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On the Good Faith
On the Good Faith Zoroastrianism is ascribed to the teachings of the legendary prophet Zarathustra and originated in ancient times. It was developed within the area populated by the Iranian peoples, and following the Arab conquest, it formed into a diaspora. In modern Russia it has evolved since the end of the Soviet era. It has become an attractive object of cultural produc- tion due to its association with Oriental philosophies and religions and its rearticulation since the modern era in Europe. The lasting appeal of Zoroastrianism evidenced by centuries of book pub- lishing in Russia was enlivened in the 1990s. A new, religious, and even occult dimension was introduced with the appearance of neo-Zoroastrian groups with their own publications and online websites (dedicated to Zoroastrianism). This study focuses on the intersectional relationships and topical analysis of different Zoroastrian themes in modern Russia. On the Good Faith A Fourfold Discursive Construction of Zoroastrianism in Contemporary Russia Anna Tessmann Anna Tessmann Södertörns högskola SE-141 89 Huddinge [email protected] www.sh.se/publications On the Good Faith A Fourfold Discursive Construction of Zoroastrianism in Contemporary Russia Anna Tessmann Södertörns högskola 2012 Södertörns högskola SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications Cover Image: Anna Tessmann Cover Design: Jonathan Robson Layout: Jonathan Robson & Per Lindblom Printed by E-print, Stockholm 2012 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 68 ISSN 1652-7399 ISBN 978-91-86069-50-6 Avhandlingar utgivna vid -
ABMBNIA (Varmio) B. H. KENNETT. ARMENIA
HI ABMBNIA (Varmio) •with any such supposition. It ia a safe inference indistinguishable. la timea of need c? danger from 1 S 67fl;, 2 S (33rr- that the recognized method man requires a god that ia near, and nofc a god of carrying the Ark in early times was in a sacred that is far off. It ia bjy BO means a primitive con- cart (i.e, a cart that had been used for no other ception which we find an the dedicatory prayer put purpose) drawn by COTVS or bulls.* The use of into the mouth of Solomon (1K 84*1*), that, if people horned cattle might possibly denote that the Ark go out to battle against their enemy, and they was in some way connected with lunar worship; prayto their God towards the house which is built in any case, Jiowever, they probably imply that to His name, He will make their prayer and the god contained in the Ark was regarded aa the supplication hoard to the heaven in which He god of fertility (see Frazer, Adonis, Attu, Osiris, really dwells,* Primitive warriors wanted to have pp. 46,80),f At first sight it is difficult to suppose their goda in their midst. Of what use was the that a aerpent could ever be regarded aa a god of Divine Father (see Nu 2129) at home, when his sona fertility, but "whatever the origin of serpent-worship were in danger in the field ? It waa but natural, may be—and we need not assume that it has been therefore, that the goda should be carried out everywhere identical — there can be little doubt wherever their help waa needed (2S 5ai; cf. -
ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction
CHAPTER TEN: ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction A. Zoroastrianism: One of the World’s Oldest Living Religions B. Possesses Only 250,000 Adherents, Most Living in India C. Zoroastrianism Important because of Influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity, Islam, Middle Eastern History, and Western Philosophy II. Pre-Zoroastrian Persian Religion A. The Gathas: Hymns of Early Zoroastrianism Provide Clues to Pre- Zoroastrian Persian Religion 1. The Gathas Considered the words of Zoroaster, and are Foundation for all Later Zoroastrian Scriptures 2. The Gathas Disparage Earlier Persian Religions B. The Aryans (Noble Ones): Nomadic Inhabitants of Ancient Persia 1. The Gathas Indicate Aryans Nature Worshippers Venerating Series of Deities (also mentioned in Hindu Vedic literature) a. The Daevas: Gods of Sun, Moon, Earth, Fire, Water b. Higher Gods, Intar the God of War, Asha the God of Truth and Justice, Uruwana a Sky God c. Most Popular God: Mithra, Giver and Benefactor of Cattle, God of Light, Loyalty, Obedience d. Mithra Survives in Zoroastrianism as Judge on Judgment Day 2. Aryans Worship a Supreme High God: Ahura Mazda (The Wise Lord) 3. Aryan Prophets / Reformers: Saoshyants 97 III. The Life of Zoroaster A. Scant Sources of Information about Zoroaster 1. The Gathas Provide Some Clues 2. Greek and Roman Writers (Plato, Pliny, Plutarch) Comment B. Zoroaster (born between 1400 and 1000 B.C.E.) 1. Original Name (Zarathustra Spitama) Indicates Birth into Warrior Clan Connected to Royal Family of Ancient Persia 2. Zoroaster Becomes Priest in His Religion; the Only Founder of a World Religion to be Trained as a Priest 3. -
Frigg, Astghik and the Goddess of the Crete Island
FRIGG, ASTGHIK AND THE GODDESS OF THE CRETE ISLAND Dedicated to the goddesses-mothers of Armenia and Sweden PhD in Art History Vahanyan V. G., Prof. Vahanyan G. A. Contents Intrоduction Relations between Frigg and the Goddess of the Crete Island Motifs in Norse Mythology Motifs in Armenian Mythology Artifacts Circle of the World Afterword References Introduction According to conventional opinion, the well-known memorial stone (Fig. 1a) from the Swedish island Gotland (400-600 AC) depicts goddess Frigg holding snakes. The unique statuettes of a goddess holding snakes are discovered on Crete (Fig. 1b), which date to c. 1600 BC1. The depiction of Frigg embodies a godmother with her legs wide open to give birth. In Norse mythology Frigg, Frige (Old Norse Frigg), Frea or Frija (Frija – “beloved”) is the wife of Odin. She is the mother of the three gods Baldr, Hodr and Hermodr. a b Fig. 1. (a) Memorial stone from the Swedish island Gotland (400-600 AC) depicting Frigg holding snakes. (b) Goddess holding snakes, Crete (c. 1600 BCE) The Swedish stone from Gotland island depicts the godmother, who is sitting atop the mountain before childbirth (Fig. 1а). Her hands are raised and she is holding two big snakes-dragons. The composition symbolizes the home/mountain of dragons (volcanic mountain). The composite motif of the depiction on the memorial stone, according to the 1 The findings belong to Crete-Minoan civilization and are found in the upper layers of the New Palace in Knossos. Two items are discovered (Archaeological Museum, Heraklion) authors, stems to the archetypes in the Old Armenian song “The birth of Vahagn” 2. -
A Sequel to Essentials of Zoroastrianism
A Sequel To Essentials of Zoroastrianism (1951) Late Dr. Framroze Sorabji Chiniwala B.A., L.M.&S. 2002 Late Dr. F. S. Chiniwala published in 1941 his book in English entitled 'Essentials of Zoroastrianism' for the Parsi public. He followed this up with the manuscript of a sequel, in or about 1950-51, and appended to the said manuscript a note reproduced below: vus ƒ‹†ƒ A.D. eka Nik;yks vaOksÔ ys[kuks vk chîs Hkkx Ns. vk vk[kq …‡‹ ikukuq y[kk.k vaOksÔ Hkkx rjhds Nkiok ekVs y[kk;yq grq ts vkeus vke jgsyq Ns. igsyk ƒŠ ikuk ts Mkdrjuk [kqnuk gkFkuks y[ksy Ns ts Vkbi uFkh rs vaOksÔ Vkbi ys[k ƒ†… ikuk yxhuks Ns rsek eqdsy Ns. Since writing the manuscript a half-century has elapsed and 'rationalism' and 'reform' has taken its toll of the Zoroastrian community and their belief in the 'Message' of Lord Zarathustra. In such circumstances the publication of the book, if it rekindles faith even in a few, the purpose will be fulfilled. Zarthusti Ilme Khshnoom Felavnari Committee 6th August, 2002. FOREWORD This small book containing some main features of the Mazdyasni Zarthosti Daen will be of use to a novice. It will furnish some knowledge about the religion. Special care is taken to present to view the main spiritual aspect of the religion. The mere materialistic view point does not help much, as that view is common in all religions; hence no special mark of demarcation can be drawn by it. It is the spiritual aspect only which gives a vivid picture as it ought to be. -
Iran's Holiday Calendar
IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR 2016 January 2016 Your Travel Companion 1 goingIRAN wants you to see, read, and know everything about Iran. Ask us about all your needs. goingIRAN strives to acquaint Iranian art and culture with audiences abroad. COPYRIGHT All of the published content on this e-Booklet have all rights reserved. All goingIRAN content, logos and graphic designs of this e-Booklet are property of the Web Gasht Nameh Company. Solely Web Gasht Nameh holds the right to publish and use the formerly stated material. Any use of the goingIRAN graphics (logo, content, design) may only happen through the written request of the user and the ac- ceptance of goingIRAN. Upon our realization of any violation of goingIRAN’s rights, legal action will be taken. IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR Author: Rojan Hemmati & Alireza Sattari (Sourced From an authentic 2016 Iranian Calendar) Central Office: Tehran-IRAN Post code: 1447893713 Designed by Studio TOOL www.goingiran.com [email protected] 2 Aside from the national holidays that follow the Persian Solar Calendar, many of Iran’s holidays are in accordance with events in the Islamic religion and follow the Mus- lim Lunar Calendar, which moves about 10 days forward each year. A few examples of Iranian holidays are: Iranian New Year (Nowruz): Celebrated on the first day of spring, this date has been the mark of the New Year for over 5,000 years throughout several ancient cultures. It embraces the spring equinox and has been celebrated in the same unique Iranian way for the past 3,000 years. It is also deeply rooted in the Zoroastrian belief system. -
In the Alphabetic Order Q Follows A, a Follows E, C Follows C, 1J Follows N, S Follows S, I Follows Z
INDEX [In the alphabetic order q follows a, a follows e, c follows c, 1J follows n, s follows s, i follows z. In arranging words no distinction has been made between long and short vowels. Pahlavi anrllater forms are generally given in square brackets after the Avestan ones, ancl are entered separately only when there is a significant difference between the two.l Aban see Apas 273· A ban Niyayes 52; 271-2. Airyaman 56-7; his part at Fraso.kar<Jti, Aban Yast 73· 57. 242, 291. abstract divinities 23-4; 58, 59; 203. Airyanam Vaejah [f:ranve)] 144-5; 274- Aditi 55· S· Adityas 55; 83. Airyama isyo 56; 261; 263; 265. Adurbad i Mahraspandan 35; 288. Aiwisriithra [Aiwisriithrim] the 4th watch Aesma demon of Wrath, 87; companion ( giih) of the 24-hour day, from sunset till of the daevas, 201; flees at the last day midnight, 124; under the guardianship of before the Saosyant, 283; the Arabs are the fravasis, 124, 259. of his seed, 288. Aka Manah 283. aethrapati [erbad, herbad] 12. Akhtya 161. Afrasiyab see FralJrasyan *Ala demon of purpureal fever, 87 n. 20. afrinagan an "outer" religious ceremony, Amahraspand see Amasa Spanta 168; legends connected with the offerings Amestris xog; 112. made at it, 281. amaratat ,..., Ved. amrtatva-, "long life" after-life pagan belief in it beneath the or "immortality" II5 n. 32. earth, xog-xo, II2, IIS; in Paradise, no- Amaratat [Amurdad] personification of 12; Zoroastrian beliefs, 235-42, 328. "Long Life" and "Immortality", one of the Agni identified with Apam Napat, 45-6; 7 great Amasa Spantas (q.v.), 203; dis the nature of his primary concept, 69-70. -
Ahura, Mazda. Evolution of the Name(S)
Part Three: 3.20, The Evolution of the Name(s) Ahura, Mazda. Evolution of the Name(s) Mazda, Ahura. In the Gathas, Zarathushtra calls the Divine by many different names.1 But in this chapter, I will limit the discussion to the names he uses most often -- mazdA- and ahUra-, and combinations of these two, because they are the names most associated with his perception of the Divine. You may question: Why is the evolution of these names of the Divine important? Why should we care? Well, for at least two reasons (you may well think of additional ones). 1. As Thieme has pointed out, in a religion that has no images of the Divine, the name given to the Divine reveals its nature, its essence.2 The evolution of the names of the Divine enables us to see how the perception of the nature of the Divine changed, from Zarathushtra's perception -- Wisdom personified (mazdA-), and Lord (ahUra- used in the sense of one who has acquired lordship over the qualities that make a being Divine),3 -- to the perceptions of later texts in which the Divine became an authority figure Lord Wisdom (ahUra- mazdA-), to yet later texts in which the name had become one word (Hormezd, Ormazd) which no longer had any intrinsic meaning in the everyday language of that time, and therefore projected no notion of the nature, the essence, of the Divine. Once the meaning of a name is no longer understood in everyday language, anyone can attribute any kinds of (totally different) qualities to the Divine. -
Sensible Solutions for Surviving Transformation in Zoroastrianism by Adhering to the Basic Precepts of the Prophet by Dr
Sensible Solutions For Surviving Transformation in Zoroastrianism by Adhering to the Basic Precepts of the Prophet By Dr. Kersey H. Antia Summary t is an understatement to say Zoroastrianism is undergoing transformation as it seems to be at that stage, and fast accelerating to the stage of Idisintegration and even disappearance. It has changed so much in the last one hundred years as to cause alarm for its very existence in near future. What the Arab did not accomplish, modernity has, by bringing us close to self- destruction. This is not the first time Zoroastrians in diaspora have faced threats to their existence but certainly this is the last time they will face such threat unless they find a genuine solution to this crisis. And adhering to Zarathushtrianism and eternal precepts of Asho Zarathushtra rather than Zoroastrianism, which represents all that was composed and preached under the name of Zarathushtra through millennia, and may or may not be in the consonance with the prophet’s teachings. The Iranian Zoroastrians provide us an excellent example in this respect. To say that Zoroastrianism is undergoing transformation is tantamount to ignoring the deathly crisis it is facing today. Zoroastrianism is long past the process of transformation, and is facing the danger and disintegration and disappearance before long. However, the sadder truth is Zoroastrianism is in such a state of affairs because it has not realized the wisdom of transforming itself, and adjusting to the need of the changing times that have taken a toll on all religions in the world. Had we taken care of this in the past, the future will not look so gloomy and helpless today. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
The Sacred Highlands: Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East” – Yerevan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Institute of Oriental Studies Artak Movsisyan THE SACRED HIGHLANDS Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East YEREVAN UNIVERSITY PUBLISHERS YEREVAN – 2004 This book is being published by order of the National Academy of Sciences RA, Institute of Oriental Studies This publication has been supported by a subvention from the “SPURK-DIASPORA” Organization (Los Angeles, USA) MOVSISYAN A., “The Sacred Highlands: Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East” – Yerevan. Yerevan University Publishers, 2004, 76 pages. Cover design – Sumerian seal impression (3rd mill. BC) and a Biblical Map published by Philip Buache in 1783, covering the first era of human history (Eden, the earthy Paradise is marked on the map in Armenia, to the southwest of Mount Ararat). 0503020913 M ------------------ - 2004 704(02)-2004 ISBN 5 - 8084 - 0586 - 6 © Movsisyan, A., 2004 INTRODUCTION The disciples asked Jesus: “Tell us, what will be our end”? Jesus said, “Have you discovered the beginning that you seek the end? For where the beginning is, there too will the end be”. Gospel of Thomas (apocryphal) Just as in the life of an individual, a nation, after overcoming crisis, pauses to take stock, to consolidate, to reconsider its past and to chart its future. The millennia-old questions become paramount: “who am I, where am I from, where am I going”? During the past century, the Armenian people have overcome the most long-lasting and gravest crisis of its history, the loss of its statehood. After centuries of continuous struggle and being subjected to genocide, the Armenian nation has regained its independence. -
The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Volume VI
THE SACRED BOOKS AND EARLY LITERATURE OF THE EAST WITH HISTORICAL SURVEYS OF THE CHIEF WRITINGS OF EACH NATION Translations, Bibliographies, etc., by the following Leading Orientalists: IN AMERICA: MORRIS JASTROW, LL.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Penn- sylvania; JAMES H. BREASTED, LL.D., Professor of Egyptology, University of Chicago; CHARLES C. TORREY, D.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, Yale University; A. V. W. JACKSON, LL.D., Professor of Indo-Iranian, Columbia Uni- versity; CHARLES R. LANMAN, LL.D., Professor of Sanskrit. Harvard University; REV. CHARLES F. AIKEN, S.T.D., Dean of the Faculty of Theology, Catholic University; FRIEDRICH HIRTH, LL.D., Professor of Chinese, Columbia Uni- versity; REV. WILLIAM E. GRIFFIS, D.D., former Professor at the Imperial University, Tokio. IN EUROPE: E. A. W. BUDGE, F.S.A., Director of Egyptology in the British Museum; SIR GASTON MASPERO, D.C.L., Member of the Royal Institute of France; REV. A. H. SAYCE, LL.D., Professor of Comparative Philology, Oxford University; W. FLINDERS-PETRIE, LL.D., Professor of Egyptology, University College, London; STEPHEN LANGDON, Ph.D., Professor of Assyriology, Oxford University; SIR ERNEST SATOW, LL.D., G.C.M.G. British Minister to Japan; H. OLDENBERG, LL.D., Professor of Sanskrit, Kiel University; T. W. RHYS-DAVIDS, LL.D., Librarian of the Royal Asiatic Society; ARMINIUS VAMBÉRY, LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Budapest. IN ASIA: SIR M. COOMARA SWAMY, Legislative Council of Ceylon; ROMESH CHUNDER DUTT, C.I.E., Author of the History of Civilization in Ancient India; DARAB D. P. SANJANA, Educational Society of Bombay; VISCOUNT KENCHO SUYE- MATSU LL.M., Japanese Minister of the Interior; SHEIK FAIZ-ULLAH-BHAI, Head Master of the Schools of Anjuman-i-Islam; RALPH T.