DOCSLIB.ORG

This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Wars of Position Language Policy, Counter-Hegemonies and Cultural Cleavages in Italy and Norway Guy Puzey PhD THE UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH OILTHIGH DHÙN ÈIDEANN 2011 Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. It has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Guy Puzey 31 January 2011 Abstract This thesis investigates the development of the present-day linguistic hegemonies within Italy and Norway as products of ongoing linguistic ‘wars of position’. Language activist movements have been key actors in these struggles, and this study seeks to address how such movements have operated in attempts to translate their linguistic ideologies into de facto language policy through mechanisms such as political agitation, propaganda and the use of language in public spaces. It also reveals which other extra-linguistic values and ideologies have become associated with or allied to these linguistic causes in recent years, how these ideologies have affected language policy, and whether such ideological alliances have been representative of language users’ ideologies. The study is informed by an innovative methodological framework combining the theories and metaphors of Antonio Gramsci (including hegemony and wars of position as well as his linguistic writings) with the theories of Stein Rokkan on cultural-political cleavage structures and the relationships between centres and peripheries. These constructs and relationships are thereafter documented as ideologically defining strands running through the history of the movements studied, through reference to activist periodicals and party newspapers. In Italy, the focus of the research is on the Lega Nord (Northern League), a far-right populist autonomist political movement. The Lega has sought to legitimise its imagination of a northern nation (‘Padania’) by portraying the dialects of northern Italy as minority languages, emphasising the hegemonic relationship between the Italian national language and northern dialects. The movement has also used this perception of northern dialects as peripheral and suppressed by Italian to bolster its depiction of ‘Padania’ as a wealthy periphery allegedly held back by central and southern Italy. Although this campaign has achieved some successes in increased visibility of dialects in public spaces, dialects largely remain restricted to ‘low’-status domains. In Norway, the thesis devotes special attention to the post-war efforts of the counter-hegemonic campaign for the Nynorsk standard of Norwegian, which was devised as a common denominator for Norwegian dialects, as opposed to the hegemonic standard Bokmål, which is a Norwegianisation of written Danish. In opposing the challenges of globalisation and centralisation, the Nynorsk movement has retained a radical character and is generally associated with a left-wing variant of nationalism, a key part of the Norwegian cultural cleavage structure. The social argumentation of the Nynorsk movement was instrumental in its successful promotion of dialects, now seen as an unstigmatised means of spoken communication in all social contexts. Dedication To Dr Ben Pickard, my Big Brother, for keeping me under his watchful eye since 1984. To my mother Tabby Angier, for always encouraging adventures. To my beloved Marzia, for our first decade together. vi Contents Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - x List of Abbreviations - - - - - - - - - xii Notes - - - - - - - - - - - xiv 1 Introduction and Key Concepts - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Comparing Italy and Norway - - - - - - 1 1.2 Research questions, thesis aims and structure - - - - 6 1.3 Politics, ideology and linguistic cultures - - - - - 8 1.4 Language and dialect (and dialectic) - - - - - 13 1.5 Language and nationalism - - - - - - - 20 1.6 Language policy - - - - - - - - 26 1.7 Language activism: Language policy ‘from below’ - - - 30 2 Theoretical and Methodological Foundations - - - - - 36 2.1 Gramsci and Rokkan - - - - - - - - 36 2.2 Gramsci - - - - - - - - - 38 2.2.1 Hegemony - - - - - - - - 41 2.2.2 Wars of position - - - - - - - 45 2.2.3 Subalternity - - - - - - - - 49 2.2.4 Spontaneity - - - - - - - - 52 2.3 Rokkan - - - - - - - - - 56 vii 2.3.1 Centres and peripheries - - - - - - 58 2.3.2 Cultural cleavage structures - - - - - 63 2.4 Combining Gramscian and Rokkanian approaches in linguistics - 66 3 The Development of the Italian Language Question - - - - 77 3.1 Dante’s vulgare illustre - - - - - - - 77 3.2 The four proposals of the sixteenth century - - - - 80 3.3 Purism and anti-purism - - - - - - - 83 3.4 The language question at Unification: Manzoni and Ascoli - - 86 3.5 Gramsci and the language question - - - - - 93 3.5.1 Gramsci’s linguistic grounding - - - - - 94 3.5.2 The critique of Esperanto and Manzonian language planning 99 3.5.3 An alternative solution to the language question - - 101 3.6 Fascism and language - - - - - - - 103 3.7 The dawn of the Republic - - - - - - - 107 4 Linguistic Wars of Position in Modern-Day Italy - - - - - 112 4.1 ‘New Language Questions’ - - - - - - - 112 4.2 The continuum of varieties of Italian, and new dialectal domains - 115 4.3 Linguistic minorities in Italy, and dialects as minority languages - 118 4.4 The Lega Nord - - - - - - - - 127 4.4.1 Autonomist antecedents - - - - - - 137 4.4.2 The role of dialects in the formation of the Lega - - 142 4.4.3 Dialects from the first speeches to temporary abandonment 146 4.4.4 Printed propaganda: Posters and cartoons - - - 158 viii 4.4.5 Place-names and the linguistic landscape - - - 167 4.4.6 Dialects in education - - - - - - 178 4.4.7 A return to the dialect cause? - - - - - 182 5 The Development of the Norwegian Language Question - - - 194 5.1 A language struggle between the national and the social - - 194 5.2 The rise of a Danish linguistic hegemony - - - - 195 5.3 Union with Sweden and National Romanticism - - - 201 5.4 Ivar Aasen’s counter-hegemonic project - - - - - 204 5.5 Riksmål: Towards a new minimal hegemony? - - - - 209 5.6 The rise of Norwegian language activism - - - - 212 5.7 Official recognition of Landsmål - - - - - - 217 5.8 Language policy in post-1905 Norway - - - - - 221 5.9 1917-1940: Towards a Samnorsk norm - - - - - 226 5.10 1940-1945: Language activism under occupation - - - 232 6 Linguistic Wars of Position in Modern-Day Norway - - - - 240 6.1 The move towards national consolidation - - - - 240 6.2 Post-war urbanisation and centralisation - - - - 241 6.3 The language struggle heats up - - - - - - 244 6.4 The Vogt committee and ‘language peace’ - - - - 246 6.5 1972: The Nynorsk movement and the EEC referendum - - 249 6.6 Stalin and the Norwegian language struggle - - - - 254 6.7 Norsk Målungdom and the ‘dialect wave’ - - - - 259 6.8 1994: The EU referendum and Lillehammer - - - - 266 ix 6.9 The language question resolved or an eternal struggle? - - 273 6.10 Recent trends in language discrimination - - - - 280 6.11 The campaign for the Norwegianisation of place-names - - 285 6.12 Evidence from the linguistic landscape - - - - 291 7 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 305 7.1 Wars of position in language policy - - - - - 305 7.2 Counter-hegemonic language activism compared - - - 307 7.3 Extra-linguistic ideologies and cultural cleavages - - - 310 7.4 Counter-hegemony and linguistic democracy - - - - 312 7.5 Organic language policy and respect for the peripheries - - 315 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - 318 x Acknowledgements This thesis was carried out with the financial support of the Arts & Humanities Research Council (award number 2007/130583) and the University of Edinburgh John Orr Research Award (2007-2008 and 2008-2009). I am most grateful to both organisations for their generous support. I would especially like to thank my supervisors Arne Kruse and Davide Messina for their patience, encouragement and guidance, and for steering me away from potential research cul-de-sacs. I would also like to thank all the staff of the Scandinavian Studies and Italian sections in the Division of European Languages and Cultures for their generosity of spirit, in particular Kari Dickson (‘the excellent’, as the book reviewers rightly say), my guru of the translation trade and inspiring fellow tutor of evening classes in Norwegian. Also at the University of Edinburgh, I would like to thank specifically Vaughan Rogers, Jonathan Usher, Peter Graves, John E. Joseph, Wilson McLeod and Bjarne Thorup Thomsen for kindly offering their advice before or during this doctoral project.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L'archivio Di Graziadio Isaia Ascoli
    Dottorato di ricerca in Storia e Archeologia del Medioevo, Istituzioni e Archivi. Sezione “Istituzioni e Archivi”. Ciclo XXIII. Università di Siena. Progetto di ricerca di SUSANNA PANETTA TITOLO DEL PROGETTO: L’archivio di Graziadio Isaia Ascoli: una documentazione per la storia della cultura e la politica dell’Italia post-unitaria TEMA E OBIETTIVI: Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829-1907), insigne linguista di fama internazionale, attento politico, esponente fra i più illustri della comunità ebraica italiana, fu attivo in un periodo chiave per la storia nazionale. Fondatore della linguistica comparata nel nostro paese, fu intellettuale stimato e apprezzato anche Oltralpe. Il suo archivio custodisce la documentazione inerente sia le esperienze private, sia le attività pubbliche: dai primi quaderni di esercitazioni di scrittura, di disegno, agli scritti politici, tutto il materiale strumento della sua produzione scientifica, dalle opere pubblicate a quelle inedite, l’importante carteggio e altri documenti tutti raccolti in 188 unità archivistiche distribuite in 66 scatole e, fin dal 1930, custodito a Roma presso la Biblioteca dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei e Corsiniana. L’archivio Ascoli, pur di notevole importanza, è ancora privo di strumenti di corredo completi e funzionali; a rendere più complicata la consultabilità contribuisce il fatto che le circa 10.000 carte costituenti il fondo non sono divise in serie, inoltre l’originaria sedimentazione sembra fondarsi su criteri d’ordinamento variabili (di tipo cronologico, tematico o apparentemente casuale). Relativamente all’archivio Ascoli, il presente progetto si pone come obiettivo la redazione di un inventario analitico e l’individuazione delle serie archivistiche1. L’inventario analitico integrerà i mezzi di corredo parziali e sostituitirà quelli inadeguati attualmente disponibili.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutional Repository - Research Portal Dépôt Institutionnel - Portail De La Recherche
    Institutional Repository - Research Portal Dépôt Institutionnel - Portail de la Recherche University of Namurresearchportal.unamur.be RESEARCH OUTPUTS / RÉSULTATS DE RECHERCHE Sociolinguistic bibliography of European countries 2014 Darquennes, Jeroen; Held, Gurdrun; Kaderka, Petr; Kellermeier-Rehbein, Birte; Pärn, Hele; Zamora, Francisco; Sandoy, Helge; Ledegen, Gudrun; Oakes, Leigh; Goutsos, Dionysos; Archakis, Argyris; Skelin-Horvath, Anita; Borbély, Anna; Berruto, Gaetano; Kalediene, Laima; Druviete, Ina; Neteland, Randi; Bugarski, Ranko; Troschina, Natalia; Broermann, Marianne ; Gilles, Peter ; Ondrejovic, Slavomir DOI: Author(s)10.1515/soci-2016-0018 - Auteur(s) : Publication date: 2016 Document Version PublicationPublisher's date PDF, - also Date known de aspublication Version of record : Link to publication Citation for pulished version (HARVARD): Darquennes, J, Held, G, Kaderka, P, Kellermeier-Rehbein, B, Pärn, H, Zamora, F, Sandoy, H, Ledegen, G, Oakes, L, Goutsos, D, Archakis, A, Skelin-Horvath, A, Borbély, A, Berruto, G, Kalediene, L, Druviete, I, PermanentNeteland, link R, Bugarski, - Permalien R, Troschina, : N, Broermann, M, Gilles, P & Ondrejovic, S 2016, Sociolinguistic bibliography of European countries 2014: Soziolinguistische Bibliographie europäischer Länder für 2014. de Gruyter, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2016-0018 Rights / License - Licence de droit d’auteur : General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright
    [Show full text]
  • Composizione Plurilingue Del Territorio Del Friuli Venezia Giulia
    COMPOSIZIONE PLURILINGUE DEL TERRITORIO DEL FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA 1. Premessa Istituita nel 1963, la regione autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia non corrisponde affatto ad una unità culturale reale e neppure ad una unità storico- politica, dal momento che l'odierna configurazione istituzionale rispecchia uno stato di cose “amministrativo e non culturale, derivante da successivi e complessi spostamenti dei confini sia nazionali che interni e quindi, in una certa misura, ‘artificiale’, non fondata cioè su una continuità storica”1. Malgrado tale limite, il Friuli Venezia Giulia, in quanto luogo di incontro e di intersezione delle tre grandi civiltà europee - quella latina, quella germanica e quella slava -, rappresenta un’area linguistico-culturale con una propria riconoscibile specificità nella quale, accanto alla lingua italiana (nella sua forma standard e nelle sue varianti regionali), convivono altri idiomi romanzi, germanici e slavi che fanno del territorio regionale un vero e proprio microcosmo plurilingue. Le principali varietà romanze ‘native’ sono rispettivamente il friulano, che rappresenta la variante orientale di un tipo linguistico (il ladino) riconosciuto autonomo a partire da Ascoli (Saggi ladini, 1873), e il veneto, praticato sia nella forma ‘coloniale’ tipica della Venezia Giulia e dei principali centri urbani del Friuli sia sotto forma di adstrato sia infine, ad esempio nelle località lagunari, come parlata di antico insediamento. Per quanto riguarda la componente slavofona, esistono compatti territori di espressione slovena a ridosso del confine nelle province di Trieste e Gorizia oltre a varie comunità disseminate nella provincia di Udine, nelle valli del Natisone (Slavia Veneta) e del Torre e nella Val Resia, nella Val Canale e nel Tarvisiano; isole linguistiche tedescofone infine si annoverano in provincia di Udine a Timau/Tischlbong, nel territorio del comune di Paluzza, e a Sauris/Zahre.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Towards the Safeguarding of Minority Languages and Dialects in Modern Italy
    ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SAFEGUARDING OF MINORITY LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS IN MODERN ITALY: The Cases of Sardinia and Sicily Maria Chiara La Sala Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Department of Italian September 2004 This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to assess attitudes of speakers towards their local or regional variety. Research in the field of sociolinguistics has shown that factors such as gender, age, place of residence, and social status affect linguistic behaviour and perception of local and regional varieties. This thesis consists of three main parts. In the first part the concept of language, minority language, and dialect is discussed; in the second part the official position towards local or regional varieties in Europe and in Italy is considered; in the third part attitudes of speakers towards actions aimed at safeguarding their local or regional varieties are analyzed. The conclusion offers a comparison of the results of the surveys and a discussion on how things may develop in the future. This thesis is carried out within the framework of the discipline of sociolinguistics. ii DEDICATION Ai miei figli Youcef e Amil che mi hanno distolto
    [Show full text]
  • DO AS the SPANIARDS DO. the 1821 PIEDMONT INSURRECTION and the BIRTH of CONSTITUTIONALISM Haced Como Los Españoles. Los Movimi
    DO AS THE SPANIARDS DO. THE 1821 PIEDMONT INSURRECTION AND THE BIRTH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM Haced como los españoles. Los movimientos de 1821 en Piamonte y el origen del constitucionalismo PIERANGELO GENTILE Universidad de Turín pierangelo.gentile@unito.it Cómo citar/Citation Gentile, P. (2021). Do as the Spaniards do. The 1821 Piedmont insurrection and the birth of constitutionalism. Historia y Política, 45, 23-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.18042/hp.45.02 (Reception: 15/01/2020; review: 19/04/2020; acceptance: 19/09/2020; publication: 01/06/2021) Abstract Despite the local reference historiography, the 1821 Piedmont insurrection still lacks a reading that gives due weight to the historical-constitutional aspect. When Carlo Alberto, the “revolutionary” Prince of Carignano, granted the Cádiz Consti- tution, after the abdication of Vittorio Emanuele I, a crisis began in the secular history of the dynasty and the kingdom of Sardinia: for the first time freedoms and rights of representation broke the direct pledge of allegiance, tipycal of the absolute state, between kings and people. The new political system was not autochthonous but looked to that of Spain, among the many possible models. Using the extensive available bibliography, I analyzed the national and international influences of that 24 PIERANGELO GENTILE short historical season. Moreover I emphasized the social and geographic origin of the leaders of the insurrection (i.e. nobility and bourgeoisie, core and periphery of the State) and the consequences of their actions. Even if the insurrection was brought down by the convergence of the royalist forces and the Austrian army, its legacy weighed on the dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p.
    [Show full text]
  • Building God's Kingdom
    Building God’s Kingdom Studies in Christian Mission General Editor Heleen L. Murre-van den Berg, Leiden University Editorial Board Peggy Brock, Edith Cowan University James Grayson, University of Sheffield David Maxwell, Keele University Mark R. Spindler, Leiden University VOLUME 42 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scm Building God’s Kingdom Norwegian Missionaries in Highland Madagascar 1866–1903 By Karina Hestad Skeie LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: The Lutheran congregation and missionary Hans W. D. Smith outside Loharano church, 1900. Used with permission from the Mission Archives, School of Mission and Theology, Stavanger, Norway. (Collection: IMP-NMS-A13-506) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Skeie, Karina Hestad. Building God’s kingdom : Norwegian missionaries in highland Madagascar, 1866–1903 / by Karina Hestad Skeie. p. cm. -- (Studies in Christian mission, ISSN 0924-9389 ; v. 42) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24082-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Missions, Norwegian--Madagascar--History-- 19th century. 2. Madagascar--Church history--19th century. I. Title. BV3625.M2S63 2013 266’.0234810691--dc23 2012041323 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0924-9389 ISBN 978-90-04-24082-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24212-8 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Complexlang: a Compact Logical Experimental Language
    Complexlang: a COMPact Logical EXperimental LANGuage Kelvin M. Liu-Huang Carnegie Mellon University ecesare@gmail.com Published in Proceedings of SIGBOVIK 2019 (15 March 2019) Informal revisions (27 March 2019, 29 April 2019) Abstract and learning barrier of natural languages, Natural languages trade compactness and mathematical expressions seem better in these ways. consistency for efficiency. Complexlang is an a priori, The tradeoff is, of course, that mathematical declarative, ideographic spoken/written language descriptions can be very elaborate or unwieldy. which attempts to construct/ground the semantic We attempt to address all these concerns by structure of both morphology and syntax from first constructing Complexlang. Language should ideally principles using tools provided by propositional logic, synchronize speech, writing, and comprehension in set theory, type theory, number theory, object- order to facilitate learning. Like aUI (Weilgart, 1979) oriented programming, metaphysics, linguistics, and and Arahau (Karasev, 2006), by infusing individual classical field theory. In doing so, we hypothesize letters with meaning and using phonemic that speakers may converse in Complexlang with little orthography, words have transparent and largely training and learn some math and science in the deterministic etymology; writing, speech, and process. meaning can all be inferred from each other, reducing ambiguity, speeding up learning, and even allowing efficient and deterministic creation of 1. Introduction neologisms. For simplicity, the orthography is simply Most previous constructed languages intended for the IPA symbols of the phonemes. Unlike aUI and human use set out to improve etymological integrity Arahau, Complexlang attempts to express semantics (Zamenhof, 1887), semantic clarity (Bliss, 1965; entirely through logic, specifically patterned after set Karasev, 2006; Weilgart, 1979; Quijada, 2004), theory, rather than metaphor, resulting in compact, consistency (Weilgart, 1979; Cowan, 1997; Quijada, transparent, and unambiguous expressions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bomb Target Norway
    Bomb target Norway About Norwegian political history in a tragic background, the background to the Norwegian fascism. Militarism and na- tionalism are the prerequisites for fas- cism. By Holger Terpi Norway is a rich complex country with a small wealthy militarist and nationalist upper class, a relatively large middle class and a working class. The little known Norwegian militarism has always been problematic. It would censorship, war with Sweden, occupy half of Greenland1, was opponent of a Nordic defense cooperation, garden Norway into NATO2 and EEC, would have plutonium and nuclear weapons3, as well as, monitor and controlling political opponents, in- cluding the radical wing of the labor movement, pacifists and conscientious objectors. And they got it pretty much as they wanted it. One example is the emergency law or emergency laws, a common term for five laws adopted by the Storting in 1950, which introduced stricter measures for acts that are defined as treacherous in war, and also different measures in peacetime, such as censorship of letters, phone monitoring etc.4 1 Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.), 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 53 (Apr. 5) Publications of the Per- manent Court of International Justice Series A./B. No. 53; Collection of Judgments, Orders and Advisory Opinions A.W. Sijthoff’s Publishing Company, Leyden, 1933. 2 Lundestad , Geir: America, Scandinavia, and the Cold War 1945-1949. Oslo, University Press, 1980. - 434 pp. Paradoxically, according to Lundestad, the U.S. preferred socialist governments in Scandinavia rather than conservative, the reason was that they were perceived as "the strongest bulwark" against communism 3 Forland, Astrid: Norway’s nuclear odyssey: from optimistic proponent to nonproliferator.
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Wars of Position Citation for published version: Puzey, G 2011, 'Wars of Position: Language Policy, Counter-Hegemonies and Cultural Cleavages in Italy and Norway', Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. <https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7544> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publisher Rights Statement: © Puzey, G. (2011). Wars of Position: Language Policy, Counter-Hegemonies and Cultural Cleavages in Italy and Norway General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact openaccess@ed.ac.uk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Nordisk Filologi
    ARKIV FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI UTGIVET MED UNDERSTÖD AV AXEL KOCKS FOND FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI SAMT STATSBIDRAG FRÅN SVERIGE DANMARK OCH NORGE GENOM TURE JOHANNISSON UNDER MEDVERKAN AV KRISTIAN HALD EYVIND FJELD HALVORSEN JÓN HELGASON LUDVIG HOLM-OLSEN VALTER JANSSON PETER SKAUTRUP ELIAS WESSEN NITTIOTREDJE BANDET SJÄTTE FÖLJDEN. ELFTE BANDET M CMLXXVIII CWK GLEERUP Innehåll Benediktsson, Hreinn, professor, Reykjavik: Lo. mikill : mykill . 48- 62 Benson, Sven, professor, Göteborg, Ejder, Bertil, professor, Lund, och Pamp, Bengt, arkivchef, Lund: Litteraturkrönika 1977 ......... 228-244 Blume, Herbert, Dr. phil., Braunschweig: Sprachtheorie und Sprachenlegitimation im 17. Jahrhundert in Schweden und in Kontinentaleuropa .................................................................................... 205-218 Clover, Carol, Associate Professor, Harvard: Skaldic Sensibility .. 63- 81 Dyvik, Helge J. J., mag. art., Bergen: Breaking in Old Norse and Related Languages: A Reassessment of the Phonetic Conditions .. 1-37 Ejder, Bertil, se ovan. Fix, Hans, M. A., Saarbrücken: Grágás Konungsbók (GkS 1157 fol.) und Finsens Edition ................................................................................ 82-115 Grøtvedt, Per Nyquist, Dr. philos., Oslo: Språksituasjonen i sørøst- norsk før og etter den lutherske reformasjon .................................... 186-191 Hald, Kristian, professor, København: Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen 219-224 Hallberg, Peter, professor, Göteborg: Direct Speech and Dialogue in Three Versions of Óláfs Saga Helga .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Education in Norway
    11, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENTOF THE INTERIOR RAYLYMAN WILBUR. Secretary F OFFICE OF EDUCATION WILLIAM JOHN COOPER.Commissioner S BULLETIN,1930, No. 17 e SECONDARY EDUCATION e INNORWAY By GABRIEL E. LOFTFIELD MOUNT VERNON JUNIOR COLLEGE,WASHINGTON , r , 4. t P UNITED STATES oik GovERNmurr mimicomm. a 'WASHINGTON1930 altaaawallaaa....... _ the bpetistesdatDocuments. We &Who*D. C. rtml..1a=a111,1111 e gib MOM61)% 551147 JUN 9 1943 Z _ CONTENTS _ Page Letter oftransmittal ...a e ow 1vu Introduction_ ........... t _ ..... ____________________ AM 6. dm MA MA MD OW MD did MP 111, OM MI MP MAM 41.m I X Chapter I.GeneralcharacteTistics ofthe Norwegianschool system: Organizationby levels and kinds of instruction_ .. .. a alp e S IND I The language question___________________ _____diam.MdmmoMeMaladMMmm 2 Education by privateagencies.......... ...... WOmmmeeMmm 4 Enrollmentson the differentlevels ofinstruction.........M IMMIMmeMda 4 School finance______ a _________________a ..... o da aalb OPe M. OWe e e 7 School buildingsand equipment.... _ .. _ . ...._MmomMOMMPmmmmeem tM, OM 10 Chapter II.The administrationof secondaryeducation: National'andlocal government........ a Almmmmm ......amMMMMas ow Mr OM 12 The admingtrative succession diEl way ............_ a ........ MIDOM. t. =V 12 Kinds ofadministration and °support dd OD 11MIMM...t......,..... MA. dia INDaim am. mob 15 The system of State im' .. Am M MM. examinations________ . Som aa 4 OW .''. 15 Chapter III.The middleschool: . Its generalaim _ .... _ ....... _ _____ _ _ _Mk ..... e..,mmmmmmM 18 The middleschool comparedwith the highschool... amelam 18 The curriculum__ _ ______.... ................______Mal,, MDma.a.mm 19 Thesubjects ofinstruction Religion .....-.... e .. .. ....... 41. so. trm M/aeaMI al am MI 20 Mothertongue_ MA 1M AM.
    [Show full text]