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Military Dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) : the Genesis of Greek Anti-Americanism

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Military Dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) : the Genesis of Greek Anti-Americanism Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1980 Military dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) : the genesis of Greek anti-Americanism. Munn, Donald C. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/18993 p..;. w K«^ 400». s»' NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS Military Dictatorship in Greece (1967-197^)1 The Genesis of Greek Anti -Americanism by Donald C . Munn June 1980 Th 9sis Advisor: D. P. Biirke Approved for public release; distribution unlimited T195917 I t SeCUMlTY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS »*ne r»HMi Dmim Bnlmf^) READ INSTRUCTinNS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETINCi FORM 2. OOVT ACCKUIOM MO. *. nCCl^lCMT'S CATALOG NUMaEK 4 TITLE ran' Sw*««ff«) » TY^e OP «epowT * ^enioo coverco Military Dictatorship in Greece Master's Thesis (1967-197^) J The Genesis of Greek (June 1980) Anti-Americanism •• PcnroHMiMO OMo. ncvoMT NuMacn 7. AuTHonr*> • CONTRACT OA SMANT NUMSCnr*) Donald Crawford Munn to. • . RCKFOMMINO OnOANIZATlON NAME ANO AOOHIM ^nOONAM CLEMENT, ^nojECT, TASK AREA • WOMK UNIT NUMBERS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 II CnNTROLLINC OFFICE NAME ANO AOOMEIS 12. REPORT DATE Naval Postgraduate School June 1980 Monterey, California 939^0 IS. NUMBER OF RAGES 23^ 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AQORCSSTIf itttfrmtt Irmm ContflUmt OtUem) tt. SECUMITY CLASS, fef lHla report) Naval Postgraduate School Unclassified Monterey, California 939^0 ll«. OCCLAStlFIC ATI on/ DOWN GRADING tCMCOULC l«. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT (ol ihia H^mmrtt Approved for public release; distribution unlimited <7. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT fat «A« mtmtrmel «i(«Mtf in •!•«* 20, II Mllmnmt Imm mm0t*) <• SURRLEMCNTARV NOTES t*. KEY WORDS ^Conrlmi* on r*ir»ra« •(«• II n«c«a«arf «f l*mttltr »r feJoe* nii>»0 Greek military dictatorship (1967-197^), Greek junta (1967-197^), George Papadopoulos , U.S. foreign policy toward Greece (1967-197^) Greece', Greek-American relations, Greek coup d'etat (April 21, 1967), military intervention in Greece 20. ABSTRACT (ConHnum mt r*var«* •<«• If f«*e««««*ir tmt Hmtlltr kF M*«* mifc»0 The years following the April 21, I967 Greek coup d'etat have been marked by a considerable degree of sinti -American sentiment felt and expressed by people in Greece who have been staunch allies of the United States since the end of the Second World War. A major consequence of this anti-American sentiment has been a serious degradation in relations between the United States and Greece, This thesis examines the American relationship with the military rulers of Greece between I967 and 197^ in order to better understand the COITION OF I •• IS DD i";'?:•;, 1473 MOV oaaoLCTB (Page 1) S/N 103-0 14- 4«0 geuRITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS RAPE r»»«« Dm,m Kn,»r»d) ^emwyy eu**i>«c*y»ow o* twh >»»«fw>»aw »•«« »«—*• origins of Greek grievances with the U.S., the cause of the present estranged relations, and the implications Greek ant i -American sentiment may have on future Greek-American relations. DD Form 1473 1 Jan 73 S/N 0l62-ni4-660X iseuaiTv CkAMi^iCATiOM Q^ TM«« •»*otr*»«" oi* »«!•»•*» Approved for public release; distribution unlimited Military Dictatorship in Greece (1967-197^)1 The Genesis of Greek Anti-Americanism by Donald C , J/Iunn Captain, United States Army B.S., Wheaton College, 1973 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 1980 u ^ ABSTRACT The years following the April 21, 196? Greek coup d'etat have been marked by a considerable degree of anti- Anaericain sentiment felt and expressed by people in Greece who have been statinch allies of the United States since the end of the Second World War, A major consequence of this anti-American sentiment has been a serious degradation in relations between the United States and Greece, This thesis examines the American relationship with the military rulers of Greece between 196? and 197^ in order to better understand the origins of Greek grievances with the U.S,, the cause of the present estranged relations, and the implications Greek anti-American sentiment may have on future Greek-American relations. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 13 INTRODUCTION Ik CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND TO THE COUPi THE ACTORS AND FACTORS LEADING UP TO THE COUP 19 A. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 19 B. THE SECOND WORLD WAR 20 C. BRITAIN. THE COMMUNISTS AND THE CIVIL WAR .... 22 D. THE UNITED STATES AND THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE .... 26 E. GREEK POLITICS I FROM PAPAGOS TO PAPADOPOULOS . 30 1. Political Parties in General 30 2. Papagos and the Greek Rally 32 3. Karamanlis and the National Radical Union . 33 h, Papandreou ajid the Center Union 3^ 5. The Left Parties 35 F. GEORGE PAPANDREOU, THE ASPIDA AFFAIR AND THE KING 37 G. BREAKDOWN OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY! 1965- APRIL 1967 39 H. THE GREEK MILITARY 41 II. THE COUP D'ETATi THE MECHANICS AND STRUCTURE, ITS IDEOLOGY AND REACTION TO IT 46 A. MECHANICS OF THE APRIL 21, I967 COUP D'ETAT ... 46 B. WHY DID THE COUP OCCUR? 48 C. THE JUNTA LEADERS AND GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE .... 52 D. IDEOLOGY AND OBJECTIVES OF THE JUNTA 57 E. GREEK REACTION TO THE COUP 60 F. FOREIGN REACTION TO THE JUNTA 66 III. THE PRACTICES, POLICIES AND RELATIONS OF THE JUNTA . 69 A. THE JUNTA AND POLITICS 69 1. The 1968 Constitution 70 2. The 1973 Constitution 76 B. THE JUNTA AND THE ECONOMY 77 1. Gross National Product 79 2. Agriculture 79 3. Industry 79 k. Foreign Investment ..... 80 5. Balance of Trade 81 6. Miscellaneous 83 7. Greece and the European Economic Community . 8^ C. THE JUNTA AND THE MILITARY 85 D. FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE JUNTA 88 E. THE JUNTA AND THE PRESS 92 P. THE JUNTA AND HUMAN RIGHTS 95 G. THE JUNTA AND EDUCATION 100 H. THE JUNTA AND THE COURTS 105 I. lOANNIDES, CYPRUS AND THE RETURN TO DEMOCRACY . 106 1. loannides . • 106 2. Cyprus , . 107 3. Return to Democracy 109 IV. THE AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GREEK COLONELS . 112 A. THREE PERSPECTIVES 112 1. Executive Brainch 113 2. The American Embassy 123 3. Legislative Branch ............. 126 B. REACTION TO U.S. POLICY TOWARD THE COLONELS ... 13^ 1. American Public 13^ 2. Greek Public I36 3. The Colonels I38 V. INDICATORS OF THE AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP WITH GREECE . 140 A. THE MILITARY-STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP 1^0 1. Post-World War Two To The Coup l40 2. During the Junta (1967-197^) 1^^ 3. Official Military Visits to Greece 1^7 4. U.S. Base Rights I50 5. Proliferation of Foreign (Non-U. S.) Arms Suppliers to Greece 153 6. The Greek Arms Industry I56 B. THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP 159 1. Greek Trade With the U.S I6I 2. Greek Tourist Trade I6I 3. Conclusions ..... 16^ C. THE POLITICAL RELATIONSHIP 166 1. Official Civilian Visits to Greece 16? 2. Anti-Junta/Anti-U.S. Resistajice ajid Violence , 170 3. United Nations Voting — Percentage Corre- spondence of Greece, United Nations Average, NATO Average and Warsaw Pact Average With the United States 173 ^. Conclusions 175 VI. CONCLUSION 177 APPENDICES A. ROYAL DECREE NUMBER 280 186 B. CONSTITUTIONAL ACT "DELTA" (NO. ^) 187 C. ARTICLE ONE OF CONSTITUTIONAL ACT "EPSILON" (NO. 5) . 189 D. ARTICLE ONE OF CONSTITUTIONAL ACT "KAPPA DELTA" (NO. 2^) OF 28TH MAY, 1968 191 E. UNITED NATIONS VOTING — PERCENTAGE CORRESPONDENCE OF GREECE, UN AVERAGE, NATO AVERAGE AND WARSAW PACT AVERAGE WITH THE U.S 192 F. CHRONOLOGY OF THE EFFORT TO REINTEGRATE GREECE INTO NATO 193 FOOTNOTES 195 BIBLIOGRAPHY 219' INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 23^ LIST OF TABLES 1. ELECTION RESULTS BY MAJOR POLITICAL GROUPINGS, 19^6-196^^ 32 2. GREEK POLITICAL PARTIES, GOVERNMENTS AND ELECTIONS ^0 3. DEMOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE GREEK PROFESSIONAL OFFICER CORPS. I9I6-I965 ^2 k. NAME, RANK AND GOVERNMENTAL POSITION OF THE MAJOR COUP LEADERS 53 5. GREEK IMPORTS, EXPORTS AND THE BALANCE OF TRADE, 1960-1977 82 6. GREEK REFERENDA ON STATUS AS A REPUBLIC VERSUS MONARCHY, 1920-197^ Ill 7. U.S. ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID TO GREECE, 19^6-1966 . 142 8. SELECTIVE LIST OF U.S. ARMS TRANSFERS TO GREECE BY TYPE AND NUMBER OF ITEMS, 19^6-197^ 1^3 9. U.S. ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID TO GREECE, 1967-1974 146 10. OFFICIAL VISITS TO GREECE BY U.S. GENERAL AND FLAG OFFICERS, APRIL I967 TO JUNE 1970 149 11. MAJOR U.S.AATO bases AND FACILITIES IN GREECE . 151 12. FOREIGN ARMS SUPPLIERS AND VALUE OF ARMS TRANSFERS TO GREECE, 1973-1977 154 13. FOREIGN (NON-U. S.) ARMS SUPPLIERS TO GREECE, 1967-1974 155 14. GREEK TRADE WITH THE U.S. — IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, 1960-1977 162 15. NUMBER OF TOURISTS TO GREECE, 1960-1979 .... I63 16. GREEK TOURISM RECEIPTS, I96O-I978 I65 17. MAJOR OFFICIAL VISITS TO GREECE BY HIGH- RANKING CIVILIAN PERSONNEL, 1967-1974 I69 8 18. CHRONOLOGY OF ANTI-JTJNTA/ANTI-U.S. VIOLENCE, 1967-197^ 171 19. POST -JUNTA ELECTION RESULTS, 197^ AND 1977 . 179 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAG American Mission for Aid to Greece ASPIDA Aksiomatikoi Sosate Patridhan Idhanika Demokra - tia Aksiokratia (Officers Save the Country, Ideals, Democracy, Meritocracy) CIA Central Intelligence Agency DA Demokratiki Amyna (Democratic Defense) DCA Defense Cooperation Agreement EA Eniaea Aristera rcfnlted Left) EAM Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo (National Liberation Front) EC European Community EDA Eniaea Demokratiki Aristera (United Democratic Left) EDE Ethniki Demokratiki Enosis (National Democratic Union) EEC European Economic Community EENA Ethniki Enosis Neon Aksiomatikon (National Union of Young Officers) EK Enosis Kentrou (Center Union) EKKE Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Komipa Elladhas (Maoist Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece) ELAS Ethnikos Laikos
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