Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84521-2 — Positive Law from the Muslim World Baudouin Dupret Index More Information

Index

‘Abbas (Ottoman), 139 Austin, John, 1, 7, 30, 32, 49, 54, 65, 157–8, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Hasan (Sultan), 104–5, 106 159–60, 253 ‘Abd al-Hafid bin Hasan (Sultan), 106 Austria, constitutionalism in, 100 ‘Abduh, Muhammad, 60 Abdu¨ lhamid (Ottoman), 103–4 Bachelot, Roselyne, 235 al-‘Abidi, Muhammad al-‘Alawıˆ, 205 Balafrej, Ahmed, 107, 108 Abourabi, Yousra, 125 Balakirev, Mili, 154 Abu Hanifa, 209 Beccaria, Cesare, 134–5 Abu Yusuf, 209 de Bećhillon, Denys, 179–80 Acade´mie internationale de droit compare´, 167 Bechor, Guy, 164–5 Accounting and Auditing Organization for Ben Achour, Yadh, 60 Islamic Financial Institutions von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, 31 (AAOIFI), 258 Bentham, Jeremy, 63–4, 69, 134–5, 216, 259 ‘Aˆda (habit), 161–2 Berque, Jacques, 255 Adams, John, 99 Binnis, Khalid, 205 Adverbial usage of words, 50 Bioethics, 259 Aı¨t El-Hajj, Marzouq, 179 Blackstone, William, 47, 64 al-‘Alami, al-Sharif, 204–5 Bloch, Marc, 37 Algeciras Conference (1906), 104, 105 “Block effect,” 67 Algeria Bobbio, Norberto, 82 colonial origins of Islamic law in, 41–2 Bolingbroke, Viscount (Henry St. John), Morand Code, 255 101–2 Al-kadd wa’l-si‘aˆya (right of women to Bontems, Claude, 41 compensation for labor), 154–5, 169–71 Boucetta, M’hamed, 171 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Bras, Jean-Philippe, 41–2 257 Brown, Nathan, 40–1, 130–1, 215–16 ‘Amal (local interpretation), 162–3 “Burkini” case, 24, 178, 186–9 Anderson, James Norman Dalrymple, Buskens, León, 269 160–1 Ansar Dine, 257 Camau, Michel, 109, 112, 130 Anthropology Canada, judges in, 78 history and, 53 Cerutti, Simona, 254 law and, 9, 34, 62, 76, 184, 255 Chehata, Chafik, 164, 255 Rex fable (Hart) and, 13–14 Cheve`nement, Jean-Pierre, 188 Arab Spring, 118, 120, 122, 131 Cicero, 159 Atias, Christian, 61, 74 Cicourel, Aaron, 77

299

300 Index

Codification of law Islam and, 122, 123 generally, 14–15 Islamic law and, 122–3 compilation versus, 216–17 judicialization of constitutional law, 115 in Egypt, 70, 71, 141 juridicization of constitutional law, 115 family law, 194 in “long nineteenth century,” 102–3 Islamic law, 69–70, 265 monarchical constitutions, 109–10 Moroccan customary law, effect on, 168 in Morocco (See Moroccan in Ottoman Empire, 71 constitutionalism) positive law and, 69–70 natural law and, 129 precedent and, 217 “non-constitutional constitutions,” 130 qaˆnuˆn (law of the state, law as lex) and, positive law and, 127–8, 129–30 69–70 post-Cold War transition to democracy Colonialism and, 115 Algeria, colonial origins of Islamic law secondary rules and, 128–9 in, 41–2 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) and, 122–3 Islamic law as colonial invention, 41–3 in socialist countries, 109 Moroccan customary law during colonial Conventions, customs as, 156 period, 154, 165–7 Cook, James (Captain), 6 Senegal, effect on, 226 Coulon, Alain, 81 Command theory, 7 Coulson, Noel J., 160–1 Common law, 30, 64 Customary law Comparative law, 65–8, 220 generally, 154 Conceptual analysis of law ‘aˆda (habit), 161–2 generally, 2, 9–11, 20, 29 ‘amal (local interpretation), 162–3 adverbial usage of words and, 50 conventions, customs as, 156 contingent concept, law as, 48 customs versus customary law, 154, 159–60 contours of inquiry, 21, 29, 43–50 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 160, etymological delusion and, 44–5 161–3 general and particular and, 47–8 habits, customs as, 156–7 grammatical confusion regarding law, incorporation of customs into legal 48–9 systems, 154 Islamic law, 29, 35 legal hybridity and, 173–4 legalism, 20, 29, 32–5 legal pluralism and, 172–3 legal pluralism (See Legal pluralism) as moral rules turned into positive law by metonymic delusion and, 46 state action, 157–8 nominalist delusion and, 45–6 in Morocco (See Moroccan customary law) nominal usage of words and, 50 natural law versus, 155 ontological conception versus ontological norms, customs as, 156 analysis, 49–50 opinio necessitatis and, 157 predicative usage of words and, 50 positive law versus, 155 “social reality,” law as, 44 recognition of rules and, 158 taxonomic categories and, 46–7 ‘urf (custom), 154, 160, 161–2, 165 translation, problems of, 45 Customary marriage in Egypt, 201 Constable, Marianne, 193 Constitutionalism. See also specific country Davidson, Arnold, 56, 75, 135–6 in Arab world, 109–10 Davis, Donald, 52 constitutional review, 100, 109 Delanoe¨, Bertrand, 235 in continental Europe, 100, 102 Delirium tremens, 267 in democratic countries, 109 Descartes, Rene´, 74 etymology of constitution, 101 Descriptive rules, 84–5, 180–1 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 122–3 Dharma, 11, 253

Index 301

Divorce Indigenous Courts of Appeal, 141, 146–8, in Egypt (khul‘), 15–16, 255 152 in Indonesia, 87–91, 92–3 institutional transformations in, 197–8 in praxeological analysis of law, 87–91, Islamization in, 163 92–3 judges in, 202 Documentary method of interpretation, 93, khul‘ (divorce) in, 15–16, 255 241–2 al-Laˆ’ihat al-Asaˆsiyya (Fundamental Donlan, Seań Patrick, 30 Regulation) (1882), 104 Dow Jones Islamic Market Index, 258 law versus morality in, 8 Dresch, Paul, 32–4 legal transformations in, 197–8 Dupret, Baudouin, 80, 215 legal transplantation in, 197–8 Duve, Thomas, 66, 73 marriage authentication in, 201, 207–10, Duverger, Maurice, 116 214–15 Dynamic nominalism, 12, 57 Ministry of Justice, 202 Mixed Code of Civil Procedure (1876), 141, Efficacious formalism, 53 145–6, 152, 224 Egypt Mixed Courts of Appeal, 141, 142–6, 152 ‘Abduh and maqaˆsid al-sharıˆ‘a in, 60–1 moral dimension of law practice in, 80 al-Ahkaˆm al-Shar‘iyya fıˆ’l-Ahwaˆl al- National Committee for Bioethics (EGY/ Shakhsiyya (1875), 198 NCB), 259 al-Azhar University, 62–3, 202 National Courts, 141 British protectorate in, 139 Network of Research Ethics Committees Cairo University, 202 (ENREC), 259 Civil Code (1948), 70, 72–3, 141, 164–5 Ottoman influence on law, 141, 224 Code of Obligations, 255 positive law in, 55, 56–7, 58–9, 62–3, codification in, 70, 71, 141 67–8, 136 Constitution (1971), 122 public health service in, 136–7 Constitution (2012), 256 qaˆnuˆn (law of the state, law as lex) in, 5, Constitution (2014), 224 57, 58–9 constitutionalism in, 22, 99, 104 reorganization of court system in, 269 contempt of religion in, 233 sedentarization in, 163 Council of State, 152 sets of relevancies in, 17 Court of Cassation, 141, 152, 198, 210, 214–15, Sharıˆ‘a Bar Association, 148, 150 233, 244 sharıˆ‘a courts, 198 Criminal Code (1937), 152, 224 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) in, 56–7, 58–9, criminal law in, 224–5 70, 136, 164–5, 198, 256 customary marriage in, 201 siyaˆsa (ruler’s justice) in, 57, 58–9, 136 customs, legal positivization of, 164 State Council, 198 debauchery in, 231–3, 244 Supreme Administrative Court, 141 family courts, 202 Supreme Constitutional Court, 141, 198, family law in, 201–2 224, 256 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) in, 24, 58–9, ‘Urabi revolt, 104 67–8, 136, 198, 204, 214–15 ‘urf (custom) in, 165 forensic psychiatry in (See Forensic England. See also United Kingdom psychiatry in Egyptian law) Bill of Rights (1689), 99 French influence on law, 141, 197–8, 224 constitutionalism in, 101–2 haqq (subjective law, right) in, 57 Magna Carta, 99 High Probate Council, 148–51 Enlightenment homosexuality cases in, 24–5, 225, 231–3, concept of punishment in, 135 236–7, 240, 244, 245, 246 positive law and, 54, 216 Indigenous Codes (1883), 141, 152, 224 psychiatry and, 137–8

302 Index

Entrenchment of rules, 128, 180–1, 242 in Morocco, 24, 197, 204 Esquirol, Jean-Etienne-Dominique, 138 national laws, continuum with, 196 Ethnographic re-specification, 22, 81–2 positive law and, 4, 72–3, 216 Ethnomethodology, 78–80 “reference to Islam” and, 215 Ethnomethods, 15, 77, 78–80, 182 in Tunisia, 60–1 Etymological delusion, 44–5 Folk law, 30 Etymology Forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law of constitution, 101 generally, 22–3, 141–2 of law, 1, 253 alimony case, 148–51 of “law properly so called,” 1 asylums, 139 of legalism, 34 civil law, influence of, 143, 145–6, 151–2, of norm, 178 153 of sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity), 45, 253 codification, importance of, 152 European Convention on Human Rights courts, importance of development of, 152 (ECHR), 256–7 experts and, 145–6 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), French influence on, 143, 145–6, 148, 151–2 256–7 in High Probate Council, 148–51 Evolutionism, 38–9 historical background, 132–3, 151 in Indigenous Courts of Appeal, 146–8 Fahmy, Khaled, 133, 136–7, 140–1, 150, 151, 152 inheritance case, 146–8 Family law judicial fees and, 145–6 codification of, 194 lexicon of, 143–4, 146, 148, 150–1 customary marriage in Egypt, 201 in Mixed Courts of Appeal, 142–6 divorce (See Divorce) murder case, 142–4 in Egypt, 201–2 nation-state, importance of development filling of gaps in, 194 of, 133 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 194 Ottoman influence on, 133, 151–2 in Indonesia, 203–4 positive law and, 133–4 institutional transformations in, 196 psychiatric treatment, 139 legal transformations in, 196 psychiatry, importance of development of, marriage (See Marriage) 133–4 marriage authentication (See Marriage railroad accident case, 144–6 authentication) sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) and, 140–1 Moroccan customary law, 169 siyaˆsa (ruler’s justice) and, 140–1 in Morocco, 199–201 Formalism, 249 Fantappie`, Carlo, 101 Foucault, Michel, 12–13, 54, 56, 58, 75, 134, 136 al-Fasi, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 204–5 France El Fassi, Allal, 107–8, 168 Algeria, colonial origins of Islamic law von Feuchtersleben, Ernst, 269 in, 41–2 Fillon, François, 188 Association for the Defense of Human Fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) Rights-Collective against Islamophobia in generally, 24 France, 187 constitutionalism and, 122–3 asylums in, 138–9, 140 contemporary Islamic law and, 40–1 “burkini” case, 24, 178, 186–9 customary law and, 160, 161–3 Civil Code of 1804, 14, 70 in Egypt, 24, 58–9, 60–1, 136, 198, 204, 214–15 Code Napoleón, 197 family law and, 194 Constitution (1958), 116 in Indonesia, 24, 199, 203, 204 Constitutional Council, 115 marriage authentication and, 24, 196, 204 constitutionalism in, 99, 101 modern law, relation to, 216, 218 Council of State, 178, 187–9, 270 Moroccan constitutionalism and, 130 Criminal Code, 226

Index 303

Egyptian law, influence on, 141, 197–8, 224 Habits, customs as, 156–7 Fifth Republic, 116, 120 Hacking, Ian, 2, 53, 56, 57, 93, 154 forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law, al-Hakim, Tawfik, 264–5 influence on, 143, 145–6, 148, 151–2 Halabi, 72–3 “functional Gaullism,” 116 Halaˆl food, 258–9 “hereditary Gaullism,” 116 Hallaq, Wael, 40–1, 215–16 Lebanese law, influence on, 222 Halpe´rin, Jean-Louis, 14, 53–4, 65–6, 67, 71 Moroccan constitutionalism, influence on, Hamon, Benoıˆt, 188 116, 120 Hanafi school of Islamic doctrine, 198, 201, 209, New Laı¨cite´, 189, 190–1, 270 210, 214–15 Penal Code, 221 Hanbali school of Islamic doctrine, 200 Senegalese law, influence on, 225, 226 Haqq (subjective law, right), 4–5, 57 Frank, Jerome, 249 “Hard” cases, 219, 242 Freud, Sigmund, 136, 269 Hart, Herbert (H.L.A.), 7–8, 10, 11, 18, 30, 34, 52, Fuller, Lon, 179 67, 83–4, 86, 128, 179–80, 191, 276 Hasan II (Morocco), 112–15, 116–17 Garfinkel, Harold, 2, 77, 83, 93, 182, Hawaiians, deification of Captain Cook, 6 183, 185 Heckendorn Urscheler, Lukas, 30 Gatteschi, Domenico, 72–3 Heinich, Nathalie, 191 Gemei, Hassan, 8–9 Henry, Jean-Robert, 42 Generality versus particularity Historical analysis of law generally, 23–4, 192–3 generally, 2, 11–15, 20 “burkini” case, 24, 178, 186–9 dynamic nominalism and, 12, 57 categorization and, 178, 181–6 efficacious formalism and, 53 in conceptual analysis of law, 47–8 historical ontology, 11–15, 21, 53, 55–62, ethnomethods and, 182 73–5 “family resemblances” and, 182 legal systematization, 14 legal authority and, 191–2 paradigmatic change, 12–13 as legal categories, 178 “pragmatic history,” 254 legal reasoning and, 185–6 primary rules, secondary rules versus, 13–14 legal rules, generality and, 178–81 Historical determinism, 35–6 methods of distinguishing, 182 Historical ontology, 11–15, 21, 53, 55–62, ordinary reasoning and, 182–3, 184–5 73–5 in ordinary world, 183 Hobbes, Thomas, 33, 61, 69, 253, 259 praxeological re-specification of, 178 Hobsbawm, Eric, 102 primary rules and, 190, 191 Hoffman, Katherine E., 269 public statements and, 190–1 Homosexuality cases regulatory authority and, 191 generally, 24–5, 220, 227 rule of law, generality and, 177, 178–81 comparability of cases, 220 secondary rules and, 190 conduct versus status, 12 typicality and, 183–4, 186 counternarratives in, 246–9 Ghazzal, Zouhair, 72 documentary method of interpretation in, Gillotte, Charles-Emmanuel-Euge`ne, 72–3 241–2 Ginzburg, Carlo, 74 in Egypt, 24–5, 225, 231–3, 236–7, 240, 244, Globalization of positive law, 54–5, 71–2 245, 246 Gluckman, Max, 30 evidence in, 238–42 Goffman, Erving, 17 facts in, 236–8 Goldberg, Ian, 268 historical ontology and, 56 Grammar of interactions, 16 “impregnation by contiguity” in, 240–1 Greece, Civil Code, 256–7 in Indonesia, 24–5, 221–2, 227–9, 238–9, Grundnorm, 129 242–3, 245

304 Index

Homosexuality cases (cont.) legal transformations in, 198–9 in Lebanon, 24–5, 222–4, 229–31, 237, 243–4, Marriage Act (1974), 199, 203, 213 246, 247–9 marriage authentication in, 210–14, 215 legal reasoning in, 236 Ministry of Religious Affairs, 203 lesbianism cases in Senegal, 275 “New Order,” 203 master-narratives in, 244–6 “Old Order,” 203 moral rules and, 219–20 Pancasila (five pillars), 199, 271 rules in, 242–4 Penal Code (KUHP), 221, 228 in Senegal, 24–5, 226, 233–6, 241–2, 243, Pornography Law, 222, 227, 242–3, 245 245–6 procedural correctness in, 91 Honore´, Tony, 83–4 relevance in, 88–9 Hoyle, Mark, 268 Religious Courts of Appeal, 204 Hume, David, 267 Religious Courts of First Instance, 204 Religious Judicature Act (1989), 203, 213 Ibn ‘Ardun (the Great), 169–70 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) in, 199, 203 Ibn ‘Asim, 204–5 Sistem Informasi Administrasi Perkara Ibn Farhun, 204–5 Pengadilan Agama (Administration and Ibn Juzayy, 204–5 Information Systems of Religious Court Ibn Lubb, 205, 206, 272 Cases/SIADPA), 211–13, 215 Ibn Qasim, Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali, 204–5 Sistem Informasi Penelusuran Perkara Ibn Rushd, 204–5 (Information System for Case Searching/ Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry, 39–41, 215–16, SIPP), 211–13, 215 265 statistics regarding, 87 Ideological basis of law, 51 Supreme Court, 203–4 Ijtihaˆd (effort of interpretation), 66, 214 Unofficial Compilation of Shafi‘i Fiqh Texts India (UCSFT), 211, 213–14, 215 constitutionalism in, 100 Institutional context, 16 customs, legal positivization of, 163–4 “Instructed action,” 251–2 Indigenous societies International Conference on AIDS and STI in law in, 5–7 Africa (ICASA), 233 “primitive mentality,” 5–7 International Congress of Comparative Law Indonesia (1900), 65 generally, 22 International Criminal Court (ICC), 257 characterization of facts in, 89–91 Interpretation Constitution, 199 ‘amal (local interpretation), 162–3 context in, 87 documentary method of, 93, 241–2 criminal law in, 221 ijtihaˆd (effort of interpretation), 66, 214 debauchery in, 221–2 “instructed action,” 251–2 divorce in, 87–91, 92–3 rules, standardization of interpretation, Dutch influence on law, 199, 203, 217–18 221, 271 Iran family law in, 203–4 constitutionalism in, 99, 104 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) in, 24, 199, Mutammim-i Qaˆnuˆn-i Asaˆsıˆ(Supplement to 203, 204 Fundamental Law) (1907), 104 homosexuality cases in, 24–5, 221–2, 227–9, Qaˆnuˆn-i Asaˆsıˆ (Fundamental Law) 238–9, 242–3, 245 (1906), 104 institutional transformations in, 198–9 Iraq, Constitution, 122 judges in, 203–4 Islamic finance, 258 Judicial Authorities Act (2009), 210–11 Islamic positive law Kompilasi Hukum Islam (Compilation of generally, 20–1 Islamic Law/KHI), 92–3, 203, 211, 213 ‘aˆda (habit), 161–2

Index 305

‘amal (local interpretation), 162–3 Lafıˆf (conventional testimony of group of codification of, 69–70, 265 witnesses), 206–7 as colonial invention, 41–3 Lambert, Edouard, 66, 67, 164 conceptual analysis of, 29, 35 Latour, Bruno, 192 conceptual overstretching, 37–9 Laval, Pierre, 108 constitutionalism and, 122–3 Law contingent nature of disputed, 37–8 anthropology and, 9, 34, 62, 76, 184, 255 continuity in, 215–16 codification of (See Codification of law) evolutionism and, 38–9 conceptual analysis of (See Conceptual fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) (See Fiqh analysis of law) (Islamic legal doctrine)) as contingent concept, 48, 51, 74 historical continuity of, 39–41 etymology of, 1, 253 historical determinism and, 35–6 extendibility to other times and places, 2 hybrid nature of disputed, 37–8, 39 grammatical confusion regarding, 48–9 Jewish law versus, 37–8, 66 historical analysis of (See Historical analysis Moroccan constitutionalism and, 22 of law) normativity and, 11, 15, 74 ideological basis of, 51 positivization of, 19–20, 64, 255–7 in indigenous societies, 5–7 pragmatic eclecticism and, 39–40 Islamic positive law (See Islamic “reference to Islam,” 215 positive law) Roman law versus, 37–8, 44, 66 “law” versus “laws,” 2–3, 4 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) (See Sharıˆ‘a legal practices versus laws, 171–2 (Islamic normativity)) morality distinguished, 7, 8–9, 94–6 syncretic nature of disputed, 37–8, 39 natural sciences compared, 10 ‘urf (custom), 154, 160, 161–2, 165 normativity and, 34–5 Ismail (Khedive), 150 norms versus laws, 15, 171–2 Italy, magistrates in, 78 positive law (See Positive law) praxeological analysis of (See Praxeological Japan analysis of law) constitutionalism in, 100, 103 psychiatry and, 139–40 Meiji era in, 55 religion distinguished, 9 positive law in, 55 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) (See Sharıˆ‘a Jeammaud, Antoine, 180 (Islamic normativity)) Jewish law, Islamic law versus, 37–8, 66 as “social reality,” 44 von Jhering, Rudolph, 66 “spirit of the laws,” 2–4 Judicial discretion, 194–6 state and, 129 Julian, 157 understood as positive law, 253–4 Juppe´, Alain, 189 as universalizing process, 51 “Law properly so called” Kant, Immanuel, 31, 34 generally, 253 Kaufmann, Jean-Claude, 270 etymology of, 1 Kelsen, Hans, 14, 30–1, 32, 63, 65, 66, 69, 82, law by analogy versus, 7 127, 129, 194–5, 253, 267 state and, 54 el-Kettani, Mohamed Mountassir, 110–11, Layish, Aharon, 163 123 Lebanon Khalil (Sheikh), 72–3, 204–5, 206 “acts against nature” in, 243, 246, 247 Khul‘ (divorce in Egypt), 15–16, 255 Civil Procedure Code, 222, 223 Kosselleck, Reinhart, 2, 61–2, 69 Commercial Code, 222 von Krafft-Ebbing, R., 135–6 Committee of Muslim Ulamas, 230 Kuhn, Thomas, 12–13 Criminal Chamber of the Court of Kuran, Timur, 35–6, 40 Cassation, 223

306 Index

Lebanon (cont.) “Looping effect,” 93 Criminal Circuit of the Court of Appeal, Luhmann, Niklas, 62 222–3 Lyautey, Marshal, 166, 167 Criminal Code, 222–4, 229–31, 243–4, Lynch, Michael, 78 247–9 Criminal Procedure Code, 222 al Mahdi, Ahmad al-Faqi, 257 French influence on law, 222 Maliki school of Islamic doctrine, 124, 161–2, Helem (NGO), 223 199–200, 204–7, 214 homosexuality cases in, 24–5, 222–4, 229–31, Managerial norms, 257–8 237, 243–4, 246, 247–9 Manzo, John, 78 Legal Agenda (NGO), 223 Maqaˆsid (objectives of sharıˆ‘a), 60–1 Misdemeanors Court of Appeal, 222 Marcy, Georges, 167 Obligations and Contracts Code, 222 Marriage Ottoman influence on law, 222 authentication (See Marriage Legal borrowing, 158–9 authentication) Legal hybridity, customary law and, concept of marriage, 44 173–4 customary marriage in Egypt, 201 Legalism, 20, 29, 32–5 divorce (See Divorce) Legal orientalism, 254 historical ontology and, 61–2 Legal pluralism “love” and, 92–3 generally, 5–6, 20, 29 Marriage authentication common law and, 30 generally, 196, 204 customary law and, 172–3 in Egypt, 201, 207–10, 214–15 folk law and, 30 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 24, 196, normativity and, 30–1, 32 204 problems with, 31–2, 73–4 in Indonesia, 210–14, 215 weak versus strong pluralism, 172–3 lafıˆf (conventional testimony of group of Legal positivism, 7–8, 63–4 witnesses), 206–7 “Legal positivization,” 21 in Morocco, 200, 205–7, 214 Legal realism Maynard, Douglas, 78 critique of positive law, 219 al-Mazari, 162 “soft rule skepticism” and, Meehan, Albert, 78 249–50 Mekouar, Ahmed, 107 Legal restraints theory, 250–1 Me´lenchon, Jean-Luc, 188 Legal systematization, 14 Melissaris, Emmanuel, 31 Legal transplantation, 158–9, 197–8 Menski, Werner, 31 Lenoble, Jacques, 192, 242 Mental alienation, 132–3 Le Pen, Marine, 188 Metonymic delusion, 46 Lesbianism cases in Senegal, 275 Midhat Pasha (Ottoman), 103–4 Levi, Edward, 33 Millard, Eric, 64 Le´vy-Bruhl, Lucien, 6 Milliot, Louis, 162–3, 167, 255 LGBTIQ cases. See Homosexuality cases Monarchical constitutions, 109–10 Linant de Bellefonds, Yvon, 161 Monomania, 267 Lisaˆn al-Maghrib (Moroccan newspaper), 106, Montagne, Robert, 166 123–4 Montesquieu, 2–4, 10, 64, 65, 99, Livet, Pierre, 184 102, 194 Livingston, Eric, 251 Morality Llewellyn, Karl, 249 application of moral rules, 8 Locke, John, 33 customary law as moral rules turned into de Lolme, Jean-Louis, 102 positive law by state action, 157–8 “Long nineteenth century,” 102–3 form of moral rules, 9

Index 307

homosexuality cases, moral rules and, sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) and, 126, 130 219–20 sovereignty and, 107, 109 law distinguished, 7, 8–9, 94–6 Sultan and, 124 mathematical calculation and, 134–5 technical constitutionalism, 22 objectives of moral rules, 9 tolerance and, 125 positive law, understood through vantage Moroccan customary law point of, 7–9 generally, 22, 154–5 sanctions imposed by moral rules, 8–9 codification, effect of, 168 Morand, Marcel, 42 colonial period, during, 154, 165–7 Moroccan constitutionalism contract law, 168 generally, 22, 100–1, 131 family law, 169 ‘Abd al-Karim Murad al-Tarabulsi independence, effect of, 167–8 Memorandum (1906), 105–6, 124 integration of, 169 ‘Abd Allah bin Sa‘id Memorandum (1901), al-kadd wa’l-si‘aˆya (right of women to 104–5, 106 compensation for labor), 154–5, 169–71 ‘Ali Znibir Memorandum (1906), 105 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) and, 167–8 Commandery of the Faithful, 124, 125–7 ‘urf (custom) in, 165 “Conditional Allegiance” draft (1908), 106 Morocco consensual alternation and, 117–18 Advisory Committee on Regionalization, 118 Constitution (1962), 113, 168 Berber Dahir (1930), 107, 166, 197 Constitution (1972), 113 Chamber of Counsellors, 117–18 Constitution (1996), 116–17 Chamber of Representatives, 117–18 Constitution (2011), 119–21, 125–6 Code of Personal Status, 168 Constitution for the Sharifian Kingdom Commission for the Reform of the (1908), 106, 123–4 Mudawwana, 171 democracy versus monarchy in, 112–15 Compendium of Sharifian Case-Law, 255 domain of competencies, Islam as, 125 Constitutional Council, 117 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 130 constitutionalism (See Moroccan frame of reference, Islam as, 125 constitutionalism) French influence on, 116, 120 Consultation and Independence Party, 111 Fundamental Law of the Kingdom of Court of Cassation, 214 Morocco (al-qaˆnuˆn al-asaˆsıˆ li’l-mamlaka customary law (See Moroccan al-maghribiyya) (1961), 100, 112–13 customary law) historical context, 22 Democratic Bloc, 116 independence-consolidating Economic, Social and Environmental constitutionalism (“short twentieth Council, 118 century”), 101, 110–15 Economic and Social Council, 117 Islam and, 22, 123–7 Family Code (2004), 118, 126, 169, 171, 200, King, religious powers of, 124, 125–7 205–7, 214 liberalizing constitutionalism (post-1990), family law in, 199–201 101, 116–21 February 20 Movement, 118–19, 120, 131 Lisaˆn al-Maghrib draft (1908), 106, 123–4 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) in, 24, 197, 204 Memorandum of the Consultation and French protectorate in, 104, 107, 110–11 Independence Party (1947), 111 Front for the Defense of Constitutional Moroccan Action Committee draft (1934), Institutions (FDCI), 113 107–8, 123 ijtihaˆd (effort of interpretation) in, 214 openness and, 125 independence of, 111 positive law and, 130 Independence Party (Istiqlal), 108, 110–11, reformist constitutionalism (“long 112, 113, 116, 168 nineteenth century”), 101, 104–8 Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, 166 revolutionary context, 22 institutional transformations in, 197

308 Index

Morocco (cont.) positive law versus, 3, 19, 61 judges in, 200–1 Netherlands Judicial Organization Law, 200 Civil Code, 203 Law of Unification, Moroccanization, and Indonesian law, influence on law, 199, 203, Arabization of Moroccan Justice 221, 271 (1965), 197 Penal Code, 221 legal transformations in, 197 Nominalist delusion, 45–6 Makhzen courts, 197 Nominal usage of words, 50 marriage authentication in, 200, 205–7, 214 “Non-constitutional constitutions,” 130 National Bloc, 117, 118 “Normal crimes,” 77–8, 186, 238, 245 National Consultative Assembly, 112 Normative positivization National Council of Human Rights, 118 of bioethics, 259 National Institute of Judicial Studies, 200–1 of halaˆl food, 258–9 Nationalist Movement, 108, 110 of Islam, 261–2 National Party for the Realization of of Islamic finance, 258 Demands, 108 of managerial norms, 257–8 National Union of Popular Forces of technical norms, 257–8 (NUPF), 113 Normativity Organization of Popular Democratic customs as norms, 156 Action, 116 etymology of norm, 178 Parliament, 117–18 Islamic law and, 11, 15, 74 Party of the Caliphate, 110–11 law and, 34–5 Patriotic National Front, 110 laws versus norms, 15, 171–2 Patriotic Union of Popular Forces, 116 legal pluralism and, 30–1, 32 Personal Status Code (PSC) (1957), 199–200, legal practices versus norms, 171–2 214, 272 norm-creating institutions, 128 Progress and Socialist Party, 116 norms of reference, 17–18 Qarawiyyıˆn University, 200–1, 214 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) (See Sharıˆ‘a Reform Party, 123 (Islamic normativity)) Royal Institute for Amazigh Culture, 118 Seine Saint-Cloud Declaration (1955), 111 Obeyeskere, Gananath, 6 Shra‘ courts, 197, 205 d’Ohsson, Ignace Mouradja, 72–3 Socialist Union of Popular Forces, 116 Opinio necessitatis, 157 Supreme Audit Council, 117 Ordinary language, 15–16 Supreme Institute of the Judiciary, 200–1, 214 Ost, François, 192, 242 Young Moroccans, 107 Otto, Jan Michiel, 154 Mouaqit, Mohamed, 126, 170 Ottoman Empire Mouline, Mohammed Nabil, 100, 107, 110 codification in, 71 Muhammad, Muhammad ‘Abd al-Jawad, constitutionalism in, 22, 99, 103 164–5 Criminal Code (1858), 222 Muhammad V (Morocco), 108, 110, Egyptian law, influence on, 141, 224 112–13 forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law, Muhammad VI (Morocco), 118–19, 126 influence on, 133, 151–2 Muhammad ‘Ali (Ottoman), 139 Khatt-i Sharıˆf (Noble Edict) (1839), Multiple modernities, 134 103 Murphy, Bernard, 155, 156, 159–60 Lebanese law, influence on, 222 Mecelle, 164, 255, 269 Natural law Penal Code (1851), 141, 224 constitutionalism and, 129 positive law in, 55 customary law versus, 155 Qaˆnuˆn-i Esaˆsıˆ (Fundamental Law) “law” versus “laws,” 61 (1876), 103

Index 309

Papadopoulo, Alexandre, 38 characterization of facts and, 89–91 Paradigmatic change, 12–13 context and, 87 Parolin, Gianluca, 4 cross-examination, 80 The People’s Action (Moroccan descriptive rules, 84–5 newspaper), 108 divorce, 87–91, 92–3 Permanent alienation, 268 ethnographic re-specification and, 22, 81–2 Perron, Nicolas, 164 ethnomethods and, 15, 77, 78–80 Peters, Ruud, 198 generality versus particularity (See Pinel, Philippe, 138 Generality versus particularity) Ponsot, Henri, 108 grammar of interactions, 16 Positive law institutional context, 16 art of law versus science of law, 63–4, judges, 78 65, 66–7 juries, 78 codification and, 69–70 juvenile justice, 77, 78 comparative law and, 65–8 law firms, 79 constitutionalism and, 127–8, 129–30 lawyers, 78 as contingent concept, 50–2 magistrates, 78 “core and penumbra,” 18–19 moral dimension of law practice, 80 customary law versus, 155 “normal crimes,” 77–8, 186, 238, 245 in Egypt, 55, 56–7, 58–9, 62–3, 67–8, 136 norms of reference, 17–18 emergence of, 18 precedent, 86 Enlightenment and, 54 prescriptive rules, 84–5 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) and, 4, 72–3, 216 procedural constraints, 16–17 globalization of, 54–5, 71–2 procedural correctness and, 91, 92 “Great Divide” and, 54, 62 production of documents and, 93–4 Islamic law, positivization of, 19–20, 64, relevance and, 88–9 255–7 rules, praxeological approach to, 84–6, 251–2 law understood as, 253–4 “sciences of law” and, 82–3 legal positivism and, 7–8, 63–4 sets of relevancies, 17 “legal positivization,” 21 technical and ordinary language, 15–16 legal realist critique of, 219 Precedent morality understood through vantage point codification and, 217 of, 7–9 judicial discretion and, 195 Moroccan constitutionalism and, 130 in praxeological analysis of law, 86 natural law versus, 3, 19, 61 Predicative usage of words, 50 objectification of law and, 62, 64–5 Prescriptive rules, 84–5, 180–1, 191 other normative systems compared, 253–4 Primary rules as paradigmatic revolution, 54, 62–8, 74 generality versus particularity and, 190, 191 psychiatry and, 133–4 in historical analysis of law, 13–14 religion understood through vantage point in praxeological analysis of law, 84 of, 7 secondary rules versus, 13–14, 69, 84, 276 as science, 62, 64–5, 216, 260 Procedural constraints, 16–17 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity), positivization Prussia of, 20, 72–3, 256–7 Civil Code, 61–2 state and, 54–5, 63, 69 marriage in, 61–2 universalism of, 18–19 Przeworski, Adam, 266 Pragmatic eclecticism, 39–40 Psychiatry “Pragmatic history,” 254 asylums, 138–40 Praxeological analysis of law consciousness, liability and, 152 generally, 2, 15–18, 20, 21–2, 76–7, 255, 260–1 delirium tremens, 267 causation, 83–4 emergence of, 137–8

310 Index

Psychiatry (cont.) formalism and, 249 Enlightenment and, 137–8 generality versus particularity (See forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law (See Generality versus particularity) Forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law) in homosexuality cases, 242–4 law and, 139–40 ideal of, 249 mental alienation, 132–3 interpretation of (See Interpretation) monomania, 267 legal realism and, 249–50 permanent alienation, 268 legal rules, generality and, 178–81 positive law and, 133–4 moral rules (See Morality) “positive psychiatry,” 138 praxeological approach to, 84–6, psychosis, 269 251–2 psychotic personality, 152 prescriptive rules, 84–5, 180–1, 191 Psychosis, 269 primary rules (See Primary rules) Psychotic personality, 152 religious rules, 9 Puchta, Georg Friedrich, 66 rule skepticism, 249 Punishment, paradigmatic shift in, secondary rules (See Secondary rules) 134–5 sociologism and, 249 “soft rule skepticism,” 249–50 Qadri Pasha, Muhammad, 198, 210 standardization of formation, 217–18 Qaˆnuˆn (law of the state, law as lex) standardization of interpretation, codification and, 69–70 217–18 in Egypt, 5, 57, 58–9 theory of legal restraints and, 250–1 al-Qayrawaˆnıˆ, Abuˆ Zayd, 204–5 Quran, 160, 162, 258, 259 Sacks, Harvey, 78, 185 Sahlins, Marshall, 6 Rachik, Hassan, 126 Saillomy, Doctor, 132–3 Raj, Kapil, 102–3 Salaymeh, Lena, 37–8 Raz, Joseph, 73, 128 al-Sanhuri, ‘Abd al-Razzaq, 70, 71, “Reference to Islam,” 215 164–5 Religion Sarkozy, Nicolas, 188, 235 law distinguished, 9 von Savigny, Friedrich Karl, 66, 157, 164 positive law, understood through vantage Schauer, Frederick, 84–5, 128, 180–1, 191 point of, 7 Scheffer, Thomas, 80 religious rules, 9 Schu¨ tz, Alfred, 185 Renucci, Florence, 42 Science Rex fable (Hart), 13–14 art of law versus science of law, 63–4, Roberts, Simon, 10 65, 66–7 Robinson, Richard, 155 law, natural sciences compared, 10 Roman law positive law as, 62, 64–5, 216, 260 codification versus, 14, 264 “sciences of law,” 82–3 Islamic law versus, 37–8, 44, 66 “scientification,” 259–60 Rome Statute, 257 Searle, John, 251 Rubin, Avi, 71, 134 Secondary rules Rule of law of adjudication, 13–14 generality and, 177, 178–81 of change, 13–14 relational understanding of, 177 constitutionalism and, 128–9 Rule of the Mendicant Orders, 101 generality versus particularity and, 190 Rules in historical analysis of law, 13–14 customary law, recognition of rules and, 158 in praxeological analysis of law, 84 descriptive rules, 84–5, 180–1 primary rules versus, 13–14, 69, 84, 276 entrenchment of, 128, 180–1, 242 of recognition, 13–14

Index 311

Senegal “Soft” cases, 219, 242 “acts against nature” in, 226, 233–6, 243, “Soft rule skepticism,” 249–50 245–6 Sohrabi, Nader, 103 Aides Seńe´gal (NGO), 233 Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 2–4 colonialism, effect of, 226 State Court of Cassation, 235 customary law as moral rules turned into Criminal Code (1965), 225–6 positive law by state action, 157–8 Criminal Procedure Code, 235 law and, 129 French influence on law, 225, 226 “law properly so called” and, 54 “gay marriage” affair, 233, 275 legal order and, 127 homosexuality cases in, 24–5, 226, 233–6, positive law and, 54–5, 63, 69 241–2, 243, 245–6 “State Islamism,” 122 Jamra (NGO), 235 Stolleis, Michael, 55–6, 59–60 lesbianism cases in, 275 Sudnow, David, 77–8, 185, 186, 245 ONDH (human rights NGO), 234–5 Sunna, 160 RADDHO (human rights NGO), Sutton, Thomas, 267 234–5 Switzerland, Civil Code, 195 Sets of relevancies, 17 Systemism, 54 Sexuality, paradigmatic shift in, 135–6 Shafi‘i school of Islamic doctrine, al-Tahtawi, Rifa‘a, 4–5, 56–7 200, 214 Tamanaha, Brian, 69, 81–2 Shaham, Ron, 163 Tashrıˆ‘ (legislation), 5, 45, 58–9 Shari‘ah Standards for Islamic Financial al-Tasuli, 205, 272 Institutions, 258 Technical language, 15–16 Sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) Technical norms, 257–8 generally, 5 Terem, Etty, 162–3 applicability of, 160–1 Testart, Alain, 14, 38 constitutionalism and, 122–3 Theory of command, 7 in Egypt, 56–7, 58–9, 60–1, 70, 136, 164–5, Theory of legal restraints, 250–1 198, 256 Thomas, Yan, 53, 59 etymology of, 45, 253 Thomas of Aquinas (Saint), 19, 61, 68 forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law and, al-Titwani, Sheikh Muhammad al-Murir, 140–1 205 in Indonesia, 199, 203 Toullier, Charles-Bonaventure-Marie, Moroccan constitutionalism and, 126, 178–9 130 Touraine, Marisol, 188 Moroccan customary law and, 167–8 Travers, Max, 78, 79 positivization of, 20, 72–3, 256–7 Treaty of Fes (1912), 104, 107, 110, 165 in Tunisia, 60–1 Treaty of Paris (1763), 102–3 Shklar, Judith, 69 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 102–3 Shmueli, Avshalom, 163 Troper, Michel, 69, 82, 127, 264 Sibum, Otto, 102–3 Tunisia Siyaˆsa (ruler’s justice) ‘Ahd al-amaˆn (Pledge of Safety) (1857), 103 in Egypt, 57, 58–9, 136 Ben Achour and maqaˆsid al-sharıˆ‘a in, 60–1 forensic psychiatry in Egyptian law and, constitutionalism in, 22, 99, 103–4 140–1 fiqh (Islamic legal doctrine) in, 60–1 Smith, Adam, 259 French protectorate in, 103 Sociologism, 249 Qaˆnuˆn al-Dawla al-Tuˆnisiyya (Law of the Soeharto, 203 Tunisian State) (1861), 103 Soekarno, 203 Santillana Code, 255 Soesilo, 221–2 sharıˆ‘a (Islamic normativity) in, 60–1

312 Index

Ulpian, 157 al-Wansharisi, 204–5 United Kingdom. See also England Warnock, John, 139 asylums in, 140 Watson, Alan, 38, 55, 67, 156, 158 cross-examination in, 80 al-Wazzani, al-Mahdi, 204–5, 207 psychiatry in, 138 al-Wazzani, Muhammad Hasan, 108, 111 United Nations, 54 Weber, Max, 14, 48, 70, 253 United States Winch, Peter, 35 constitutionalism in, 99–100, 101 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 2, 9, 43, 56, 75, 155, Massachusetts Constitution (1780), 99 179–80, 182 ‘Urf (custom), 154, 160, 161–2, 165 Wood, Leonard, 58, 130, 148, 163–4 Utilitarianism, 54, 64, 134–5, 216 Woodman, Gordon, 32

Vallaud-Balkacem, Najat, 188 Yakin, Ayang Utriza, 87, 92 Valls, Manuel, 188 Van Hoecke, Mark, 30–1 Zambelli, Christophe, 132–3, 140, 268 Van Stae¨vel, Jean-Pierre, 161 Zappulli, Luisa, 78