The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema Under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies
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Revista de Estudios en Sociedad, Número 15 103 Artes y Gestión Cultural Enero 2019 ISSN: 2340-9096 www.terciocreciente.com Investigación http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/RTC DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies Los Efectos de la Guerra Civil Española en el cine español: Cine bajo la Presión Política de Dos Eternos Enemigos Gizem Kutukcu [email protected] Recibido 01/02/2018 Revisado 27/05/2018 Adapazarı ENKA Schools Aceptado 03/06/2018 Publicado 01/01/2019 Dağdibi Mahallesi, 54100 Adapazarı/ Sakarya Turquía. Abstract Resumen This article focuses on how the Spanish Este artículo se centra en cómo se formó cinema was shaped during and after the el cine español durante y después de la Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) by the two guerra civil española (1936-1939) por los sides of the war: the political left and the dos bandos de la guerra: la izquierda y political right. Firstly it examines the la derecha. En primer lugar, examina la power struggle between two sides during lucha de poder entre dos bandos durante the war and their effort to make their own la guerra y su esfuerzo por hacer su propia propaganda. Secondly it tries to understand propaganda. En segundo lugar trata de the new rules of the cinema under the entender las nuevas reglas del cine bajo dictatorship of Franco. Then it discusses the la dictadura de Franco. Luego discute los Sugerencias para citar este artículo Kutukcu, Gizem (2019). The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies. Tercio Creciente, 15, págs. 103-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 KUTUKCU, GIZEM. The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies. Tercio Creciente, enero 2019. nº 15, pp. 103-116. https://dx.doi. org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 Revista de Estudios en Sociedad, Número 15 104 Artes y Gestión Cultural Enero 2019 ISSN: 2340-9096 www.terciocreciente.com Investigación http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/RTC DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 changes of vision after the death of Franco and cambios de visión después de la muerte de lastly summarizes the effects of the war on the Franco y por último, resume los efectos de la modern Spanish cinema of today. guerra civil en el cine español moderno de hoy. Keywords / Palabras clave Spanish Cinema, Spanish Civil War, censorship, cinema under pressure Cine español, Guerra Civil Española, censura, cine bajo presión Sugerencias para citar este artículo Kutukcu, Gizem (2019). The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies. Tercio Creciente, 15, págs. 103-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 KUTUKCU, GIZEM. The Effects of Spanish Civil War on Spanish Cinema: Cinema under the Political Pressure of Two Eternal Enemies. Tercio Creciente, enero 2019. nº 15, pp. 103-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 Revista de Estudios en Sociedad, Número 15 105 Artes y Gestión Cultural Enero 2019 ISSN: 2340-9096 www.terciocreciente.com Investigación http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/RTC DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 Introduction: How It All Started. César Vallejo, Peruvian poet, writer and country and its effects on the cinema. journalist, explains in Valencia in 1937 when the war has just started (Aznar Soler & Before continuing with the research I Schneider, 1987: 118-119): also believe that taking a glance at main historical events of the era will make it “Those responsible for what happens in easier to understand why, how and by whom the world are writers and artists, because we the cinema was influenced. have the most formidable weapons that are the word and image [...]. It is our turn to move The loss of power and territory in two the world with these weapons.” continents in the beginnings of 20th century, Africa and the Americas, resulted in Mass communication refers to the distrust and instability in Spanish political distribution of an idea to a large number society. In 1931 elections were held and of people and the cinema is one of the most the republicans won the major cities which important mass communication tools of meant the end for the monarchy and the our modern societies. Films have a strong King, Alfonso XIII had to leave the power influence on the thinking of the people. They and the country. However there were may create a new social or political trend and four main problems for the Republic: the may change the ideas we have. In two hours request of Catalonia and Basque Country they are able to make their own propaganda for independence, the hostility between and show us their own reality and make us the Roman Catholic Church and the believe. Since the birth of the cinema this Republicans, the ongoing economic crisis power has been used all over the world; and the unemployment. sometimes by the politicians and sometimes by the popular brands. The working class lost its faith in the Republic and the politicians couldn’t decide Of course, it was not an exception for the on what to do to set the things right. Anger Spanish cinema history. in the society rose day by day and the four powerful groups of the society (the military, The political situation in Spain under the industrialists, land owners and the Roman dictatorship of Francisco Franco for almost Catholic Church) withdrew its support for 40 years led Spanish cinema to create a the Republic. chaotic, censored and repressive atmosphere. This article will then try to explain the main In 1932 an unsuccessful military coup changes and trends between the years of 1936- was held by General José Sanjurjo and 2018 according to the political changes in the Revista de Estudios en Sociedad, Número 15 106 Artes y Gestión Cultural Enero 2019 ISSN: 2340-9096 www.terciocreciente.com Investigación http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/RTC DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc. https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.n15.7 a new right wing party was founded, CEDA. in the republican cities like Barcelona and The instability of Azana’s government was Madrid. This led right wing to find alternatives followed by strikes and riots. Azana resigned to produce new movies or to control the cinema and another elections were called in November which resulted in the founding of National 1933 which resulted in the victory of CEDA. The Cinematography Department in 1937. On first thing done by CEDA was to over-turn all the November 2, 1938, by Ministerial Order (B.O.E. changes of left wing government. This approach 5/11/38), the cinematographic censorship cabinet caused anger among left parties and Popular is established. Its main function was to observe Front was founded. They organized so many and (if needed) censure the films which had actions together. The most important action was social, political or religious propaganda that the general strike in 1934 which was organized were contrary to the moral or the ideas of the in Asturias by the coal miners and he was regime. Francisco Franco who put down the strike using his military power. To avoid the chaos another Between 1936-1936 there are 34 films released election was called and Popular Front became about the civil war. Ten of these films were shot the governor of the country again. abroad like in U.S., France, United Kingdom, Mexico etc. The rest belongs to Republican Spain. However, right side politicians were not A great majority of the films are documentaries. satisfied with the results and they supported a However there are also love story films like First military dictatorship. The military was ready to Love (U.S., 1939), Love Under Fire (U.S., 1937) or take control of Spain and Franco was the leader dramas like The Last Train from Madrid (U.S., of the armed forces. The left had nothing to do 1937). It would be an accurate hypothesis to say but resist. The civil war started in July 1936. The that movies from the Republican side are very war ended when the Republicans lost Madrid varied and more artistic while the Francoist in March 1939. It is one of the most devastating movies are generally monotonic without artistic conflicts in Spanish history. concerns. To prove this theory I will try to study on two examples; one from the left wing and one from the right. The Characteristics of Spanish Cinema Between 1936-1939 España Heroica - Estampas de la Guerra Civil (1938) During the war, the cinema was used as a Original title: España heroica political propaganda tool by two sides. The Year: 1938 main intention was clear: to persuade the Running time: 87 min. audience to fight against the enemy and to Country: Germany justify their actions (or decisions they made) Director: Joaquín Reig during the war. Therefore, it was impossible Screenwriter: Paul Laven to watch an action movie at the cinema those Music: Walter Winning days. The type of the movies was generally Cast: Documentary the same, documentary. Another important Producer: Co-production Spain-Germany; point is that the cinema industry was settled Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS / Revista de Estudios en Sociedad, Número 15 107 Artes y Gestión Cultural Enero 2019 ISSN: 2340-9096 www.terciocreciente.com Investigación http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/RTC DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17561/rtc.