Wheel Alignment
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Wheel Alignment Simplified
The WHAT and WHY of Toe Caster - Camber Kingpin Inclination - Thrust Angle Steering Angle – Wheel setback WHEEL ALIGNMENT SIMPLIFIED Wheel alignment is often considered complicated and hard to understand In the days of the rigid chassis construction with solid axles, when tyres were poor and road speeds were low, wheel alignment was simply a matter of ensuring that the wheels rolled along the road in parallel paths. This was easily accomplished by means of using a toe gauge or simple tape measure. The steering wheel could then also simply be repositioned on the splines of the steering shaft. Camber and Caster was easily adjustable by means of shims. Today wheel alignment is of course more sophisticated as there are several angles to consider when doing wheel alignment on the modern vehicle with Independent suspension systems, good performing tyres and high road speeds. Below are the most common angles and their terminology and for the correction of wheel alignment and the diagnoses thereof, the understanding of the principals of these angles will become necessary. Doing the actual corrections of wheel alignment is a fairly simple task and in many instances it is easily accomplished by some mechanical adjustments. However Wheel Alignment diagnosis is not so straightforward and one will need to understand the interaction between the wheel alignment angles as well as the influence the various angles have on each other. In addition there are also external factors one will need to consider. Wheel Alignment Specifications are normally given in angular values of degrees and minutes A circle consists of 360 segments called DEGREES, symbolized by the indicator ° Each DEGREE again has 60 segments called MINUTES symbolized by the indicator ‘. -
Eclipse Cross
MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CROSS The Turning Point Features, powertrain combinations, trim lines and equipment described refer to European specification models (MME34 area) They may vary market by market within that area, according to specific model specification All data subject to final homologation (Further data to be released at launch time) - Summary – The “RED CAR” at a GLANCE CORPORATE – The First Enabler DESIGN – Vibrant & Defiant DRIVING DYNAMICS – Smooth Operator PACKAGING – Clever ‘SUV’ Living FEATURES – Cool Tech SAFETY - Palette *** (All data - MMC’s own internal measurement) - The “RED CAR” at a GLANCE - I - Timing: October 2013: XR-PHEV Concept @ Tokyo Motor Show March 2015: XR-PHEV II Concept @ Geneva Motor Show March 2017: World premiere @ Geneva Motor Show October 2017: Start of Production – EU specification models (see below detail) End of CY17: Start of Sales – EU specification models: MME34 Markets LHD 1.5 petrol RHD petrol LHD 2.2 DiD RHD 2.2 DiD SoP October 2017 November 2017 TbA TbA SoS* December 2017 January 2018 TbA TbA *Actual Start of Sales varying market by market, according to resp. launch plans 2018: Sequential roll out in Japan, North America, Russia, Australia/New Zealand and other regions. II - Positioning: First enabler for the next generation of Mitsubishi Motors’ automobiles & positioning for which it returns to the MMC fundamentals: • Authentic SUV Brand (vs. ‘marketing’ SUVs): 4WD since 1936 / Super-All Wheel Control (S-AWC) system since 1987 SUVs: 77% sales in Europe – CY16 (incl. L200 -
SMX-GM725 FITS: Chevrolet/GMC •2007-2016 Silverado/Sierra/Suburban/Tahoe 1500 4WD/2WD/AWD INSTRUCTIONS Thank You for Choosing Suspensionmaxx for Your Vehicle
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS PART#: SMX-GM725 FITS: Chevrolet/GMC •2007-2016 Silverado/Sierra/Suburban/Tahoe 1500 4WD/2WD/AWD INSTRUCTIONS Thank you for choosing SuspensionMaxx for your vehicle. This kit is designed to add suspension travel SuspensionMAXX kits are designed to be easily installed and increase front and ground clearance. Specially and completely reversible to the factory supplied settings. designed tools and experience are required to complete These instructions are supplied for ease of installation, the installation properly. These parts should only be correct procedures and safety. Automotive experience installed by a qualified mechanic otherwise an unsafe recommended. vehicle and/or injury may result. Consult manufactures service manual for proper torque specifications and REQUIRED TOOLS procedures. Instructions are supplied for the leveling kit installation only. Safety is important. Use safe • Load-rated floor jack working habits. • Safety stands x2 • Wheel Chocks • Metric tool set WARNING! • Torque Wrench This suspension system will enhance off road performance and increase • Loctite threadlocker for all fasteners ground clearance. Larger tires will increase vehicle roll center height. The vehicle will handle and respond to driver steering and braking dif- ferently from a stock factory equipped passenger car or truck. Extreme care must be used to prevent loss of control or vehicle rollover during abrupt maneuvers both on and off-road. Failure to operate this vehicle safely can result in vehicle damage, serious injury or death to the driver and passengers. Always wear your seat belt and reduce your speed, avoid sharp turns, inclines and abrupt maneuvers. Tread lightly, re- spect nature and enjoy the Off-Road Experience! Help keep it available for future generations. -
VW Suspension Technical Article
VW Tech Tip VW Suspension Technical Article Tech Tip: by Charles Adams The following is a technical THE TRUTH ABOUT SUSPENSIONS MYTH: Lowering or raising my car will give it greater performance than I article written for better If you want a smooth ride and not just looks, there is more than meets could expect at stock height. For ex- understanding of the rear the eye at a quick glance. Anyone ample if I simply lower my car it will corner better than my friend’s car that air-cooled VW suspension can lower or raise a vehicle and call it good, but just like any good en- is not lowered. Alternatively, if I raise as well as our products. For gine build, if you seek performance, my car it will perform better off road, absorbing bumps and jumps, than my the majority of people, the everything should be prepared in advance and every component’s friend’s car that is not raised. rear VW suspension is little function should be understood. It understood and more is more than just ordering the most FACT: Every suspension rides at its costly parts, assembling them, and greatest potential when it is riding often misunderstood. blowing away the competition. Yet within the parameters that it was suspensions are not a mystery and designed for. This means that facto- they certainly are not rocket science. ry suspensions perform the greatest The truth is that they are simply and when the ride at factory height and easily understood if they are ex- the geometry is not tampered with. -
Clay Modeling, Human Engineering and Aerodynamics in Passenger Car
^ 03 CLAY MODELING, HU>L\N ENGINEERING AND AERODYNAMICS IN PASSENGER CAR BODY DESIGN /^? by AJITKUMAR CHANDRAICANT KAPADIA B.E. (M.E.)> Maharaja Sayajirao University Baroda, India, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Industrial Engineering KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1965 Appro/^ed by: 6 |9^5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ^P' INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE 3 MODELING OF PASSENGER G\RS 4 Sketches 4 Clay Models 5 APPLICATION OF HUMAN ENGINEERING / Design of Seat and Its Relative Position / 7 Design of Controls and Displays 28 AERODYNAMIC TESTING OF PASSENGER CARS 37 Aerodynamic Drag 40 Internal Flow Requirements 44 External flow pattern 45 Aerodynamic Noise 45 SU14MARY 47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 50 REFERENCES 51 INTRODUCTION The history of the American automobile began when Dureay's demonstrated his first car in 1893. Horse-carts and chariots were the main vehicles up through the 19th century, but men dreamt of self-propelled highway vehicles. The invention of the internal combustion engine, with its compact size as compared to that of the steam engine helped realize this dream. These self-propelled automobiles were so novel to people that the engi- neers did not worry much about their shape and size. They mainly consisted of the engine and its components, wheels, and a seat on top with a steering device. Later, this seat was replaced by a carriage to accommodate more persons. These early cars were quite high mounted on the axles with open engine, that is, without any hood to cover the engine. -
Brake Adjuster's Handbook
STATE OF CALIFORNIA HANDBOOK FOR BRAKE ADJUSTERS May 2015 BUREAU OF AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR BRAKE ADJUSTERS’ HANDBOOK FOREWORD This Handbook is intended to serve as a reference for Official Brake Adjusting Stations and as study material for licensed brake adjusters and persons desiring to be licensed as adjusters. See the applicable Candidate Handbook for further information. This handbook includes a short history of the development of automotive braking equipment, and the procedures for licensing of Official Brake Adjusting Stations and Official Brake Adjusters. In addition to the information contained in this Handbook, persons desiring to be licensed as adjusters must possess a knowledge of vehicle braking systems, adjustment techniques and repair procedures sufficient to ensure that all work is performed correctly and with due regard for the safety of the motoring public. This handbook will not supply all the information needed to pass a licensing exam. No attempt has been made to relate the information contained herein to the specific design of a particular manufacturer. Accordingly, each official brake station must maintain as references the current service manuals and technical instructions appropriate to the types and designs of brake systems serviced, inspected and repaired by the brake station. Installation, repair and adjustment of motor vehicle brake equipment shall be performed in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and the current instructions and specifications of the manufacturer. Periodically, supplemental bulletins may be distributed by the Bureau of Automotive Repair (BAR or Bureau) containing information regarding changes in laws, regulations or technical procedures concerning the inspection, servicing, repair and adjustment of vehicle braking equipment. -
Set Toe Properly
SET TOE PROPERLY You will get better more consistent results adjusting your toe in settings if you go the extra mile to eliminate variables. You must first decide which technique that you plan to use to take the measurements. Each technique offers different benefits and drawbacks. The methods discussed here will be the Toe Plate method, Toe Bar Method and Tire Scribe Method. If you understand each toe setting technique you will be assured of repeatable results. Before you begin taking measurements you must insure that the car is race ready. Ride heights set, weight percentages correct, driver weight accounted for, bump steer set, camber and caster set, Ackerman set, air pressure set, stagger correct....you get the idea. You should also inspect the steering components and replace any that are worn or bent. Center up the steering before you begin. Center the drag link or rack so that the inner control pivots and inner tie rods are centered to each other. Tie rod lengths should be adjusted to match you lower control points if possible. String the right side of the car to line up the right front to the right rear. By lining up the right side and starting with the right front in line with the right rear you will eliminate any Ackerman effect that is in the car. If the wheels are turned away from straight when you take your toe measurement the Ackerman effect can add toe out that will not be present when the wheels are straight ahead. Take the time to string the right side and you will get more precise results. -
Chassis Tuning 101 Matt Murphy’S Dirt Oval Chassis Tuning Guide
Chassis Tuning 101 Matt Murphy’s Dirt Oval Chassis Tuning Guide PREFACE Over the last 17 years of my life, I have raced Dirt Oval all over the United States, on foam tires and rubber, hard packed and loose dirt. I have learned a lot about chassis setup on many different track surfaces with many different types of cars. Much of what I have learned is from trial and error, and quite a bit I have learned from doing plain old research on race car chassis dynamics. My goal now is to take what I have learned, and share it with you, but I want to do so in the simplest, easiest to understand manner that I possibly can. I certainly do not know everything, and I am not always right, however I can say that it is rare that I work on a particular chassis setup, and do not find improvement with each adjustment. My theories are just that, and are intended only to help you better enjoy your RC race cars, no matter which make and model you choose. Some things I pay much more attention to than others when it comes to chassis setup, but please understand there is no right or wrong, there is simply what works best for YOU! INDEX: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Dirt Oval Chassis Setup Chapter 2 - Tires Chapter 3 - Springs, Shocks, and Chassis Height Chapter 4 - Toe, Camber, Caster, and Wheel Spacing Chapter 5 - Droop Chapter 6 - Camber Links and Roll Centers Chapter 7 - Wheelbase, Kickup, and Squat Chapter 8 - Sway Bars Chapter 9 - Transmissions and Drive Train Page 1 of 21 Chapter 1: Introduction to Dirt Oval Chassis Setup: Chassis Setup is the most important factor in having a fast Dirt Oval car. -
Vehicle Pull, Steering Wheel Off Center, and Alignment Best Practices
T-SB-0063-20 June 23, 2020 Vehicle Pull, Steering Wheel Off Center, and Alignment Best Practices Service Category Suspension Section Alignment/Handling Diagnoses Market USA Applicability YEAR(S) MODEL(S) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 2002 - 2021 4Rrunner, 4Runner, 86, Avalon, Avalon HV, Avanza, C-HR, Camry, Camry HV, Celica, Corolla, Corolla BR- Prod, Corolla Hatchback, Corolla HV, Echo, FJ Cruiser, Hiace, Highlander, Highlander HV, Hilux, iA, iM, Land Cruiser, Matrix, Mirai, Mirai (Canada), MR2 Spyder, Prius, Prius C, Prius PHV, Prius Prime, Prius V, RAV4, RAV4 EV, RAV4 HV, RAV4 Prime, Sequoia, Sienna, Solara, Supra, Tacoma, Tundra, Venza, Yaris, Yaris HB MEX-Prod, Yaris R, Yaris SD MEX- Prod, Yaris THAI-Prod SUPERSESSION NOTICE The information contained in this bulletin supersedes Service Bulletin Nos. ST005-01, SU001-08, and T-SB-0391-08. The aforementioned bulletins are obsolete, and any printed versions should be discarded. Be sure to review the entire content of this service bulletin before proceeding. Introduction This Service Bulletin provides best practice procedures for vehicle pulling complaint, diagnosis, and repair for 2002 – 2021 model year Toyota vehicles. This information supplements Repair Manual procedures when the symptoms are: Vehicle Pulling: The vehicle moves to the right or left when the driver holds the steering wheel while driving straight ahead without exerting steering effort. Steering Wheel Off Center: The vehicle travels straight, but the steering wheel is not pointed straight ahead. The vehicle is not pulling. © 2020 Toyota Motor Sales, USA Page 1 of 23 T-SB-0063-20 June 23, 2020 Page 2 of 23 Vehicle Pull, Steering Wheel Off Center, and Alignment Best Practices Introduction (continued) Before repairing a vehicle pulling to one side, it is necessary to clearly identify the cause of the pulling condition. -
The Chassis of the Future: Schaeffler Symposium
392 393 The Chassis of the Future N O D H I O E A S M I O U E N L O A N G A D F J G I O J E R U I N K O P J E W L S P N Z A D F T O I E O H O I O O A N G A D F J G I O J E R U I N K O P O A N G A D F J G I O J E R O I E U G I A F E D O N G I U A M U H I O G D N O I E R N G M D S A U K Z Q I N K J S L O G D W O I A D U I G I R Z H I O G D N O I E R N G M D S A U K N M H I O G D N O I E R N G U D N O D H I O E A S M I O U E N L R B E F B A F V N K F N K R E W S P L O C Y Q D M F E F B S A T B G P D R D D L R A E F B A F V N K F N K R E W S P D L R N E F B A F V N K F N U D O I E U G I A F E D O N G I U A D B E U B A F V N K F N K R E W S P L O C Y Q D M F E F B S A T B G P D B D D L R B E Z B A F V R K F N K R E W S P Z L R B E O B A F V N K F N P O W R W Z T W H N E D K U N W P O N C A L V I K Z T W H N B N D S A U K Z Q I N K J S L W O I E P MarkusN N B BaeumlA U A H I O G D N P I E R N G M D S A U K Z Q H I O G D N W I E R N G M D A M U D M P B D B H M G R X B D P B O G D N O I P R N G M D S A U K Z Q I N K J S L W O Q T V I E P FlorinN Z R DobreA U A H I R G D N O I Q R N G M D S A U K Z Q H I O G D N O I Y R N G M D E K A A T R U A D D O N G I U A R N N E S W L N C A W Z Y K F E Q L O P N G S A Y B G D S W L Z U K HaraldO G I HochmuthK C K P M N E S W L N C U W Z Y K F E Q L O P P M N E S W L N C T W Z Y K M O A M O E U A I D U N G E U A R N V U S G R V L G R A K G E C L Z E M S A C I T P M O S G R U C Z ManfredG Z M O KrausQ O D N V U S G R V L G R M K G E C L Z E M D N V U S G R V L G R X K G T N E K J I C O N N E C T I V I T Y O -
Rene Herse Centerpull Brakes
Warranty We warrant Rene Herse brakes against de- fects in materials and workmanship for ten Centerpull Brake years after the original purchase, for the Instructions orginal purchaser. If the product is found de- - Version 2020_07_01 fective by Rene Herse Cycles, we will replace or repair it. If you feel that a product is defec- tive, please contact us for a Return Authoriza- tion. This warranty does not cover: • Damage due to improper assembly. • Crash or impact damage. • Wear of pivot bushings or brake pads. • Changes in color due to normal oxidation. • Indirect damage to the bicycle. Rene Herse Cycles 2442 NW Market St. #426 Seattle, WA 98107, USA www.renehersecycles.com IMPORTANT SAFETY CHECKS MAINTENANCE Failure to perform these important safety checks can • Use a car wax to protect the polished finish of your result in accidents and injuries. brake arms and bolts. • Brake arms are made from corrosion-resistant 6066 Safety Check 1 aluminum and not anodized. They can be re-polished if • Before every ride, pull hard on both brake levers to make the finish gets dull. sure your brakes work properly. • Hardware and springs are made from CrMo steel. • Don’t forget to hook up the straddle cable after removing Chrome-plating protects these parts from corrosion. a wheel. Injury risk! Wax offers further protection and maintains the shine. Safety Check 2 • Periodically check that all bolts remain tight. • As your brake pads wear, they will touch the rim in a higher spot. Eventually, they can abrade the tire and COMPATIBILITY cause a blowout. Injury risk! • Tire clearance: • Every 500 km (300 miles), check that the brake pads are - 58 mm (no fenders) hitting the rim squarely. -
A Novel Chassis Concept for Power Steering Systems Driven by Wheel Individual Torque at the Front Axle M
25th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology 2016 1 A Novel Chassis Concept For Power Steering Systems Driven By Wheel Individual Torque At The Front Axle M. Sc. Philipp Kautzmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany M. Sc. Jürgen Römer Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany Dr.-Ing. Michael Frey Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Dr.-Ing. Marcel Ph. Mayer Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany Summary The project "Intelligent Assisted Steering System with Optimum Energy Efficiency for Electric Vehicles (e²-Lenk)" focuses on a novel assisted steering concept for electric vehicles. We analysed different suspensions to use with this innovative power steering concept driven by wheel individual drive torque at the front axle. Our investigations show the potential even for conventional suspensions but reveal the limitations of standard chassis design. Optimized suspension parameters are needed to generate steering torque efficiently. Requirements arise from emergency braking, electronic stability control systems and the potential of the suspension for the use with our steering system. In lever arm design a trade-off between disturbing and utilizable forces occurs. We present a new design space for a novel chassis layout and discuss a first suspension design proposal with inboard motors, a small scrub radius and a big disturbance force lever arm. 1 Introduction Electric vehicles are a promising opportunity to reduce local greenhouse gas emissions in transport and increase overall energy efficiency, as electric drivetrain vehicles operate more efficiently compared to conventionally motorized vehicles. The internal combustion engine of common vehicles not only accelerates the vehicle, but also supplies energy to on-board auxiliary systems, such as power-assisted steering, which reduces the driver’s effort at the steering wheel.