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Pressure, Its Units of Measure and Pressure References
_______________ White Paper Pressure, Its Units of Measure and Pressure References Viatran Phone: 1‐716‐629‐3800 3829 Forest Parkway Fax: 1‐716‐693‐9162 Suite 500 [email protected] Wheatfield, NY 14120 www.viatran.com This technical note is a summary reference on the nature of pressure, some common units of measure and pressure references. Read this and you won’t have to wait for the movie! PRESSURE Gas and liquid molecules are in constant, random motion called “Brownian” motion. The average speed of these molecules increases with increasing temperature. When a gas or liquid molecule collides with a surface, momentum is imparted into the surface. If the molecule is heavy or moving fast, more momentum is imparted. All of the collisions that occur over a given area combine to result in a force. The force per unit area defines the pressure of the gas or liquid. If we add more gas or liquid to a constant volume, then the number of collisions must increase, and therefore pressure must increase. If the gas inside the chamber is heated, the gas molecules will speed up, impact with more momentum and pressure increases. Pressure and temperature therefore are related (see table at right). The lowest pressure possible in nature occurs when there are no molecules at all. At this point, no collisions exist. This condition is known as a pure vacuum, or the absence of all matter. It is also possible to cool a liquid or gas until all molecular motion ceases. This extremely cold temperature is called “absolute zero”, which is -459.4° F. -
American and BRITISH UNITS of Measurement to SI UNITS
AMERICAN AND BRITISH UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO SI UNITS UNIT & ABBREVIATION SI UNITS CONVERSION* UNIT & ABBREVIATION SI UNITS CONVERSION* UNITS OF LENGTH UNITS OF MASS 1 inch = 40 lines in 2.54 cm 0.393701 1 grain gr 64.7989 mg 0.0154324 1 mil 25.4 µm 0.03937 1 dram dr 1.77185 g 0.564383 1 line 0.635 mm 1.57480 1 ounce = 16 drams oz 28.3495 g 0.0352739 1 foot = 12 in = 3 hands ft 30.48 cm 0.0328084 1 pound = 16 oz lb 0.453592 kg 2.204622 1 yard = 3 feet = 4 spans yd 0.9144 m 1.09361 1 quarter = 28 lb 12.7006 kg 0.078737 1 fathom = 2 yd fath 1.8288 m 0.546807 1 hundredweight = 112 lb cwt 50.8024 kg 0.0196841 1 rod (perch, pole) rd 5.0292 m 0.198839 1 long hundredweight l cwt 50.8024 kg 0.0196841 1 chain = 100 links ch 20.1168 m 0.0497097 1 short hundredweight sh cwt 45.3592 kg 0.0220462 1 furlong = 220 yd fur 0.201168 km 4.97097 1 ton = 1 long ton tn, l tn 1.016047 t 0.984206 1 mile (Land Mile) mi 1.60934 km 0.62137 1 short ton = 2000 lb sh tn 0.907185 t 1.102311 1 nautical mile (intl.) n mi, NM 1.852 km 0.539957 1 knot (Knoten) kn 1.852 km/h 0.539957 UNITS OF FORCE 1 pound-weight lb wt 4.448221 N 0.2248089 UNITS OF AREA 1 pound-force LB, lbf 4.448221 N 0.2248089 1 square inch sq in 6.4516 cm2 0.155000 1 poundal pdl 0.138255 N 7.23301 1 circular inch 5.0671 cm2 0.197352 1 kilogram-force kgf, kgp 9.80665 N 0.1019716 1 square foot = 144 sq in sq ft 929.03 cm2 1.0764 x 10-4 1 short ton-weight sh tn wt 8.896444 kN 0.1124045 1 square yard = 9 sq ft sq yd 0.83613 m2 1.19599 1 long ton-weight l tn wt 9.964015 kN 0.1003611 1 acre = 4 roods 4046.8 -
Units of Weight and Measure : Definitions and Tables of Equivalents
Units of Weight and Measure (United States Customary and Metric) Definitions and Tables of Equivalents United States Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 233 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the fisting of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices -
Imperial Units
Imperial units From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see Customary units . Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London. Contents [hide] • 1 Relation to other systems • 2 Units ○ 2.1 Length ○ 2.2 Area ○ 2.3 Volume 2.3.1 British apothecaries ' volume measures ○ 2.4 Mass • 3 Current use of imperial units ○ 3.1 United Kingdom ○ 3.2 Canada ○ 3.3 Australia ○ 3.4 Republic of Ireland ○ 3.5 Other countries • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 External links [edit] Relation to other systems The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely. -
English Customary Weights and Measures
English Customary Weights and Measures Distance In all traditional measuring systems, short distance units are based on the dimensions of the human body. The inch represents the width of a thumb; in fact, in many languages, the word for "inch" is also the word for "thumb." The foot (12 inches) was originally the length of a human foot, although it has evolved to be longer than most people's feet. The yard (3 feet) seems to have gotten its start in England as the name of a 3-foot measuring stick, but it is also understood to be the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the middle finger of the outstretched hand. Finally, if you stretch your arms out to the sides as far as possible, your total "arm span," from one fingertip to the other, is a fathom (6 feet). Historically, there are many other "natural units" of the same kind, including the digit (the width of a finger, 0.75 inch), the nail (length of the last two joints of the middle finger, 3 digits or 2.25 inches), the palm (width of the palm, 3 inches), the hand (4 inches), the shaftment (width of the hand and outstretched thumb, 2 palms or 6 inches), the span (width of the outstretched hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger, 3 palms or 9 inches), and the cubit (length of the forearm, 18 inches). In Anglo-Saxon England (before the Norman conquest of 1066), short distances seem to have been measured in several ways. -
Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement
Handbook 44 – 2016 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Table of Contents Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement ........................................................ C-3 1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement ..................................................................................................... C-3 Units of Length ............................................................................................................................................... C-3 Units of Area .................................................................................................................................................. C-3 Units of Liquid Volume .................................................................................................................................. C-4 Units of Volume ............................................................................................................................................. C-4 Units of Mass .................................................................................................................................................. C-4 2. Tables of U.S. Customary Units of Measurement ..................................................................................... C-4 Units of Length ............................................................................................................................................... C-4 Units of Area ................................................................................................................................................. -
Household Weights and Measures
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The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For
NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v -
Illinois-Indiana Seed Conditioning Workshop What Is Behind the Calculations? Ron Reichert February 5, 2019
Illinois-Indiana Seed Conditioning Workshop What is behind the calculations? Ron Reichert February 5, 2019 What is behind the calculations? ◼ Seed Treatment Rate Calculations • Application Rate – the amount of a formulated product needed to achieve the desired dose or amount of active ingredient applied to the seed. Always consult product label for application rates. In some cases the label will have an application rate range based on the level of pest control needed. Do not exceed the maximum label rate. Application rate may be expressed several different ways and can be specific to a dose per volume of seed, a dose per given weight of seed, or a dose per seed or specific number of seeds. 2 What is behind the calculations? • Application Goal Safe and Accurate Application of the Correct Dose and Even Distribution of the Active Ingredient(s) to the Seed. Rates typically expressed as: ● fl oz/cwt (ml/100kg) ● oz/cwt (gm/100kg) ● oz ai/cwt (gm ai/100kg) ● mg ai/Seed ● Fl oz/unit (typically calculated from mg ai/seed where a “unit” has been defined, i.e. 140,000 seed for soybean or 80,000 seed for corn) – It is very important to identify the number of seed per unit as not every seed company may use the exact same unit expression. 3 What is behind the calculations? ◼ Seed Treatment Application Calculations – mg ai per seed ● This rate is used for seed treatment products that are applied as a specific amount of active ingredient per seed basis. Example Product – ILeVO® A systemic seed treatment for use on Soybean for the protection against damage caused by early season plant pathogenic nematodes. -
Not Made to Measure
Made in Britain: Not made to measure. Ronnie Cohen © 2011 Ronnie Cohen. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................................................5 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6 Central Role of Measurement in Daily Life.........................................................................................7 Why Measurement Matters..................................................................................................................8 Quest for Honest Measurements since Ancient Times.........................................................................9 Measurement Facts: Did you know that....?.......................................................................................10 Description of the British Imperial System........................................................................................11 Introduction to the British Imperial System..............................................................................11 Units of Length..........................................................................................................................11 Units of Area.............................................................................................................................11 Units of Volume........................................................................................................................12 -
Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods
Handbook 133 – 2020 Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement These tables have been prepared for the benefit of those requiring tables of units for occasional ready reference. In Section 4. Tables of Units of Measurement of this Appendix, the tables are carried out to a large number of decimal places and exact values are indicated by underlining. In most of the other tables, only a limited number of decimal places are given, therefore making the tables better adapted to the average user. Section 1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement In the metric system of measurement, designations of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be arrived at by combining with the name of the unit the prefixes deka, hecto, and kilo meaning, respectively, 10, 100, and 1000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. In some of the following metric tables, some such multiples and subdivisions have not been included for the reason that these have little, if any currency in actual usage. In certain cases, particularly in scientific usage, it becomes convenient to provide for multiples larger than 1000 and for subdivisions smaller than one-thousandth. Accordingly, the following prefixes have been introduced and these are now generally recognized: yotta, (Y) meaning 1024 deci, (d), meaning 10-1 zetta, (Z), meaning 1021 centi, (c), meaning 10-2 exa, (E), meaning 1018 milli, (m), meaning 10-3 peta, (P), meaning 1015 micro, (µ), meaning 10-6 tera, (T), meaning 1012 nano, (n), meaning 10-9 giga, (G), meaning 109 pico, (p), meaning 10-12 mega, (M), meaning 106 femto, (f), meaning 10-15 kilo, (k), meaning 103 atto, (a), meaning 10-18 hecto, (h), meaning 102 zepto, (z), meaning 10-21 deka, (da), meaning 101 yocto, (y), meaning 10-24 Thus a kilometer is 1000 meters and a millimeter is 0.001 meter. -
UNITS of WEIGHT and MEASURE International (Metric) and U.S
I \ ___^am UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE International (Metric) and U.S. Customary Definitions and Tables of Equivalents ivit I crv¥Hi\u M I I I Arm 'K^ he I I ^Nfck. r a law I I mmm I m mmJr \mw I mum lARE-ACRt STANDARDS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / NATIONAL BUREAU OF Miscellaneous Publication 286 : THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards 1 provides measurement and technical information services essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assur- ing maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . provides the central basis within the United States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coor- dinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. This Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic Phys- ics—Physical Chemistry—Radiation Physics—Laboratory Astrophysics 2—Radio Standards Laboratory, 2 which includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Reference Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . conducts materials research and provides associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of materials.