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Stefan Dienst a Grammar of Kulina Mouton Grammar Library Stefan Dienst A Grammar of Kulina Mouton Grammar Library Edited by Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Matthew Dryer Patience L. Epps Volume 66 Stefan Dienst A Grammar of Kulina ISBN 978-3-11-033968-0 e-ISBN 978-3-11-034191-1 ISSN 0933-7636 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago-TEX-Production GmbH, Berlin Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements First and foremost, I wish to thank the people of Santa Júlia, who welcomed me to their village and provided me with a home for the duration of my visits. My main con- sultants Ikobo and Sabino, the untiring narrator Vicente and many others from Santa Júlia and other villages generously shared with me their knowledge and patiently tried to figure out the meaning of all my questions. I am grateful to the members of the Conselho Indigenista Missionário (CIMI) in Rio Branco and Manuel Urbano, especially Rodrigo Domingues, for introducing me to the people of Santa Júlia and for having been most helpful during all my field trips to Acre. Ruth Monserrat provided me with the name of Éden Magalhães, the then head of CIMI Ocidental in Rio Branco, my first contact in Acre, paving the way for my field- work on the Purus river. Frank Tiss sent me a copy of his Kulina grammar as soon as it was published, providing me with a new perspective after I had completed the first draft of my work. Lucy Seki sponsored my application for a Brazilian research permit and welcomed me to her home in Campinas on my way to and from the field on various occasions. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald’s advice was crucial for getting my research in Brazil started. As my second supervisor, she gave incisive comments after reading the final draft of my thesis in less time than could reasonably be expected, allowing me to keep to my pressing time schedule. My principal supervisor, R. M. W. Dixon, encouraged me to work on Kulina, which turned out to be a felicitous choice. He wholeheartedly supported my research and oversaw it in a most insightful manner. Scholarships from the Commonwealth of Australia and La Trobe University pro- vided the financial basis for my research. Two field trips to Brazil were financed by the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology at La Trobe University. After completion of my thesis, I received numerous comments from Cindy and Jim Boyer, which contributed significantly to the improvements in this revised edition. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/26/15 10:58 PM Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/26/15 10:58 PM Table of contents Acknowledgements | v Abbreviations, symbols and conventions | xvii Abbreviations | xvii Symbols | xix Conventions | xix Summary | xxi 1 Introduction | 1 1.1 Population and geographic location | 1 1.2 The name Kulina | 2 1.3 The Alto Rio Purus | 3 1.4 The Kulina language and the Arawan language family | 4 1.5 Features of the language | 5 1.5.1 Phonology | 5 1.5.2 Word classes | 6 1.5.3 Gender, noun class and possession | 7 1.5.4 Morphology | 7 1.5.5 Syntax | 7 1.6 Dialect variation | 8 1.6.1 Purus and Envira | 8 1.6.2 Juruá | 9 1.6.3 Jutaí | 10 1.7 Previous work on the Kulina language and its speakers | 10 1.7.1 General grammatical descriptions | 10 1.7.2 Specific grammatical and phonological topics | 11 1.7.3 Dictionaries and wordlists | 12 1.7.4 Historical linguistics and language contact | 12 1.7.5 Pan-Amazonian forms | 12 1.7.6 Texts | 13 1.7.7 Anthropological literature | 13 1.8 Materials for the present study | 13 1.8.1 Kulina | 13 1.8.2 Other languages | 15 1.9 Spelling | 15 2 Phonetics and phonology | 19 2.1 Vowels | 19 2.1.1 Inventory and realisations | 19 viii Table of contents 2.1.2 Long vowels | 19 2.1.3 Diphthongs | 20 2.2 Consonants | 23 2.2.1 Inventory and realisations | 23 2.2.2 Phoneme /s/ | 25 2.2.3 Phoneme /r/ | 25 2.2.4 Glottal stop | 26 2.3 Syllables | 27 2.4 Stress | 28 2.5 /w/ and /o/ | 29 2.6 Morphophonemic processes | 33 2.6.1 Fusion | 34 2.6.2 Assimilation | 35 2.6.3 Apophony | 38 2.6.4 Elision | 39 2.6.5 Lenition of /k/ | 41 2.6.6 Combination of morphophonemic processes | 42 2.7 Phonotactics of obstruents | 43 2.8 Phonology of word classes | 46 2.9 Phonology of ‘yes’ | 47 2.10 Phonologically exceptional words | 47 2.10.1 Onomatopoeia | 48 2.10.2 Loans | 48 3 Nouns | 51 3.1 Free nouns | 51 3.1.1 Non-singular marking | 52 3.1.2 Common nouns | 53 3.1.3 Proper nouns | 53 3.2 Kinship nouns | 53 3.2.1 Possession of grammatical kinship nouns | 55 3.2.2 Lexical forms | 56 3.2.3 ‘Son’ and ‘daughter’ in the Juruá dialect | 59 3.3 Inalienably possessed nouns | 60 3.3.1 Semantics | 60 3.3.2 Gender marking and derivation | 61 3.4 Change of lexical subcategory | 69 3.5 Gender and noun class | 70 3.5.1 Gender | 71 3.5.2 Ka-class | 85 3.5.3 Comparison of gender and noun class | 91 Table of contents ix 3.6 Complex nouns | 92 3.6.1 Adjectives as modifiers | 92 3.6.2 Stative verbs as modifiers | 93 3.6.3 Modifying possessed noun plus stative verb | 94 3.6.4 Idiosyncratic modifiers | 94 4 Dynamic verbs | 95 4.1 Verbal morphology and the structure of the predicate | 95 4.1.1 Inflection types | 95 4.1.2 Affixation | 97 4.1.3 Secondary verb | 98 4.2 Morphology of main verbs and auxiliaries | 99 4.2.1 Agreement markers | 99 4.2.2 Tense, mood, modality, evidentiality (slots N and O) | 108 4.2.3 Directional affixes | 118 4.2.4 Aktionsart | 123 4.2.5 Negation (slot L) | 126 4.2.6 Valency change | 127 4.3 Secondary verb hika- | 131 4.4 Interrogative | 132 4.5 Suppletive verbs | 133 4.6 Infinitive | 136 4.7 Participle | 136 4.8 Quantifying verbs | 137 5 Stative verbs | 141 5.1 Stative verbs with auxiliary na- | 141 5.1.1 Plural marking | 143 5.1.2 Dual marking | 143 5.1.3 Intensifier bote | 144 5.2 Inflecting stative verbs | 144 5.2.1 Colour verbs | 144 5.2.2 Bika ‘good’ | 147 5.3 Stative verbs with auxiliary hira- | 148 5.3.1 Plural marking | 150 5.3.2 Dual marking | 150 5.3.3 Intensifier bote | 151 5.4 Attributive use of stative verbs | 151 5.4.1 Inflecting stative verbs | 151 5.4.2 Non-inflecting stative verbs | 151 5.5 Negative suffix -↑ra | 152 x Table of contents 5.6 Complement-taking stative verbs | 153 5.6.1 Akho ‘stingy’ and akhora ‘generous’ | 153 5.6.2 Dishera ‘like’ and hipa ‘want; like’ | 154 5.6.3 Naato ‘know’ and shamo ‘not know’ | 155 5.6.4 Zokhe ‘successful at hunting or fishing’ and more ‘unsuccessful at hunting or fishing’ | 156 5.7 Conversion | 156 5.7.1 Conversion of stative verbs into dynamic verbs | 156 5.7.2 Conversion of dynamic verbs into stative verbs | 158 5.8 Distinguishing stative and dynamic verbs | 159 6 Adjectives | 163 6.1 Members of the adjective class | 163 6.1.1 Primary adjectives | 163 6.1.2 Secondary adjectives | 165 6.2 Adjectives as modifiers | 166 6.3 Adjectives as heads of noun phrases and modifiers of headless noun phrases | 166 6.4 Adjectives as complements of copula clauses and verbless clauses | 167 6.4.1 Primary adjectives | 167 6.4.2 Secondary adjectives | 168 6.5 Agreement with first and second person subjects | 169 6.6 Combination of adjectives | 170 6.7 Distinguishing adjectives and stative verbs | 170 6.8 Summary | 171 7 Other word classes | 173 7.1 Pronouns | 173 7.1.1 Personal pronouns | 173 7.1.2 Possessive pronouns | 178 7.2 Postpositions | 178 7.2.1 Form of the non-inflecting postpositions | 178 7.2.2 Form of the inflecting postpositions | 179 7.2.3 Function | 183 7.2.4 Further diachronic and dialectal considerations | 186 7.3 Deictic nouns and demonstratives | 187 7.3.1 Deictic nouns | 187 7.3.2 Demonstratives | 188 7.4 Interrogatives | 190 7.4.1 Content interrogatives | 190 7.4.2 Polar question marker | 193 Table of contents xi 7.5 Adverbs | 194 7.5.1 Sentential adverbs | 194 7.5.2 Verb-modifying adverbs | 195 7.5.3 Noun phrase-modifying adverb | 196 7.6 Quantifiers | 197 7.6.1 Numerals | 197 7.6.2 Other quantifiers | 197 7.7 Information structure markers and similar particles | 199 7.7.1 Topic marker | 199 7.7.2 Narrow focus marker | 201 7.7.3 Nako/naki ‘also’ and =ra ‘only’ | 202 7.8 Clause linkers | 203 7.8.1 Form | 203 7.8.2 Function | 203 7.8.3 Agreement | 204 7.9 Interjections | 206 7.10 Associative particle | 207 7.10.1 Form of associative modifiers | 207 7.10.2 Meaning of associative modifiers | 209 7.10.3 Complements marked by kha | 210 7.10.4 Adverbial use of kha | 211 7.10.5 Lexemes with kha | 211 7.10.6 Categorisation of kha by word class | 213 8 Possession | 215 8.1 Attributive possession | 215 8.1.1 Alienable possession | 215 8.1.2 Kinship possession | 217 8.1.3 Inalienable possession | 217 8.1.4 Covert possessee | 221 8.2 Predicative possession | 222 8.2.1 Definite possessee | 222 8.2.2 Indefinite possessee | 222 9 Noun phrases | 225 9.1 Syntactic functions | 225 9.2 Constituents of the noun phrase | 225 9.3 Discontinuous noun phrases | 228 9.4 Coordination and modification of modifiers | 228 xii Table of contents 10 Copula, verbless and existential clauses | 229 10.1 Copula clauses | 229 10.1.1 The copula | 229 10.1.2 Constituent order and agreement | 229 10.1.3 Function | 230
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