 3'inance under Mr. Kanollopoulos i:r 1&r Ele was one of three former Ministers who cond.emr*rd Mr. George Raris (NRU) *t111J';f1?ltsX'J5i- heltl by tho Papaclopoulos regimo in July 196? o,r :'lrr the monarchy 26061 AI. dency of the R.e- tsee Reputrlic. Professor Louros (76), a gynaecologist, hacl beeu. r to the Royal n'amily and an expert for the \yorld Etrulilffib Mr. Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza (NRU ) Defence. Professor Xenophon Zolotas . . Eeonomic Co-ordina- Mr. Laskaris is a left-wing trade union leacler. tion and Planning. Dr. Kokevis (65), a ratliologist, was elect€d. a Cecnnn General (rtd.) Solon Ghikas (NRU) Public Order. in 1950, became Secretary of State for Social Afam :n Professor I{onstantinos Tsatsos (NRU) Cultural Affairs and later a founder-member of the Association frr a i Europe and. a member of the executive of the Scienee. Rig:hts. Mr. Konstantinos Papakonstantinou Justice. Professor Nikolaos Mr.Stratos, a former Minister of the fnterior in dw Louros ltrdueation. Government of Decemtrer .qrL Mr. Konstantinos Laskaris Labour. 1g66 [see 21g62 l.- amnestieal in August 1973 after being ind"ietcd f,yr Dr. Andreas Kokevis (CU) Social AITairs. naval mutiny of May 1973 [see 26061. A]. Mr. Christophoros Stratos Interior. Professor Pesr:razoglou (56), an cconomist, had Professor foannis Pesmazoglou lrinanee. the negotiation of Greoce's association with the E Mr. Dimitrios Papaspyrou Agriculture. Community in 1961 fsee 18168 A] and had ree _iegd Mr. Haralamtros Protopapas Industry. Governor of the Bank of Greece in lg6? becau-se rf ff the econornic policies of the military Governmeqsr. Mr. Athanassios Kanellopoulos Commeice. * Professor George-Alexander Mangakis Public Wor.ks. was alismissecl from Athens University becau_* cC Mr. George declarations ", and he was later repeateilly plawfl. : I\{ylonas Communications and lsee 2591.5 Bl. Although Transport. hs did not belong to eqt- Greek parties, ho was considereal a leftist Lib€51 'ii{ Vice-Admiral Ioannis Mineos Merchanl Marine. tho students' anti-Government movement in Glu. 12-18, rg74 K]IESING'S C-'ON1'E}IPORARY AIiCIiIVI:S 26669 ttih" Fryaspyrou (71), one of the founclers of the Centre Union ancl r{lt1ril*" 1 First Measures 1-ssident " who.dirt-'ot support the centre rrniout ieaaer, of Civilian Government. llllhr i"- -an papand.rcou, in tho poritliaicrisis of 1965 [see 2086T Larnbrias (42), who rihu 1l .ir,*+-r A], {Ir. {3na-yotis had been editor of Mrs. of Justico until N-ov. 15, lg6d, wtren he-was- eiectea -tlerenHeIenllgn Vlachostsvlac'.os's ternporary_temTrore.rv nc\L'(nqnar i- T irrrrft'r ,rr ;- ne\rspaper in Lonclon^-r^- ^-r ----. : the Chamber of Dcputies, a post he held and wag rlririnil until ihe dGolu- the ne'rvly-appointed underlseeretdry in .h;"g" ' ::: Chamber on April Zt, t}6i. if" *u, subsequenily ;i;;"J r]{"i"r, i'|'ilir'':'q*'1 : arresteO anno.needannouneed the Government's first mdasu"*mdasures ;?;",. Tor thie ir',rrro.lio*o ::es because of his,active opposition to ttie miritarv restoration ,, tI,;l;;?;;T;- -""^- , j:: by nrr. "egime of democratic legality on July ia. llllil;, .,,,,", :::1?r 3yt;nray-eleased, Fapaaot;ir6;;;^Sopi. zs, 1lyt :nee0 At. rn x.ebruary rrizg-i"1";"i#;'r*ii#,,"o1 fnt These includecr ilre releaso. of all politicar prisoners r{lnrrttfrillnl,f . "' struggle ), -- ""- of the internmont yioura ; the closurcr for aeademic t"eeaoms ferle ZAgii Af. oarnp on (yaros) fsfdna tfre lcsliiution citizenshitt bo il) opltonents ; ot l" (54) had been (;he ot uti military iuh nrro , 'tt"" 'Dlw@aq?sj chairman of Socialist Democratic deptived of tbeiz natioza)itv,. uo "";i;";-;i; irl''| j rc€ 1964 and wa' of the fo.nd.ers n*oiulr ?"r, pitiirc* oki..o""; ' ,":r"-,:latic of ihe antt the canceltation of all orders deprivins citizens;i-tir"i""7t Defence' resistance'ne movement. After being"ru"a"rti"" given a o_r prohibiting -G."e"e. Jurupo*t" rlilttrrrrrl:'r' thern from leaving --'r: mspended. sentence in July tgOS pase It was atso airrooncod Isee Zlg4gi,"Iie was tbat all legisration conflicting witn tr,u Governrnenft poricy 3111]" *r t_o eislrt_years, imprisonment in eprif rdZO tsee ilSgi9 el would. be cancellecl. 'ew rlrillnrlnr r, j released for health rcaEons in lgz2 and had liveil abroad 'tfitrr.r,*" _.' lgZB, [The Athens milita'y command.ant neverfireless warned. p'blislrr:rs =nber that untler the existing iltis Kanellopoulos (bl), martial law all refereneos to irie pJsi'ana its a former Contre Union deputy, was alleged " tyranny " or gcandals muat be avoicled.l ' unn'rlrlr::rs :r"1 with the rrambrakis family, Owner'8 0f the To fzima,'prass iiie page 22456, first columnl. Th,e 45 remairring inmates of the yioura camp, including forrrrel members of Parliamen-t intellectuals, n\nrEarmor Mangakis (iZ), 1nd tanaca ii , an expert on penal law, had. been oon. Athens on July 25, beiug warmly weicomed ty "-rrrrJi-f,o"tiu"g"-.io*a, ""u" ilullhrililil 1 ';. i; a special military court in years' ot ' April 1gZ0 to lg imprison_ supporters. rllfirilut ' '" " prowlngp]otting againstagatnst the security of the state;,State,, and m6mber-member- ' -:e eland.estine I)emocratic 26 the Ministry of Defence an'ounced - " Defence,, lesistance *o-r"-.rrt ., 9. -.rdv that fr.orn !-t -\1. Releaseal for health reasong, prnfeseor that date the rnilitary porice wourd cease to have anv r Maneakis teii petence cor'- : -\pril 1972 fol West Gtormany [see Zblgz A], wheie he was -bgvona its strict duties as a milit."y poii"l ro""" -r"'"1 professor at rleideltrerg university and aevoteo ni-rLrt io u-qut$ no.longer have the sweeping powerJ #hic]r 'r, r;rat Greek political prisoners. [19, it had 'tf enJoyed srnce tlte army eoup of Nov. 25, lg73.-see 26325 A]. rlilin (55), -fifvtoaas a barrister, hacl been Minister of Eclucation in on Jull' g6 yr. I(aramanlis disrnissed from *"rge Papandreou's Government. Later, in lg67, office the seeretaries- l 'riul,:r fr* n""u*", general of all Ministries and also trflti;rr left_wing: members of the Centre lfnion, a found.er of the 5o,of the country,, pro_ r'1nri11111" rr'*:1ip Defenee,, movement; Yngia-l go''ernors, who rvere repraeed ny a1.""t*.-g";ri""ur or he was arrested in 1g6g and tlr.eir bureaux. llllrrilil'm".,: :,r -{morgos Island (in ilre Cyclad.es), from which he escaped 'l tr, r'i tr969. Since lgZl he hatt bLen the'i. Democratic b"tl""l ,, rn response to calls for the removal of Brigadier-Goneral ::.a.- Dirnitrios abroad.. roannides from his oftice of chief of the milita"ry p"ri"" ,iper.visor 'rrrtllllurur'-4ncmiral of the arrned forceg' Mineos had been retired, for having taken part security, Mr. Averofi-Tossizza ""Jrrad--saia oD '"',r:s:antine,s -iSdi--is""in July 26 that there was no llmtl' abortive eounter-coup of Decl fg, reason to take action against trirri especiary as he hacl been one of the officers . r anested in May 1923 in connexion with ilre oivaf mutT"v who had nu"aza o"L";;;i to the lll ti' tl. he civilians and had. undertaken to submit to the civitian-cov"io*"ot,e was amnestied in July 1g?3 [see 2606f A]. authority. tiln"{llrnn Government welcomed by Greek people, Reports that ex-preeident George papadopoulos (or.erthrorvn lfing Constantine November iu and Tr,rrkish'Governminl.-' 1973) had._fled. the country wcre deliccl Ul: .""'of 1is ildlllii,r"* bod.ygrrards on July 25. :i'e decision of the armed forces to entrust the eountrv's llt' r '{r"-ilian president r Government had been broadeast at Z.0B p.in. on the role of Ghizikis, r\rr. Larnbrias stated on ,,,t111.'r .,the lil. demonstrations described as largest Jince J'ly B0 tiat-he would remain as a 'i ng.,"e-;rJ-';lodJi",a ,ro iiir',,i''r'5on of the country par! play in government from the Nazis i" igzt; ;;k -to policy, whic'ir woukl be deiermined : 4.ihens to eelebrate what was felt to be the end of by lllr. I(aramanhs. of military dietatorship. "*.:r;s The new Prime Minister himself expressed satisfaction trnt n'rrrin:'n. ex-I{ing tIrc ntil itary resp Constantine of Greeee issuerl a statement _had ected ttt o concriti'ons ti; a- a iri.i iii i ri rr, tll* le i5plsssing his " deep satisfaetjon with the initiative to return to ba*aeks, and not to inr-olr-e thenrselrles L *ri- *.r-- rr' ur*"l-rif forees in overthiowilg the dictatorial regime,, in his Government's policr-. rutrll'qs,s that the for.mation of i, eivilian Administ-raiion New Foreign Minister's {rr Karamanlis provided safeguards for dealing Comments on Clprus Issue. .lal rvith the '*-- eircumstances. Follow-ing a visit r-egard to_tlre ClpT^ problem. ]Ir. flar-ros to Bu"ckinqham after^fn announred. lu': :l,e same day, and also to IO Downing Stree"t, he the ncw cabinet's_first'n-reetins on Jurv 21. thsi-d;; lllrrrrry;; re^co-gnized -ff*"a 1p hoped he would be returninq shortly [" C""""L. Archbishop ]Iakarios a_s- the t"g.f of-St*t" of C;prus. 1111f1,*t:r: _apponents of the military regime who returned to Commenting :t*n= *rile shortly after the appointment on the seyen years of d_ictatorship in [irttee, of the Karamanlis Mavros saitl in an interview giren ]Ir. ttr{ur':: :,':l-1ld.ecl Miss Melina Mercouri (the film actress), Mr. to Le ]rottde o"'rrrl-- ii-in"t tn" 'ilrllrr^r,r rnhis (the militarv leaders themselves had come to the conelusionJil"i composer), Irady Fleming tAeporieO-in unable govern in"*i .r""., rtrrrrrrru,r i"l---seer r---{€€ z4uuu24960 Bl,IJJ, and CaptainOaptain pappas, to the_country. Their regime, ne said, h;d-U""o .,u Nikolas with total fail're in alr fierds aq*c 'r lis crew lwho had. taken the destroyer lrefo] to Italy ", and. he was coovioced tn"l}i-i"ia1"g *"" 1'' i.---rt*: 25965 in the armed forces favoured. " a return to constitutiooui Al. cra_tic_life'1. ooat",,,o- Ihu cvprus crisis had, he felt, il"; d"ily'"iJtiat rt '"t:,ber 1973 Mr. Theoclorakis had been acquitted of a had, " crystallized. thie awareness ,i. m qr:r:r'::sise Asked. wnetner-trrei" n1a rr""r, activity, ancl it had been officially announced American pressure for a change in Greeco, he answered. .. rij:ii :q hacl been ineludecl : was it not in the amnesty of August lgZB- Dr. Kiseinger who flrct announcecr ilre change which woukr take ptaee -r: C. eoulcl therefore return to Greece from Faris, where in Athcns ? " lrm,ilr r& r 1lil1-eee ZB9Z8 A. On Nov. ld the military Govern- rr,irr "t,-l 't.e ban on Mr. Theodorakis's works and. bermitte{t Reintroduction of rgsz Constitution. .llttrtl* ,ntr rqlsp m.tten before lg6Z to be circulated ag:ain in dreece,l r Karamanris Y".- announcerr that trre- constitutio' ilr',ilF -o-14"g. ;- i :hos [see page22453] returned on Aug. 11, and shorily of 1952 would be reintroduced, replacing ail tirtr i rx*' _],h. panagoulis, arrangements -\lexandros who hail in August 1g6-g made sinee the military c6up of"o"*iit"li""ur f96i,'charter as a rr'' rriFoaqinate lfr. Papatlopoulos (then prime Minister) provisional measure until tlti:ii ,l " the couniry aequires- a rrd rcho had lived in Italy since he was amnestiecl in fr:"].y approved-by the_ peopre Trre q,,eJtion ll"'" 1 q'.:. .16061 Al. ". ;f th; of tne monarclry-which the rnilitarvrnirftary regimeresime hcrl"".t"""ti"" fnnrroilrr '-'rmrr;,5 :l :ll: Tqnalcjlr^_whrch had fonnaily ;f Jfr. Karamanlis was warmly weleomed by the abolished.{,rrurrs'cLr inrrl rgz3ry./.r 260_6rzou_61 A;A 25965zissr 41, ll"'Y*rr"rs11, lseefsee ; A], nr-r"id,"he said, woultlwould Mr. Eeevi-t stating- in a messaje of be left in. ab-eyanee, with the pov'ers or H#d of-Statest-#" beingil*;r' !:. July 24 that he was ionvinced thaT the exereised in the interim period ny tne presirlent "r r "'n .. ., oiifrilo;;ii; }fr. Karamanlis heralded the beginning of a " This problem ", he stated, slial be cleterminJdetermined ini.-i a i".if,,inr.,^defrnitive "r :FrJ:{'raeyro-,.^*. and^-J freedomf-^^.tr^* in:- our^--- region-^-:^-"rt -- r .r manner by_ the Gleek people T ., ", and that llg"ly in due time as ,i*i"J-rotn lllttilrNrlltillm]ilmjLra-, as an experieneed statesman,, could lV tLq King and myself." lfhe u,ord ,. Ki;;;;-i.r-ifr" lsrz rurrun;ltll *le ralue of close and healthv relations between uonstrtution was aecordingly replaeed by th6 word .. presi- nnru: ;r:fi':e ", as he had made .. unfbrgettable contribu- dent ".) '::trrr* r."*;"r n:,u srr*"t t .i ;;A*;"h;;*-' ?;ween our two A constitutional Act e_mbodying this decision ailrrnJ his previous term of office. of the covem- rnent and published at the same iirne : iliiilrrrrnlu:sdh replied on July 28, expressing his agreement (a) proprpgd- - in its preamble " the rapid restoration of free lh ""' rr':"ir!:rst Prime Linister'i views on the nleed of:, sineere democratie life" to ensure that " the Grlek peopte strouiA . . . r'e1:"rgei our neighbouring and allied countries " assume responsibility for its destinies " ;
rrirnf i 'Irnnniqryrr ,,! iT I ilr'rtl||!,|r f,jr |lljll|lr|tllrllll 2667A Ii}4}'SING'S CON'l'tr;MPONARY ARCI{IYES August, 12-18, 197{ (li) inserted _ into the 1952 Constitution a provision laying 'l'h.e Government on l\{ay 2r promulgatetl dorvn a decree eontainiur that " no in