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A Brief History of Computing Quantum Computing, Communication, and Cryptography Introduction What we learn from history? The physical layer Quantum mechanics Content of the course A brief history of computing Quantum computing, communication, and cryptography Dimitri Petritis Institut de recherche mathématique de Rennes Université de Rennes 1 et CNRS (UMR 6625) Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Introduction What we learn from history? The physical layer The rôle of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Content of the course The problem Entire domains of scientific (and generally human) activity rely on retrieval, processing, transmission, and protection of information. Nowadays: those steps are algorithmically automated by programmes executed on reliable electronic devices. We can argue using the abstract mathematical categories of logical circuits of a computer without paying attention to the physical layer on which these programmes are executed. Because we can do so presently — and still for some short time! Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Introduction What we learn from history? The physical layer The rôle of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Content of the course The problem Entire domains of scientific (and generally human) activity rely on retrieval, processing, transmission, and protection of information. Nowadays: those steps are algorithmically automated by programmes executed on reliable electronic devices. We can argue using the abstract mathematical categories of logical circuits of a computer without paying attention to the physical layer on which these programmes are executed. Because we can do so presently — and still for some short time! Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Introduction What we learn from history? The physical layer The rôle of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Content of the course The problem Entire domains of scientific (and generally human) activity rely on retrieval, processing, transmission, and protection of information. Nowadays: those steps are algorithmically automated by programmes executed on reliable electronic devices. We can argue using the abstract mathematical categories of logical circuits of a computer without paying attention to the physical layer on which these programmes are executed. Because we can do so presently — and still for some short time! Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Introduction What we learn from history? The physical layer The rôle of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Content of the course The problem Entire domains of scientific (and generally human) activity rely on retrieval, processing, transmission, and protection of information. Nowadays: those steps are algorithmically automated by programmes executed on reliable electronic devices. We can argue using the abstract mathematical categories of logical circuits of a computer without paying attention to the physical layer on which these programmes are executed. Because we can do so presently — and still for some short time! Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? < 1946 Charles Babbage (London 1791– London 1871) invented a machine computing and printing values of polynomials; functioned with punch cards modelled after the automated looms of Joseph Marie Jacquard. Figure: Charles Babbage and . his model: the loom of Jacquard. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? The analytic machine of Babbage Figure: The analytic machine constructed by Babbage and the punch cards used for its programming. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? Programming Babbage’s machine Augusta Ada King, countess of Lovelace, born Ada Byron (London 1815 – London 1852) writes an “algorithm” to compute Bernoulli’s numbers (Bn) n m X 1 X S (n) = km = C k B nm+1−k : m m + 1 m+1 k k=1 k=0 First algorithm conceived to run on a Babbage’s machine. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? The contribution of Turing Alan Mathison Turing (London 1912 – Cheshire 1954), mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and . (preposterously!) computer scientist; broke the Enigma ciphering used by German sub-marines in 2nd world war with the help of the machine of his invention named “the bomb”. Figure: Alan Turing and one of the ca. 200 replicas of “the bomb”. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? The contribution of von Neumann Margittai Neumann János Lajos Budapest 1903 – John von Neumann Princeton 1954, mathematician and physicist with major contributions in quantum mechanics, functional analysis, theory of sets, computer sciences (cybernetics), game theory and various other domains of physics and mathematics. Participated in the American military programmes. Figure: John von Neumann and the schematic view of a computer architecture named after him. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? ca. 1946 By that time we had to care about the physical layer! 1946: Electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC) first universal computer contracted by the engineer John Adam Presper Eckert Jr. (Philadelphia, PA, 1919 – Bryn Mawr, PA, 1995) and the physicist John William Mauchly (Cincinatti, OH, 1907 – Ambler, PA, 1980). 19000 tubes mass: 30 tonnes footprint: 72m2 electric power: 140kW clock frequency: 100kHz (330 multiplications per second). Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) What we learn from history? ca. 1946 By that time we had to care about the physical layer! 1946: Electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC) first universal computer contracted by the engineer John Adam Presper Eckert Jr. (Philadelphia, PA, 1919 – Bryn Mawr, PA, 1995) and the physicist John William Mauchly (Cincinatti, OH, 1907 – Ambler, PA, 1980). 19000 tubes mass: 30 tonnes footprint: 72m2 electric power: 140kW clock frequency: 100kHz (330 multiplications per second). Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) 1946: ENIAC An overview of the machine room Figure: The machine room of ENIAC. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) 1946: ENIAC Its nursing Figure: A technician changing one of the 19000 tubes of ENIAC. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) 1946: ENIAC Its programming Figure: Two operators in the process of . programming ENIAC. Coëtquidan, 7 January 2017 QCCC Before the . revolution (≤ 1946) Introduction Pre-history (' 1946) What we learn from history? Proto-history 1947–1956 The physical layer First revolution: the transistor (1956–1971) Quantum mechanics The second revolution: the microprocessor (1971–2020?) Content of the course The end of certainty (≥ 2010) 1946: ENIAC Its programming is now over . Figure:
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