El Quipu Colonial
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Native Traditions in the Postconquest World
This is an extract from: Native Traditions in the Postconquest World Elizabeth Hill Boone and Tom Cummins, Editors Published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 1998 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html A Nation Surrounded A Nation Surrounded BRUCE MANNHEIM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Poetry is the plow tearing open and turning over time, so that the deep layers of time, its black under-soil, end up on the surface. Osip Mandelstam (1971: 50) N The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion (1991), I argued that the descendants of the Inkas, modern Southern Peruvian Quechua speak- Iers, are “a nation surrounded,” to use a phrase from the Peruvian novelist José María Arguedas (1968: 296), in two senses: first and more obviously, South- ern Peruvian Quechuas live in an institutional world mediated by the language of their conquerors, Spanish. The conquistadores brought along not only priests and interpreters but a public notary whose job it was to record the legal proto- cols of conquest. From that moment on, native Andeans became the objects of encompassing discourses that have not only shaped colonial and national poli- cies toward the native peoples but, in the legal and commercial arenas, also determined the fates of individual households and communities. For example, the judicial proceedings through which native lands passed into the possession of Spanish colonists were held in Spanish, and the archives are rife with cases in which even the notices of the proceedings were served on native Andean com- munities in Spanish. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
La Cosmología En El Dibujo Del Altar Del Quri Kancha Según Don Joan
La cosmología en el dibujo del altar del Quri Kancha según don Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salca Maygua Rita Fink Se suele adscribir al dibujo del altar de Quri Kancha una estructura bipartita (dos campos separados por un eje vertical), la cual refleja la oposición andina de hanan-hurin o alternativamente la simetría de los altares eclesiásticos. El presente trabajo identifica los elementos del dibujo y analiza las parejas que ellos componen, examinando el simbolismo de cada una de ellas y las interrelaciones de sus componentes en varias fuentes de los siglos XVI-XX. El mundo dibujado está organizado según el principio andino de hanan-hurin aplicado en dos dimensiones, la horizontal y la vertical. Dos ejes, hanan y hurin, dividen el espacio en cuatro campos distintos. Los campos inferiores están organizados de manera inversa con respecto al espacio superior. Semejantes estructuras cuatripartitas se encuentran en otras representaciones espacio-temporales andinas. The structure of the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar has been described as dual, reflecting either the Andean hanan-hurin complementarity or the symmetry of Christian church altars. Present study identifies the elements presented in the drawing and analyses the couples which they comprise, demonstrating the symbolism of each couple and the hanan-hurin relations within them, as evident in XVI-XX century sources. The world presented in the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar is organized according to the Andean hanan-hurin principle applied on two-dimensional scale (horizontal and vertical). Two axes - hanan and hurin - divide the space into 4 distinct fields. The lower fields are inverted relative to the hanan space above. -
DICCIONARIO BILINGÜE, Iskay Simipi Yuyayk'ancha
DICCIONARIO BILINGÜE Iskay simipi yuyayk’ancha Quechua – Castellano Castellano – Quechua Teofilo Laime Ajacopa Segunda edición mejorada1 Ñawpa yanapaqkuna: Efraín Cazazola Félix Layme Pairumani Juk ñiqi p’anqata ñawirispa allinchaq: Pedro Plaza Martínez La Paz - Bolivia Enero, 2007 1 Ésta es la version preliminar de la segunda edición. Su mejoramiento todavía está en curso, realizando inclusión de otros detalles lexicográficos y su revisión. 1 DICCIONARIO BILINGÜE CONTENIDO Presentación por Xavier Albo 2 Introducción 5 Diccionarios quechuas 5 Este diccionario 5 Breve historia del alfabeto 6 Posiciones de consonantes en el plano fonológico del quechua 7 Las vocales quechuas y aimaras 7 Para terminar 8 Bibliografía 8 Nota sobre la normalización de las entradas léxicas 9 Abreviaturas y símbolos usados 9 Diccionario quechua - castellano 10 A 10 KH 47 P 75 S 104 CH 18 K' 50 PH 81 T 112 CHH 24 L 55 P' 84 TH 117 CH' 26 LL 57 Q 86 T' 119 I 31 M 62 QH 91 U 123 J 34 N 72 Q' 96 W 127 K 41 Ñ 73 R 99 Y 137 Sufijos quechuas 142 Diccionario castellano - quechua 145 A 145 I 181 O 191 V 208 B 154 J 183 P 193 W 209 C 156 K 184 Q 197 X 210 D 164 L 184 R 198 Y 210 E 169 LL 186 RR 202 Z 211 F 175 M 187 S 202 G 177 N 190 T 205 H 179 Ñ 191 U 207 Sufijos quechuas 213 Bibliografía 215 Datos biográficos del autor 215 LICENCIA Se puede copiar y distribuir este libro bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-LicenciarIgual 2.5 con atribución a Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Efraín Cazazola, Félix Layme Pairumani y Pedro Plaza Martínez. -
Assemblages of Bird and Mammal Communities in Two Major Ecological Units of the Andean Highland Plateau of Southern Peru
Ecología Aplicada, 6(1,2), 2007 Presentado: 05/07/2007 ISSN 1726-2216 Aceptado: 08/12/2007 Depósito legal 2002-5474 © Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima – Perú. ASSEMBLAGES OF BIRD AND MAMMAL COMMUNITIES IN TWO MAJOR ECOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE ANDEAN HIGHLAND PLATEAU OF SOUTHERN PERU ESTRUCTURA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE AVES Y MAMÍFEROS EN DOS UNIDADES ECOLÓGICAS DE LOS ANDES DEL SUR DEL PERÚ Oswaldo Ramirez1, Margarita Arana1, Enrique Bazán1, Angel Ramirez2 y Asunción Cano2 Abstract Grasslands in the Andean highlands plateau of southern Peru have been considered as a single and homogeneous dry habitat also known as Puna. However, in some regions, a highest rainfall regimen is found, and the name of wet puna has begun to be used by some authors. Since no studies have been carrying out specifically to test if dry and wet puna are different ecological units, we chose two representative localities of each one of these habitat to evaluate assemblages of bird and mammal communities and their continuity or independence between these apparently similar habitats. Our results suggest that wet puna has different mammal diversity than dry puna, and a heterogeneous bird community with species that have been previously reported exclusively in paramo or exclusively in puna. In spite of the apparent uniform flora in the Andean highlands of South Peru, data suggest that rainfall regimens produce a mosaic of habitats that will be determining ecological barriers for terrestrial mammals, in particular for small mammals. Key words: Andean grasslands, Andean plateau, Cuzco, Oriental Cordillera, paramo, puna, Puno. Resumen Los Pajonales de los Andes del sur del Perú, también conocidos como Puna, son considerados como hábitats homogéneos y secos. -
Las Implicaciones Socioculturales De La Organización Dual Del Territorio En El Pueblo Quechua De Colcabamba
69 SANQU Y MARAS: LAS IMPLICACIONES SOCIOCULTURALES DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN DUAL DEL TERRITORIO EN EL PUEBLO QUECHUA DE COLCABAMBA NÉSTOR GODOFREDO TAIPE CAMPOS Introducción Al mirar a la iglesia desde la parte baja de la plaza de Colcabamba (en Tayacaja, Huancavelica), la encontramos ubicada exactamente en la mitad superior del parque1. Inclusive hay una cruz en el centro del ángulo superior del frontis, entre las dos torres del templo construido en 1610 (ver ilustración 1). Ilustración 1. Plaza de Colcabamba (Foto: Néstor Taipe, 2017). Este punto medianero marca la división en dos mitades o parcialidades a la villa capital del distrito y, principalmente, a la Comunidad Campesina de Colcabamba2. Una ex autoridad comunal y líder gremial, declaró que: 1 Lo que no ocurre con muchas iglesias, sólo por mencionar algunas, son diferentes las ubicaciones de la Catedral San Antonio de Huancavelica, la Basílica Santa María de Ayacucho, la Iglesia Matriz de Santa Fe de Jauja y la Basílica Catedral de Huancayo. 2 Colcabamba es un distrito, un centro poblado capital del distrito y una comunidad campesina. 70 PERSPECTIVAS LATINOAMERICANAS NÚMERO 14, 2017 N. GODOFREDO: SANQU Y MARAS “La mitad de la iglesia, la mitad del pino, la mitad de la plaza y toda la línea imaginaria RAÍZ FORMA SIGNIFICADO SINÓNIMO FUENTE 3 hacia el este es Sanco [Sanqu] y hacia el oeste es Maras” . Unquy Qolca Pléyades. AMLQ, 2005 quyllurkuna Unquy Laime y otros, ¿Cuáles son los significados Colcabamba, Sanqu y Maras? ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones Qullqa Pléyades. sociales y culturales de esta organización dual del territorio en Colcabamba? Estas son las quyllurkuna 2007 Acosta, interrogantes que pretendo responder. -
Robert Barker
Robert Barker An Analysis of the Creation of Chronology and Genealogy of the Inca Dynasty in a Selection of Early Peruvian Chronicles Robert Barker Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies University College London 1 Robert Barker Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Chapter 1: J.H. Rowe‘s Chronological Hypothesis and his Legacy 7 Chapter 2: Reviewing the Textual Evidence: A New Look at the Early Peruvian Chroniclers 44 Chapter 3: Alternative Methodologies: From Ethno-history to Archaeology 96 Chapter 4: The ‗Lost‘ Incas: A New Hypothesis 133 Summary Conclusion 174 Glossary 177 Bibliography 180 2 Robert Barker Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has helped and encouraged me to complete this thesis. In particular, I would like to specially mention my supervisors Professor Stephen Hart and Dr José Oliver who patiently and expectantly encouraged and guided me to the completion of this work. Professor Jason Wilson who from the very beginning encouraged me to do this PhD, as well as Dr David Henn without whose help and advice I would probably have been forced to leave this work unfinished. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the Graduate School who organised many courses, which assisted me in the organisation, research, planning and writing of this thesis as well as providing financial help for a field trip to Peru. Furthermore, the time spent and advice given on how to tackle this difficult project by Professor Makowski of the La Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fransisco Hernández of the same university and Dr Alfredo Valencia of the San Antonio de Abad Universidad del Cuzco, and César Astuhuaman from University College London, Simon Luff, Richard Slack, and Simon Williams, friends and colleagues who made several suggestions and comments which are included in this thesis. -
Ethnic Denomination and the Aymaran Language Family
chapter 1 Ethnic Denomination and the Aymaran Language Family The ethnonym “Aymara” may be ultimately derived from the name of some group occupying the southern part of what is now the Quechua speaking area of Apurimac (Adelaar with Muysken, 2004:259). Nonetheless, the usage of the word “Aymara” as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguel’s report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term aymaraes to refer to the people. The language was then called Colla. It is widely believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However, Cerrón-Palomino disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact Pukina speakers, who were the rulers of the Tiwanaku kingdom in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that the linguistically-diverse area ruled by the Pukina came to adopt Aymara languages in their southern region. In any case, the use of “Aymara” to refer to the language may have first occurred in the writings of the lawyer, magistrate and tax collector in Potosi and Cuzco, Juan Polo de Ondegardo. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the following two centuries, was very interested in Inca civilization and, in 1559, wrote a report entitled ‘On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests’ in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire.1 It took over another century for this usage of “Aymara” in reference to the language spoken by the Aymara people to become general use (Briggs, 1976:14). -
La Reconstitución De La Nación Sora: Propuesta Para La Refundación Del País Ayllus De Cochabamba “Bolivia Se Fundó Sobre
La Reconstitución de la Nación Sora: propuesta para la refundación del país Ayllus de Cochabamba “Bolivia se fundó sobre la injusticia. La Constitución Política de 1826 excluyó al noventa por ciento de sus habitantes, y Bolivia siguió siendo dependiente, sometida, su territorio fue descuartizado y sus riquezas sirvieron para el disfrute de una pequeña elite aliada a los intereses extranjeros. Ahora por primera vez, las mayorías nacionales son protagonistas de su historia. Este es un año de cambio, el Pachakuti, el Jach’a uru están llegando con nuestra Revolución Democrática y Cultural. La Asamblea Constituyente debe servir para que los pobres de las ciudades, los indígenas, los obreros, los campesinos, los oprimidos y los excluidos de siempre, las clases medias, los intelectuales, los policías, militares y empresarios patriotas podamos refundar nuestra Bolivia” (Evo Morales Ayma, Presidente Constitucional de la República de Bolivia, mayo 2006) La historia de los ayllus en lo que hoy es el departamento de Cochabamba es la historia de la colonización. La exaltación de una supuesta identidad mestiza, producto de la mezcla entre los contingentes invasores españoles y los pueblos nativos asentados en los valles de la antigua Qhuchapampa, ha servido para encubrir un sistemático proceso de negación de la cultura, lengua, identidad, derechos y territorio de ayllus, markas y suyus. Fue la institucionalidad del ayllu que permitió enfrentar exitosamente a la colonización. El gobierno de sus mallkus, como fue el caso de Don Marcos Mamani, cacique de Kirkiyawi, frenó la expansión del latifundio. Desde el bastión de Kirkiyawi los ayllus procedieron a desplegar una acción de reconstitución que ha conllevado el cumplimiento de la vieja máxima qhip ñawi , que se ha expresado en un esfuerzo de reconstitución de la memoria y la identidad histórica. -
Late-Horizon Packaging: the Inca, Aribalos, and Packaging Functions
LATE-HORIZON PACKAGING: THE INCA, ARIBALOS, AND PACKAGING FUNCTIONS By Zachary Eben Frenzel A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Packaging – Master of Science 2017 ABSTRACT LATE-HORIZON PACKAGING: THE INCA, ARIBALOS, AND PACKAGING FUNCTIONS By Zachary Eben Frenzel Historically, publications in the field of packaging science have relied on Western supply chains and their use of wheel, boat and market driven exchange to analyze packaging. To provide additional perspective, an in-depth study of the Late-Horizon Andes Mountains and the Inca Empire (roughly 1438 to 1533 AD), the region’s dominant power during this time, was performed because it lacked substantial wheel, boat and market driven exchange while still engaging extensively in the movement of goods. Chapter 2 provides a comparison of native packaging before and after Spanish influence in the region, establishing evidence that shifts in packaging are observable with changes in culture. Chapter 3 uses packaging attribute models and packaging value chain analysis to interpret the impact of a package type, aríbalos, on the Late Horizon Andes, and demonstrate packaging’s impact across cultures. Chapter 4 presents a closer examination of aríbalos providing data that the design of aríbalos were engineered for user comfort and modeling their mass and circumference. The research indicates the Inca Empire’s packaging solutions were optimized to reduce economic costs of packaging construction while increasing efficiency in transportation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The creation of the following research is the result of years of education, assistance, and patience of those who I have been fortunate enough to have been supported by. -
In the Realm of the Four Quarters 8
In the Realm of the Four Quarters 8 ALAN KOLAT A IN THE FALL oF I 4 9 2, as the fleet of Christopher Columbus approached landfall in the Caribbean, far to the southwest a native lord of the Andes was preparing to take dominion over the largest empire ever forged in the Ameri cas. In that year, the Inca Huayna Capac, the last independent heir to are markable Andean social tradition grounded in aggressive religious and cultural proselytism, found himself on the verge of coronation as the supreme lord of a domain of startling proportions. The Incas' name for their empire reflected their own belief that they had conquered the Andean world: Tawantinsuyu, the Realm of the Four Quarters. The lands of this realm incorporated a dazzling and sharply juxtaposed se ries of physical landscapes that ranged over the territories of five modern An dean republics: Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Ecuador. The world of the Inca contained an astonishing array of radically different environmental zones, replete with brusque contrasts in climate, vegetation, topography, soil, and other more subtle biological and physical associations. The wild diversity of terrain, and therefore of ecological potential, repre sented a significant impediment to the achievement of regional political inte gration. Nevertheless, lncan armies were able to extend the power of their lords On New Year's Day, r613, an elderly Peruvian Christian named Don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ay;1la completed "A First New Chronicle on Good Government," and sent it off to the King of Spain. A large portion of this plea for imperial reform described life in the Andes prior to the Spanish conquest in 1532. -
Human Body Modification and Diversity in Tiwanaku Society
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236335974 Embodying Borders: Human Body Modification and Diversity in Tiwanaku Society Article in Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · March 2005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2004.10.001 CITATIONS READS 86 504 1 author: Deborah E Blom University of Vermont 26 PUBLICATIONS 560 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Tiwanaku Childhoods View project All content following this page was uploaded by Deborah E Blom on 07 June 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24 (2005) 1–24 www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Embodying borders: human body modification and diversity in Tiwanaku society Deborah E. Blom* Department of Anthropology, University of Vermont, Williams Hall 508, Burlington, VT 05405-0168, USA Received 4 March 2003; revision received 11 March 2004 Available online 1 February 2005 Abstract Building upon recent studies of settlement patterns and material cultural, this paper focuses on human body modifi- cation preserved in human bone as a complementary means of studying diversity in ancient societies. A review of ethno- historical sources in conjunction with a human osteological study of cranial shape modification offers original data regarding diversity in Tiwanaku society, which was situated in the southern Andes from ca. AD 500–1100. The study sam- ple includes 412 individuals from the site of Tiwanaku, surrounding sites in the Tiwanaku and Katari valleys, and Tiwa- naku-affiliated sites in the Moquegua valley of southern Peru. A distinct regional pattern is clear in the ways in which head form was modified.