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Avances En El Manejo Y Cons

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Avances En El Manejo Y Cons MINISTERIO DE VIVIENDA Y CONSTRUCCIÓN INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO - INADE. Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca – PELT. Dirección de Desarrollo Agrícola y Medio Ambiente. Consultoría “Sistematización de información en manejo y conservación del suri (Rhea pennata), desarrollado en el Centro de Rescate – Modulo Humajalso Tupala 2000-2006”. Diseño y Edición. Consultor: Blgo. Richard Wilberth Apaza Arpasi. Especialista en Ecología y Gestión de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente. Catedrático (p) de Etología en la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano – Puno. Con la colaboración de: Blgo José Luis Vilca Ticona. Blgo. Lisoy Ramos Huamanquispe. Blgo. Martha Canllahui Durán. Blgo.Darío Cruz Saraza. Puno – Perú. 2008. Dedicatoria: A todos aquellos quienes están plenamente convencidos que como humanos somos causantes de la crisis ambiental, y que a partir de ello, estamos comprometidos en la noble tarea de conservar el medio ambiente para las generaciones venideras. Considerando que dentro de ellos está Ud. estimado lector(a). Agradecimientos. Al Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca PELT, mediante la Dirección de Desarrollo Agrícola y Medio Ambiente, su Componente de Uso de Ecosistemas y la Meta “Recuperación y Manejo Integral del Suri (Rhea pennata)”, en las personas de: Ing. M.sc. Alberto Lescano Rivero. Director Ejecutivo del Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca – PELT. Ing. Cesar Díaz Zevallos. Director de Desarrollo Agrícola y Medio Ambiente. Ing. Luis Flores Cuba. Responsable del Componente de Conservación y Uso de Ecosistemas. Blgo. José Luis Vilca Ticona. Biólogo Residente del Centro de Rescate del Suri. Al personal del Centro de Rescate “Lupaca”, quienes contribuyeron con datos de campo en los diversos temas: Blgo José Luis Vilca Ticona (manejo integral). MVZ Dante Ramírez Castillo (manejo sanitario y reproductivo). Blgo. Omar Coaquira Monteagudo (aspectos etológicos). Ronal Mamani Tuco (aspectos etológicos- manejo reproductivo). Percy Cruz Condori (aspectos etológicos- manejo reproductivo). Mateo Arce Aduviri (aspectos etológicos). José Arce Aduviri (etología y manejo alimentario). Graciela Alanoca Pacoticona (manejo alimentario). Hugo Colque Choquecota (manejo alimentario). Toribio Arias Colque (manejo alimentario). Ceferino Félix Tuco Arua. (aspectos etológicos). Al Sr. Jorge Rafael Mamani Quispe, propietario del predio del Módulo Tupala, y todos quienes colaboraron en este documento. “AVANCES EN EL MANEJO Y CONSERVACION DEL SURI (Rhea pennata)” ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO Presentación Página Resumen Introducción. Capítulo I. Antecedentes. 1 1.1.- Del Proyecto. 1 1.2.- Del Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" para el Suri (Rhea pennata) 2 Antecedentes a la creación del Centro de Rescate “Lupaca” 5 Ubicación del Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" Criterios Locacionales para el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 8 Caracterización ambiental del Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 8 Instalaciones y equipamiento del Centro de Rescate "Lupaca". 10 1.3.- Características generales del suri (Rhea pennata). 16 Posición taxonómica 16 Hábitat del Suri 17 Distribución de Rhea pennata. 18 Tamaño poblacional 20 Estado de conservación del Suri. 22 Características biológicas de Rhea pennata. 23 Usos y aprovechamiento del Suri 32 Capítulo II. Resultados 34 2.1.- De la especie: El Suri (Rhea pennata). 34 2.1.1. En estado silvestre 34 Tamaño Poblacional. 34 Régimen alimentario en estado silvestre. 36 Etología en estado silvestre. 38 2.1.2. En cautiverio en el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 43 2.1.2.1. Biología del Suri (Rhea pennata). 43 Anatomía. 43 Sistema Tegumentario: Piel y Plumas del Suri. 43 Sistema Óseo: Esqueleto del Suri. 45 Sistema Muscular y articulaciones del Suri. 71 Sistema Digestivo del Suri. 72 Sistema Respiratorio del Suri. 74 Sistema Endocrino del Suri. 74 Sistema Reproductivo del Suri. 75 Sistema Sensorial del Suri (Rhea pennata). 76 Fisiología. Fisiología Digestiva Del Suri 76 Fisiología Reproductiva del Suri. 79 Homeostasis. 79 Etología del Suri en cautiverio. 80 Introducción 80 Metodología utilizada 81 Parámetros de Comportamiento en Rhea pennata en cautiverio. 83 Comportamientos orientados a la función de relación. 84 Adaptación al cautiverio. 84 Relación biológica: 85 Comportamiento intraespecífico - Comportamiento social: Gregarismo. 85 - Inactividad o descanso. 86 - De arreglo y bienestar. 87 - Locomoción. 88 - Comportamientos manipulativos. 89 - Los juegos 89 - Territorialidad. 89 - Comportamiento agonístico. 90 Comportamiento inter especifico. 90 - Territorialidad. 90 - Comportamiento agonístico. 91 - Interacción con fauna acompañante. 91 - Impregnación. 93 Relación ambiental. 94 - Complementación homeostática. 94 - Elección y uso de hábitat. 94 Comportamientos orientados a la función de nutrición. 95 - Búsqueda de alimento. 95 - Elección del alimento. 95 - Ingestión. 96 - Incorporación de agua al organismo. 96 - Digestión. 97 - Egestión. 97 Comportamientos orientados a la función de reproducción 97 - Consideraciones Generales. 97 - La madurez sexual 98 - Acto del cortejo y la elección de la pareja. 98 - La Cópula. 99 - Nidificación o construcción del nido. 100 - Postura. 101 - Incubación 102 - Eclosión 103 - Comportamiento epimelético o cuido parental. 103 2.1.2.2. Experiencias de Manejo técnico en el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 105 Manejo alimentario de Rhea pennata en el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 105 - Consideraciones generales 105 - Elección de alimento. 105 - Suministro de alimento (programa de alimentación) 109 - Evaluación de eficiencia nutricional. 113 - Criterios técnicos en el manejo alimentario del Suri. 117 Manejo reproductivo de Rhea pennata en el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca" 118 - Antecedentes 118 - Etapas del Manejo reproductivo del Suri 119 - Incubación artificial de huevos del Suri 124 - Logros de reproducción en cautiverio en el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca”. 128 - Crianza de polluelos. 130 Manejo sanitario en el Centro de Rescate "Lupaca". 135 - Consideraciones generales previas. 135 - Patología identificada en Rhea pennata en el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca”. 136 - Criterios de manejo sanitario del Suri en el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca”. 144 Educación Ambiental para la conservación del Suri 151 - Consideraciones generales previas. 151 - Actividades desarrolladas. 151 Presupuestos en el manejo técnico en el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca” 157 2.2.- Manejo integral del Suri (Rhea pennata) 159 Referencia bibliográfica. 169 Anexos. 172 Mapas Registros. Los ecosistemas andinos del altiplano peruano, presentan características singulares que hacen de ellos uno de los más importantes en el mundo. Las especies que allí habitan, reúnen las más grandes aptitudes de supervivir en condiciones de extrema adversidad: frio, heladas, intensa radiación solar, escaso oxígeno, entre otros. Una de las principales especies es el “Suri” (Rhea pennata), que se distribuye en el Sur de la Región Puno, con el transcurrir de los años, su población ha disminuido de forma alarmante, por ello fue considerada en Peligro Crítico (CR) mediante D.S. Nº 034-2004-AG, motivo por el cual se prohíbe su caza, captura, tenencia, transporte o exportación con fines comerciales. Las causas de su disminución poblacional son diversas, sin embargo, consideramos que todas ellas subyacen en los patrones socio culturales y comportamiento humano, orientado al uso de los recursos naturales y los servicios ambientales de manera irracional y desmedida. En este contexto, El Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca, muestra su interés hacia el Suri, por lo que viene haciendo esfuerzos denodados desde 1994 para recuperar esta especie, para lo cual se han implementado diversas estrategias. Una de ellas es la conservación ex situ, en sistemas de semicautiverio, como el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca” para el Suri (Rhea pennata), el mismo que desde el año 2000 dio inicio a la recuperación poblacional del Suri. A continuación ofrecemos el presente documento técnico como una síntesis de las experiencias - positivas y negativas - que se tuvieron entre los años 2000 a 2006 en el manejo y conservación del Suri en el Centro de Rescate “Lupaca”, como la primera iniciativa y experiencia en el Perú con una especie considerada en Peligro Critico. Significando ello la representación de todos los esfuerzos y los avances conseguidos a fin de evitar la extinción de este ave emblemática, como un irreemplazable legado de la naturaleza con enorme potencial para las futuras generaciones. INTRODUCCIÓN La pérdida de la biodiversidad es uno de los problemas ambientales globales más grave, y quizás la más aguda e irreversible. Muchas especies de animales y vegetales desaparecen a diario, extinguiéndose, y algunas hoy solo son recuerdos gráficos o textuales que nunca más podremos tenerlos con nosotros. La biodiversidad altoandina es muy singular, que igual que muchas especies de flora y fauna silvestre, se ven afectadas por la presión antrópica, alteración y fragmentación de hábitat, que alteran su población natural disminuyéndola cada vez más. El suri Rhea pennata, especie representativa de la zona altoandina, se encuentra en Peligro Crítico, por la caza indiscriminada, colecta de huevos y disminución de hábitat; por lo que urge el desarrollo de mecanismos que atenúen la presión sobre esta especie. El Proyecto Especial Binacional Lago Titicaca PELT, desde el 2000, viene ejecutando investigaciones sobre esta especie, tanto en hábitat natural como en cautiverio; para lo cual crea el Centro de Rescate “Humajalso”, implementada con infraestructura para la crianza de esta especie, con la finalidad de lograr su reproducción
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