Design Steering “Solar Vehicle”

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Research Article Volume 9 Issue No. 5 Design Steering “Solar Vehicle” Mahendra Lohar1, Jagdish Chandra Khatik2, Mukeshkhatik3, Lokesh Kumar Dangi4, Kailash Chand5, Surbhi Mishra6 Student1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Assistant Professor6 Department of Mechanical Engineering Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur, India

Abstract: In this era most of the vehicles use the two wheel steering mechanism as their main handling system. But the efficiency of the two wheel steering vehicle is proven to be low compared to the four wheel steering vehicles. Four wheel steering system can be employed in some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while moving at certain speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. Manual rack and pinion steering systems are commonly used for their simplicity in construction and compactness. The main purpose of this paper is to design and manufacture manual rack and pinion steering system according to the requirement of the vehicle for better manoeuvrability. Quantities like turning circle radius, steering ratio, steering effort, etc. are inter-dependent on each other and therefore there are different design consideration according to the type of vehicle.

Keywords: Steering Mechanism, Automobile Engineering, SOLID WORKS and ANSYS.

I. INTRODUCTION Steering linkage:

Steering system is one of themain part of an automobile that is used to give directional stability to the vehicle. Itcontrolsthe vehicle along the desired path and stability of the direction of motion of vehicle against external instabilities.

Figure.2. Steering linkage for vehicle with rigid axle front suspension Figure. 1. Steering system in solar car

Above Fig. shown such a steering linkage. The drop arm is Main function of steering system: rigidly connected to the cross shaft of the steering gears by its 1. To achieve angular motion of the front wheels to negotiated upper end while its lower end is connected to the link rod a turn. through a ball joint. 2. To provide directional stability.

3. To provide perfect steering condition. Steering gear: The steering gear convert the turning motion of 4. To minimize tyre wear. the steering wheel into the to and fro motion of the link rod of 5. To facilitate straight ahead recovery after completing a turn. the steering linkage.

Wheel alignment: The main steering gear are: Positioning of the steered wheels to achieve the following is 1. Worm and wheel steering gear termed alignment. 2. Cam and double roller steering 1. Directional stabilities during straight ahead position. 3. Worm and nut steering gear 2. Perfect rolling condition on steering. 4. Recirculating ball type steering gear 3. Recovery after completing the turn 5. Rack and pinion steering gear

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Steering Geometry: II.STEERING CALCULATION 1. Camber: Camber is tile of the car wheels from the vertical, camber is positive if the tilt is outward at top. Camber TYPE: - Centre hand steering. is also called as wheel rack. It should not exceed 2˚. 2. King Pin Inclination: Inclination of the king pin STEERING MECHANISM: - Ackerman steering from vertical is called king pin inclination or king pin rake. It’s about 7-8˚. COMPONENTS: - 3. Combined Angle: Combined angle or included angle is the angle formed in the vertical plane between the wheel 1. Steering gearbox. centre line and the king pin centre pin. 2. Fitting of Steering Gearbox. 4. Castor: The angle between the king pin line and the 3. Steering Column. vertical in the plane of the wheel is called castor angle. It’s 4. Rubber Bellow (Steering column end). about 3˚. 5. Steering Arms. 5. Toe-in-Toe-out: Toe-in is the amount by which the front wheels are set closer together at the front than at the rear The steering system in which we have selected is Rack and when the vehicle is stationary, on other hand the wheel may be Pinion Steering System” with a steering ratio of 16:1. The set closer at the rear than at the front in which the difference of motion is transmitted from the steering wheel to the wheels via the distance between the front wheels at the front and rear is steering shaft/column, rack and pinion steering gear, tie rods, called Toe-out. It does not exceed 3mm. steering arm and wheels. As the vehicle is designed to run at low to medium speeds, keeping in mind the importance of Ackerman steering mechanism: Ackerman steering very steering performance during sharp turns and practical strictly on account of the improvement in the suspension and feasibility, the steering is designed for 95% Ackermann.factors tyres. Any small deviation from the true rolling angles can be impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen readily corrected by the tyres side wall flexibility and tread matrix and reinforcement materials. distortion. Rather it is endeavoured to obtain the smallest value of the turning circle. A Track Width F-54.2” R-55.4” B Wheel Base 70’’ C Pivot Centre 46’’ L Track Rod Length 42’’ R Length of Steering Arm 6’’

Θ Inner Wheel Turning 38° Angle Φ Outer Wheel Turning 27.3 Angle

The various parameters used in the calculations and formulae: 1. Max inner angle = 45° 2. For safety and decreasing lateral forces: Let ∆ i = 38° tan ∆ i = L / (r - (t / 2)) r=70”tan∆ i*26.25/tan∆ i r=70.1” (a) Outline of Mechanism 3. R = (70 - 20.23) / 0.78 = 63.8" 4. Turning Radius =3.5m Turning radius is also calculated using a trigonometric relation. R=(b/sinф)-{(a-c)/2} R=(70”/sin27.3)- {(52.5-46.5)/2} R=3.5m 6. Ackerman angle =tan-1[ L / {(L/ tanф)-t}] = 40.008degree This calculation is to find the rolling percentage of the vehicle on its turn centre. This is the relation that can be applied at any time of a turn and is used to generate graph with inner wheel angle and the roll percent. With the help of the graph we are altering the Ackermann angle to get a 100% rolling. 7. Ackerman percentage/rolling percentage = (∆ / ∆ inside) × 100 (b) Details on Enlarged Scale = (40.008 / 38) × 100 Figure. 3.Ackerman steering = 94.55 % 8. Steering effort= Torque at steering column/ radius of It may be noted that while parking, it is easier to steer a vehicle steering wheel in reverse than in the forward direction because the rear wheels = 2*25.37*0.1/10” turn on small radius than the front wheels. = 19.97 N

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III. CAD MODELS [6]. Q. Li, G. Shi, Y. Lin, and W. Zhao, Status Quo and Prospect of the Research on Active Front Steering Control Technology, Automotive Engineering, vol. 31, 2009, pp. 629- 633.

[7]. National Solar Vehicle Challenge Rules book

[8]. Automobile Engineering book

[9]. Automobile Engineering, Sharma R.P., Dhanpat Rai & Sons.

[10]. Automobile Engineering, Gupta R.B., Satya Prakashan.

Figure. 5. Centre hand steering.

IV. CONCLUSION

The project aimed at designing, analysing, calculating and testing of steering for thestudent’s solar car and their integration in the national solar vehicle challenge. The car has been designed and fabricated to the best of its possible ways. The primary objective of this project was to identify and determine the de-sign and the parameters of a vehicle with a proper study of vehicle dynamics. This project helped us to study and analyse the procedure of vehicle steering and braking system designing and to identify the performance affecting parameters. It also helped us to understand and overcome the theoretical difficulties of vehicle design. The entire designing and manufacturing period was a great experience for the entire team as we were introduced into the amazing world of automobile engineering. The events in which the team participated in, the solar vehicle Design Challenge held atREVA University, Bangalore and the Geetanjali institute of technical studies Student India were milestones for the team for the college. It was a learning experience in which we were the proud beneficiaries.

V. REFERENCES

[1]. P. Koehn, Active steering the BMW approach towards modern steering technology, SAE International, vol. 2004, 2004.

[2]. John C. Dixon; Suspension-analysis and computation geometry; ISBN: 978-0-470-51021-6; October 2009

[3]. Z. Yu, Z. Zhao, and H. Chen, Influences of Active Front Wheel Steering on Vehicle Mane-uver and Stability Performance, China Mechanical Engineering, vol. 16, 2005, pp. 652-657.

[4]. X. Sun and J. Zhao, Design of Active Front Steering System, Tractor & Farm Transporter, vol. 35, 2008, pp. 91-94.

[5]. J. Guo, J. Li, and Y. Li, Research on Integrated Control of Active Front Steering and Anti-Lock Braking System, Automobile Technology, 2007, pp. 4-8.

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