Future Atmospheric Neutrino Experiments

Home , Double Chooz

D. Jason Koskinen

NuPhys 2014 December, 2014 Queen Mary University of London

1 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV

GERDA EXO KamLAND-Zen NEMO CUORE

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV

GERDA EXO Borexino KamLAND-Zen KamLAND NEMO Double Chooz CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino KamLAND-Zen KamLAND NEMO Double Chooz CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino KamLAND-Zen KamLAND NEMO Double Chooz CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES NEMO Double Chooz Baikal CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore ANITA KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES HiRes NEMO Double Chooz Baikal Auger CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore ANITA KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES HiRes NEMO Double Chooz Baikal Auger CUORE Daya Bay Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore ANITA KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES HiRes NEMO Double Chooz Baikal Auger CUORE Daya Bay Neutrino Mass Hierarchy Reno SNO

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Experimental Landscape

Accelerator Based

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore ANITA KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES HiRes NEMO Double Chooz Baikal Auger CUORE Daya Bay Neutrino Mass Hierarchy Reno SNO Enhanced Oscillation (ντ appearance & νμ disappearance)

Non-Accelerator Based 2 *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 2 Hyper-K Experiments see talk by M. Shiozawa

India-Based Neutrino Oscillation Research with Precision IceCube Observatory Cosmics in the Abyss Next Generation (INO) (ORCA) Upgrade (PINGU)

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 3 Numbers Game

Detector Flux + X-Section + Size + h.c. Event Quality Background Suppression Funding

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 4 Free Neutrino Beam arXiv:1212.4760 Atmospheric Flux

IceCube

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 5 Experimental Landscape

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

GERDA EXO Borexino IceCube/DeepCore ANITA KamLAND-Zen KamLAND ANTARES HiRes NEMO Double Chooz PINGU/ORCA/INO Baikal Auger CUORE Daya Bay 6 Reno *Boxes provide sense of scale for physics sensitive regions SNO D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 6 Experimental Landscape

NOνA OPERA

T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

“… the benefit of connectionNOνA and the sterility of separation” - R. Cohen, InternationalOPERA NYTimes T2K MINOS! + MINERνA MicroBooNE

1 eV 1 KeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 10 PeV Super-K

|U |2 |U |2 e3 τ3

ν3 ν2 2 |U |2 ∆m12 µ3 ν1

2 ∆m23 m2 or ∆ 23

ν2 2 ∆m12 ν1 ν3

νe νµ ντ νe νµ ντ

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 7 Oscillations in Matter

νe,,τ νe,,τ νe e-

Z0 W

e-,p,n e-,p,n e- νe

• Electron (anti)neutrinos pick up an `effective’ mass, which modifies the vacuum oscillation probability

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 8 Atmospheric Neutrino Mass Hierarchy

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 9 Atmospheric Neutrino Mass Hierarchy 1

1 2

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 9 Atmospheric Neutrino Mass Hierarchy 1

1 2

•Inverted/Normal hierarchy has up to a 20% difference in oscillation probability for specific energies and zenith angles (baselines)

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 9 Parametric Enhancement

• The Earth’s density transitions can cause additional enhancement of oscillation signal

arXiv:0902.1597

Akhmedov, hep-ph/9907435 D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 10 Oscillograms

P(νµ→νµ) - Normal Hierarchy P(νµ→νµ) - Inverted Hierarchy 50 50

45 0.9 45 0.9 Energy (GeV) Energy (GeV)

40 0.8 40 0.8

35 0.7 35 0.7

30 0.6 30 0.6

25 0.5 25 0.5

0.4 0.4 20 20

0.3 0.3 15 15

0.2 0.2 10 10

0.1 0.1 5 5

0 0 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 Cos(Zenith Angle) Cos(Zenith Angle) Up-going Horizontal D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 11 Classic Model(s)

• 86 models were identified in hep-ph/0608137 for lepton flavor symmetries

• 55 are now disfavored for predicting θ13 > 3 sigma from measured • A prime remaining discriminator is the predicted hierarchy

*P. Coloma, NuPhys2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 12 Experiments

India-Based Neutrino Oscillation Research with Precision IceCube Observatory Cosmics in the Abyss Next Generation (INO) (ORCA) Upgrade (PINGU)

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 13 INO-ICAL

• Magnetized Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) • Underground lab in the Theni district • 3 modular 17 kton pieces • 14.4m in height x 16m length x 16m width • 1.5 Telsa in central region • 5.6cm steel w/ gap for RPC • Resistive plate chambers • 52 kton

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 14 INO-ICAL

• Poor sensitivity to hadronic energy • 85% at 1 GeV and 36% at 15 GeV ! • 1o resolution on muon direction

! • Excellent nu/nubar separation

*D. Indumathi, Neutrino 2014 D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 15 INO Mass Hierarchy

• Hierarchy makes concentrated use of disappearance

channel (νμ→νμ), with minimal sensitivity to appearance

(νμ→νe)

arXiv:1406.3689

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 16 Hierarchy w/ No Magnet

• INO has magnet to separate neutrinos from anti-neutrinos, but PINGA and ORCA do not

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 17 Hierarchy w/ No Magnet

arXiv:0203272 *G. Zeller, PDG 2012

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 18 KM3NeT/ORCA

• Many Optical Modules each composed of 31 Photo- multiplier Tubes (3”) with near 4π acceptance

*km3net.org

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 19 ORCA

• 115 vertical lines at KM3NeT-Fr site in Mediterranean • 6-7 strings in ORCA configuration are funded as Phase 1 • Pursuing phase 1.5 with 115 lines at French KM3NeT site which would be deployed by 2019

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 20 ORCA Cosmic Ray Muon Background

• ORCA has no current plans for an instrumented veto • Use topological and reconstruction cuts for removal

Neutrinos < 20 GeV Cosmic Ray Muon Bkg

*U. Katz, 1402.1022

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 21 ORCA Preliminary Sensitivity

• Early estimate of significance ! • On-going work to include more realistic Monte Carlo physics, systematics assessment, include background, geometry optimization, etc.

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 22 IceCube/DeepCore

• DeepCore low-energy extension • Closer instrumentation • Clearer Ice

• Higher efficiency PMTs scattering ! • Use surrounding IceCube as a veto volume

IceCube DOM D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 23 Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade

• Use existing and IceCube familiar technology to infill IceCube/ DeepCore

! DeepCore • Improve rejection of cosmic ray muon background PINGU ! • 40 strings deployed over 2-3 years Letter of Intent - arXiv:1401.2046

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 24 Neutrino Mass Hierarchy by Eye

Track-Like Events (mainly CC νµ+νµ) PINGU Preliminary 1-year exposure

*K. Clark, ICHEP2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 25 PINGU Mass Hierarchy

Preliminary

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 26 PINGU Mass Hierarchy

Preliminary

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 26 PINGU Hierarchy Systematics

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 27 Some PINGU/ORCA Comparisons

• Both are megaton volumes at trigger level with O(100k)/neutrinos year • Both rely on photon collection • Water has longer scattering length • Ice has longer attenuation length

ORCA

*A. Kouchner & D. Cowen, Detector Design & Technology for Next Generation Neutrino Observatories 2014 D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 28 Additional Hierarchy Improvements

arXiv:1303.0758 • Inelasticity, y ≈ 1 − Eμ/Eν, can help separate nu/nubar • High y is better for separation • But, low y reduces the muon/neutrino opening angle • Can yield 20-50% improvement in hierarchy sensitivity ! • Event ‘preciousness’ • Megaton detectors allow for immense data collection across large ranges of both baseline and energy

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 29 Global Combination

*Blennow & Schwetz, arXiv:1306.3988

*Ghosh, Thakore & Choubey, arXiv:1212.1305

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 30 Other Oscillation

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 31 PINGU Maximal Mixing

) -2.3 2 5-years exposure eV

-3 Inverted Hierarchy 10

× -2.35 ( 2 23 m Δ

-2.4

-2.45

-2.5 5σ C.L. 3σ C.L. 1σ C.L. Maximal Mixing: θ23 = 45.0° -2.55 nd Global Best 2 Octant: θ23 = 50.4°

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 2 sin (θ23)

arXiv:1401.2046

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 32 What Is Being Measured?

NOW2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 33 Mena, Mocioiu & Razzaque, Phys. Rev. D78, 093003 Tau Appearance

• Cross-section are punishing • Go to highest energies

2nd 1st

Kretzer and Reno, arXiv:hep-ph/0208187

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 34 ντ Appearance in PINGU

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 35 ντ Appearance in PINGU

• Direct measure of Uτ3

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 35 80 ντ 5 Appearance in 70 PINGU (GeV)

ν livetime: 1 year all flavours E 60 preliminary 4 N )/ µ

PINGU 50 ν + e

3 ν

40 -N

• Direct measure of Uτ3 30 2

20 all flavours

1 (N 10 0 0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 cos(Zen)

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 35 80 ντ 5 Appearance in 70 PINGU (GeV)

ν livetime: 1 year all flavours E 60 preliminary 4 N )/ µ

PINGU 50 ν + e

3 ν

40 -N

• Direct measure of Uτ3 30 2

20 all flavours

1 (N 10 • Energy and zenith angle 0 0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 excess in cascade channel cos(Zen)

• PINGU plots currently use same initial Boosted Decision Tree as NMH, but secondary selection for `cascades’

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 35 80 ντ 5 Appearance in 70 PINGU (GeV)

ν livetime: 1 year all flavours E 60 preliminary 4 N )/ µ

PINGU 50 ν + e

3 ν

40 -N

• Direct measure of Uτ3 30 2

20 all flavours

1 (N 10 • Energy and zenith angle 0 0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 excess in cascade channel cos(Zen) 10 ) σ PINGU 8 true ν norm=1 • PINGU plots currently use τ same initial Boosted 6 appearance ( τ 4 Decision Tree as NMH, ν preliminary

Significance to exclude no expected but secondary selection 2 ±1σ ±2σ for `cascades’ Gaussian approximation α=β limit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Livetime (months)

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 35 Measuring ντ Appearance

• High statistics allow possibility to measure

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 36 Measuring ντ Appearance

• High statistics allow possibility to measure

1200 PINGU 1000 Eν∈[1,80] GeV preliminary Events/year 800 νe 600 ν νe µ 400 νµ ντ 200 ντ

0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 cos(Zen)

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 36 Measuring ντ Appearance

• High statistics allow possibility to measure

1.5 1200 PINGU PINGU 1000 Eν∈[1,80] GeV preliminary 1.0 Events/year 800 νe normalization τ 600 ν νµ νe 5 True 0.5 σ preliminary 400 νµ ντ expected 200 ντ ±1σ measured ντ norm=1 ±2σ 0 0.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 cos(Zen) Livetime (months)

*J.P.A.M. de André, NuFact 2014

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 36 Conclusion

• Potential with atmospheric experiments to resolve the ordering of the neutrino mass hierarchy and can provide complementary phase space coverage to a global analysis

! • Neutrino telescope extensions are quick and cost effective approaches to resolving the neutrino mass hierarchy and expand on-going physics portfolio (ντ appearance, non-

maximal θ23)

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 37 Backup

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 38 Megaton Ice Cherenkov Array •Issue at the South Pole is not how to go big, but instead how to go small

45 m

118 cm

Courtesy P. Kooijman 7 m Courtesy P.O. Hulth

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 39

Wavelength Shifter Module

low-noise • Lower efficiency photon PMT collection than PMTs

green • Much, much cheaper than PMTs photon

blue glass • Cherenkov light intensity photon cylinder increases at wavelengths below

the optimum sensitivity for PMTs WLS

! • Can be deployed in PINGU as R & D for future

D. Jason Koskinen - NuPhys2014 41