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Floating-Point Package for Intel 8008 and 8080 Microprocessors
UCRL-51940 FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR INTEL 8008 AND 8080 MICROPROCESSORS Michael D. Maples October 24, 1975 Prepared for U.S. Energy Research& Development Administration under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 I_AV~=IENCE I_IVEFIMORE I.ABOFIATOFIY University ol Calilomia ~ Livermore ~ NOTICE .sponsored by tht: United $~ates G~ven~menl.Neilhe~ the United States nor the United ~tates I’:n,~rgy of their employees,IIOr lilly of their eorltl’ilctclrs~ warranty~ express t~r implied, or asstltlleS ~t]y legld liability or responsihilit y fnr the accuracy, apparatus, product or ])rc)eess disclosed, represents that its rise would IIt~l illl’r liege privlttely-owned rights." Printed in the United States of America Avai.] able from National Technical. information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Price: Printed Copy $ *; Microfiche $2.25 NTIS ""Pages _Sellin_.g Price 1-50 $4.00 51-150 $5.45 151-325 $7.60 326-500 $10.60 501.-1000 $13.60 DISCI.AlMBR This documeut was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Gnvernment.Neither the United States Governmentnor the University of California nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, complete.aess, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use wouldnot infrioge privately ownedrights. Refarenceherein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,or favoring by the United States Govermnentor the University of California. -
Lecture Note 1
EE586 VLSI Design Partha Pande School of EECS Washington State University [email protected] Lecture 1 (Introduction) Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before? Will it change in future? The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) The Transistor Revolution First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic 1960’s ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months Moore’s Law 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 OF THE NUMBER OF 2 5 4 LOG 3 2 1 COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION 0 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Electronics, April 19, 1965. Evolution in Complexity Transistor Counts 1 Billion K Transistors 1,000,000 100,000 Pentium® III 10,000 Pentium® II Pentium® Pro 1,000 Pentium® i486 100 i386 80286 10 8086 Source: Intel 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Projected Courtesy, Intel Moore’s law in Microprocessors 1000 2X growth in 1.96 years! 100 10 P6 Pentium® proc 1 486 386 0.1 286 Transistors (MT) Transistors 8086 Transistors8085 on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years 0.01 8080 8008 4004 0.001 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Courtesy, Intel Die Size Growth 100 P6 -
GBCC-CIS-1 Page 1 Micro-Soft’S Macro-Impact
CIS111 GBCC Renee Dodge CIS111 Mid-Term – Fall 2010 For your mid-term, I would like you to conduct some research on the history of computers. Select a milestone or event that you feel had a significant impact on the overall development of computers and how we use computers today. Be sure you not only provide your opinion as to why you feel this milestone is significant, but also provide historical proof - actual facts as to how this event shaped the development and use of computers. For this assignment, please complete the following: 1. Choose a topic 2. Research your topic and locate at least 5 different sources of information, overall. o At least 3 sources should be Internet websites. o Remember: Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable research source. 3. In addition to the Internet, you should also utilize the library online resources (EBSCO database, e-Books, etc). o At least 2 different sources of information should be online library resources. o If you have never used the library online resources before, you may ask me for a brief overview of how to use them or see Becky Clerkin in the library for help. 4. Include your research findings in a 5-page paper and be sure to properly cite where you found your information. If you are not sure how to cite references check out the following link: How to Cite Books, Magazines, and Web Sites in a Research Paper: http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/works_cited.htm 5. Upload your research paper to the Digital Drop BoX no later than Wednesday, October 27th at 11:59pm. -
Intel 8080 Datasheet
infel.. 8080A/8080A-1/8080A-2 8-BIT N-CHANNEL MICROPROCESSOR • TTL Drive Capability • Decimal, Binary, and Double Precision • 2,..,s (-1:1.3,..,s, -2:1.5 ,..,s) Instruction Arithmetic Cycle • Ability to Provide Priority Vectored • Powerful Problem Solving Instruction Interrupts Set • 512 Directly Addressed 110 Ports 6 General Purpose Registers and an Available In EXPRESS • Accumulator • - Standard Temperature Range 16-Blt Program Counter for Directly Available In 4Q-Lead Cerdlp and Plastic • Addressing up to 64K Bytes of Memory • Packages 16-Blt Stack Pointer and Stack (See Packaging Spec. Order #231369) • Manipulation Instructions for Rapid Switching of the Program Environment • The Intel 8080A is a complete 8-bit parallel central processing unit (CPU). It is fabricated on a single LSI chip using Intel's n-channel silicon gate MOS process. This offers the user a high performance solution to control and processing applications. The 8080A contains 6 8-bit general purpose working registers and an accumulator. The 6 general purpose registers may be addressed individually or in pairs providing both single and double precision operators. Arithmetic and logical instructions set or reset 4 testable flags. A fifth flag provides decimal arithmetic opera tion. The 8080A has an external stack feature wherein any portion of memory may be used as a last in/first out stack to store/retrieve the contents of the accumulator, flags, program counter, and all of the 6 general purpose registers. The 16-bit stack pointer controls the addressing of this external stack. This stack gives the 8080A the ability to easily handle multiple level priority interrupts by rapidly storing and restoring processor status. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
45-Year CPU Evolution: One Law and Two Equations
45-year CPU evolution: one law and two equations Daniel Etiemble LRI-CNRS University Paris Sud Orsay, France [email protected] Abstract— Moore’s law and two equations allow to explain the a) IC is the instruction count. main trends of CPU evolution since MOS technologies have been b) CPI is the clock cycles per instruction and IPC = 1/CPI is the used to implement microprocessors. Instruction count per clock cycle. c) Tc is the clock cycle time and F=1/Tc is the clock frequency. Keywords—Moore’s law, execution time, CM0S power dissipation. The Power dissipation of CMOS circuits is the second I. INTRODUCTION equation (2). CMOS power dissipation is decomposed into static and dynamic powers. For dynamic power, Vdd is the power A new era started when MOS technologies were used to supply, F is the clock frequency, ΣCi is the sum of gate and build microprocessors. After pMOS (Intel 4004 in 1971) and interconnection capacitances and α is the average percentage of nMOS (Intel 8080 in 1974), CMOS became quickly the leading switching capacitances: α is the activity factor of the overall technology, used by Intel since 1985 with 80386 CPU. circuit MOS technologies obey an empirical law, stated in 1965 and 2 Pd = Pdstatic + α x ΣCi x Vdd x F (2) known as Moore’s law: the number of transistors integrated on a chip doubles every N months. Fig. 1 presents the evolution for II. CONSEQUENCES OF MOORE LAW DRAM memories, processors (MPU) and three types of read- only memories [1]. The growth rate decreases with years, from A. -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
The Myth of the Innovator Hero - Business - the Atlantic
The Myth of the Innovator Hero - Business - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/business/print/2011/11/the-myth-of-the-inno... Print | Close By Vaclav Smil Every successful modern e-gadget is a combination of components made by many makers. The story of how the transistor became the building block of modern machines explains why. WIKIPEDIA: Steve Jobs, Thomas Edison, Benjamin Franklin We like to think that invention comes as a flash of insight, the equivalent of that sudden Archimedean displacement of bath water that occasioned one of the most famous Greek interjections, εὕρηκα. Then the inventor gets to rapidly translating a stunning discovery into a new product. Its mass appeal soon transforms the world, proving once again the power of a single, simple idea. But this story is a myth. The popular heroic narrative has almost nothing to do with the way modern invention (conceptual creation of a new product or process, sometimes accompanied by a prototypical design) and innovation (large-scale diffusion of commercially viable inventions) work. A closer examination reveals that many award-winning inventions are re-inventions. Most scientific or engineering discoveries would never become successful products without contributions from other scientists or engineers. Every major invention is the child of far-flung parents who may never meet. These contributions may be just as important as the original insight, but they will 1 of 4 11/20/2011 8:48 PM The Myth of the Innovator Hero - Business - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/business/print/2011/11/the-myth-of-the-inno... not attract public adulation. -
Silicon Genesis: Oral History Interviews
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8f76kbr No online items Guide to the Silicon Genesis oral history interviews M0741 Department of Special Collections and University Archives 2019 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Silicon Genesis oral M0741 1 history interviews M0741 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Silicon Genesis: oral history interviews creator: Walker, Rob Identifier/Call Number: M0741 Physical Description: 12 Linear Feet (26 boxes) Date (inclusive): 1995-2018 Abstract: "Silcon Genesis" is a series of interviews with individuals active in California's Silicon Valley technology sector beginning in 1995 and through at least 2018. Immediate Source of Acquisition Gift of Rob Walker, 1995-2018. Scope and Contents Interviews of key figures in the microelectronics industry conducted by Rob Walker (1935-2016) and later Rob Blair, who continues to carry out interviews for the project. Interviewees include John Derringer, Elliot Sopkin, Floyd Kvamme, Mike Markkula, Steve Zelencik, T. J. Rogers, Bill Davidow, Aart de Geus, and more. Interviews have been fully digitized and are available streaming from our catalog here: https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4084160 An exhibit for the collection is available here: https://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/ Written transcripts are available for the interviews with Marcian (Ted) Hoff, Federico Faggin, C. Lester Hogan, Regis McKenna, and Gordon E. Moore. Also included is an interview with Rob Walker himself, made by Susan Ayers-Walker, 1998. Conditions Governing Access Original recordings are closed. Digital copies of interviews are available online: https://exhibits.stanford.edu/silicongenesis Conditions Governing Use While Special Collections is the owner of the physical and digital items, permission to examine collection materials is not an authorization to publish. -
Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
Newsoft PDF Module
II^Ü ^il II .III*.- •1""" [ v Hintergrundstory Sir Clive Sinclair Sir Clive Miles Sinclair wurde 1940 in London geboren und verließ die Schule im Alter von 17 Jahren, um Redaktionsassistent bei einer Zeitschrift namens "Prac- tical Wireless" {Radiopraxis) zu werden, für die er schon während seiner Schul zeit zu schreiben begonnen hatte. Außerdem schrieb er während der vier Jahre, in denen er bei IPC (International Publishing Company, Verlagshaus der oben genannten Zeitschrift) war, 17 Bücher, hauptsächlich für eine Firma namens Berners. Darunter waren verschiedene Bücher über elektronische Schaltkreise mit Micro-Alloy-Transistoren. 1962 gründete er eine Firma namens Sinclair Radionics. Er verkaufte Tran sistoren, die er von Plesseys gekauft hatte und deren Werte nicht garantiert wur den. Bevor er sie weiterverkaufte, prüfte er sie und teilte sie nach Farben ein. Seine nächste Idee war, einen kleinen Transistor-Verstärker zu entwerfen (2x2x1 cm). Damit sollte man für 1,50 (ca. DM 6,-) eine Verstärkung von 1.000.000 Mal aus den verwendeten Transistoren herausholen können. 127 Als die Firma größer wurde, bezog sie einen neuen Sitz, eine alte Mühle in St. Ives Cambridge. Sie expandierte weiter und produzierte verschiedene Bau 1979 trennte sich Sinclair von Sinclair Radionics und dem NEB, da diese sätze, darunter einen FM-Tuner (damals das kleinste Transistoren-Radio) und ein sich (mit einigen der ersten digitalen Multimetern) auf wissenschaftliche Instru Micro-Fernseh gerat, das aber nie voll zur Produktion gelangte. Er war mehrmals mente spezialisieren wollten, er aber sich mehr für kommerzielle Produkte Erster, einmal mit dem ersten wirklichen Taschenrechner, dem Executive. Der interessierte. Er übernahm die Leitung der Firma Science of Cambridge mit Sitz Umsatz der Firma zu jenem Zeitpunkt ging bereits in die Millionen Pfund. -
ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR's MANUAL Version
ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR’S MANUAL Version 2.3, April 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 PART 1 – ALTAIR 8800 CLONE HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ......................... 2 PART 2 – CONFIGURATION MONITOR ............................................. 4 A. Floppy Disk Menu ....................................................... 4 B. PROM Menu .............................................................. 6 C. Serial Port Menu ....................................................... 7 D. Load .BIN or .HEX File ................................................. 9 E. Administration Menu .................................................... 9 PART 3 – TERMINAL EMULATOR ................................................ 14 A. Overview .............................................................. 14 B. TeraTerm Terminal Emulator ............................................ 14 C. Installing TeraTerm ................................................... 14 D. Configuring TeraTerm .................................................. 14 E. Using TeraTerm ........................................................ 15 PART 4 – ALTAIR 8800 DEMONSTRATIONS ....................................... 16 A. Kill-the-Bit Front Panel Game ......................................... 16 B. Loading and Using 4K BASIC from Paper Tape ............................ 18 C. Loading and Using 8K BASIC from Cassette .............................. 21 D. Loading and Using Disk BASIC from Floppy Disk ........................