False Flag Operation
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RUNNING HEAD: Paramilitary Police Paramilitary Police Organizations
RUNNING HEAD: Paramilitary Police Paramilitary Police Organizations Abstract After providing the reader with examples of paramilitary structures and formalizing a definition of paramilitary, this manuscript analyzes the literature available and discusses several important themes, including: the rise of police militarization, international perspectives, community policing, hierarchy, subculture, and training. As the topic of community policing reemerges, the philosophical appeal remains, despite its use as a form of face saving and as a means to fund tactical units. On a subtler level, this study proposes that police subculture in the United States contrasts the general populace significantly, which could explain tensions between the police and public. Examination of the characteristics of this subculture shed some light onto the policing paradigm and on how communication unfolds inside and outside of police organizations. Through this synthesis, the appropriateness of a quasi-military paradigm and its resulting structure, language, and behavior, is brought into question. PARAMILITARY POLICE 2 “Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and choice, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.” (Aristotle, 2009, p. 3) Introduction Law enforcement is one of the most interactive pieces of government with the public. Most people, across all cultures, have some notion of what policing is and some opinion of what it should be. In the past three decades a rise in the militarization of policing in the United States has been speculated, observed, and critiqued by many scholars in academia and professionals in law enforcement. -
Caravanserai
THE CARAVANSERAI This game has been designed as an extension kit to the OUTREMER/CROISADES sister games. The kit includes a new map (The Caravanserai), new counters for camels, this set of rules and additional scenarios. When not specified, the default rules of CROISADES apply (movement point allowance, charge rules, etc.). Many thanks to Bob Gingell for proofing these rules and suggesting many valuable enhancements. The Caravanserai – version 1.0 - 1992/2004 1 Table of Contents 1 The Caravanserai Map ........................................................................................................3 1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Flat roofs......................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 The Alep gate...............................................................................................................................................4 1.4 The walls......................................................................................................................................................4 1.5 Terrain Type Summary...............................................................................................................................5 2 Camels....................................................................................................................................6 -
Zero Carbon & Low Energy Housing; Comparative Analysis of Two
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:8, No:7, 2014 Zero Carbon & Low Energy Housing; Comparative Analysis of Two Persian Vernacular Architectural Solutions to Increase Energy Efficiency N. Poorang II. CLIMATE OF IRAN Abstract—In order to respond the human needs, all regional, As it was mentioned the climate of Iran is varied according social, and economical factors are available to gain residents’ comfort to the vast geographical locations, Fig. 1. Iran is basically and ideal architecture. There is no doubt the thermal comfort has to satisfy people not only for daily and physical activities but also divided into four climatic regions: creating pleasant area for mental activities and relaxing. It costs • Mild – Humid Climate energy and increases greenhouse gas emissions. • Cold Climate Reducing energy use in buildings is a critical component of • Hot – Humid Climate meeting carbon reduction commitments. Hence housing design • Hot – Arid Climate [1]. represents a major opportunity to cut energy use and CO2 emissions. In terms of energy efficiency, it is vital to propose and research Hot-arid Climate prevails in most parts of the central modern design methods for buildings however vernacular Iranian plateau, it receives almost no rain for at least six architecture techniques are proven empirical existing practices which month of a year, and hence it is very dry and hot. In this have to be considered. This research tries to compare two climate, summer is very hot and dry and winter is very cold architectural solution were proposed by Persian vernacular and hard. -
Information Warfare, International Law, and the Changing Battlefield
ARTICLE INFORMATION WARFARE, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE CHANGING BATTLEFIELD Dr. Waseem Ahmad Qureshi* ABSTRACT The advancement of technology in the contemporary era has facilitated the emergence of information warfare, which includes the deployment of information as a weapon against an adversary. This is done using a numBer of tactics such as the use of media and social media to spread propaganda and disinformation against an adversary as well as the adoption of software hacking techniques to spread viruses and malware into the strategically important computer systems of an adversary either to steal confidential data or to damage the adversary’s security system. Due to the intangible nature of the damage caused By the information warfare operations, it Becomes challenging for international law to regulate the information warfare operations. The unregulated nature of information operations allows information warfare to Be used effectively By states and nonstate actors to gain advantage over their adversaries. Information warfare also enhances the lethality of hyBrid warfare. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to arrange a new convention or devise a new set of rules to regulate the sphere of information warfare to avert the potential damage that it can cause to international peace and security. ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 901 I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 903 II. WHAT IS INFORMATION WARFARE? ............................. -
Iran Stands up Against Transatlantic Bullying the Tabriz Based Club’S Officials Parted Company with the 49-Year-Old Coach on Tuesday
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13829 Wednesday DECEMBER 9, 2020 Azar 19, 1399 Rabi’ Al thani 23, 1442 Zarif advises regional Jordan Burroughs Iranian university Architect Amirali states to exclude West misses competing students runner-up Sardar-Afkhami in regional talks Page 2 in Iran Page 3 at IMC 2020 Page 7 dies at 91 Page 8 Iran completely self-sufficient in building freight wagons Iran stands up against TEHRAN – Iranian railway industry has systems for freight wagons. become completely self-reliant in man- “For the first time this year, national ufacturing freight wagons, Head of the (domestically-made) wheels will move on Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (known the national rail,” the official said. as RAI) Saeed Rasouli said. Mentioning the launch of a system for Speaking in an unveiling ceremony for introducing the needs of the country’s railway transatlantic bullying domestically-made wagon brake system industry to domestic manufacturers and and wheels on Tuesday, Rasouli announced companies producing parts for the railway that RAI is going to sign a contract with transportation industry, the official noted domestic manufacturers for the purchase that so far 4,600 parts have been requested See page 3 of 500 monoblock wheels and 500 brake on this website. Continued on page 4 Rouhani: Astana peace talks can protect Syrian territorial integrity TEHRAN — President Hassan Rouhani Rouhani said during a meeting with visiting on Tuesday hailed the Astana peace talks, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal al-Mekdad. -
Taming the Trolls: the Need for an International Legal Framework to Regulate State Use of Disinformation on Social Media
Taming the Trolls: The Need for an International Legal Framework to Regulate State Use of Disinformation on Social Media * ASHLEY C. NICOLAS INTRODUCTION Consider a hypothetical scenario in which hundreds of agents of the Russian GRU arrive in the United States months prior to a presidential election.1 The Russian agents spend the weeks leading up to the election going door to door in vulnerable communities, spreading false stories intended to manipulate the population into electing a candidate with policies favorable to Russian positions. The agents set up television stations, use radio broadcasts, and usurp the resources of local newspapers to expand their reach and propagate falsehoods. The presence of GRU agents on U.S. soil is an incursion into territorial integrity⎯a clear invasion of sovereignty.2 At every step, Russia would be required to expend tremendous resources, overcome traditional media barriers, and risk exposure, making this hypothetical grossly unrealistic. Compare the hypothetical with the actual actions of the Russians during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Sitting behind computers in St. Petersburg, without ever setting foot in the United States, Russian agents were able to manipulate the U.S. population in the most sacred of domestic affairs⎯an election. Russian “trolls” targeted vulnerable populations through social media, reaching millions of users at a minimal cost and without reliance on established media institutions.3 Without using * Georgetown Law, J.D. expected 2019; United States Military Academy, B.S. 2009; Loyola Marymount University M.Ed. 2016. © 2018, Ashley C. Nicolas. The author is a former U.S. Army Intelligence Officer. -
Cyberattack Attribution As Empowerment and Constraint 3
A HOOVER INSTITUTION ESSAY Cyberattack Attribution as Empowerment and Constraint KRISTEN E. EICHENSEHR Aegis Series Paper No. 2101 Introduction When a state seeks to defend itself against a cyberattack, must it first identify the perpetrator responsible? The US policy of “defend forward” and “persistent engagement” in cyberspace raises the stakes of this attribution question as a matter of both international and domestic law. International law addresses in part the question of when attribution is required. The international law on state responsibility permits a state that has suffered an internationally wrongful act to take countermeasures, but only against the state responsible. This limitation implies that attribution is a necessary prerequisite to countermeasures. But international Law and Technology, Security, National law is silent about whether attribution is required for lesser responses, which may be more common. Moreover, even if states agree that attribution is required in order to take countermeasures, ongoing disagreements about whether certain actions, especially violations of sovereignty, count as internationally wrongful acts are likely to spark disputes about when states must attribute cyberattacks in order to respond lawfully. Under domestic US law, attributing a cyberattack to a particular state bolsters the authority of the executive branch to take action. Congress has authorized the executive to respond to attacks from particular countries and nonstate actors in both recent cyber-specific statutory provisions and the -
(COVID- 19) in Iran
The epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran: February 19 to March 22, 2020 Dr. Farzan Madadizadeh Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Reyhane Sedkar ( [email protected] ) Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Research Article Keywords: Respiratory illness, Coronavirus disease 2019, Primary health care, Epidemiology Posted Date: May 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-29367/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/17 Abstract Background The Coronavirus has crossed the geographical borders of various countries without any restrictions. This study was performed to identify the epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran during February 19 to March 22, 2020. Methods This cross sectional study was carried out in 31 provinces by using the daily number of newly infected cases which was announced by the Iranian health authorities from February 19 to March 22, 2020, we explore the trend of outbreak of coronavirus disease in all provinces of Iran and determine some inuential factors such as population size, area, population density, distance from original epicenter, altitude, and human development index (HDI) for each province on its spread by Spearman correlation coecient. K-means cluster analysis (KMCA) also categorized the provinces into 10 separate groups based on CF and ACF of the infected cases at the end of the study period. (ACF). Results There were 21,638 infected, 7,913 recovered and 2,299 death cases with COVID-19 in Iran during the study period. -
Curriculum Vitae, Payam Peymani, Pharm.D, Phd, Postdoc , Assistant Professor
Curriculum Vitae, Payam Peymani, Pharm.D, PhD, Postdoc , Assistant Professor Curriculum Vitae Payam Peymani, Pharm.D, PhD, Postdoc, Assistant Professor Last Update: January, 2020 Personal Data: Name: Payam Surname: Peymani Sex: Male Nationality: Iranian Marital Status: Married Date and Place of Birth: 26 May, 1985, Shiraz, Iran E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Cell Phone: +98-917-3022915 Contact Address: -Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Group, Health Policy Research Center, Building No. 2, Eighth Floor, School of Medicine, Zand Avenue, Po Box 71345-1877, Shiraz, Iran Tel: +98-71-32309615 Fax: +98-71-32309615 -Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, RAE E, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected], +41-76 619 74 12, +41-79 923 68 10 Position: I. Visiting Professor/Scholar, Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland. II. Assistant Professor and Director of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Group, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. III. Director of Permanent Secretariat of Euro-Asian Pharmacoepidemiology Congress (EAPEC) 1 | P a g e Curriculum Vitae, Payam Peymani, Pharm.D, PhD, Postdoc , Assistant Professor PUBLICATION RECORD: Number of h-Index Source of Citation Data Total Publications: Citations 40 Scopus/ 53 Google Scholar 11 277 Scopus 12 668 Google Scholar Find me at authors’ profiles systems: -ISI Researcher ID: S-7386-2017 -Scopus author ID: 35269952500 -Google (scholar) citation service: URL: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Q1fXGjQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao -ORCID (Open Researcher & Contributor ID): orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-8590 Find Me at Academic Social Networks: -Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Payam_Peymani -LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/peymani-payam-93b34782 ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS: 1. -
Iran's Holiday Calendar
IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR 2016 January 2016 Your Travel Companion 1 goingIRAN wants you to see, read, and know everything about Iran. Ask us about all your needs. goingIRAN strives to acquaint Iranian art and culture with audiences abroad. COPYRIGHT All of the published content on this e-Booklet have all rights reserved. All goingIRAN content, logos and graphic designs of this e-Booklet are property of the Web Gasht Nameh Company. Solely Web Gasht Nameh holds the right to publish and use the formerly stated material. Any use of the goingIRAN graphics (logo, content, design) may only happen through the written request of the user and the ac- ceptance of goingIRAN. Upon our realization of any violation of goingIRAN’s rights, legal action will be taken. IRAN’S HOLIDAY CALENDAR Author: Rojan Hemmati & Alireza Sattari (Sourced From an authentic 2016 Iranian Calendar) Central Office: Tehran-IRAN Post code: 1447893713 Designed by Studio TOOL www.goingiran.com [email protected] 2 Aside from the national holidays that follow the Persian Solar Calendar, many of Iran’s holidays are in accordance with events in the Islamic religion and follow the Mus- lim Lunar Calendar, which moves about 10 days forward each year. A few examples of Iranian holidays are: Iranian New Year (Nowruz): Celebrated on the first day of spring, this date has been the mark of the New Year for over 5,000 years throughout several ancient cultures. It embraces the spring equinox and has been celebrated in the same unique Iranian way for the past 3,000 years. It is also deeply rooted in the Zoroastrian belief system. -
Stable Economic Roadmap Is Answer to Fluctuations
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 16 Pages Price 10,000 Rials 39th year No.13158 Monday JULY 16, 2018 Tir 25, 1397 Dhi Al Qaeda 2, 1439 Navy to boost Stock market France win “Yeva”, “Sunset Truck” intelligence superiority index rises 13.7% the 2018 World Cup win awards at Golden in Oman Sea 2 since March 4 15 Apricot filmfest 16 Kharrazi outlines strategies to fight terrorism POLITICS TEHRAN — Kamal Tsinghua University in Beijing. deskKharrazi, head of Iran’s The three strategies are as follows: Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, on Researches on the ideology of Takfiri Sunday set out three strategies to coun- groups by “international think tanks; ter terrorist groups including Daesh, also Exchange of information and coordi- called IS, ISIL or ISIS. nated actions by Iran, Pakistan, China, Kharrazi enumerated the strategies in Russia and Central Asian countries to fight a speech at the 7th World Peace Forum at Daesh in Afghanistan; 2 Certain manipulators of cellphone market arrested POLITICS TEHRAN — Gholam during a press conference. deskHossein Mohseni Ejei, According to a list published recently the Judiciary spokesman, announced by the Telecommunications Minister on Sunday that certain individuals have Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi, certain been arrested and a number of companies companies which had received foreign closed down over price violations in the currency at the official rate to import cellphone market. cellphones sold their goods at a high “Documents have been found that show price by taking advantage of the value a number of serious violations have been of dollar and other currencies at the made” in the cellphone market, he said black market. -
History of Architecture
Caravansarais Islamic Architecture No’man Bayaty Introduction • Islamic civilization is mobile civilization. • At its simplest form, the caravanserai is a building that hosts a caravan. • It is the largest building type in Islamic architecture in terms of area. • It had a large courtyard with stables for animals. • It had several names: caravanserai, khan, funduq, ribat, manzil. These names show the ambiguity of the function of this building. • These different names lead to different building types, and thus different forms and functions. Architectural Origin • Because of its multi functional nature, many buildings might offer a source for the caravanserais, and there were a few building types that might give these buildings an initial form. • Some theorists refer to the relationship between caravanserais and the Christian monasteries spread on the Arabian lands. • There is also some resemblance between them and the Roman forts, which had the same form, a fortified wall with a courtyard and rooms inside. • They might also be affected by large Assyrian houses, because of the similarity in form and function. General Considerations • We have two main settings for caravanserais, urban and rural. • Crowded areas inside the cities lead to minimum spaces problems in urban caravanserais. • They also used to sell goods, an activity unavailable in rural caravanserais. • They also needed less fortification. They must held merchants and shopkeepers for a daily basis, not temporarily. • The rural ones were more fortified, and larger in size. • The styles of the caravanserais overlap and merge, complicating the task of classifying them. Iranian Caravanserais (Early) • The early Iranian caravanserais range from very small buildings (Zindan-i- Harun) to some large structures (Ribat-i-Sharaf).