Iran's Holiday Calendar
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Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
Middle Eastern Festivals Islamic
Middle Eastern Festivals Islamic: Moulid el-Nabi, Milad, Milad an-Nabi, or Mawlid un-Nabi (The Prophet’s Birthday) Prophet Muhammad (also Mohammed, Muhammed, Mahomet, and other variants) is the founder of Islam and is regarded by Muslims as the last messenger and prophet of God. Muhammad was born in the year 570 AD and his birthday is celebrated each year on 12 Rabi el-Awal, following the Islamic calendar. Processions are held, homes or mosques are decorated, charity and food is distributed, stories about the life of Muhammad are narrated, and poems are recited by children. The main purpose of Moulid el-Nabi gatherings is to remember, observe, discuss and celebrate the advent of the birth and teachings of the holy Prophet Muhammad. Ramadan Ramadan is a celebration that takes place in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, when the Quran (the central religious text of Islam) was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The name of the feast is the name of the month. Muslims celebrate Ramadan for an entire month. It is a time for prayers (some people pray 5 times a day), friendship, and thinking about how to help others. Many people fast during the hours of daylight for the entire month. Before the sun rises, families gather to eat a big breakfast. This breakfast before dawn is called Suhoor (also called Sehri, Sahari and Sahur in other languages). Each family member then fasts until the sun sets in the evening. After the sun sets, they have a big supper. This evening meal for breaking the daily fast is called Iftar and is often done as a community, with Muslims gathering to break their fast together. -
Why Was the Story of Arash-I Kamangir Excluded from the Shahnameh?” Iran Nameh, 29:2 (Summer 2014), 42-63
Saghi Gazerani, “Why Was the Story of Arash-i Kamangir Excluded from the Shahnameh?” Iran Nameh, 29:2 (Summer 2014), 42-63. Why Was the Story of Arash-i Kamangir Excluded from the Shahnameh?* Saghi Gazerani Independent Scholar In contemporary Iranian culture, the legendary figure of Arash-i Kamangir, or Arash the Archer, is known and celebrated as the national hero par excellence. After all, he is willing to lay down his life by infusing his arrow with his life force in order to restore territories usurped by Iran’s enemy. As the legend goes, he does so in order to have the arrow move to the farthest point possible for the stretch of land over which the arrow flies shall be included in Iranshahr proper. The story without a doubt was popular for many centuries, but during the various upheavals of the twentieth century, the story of Arash the Archer was invoked, and in the hands of artists with various political leanings his figure was imbued with layers reflecting the respective artist’s ideological presuppositions.1 The most famous of modern renditions of Arash’s legend is Siavash Kasra’i’s narrative poem named after its protagonist. An excerpt of Kasra’i’s rendition of Arash’s story *For further discussion of this issue please see my ture,” www.iranicaonline.org (accessed March 3, forthcoming work, On the Margins of Historiog- 2014). Arash continues to make his appearance; raphy: The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran’s Na- for a recent operatic performance of the legend, tional History (Leiden: Brill, 2014). -
False Flag Operation
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.14006 Thursday AUGUST 5, 2021 Mordad 14, 1400 Dhul Hijjah 25, 1442 Raisi to be sworn in Tokyo 2020: Iran Energy Ministry unveils Imam Mosque: as Irani president weightlifter Davoudi water, electricity elegant, iconic, and today Page 2 snatches silver Page 3 training system Page 4 visually stunning Page 6 Iran: Reports of maritime incidents Western psywar for new adventurism The Iranian Armed Forces have de- coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). nounced recent contradictory reports Citing maritime security sources, the False flag operationSee page 3 of maritime incidents and hijacking in report identified the seized vessel as the the Sea of Oman as a Western “psycho- Panama-flagged asphalt/bitumen tanker logical warfare” meant to set the ground Asphalt Princess. for new adventurism. Meanwhile, The Times of London Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, newspaper quoted British sources as spokesman of the Armed Forces, made saying that they were “working on the the remarks on Tuesday, after Reuters assumption Iranian military or proxies claimed that “Iran-backed forces” were boarded” the Asphalt Princess. believed to have seized an oil tanker off the Continued on page 2 Loading, unloading of goods up 16% at Shahid Rajaee port TEHRAN- Loading and unloading of goods goes were loaded and unloaded at Shahid rose 16 percent at Shahid Rajaee port, Iran’s Rajaee port in the four-month period. -
Mehregan in Sydney: an Epilogue
MEHREGAN - EPILOGUE 20 Mehregan in Sydney: An Epilogue Morteza Honari Human EcoLogist, Academic and Writer In the Name of God of Soul and Wisdom For my mother, my father, for my daughter and son For some one who has spent his life in the love of a place or a person or a thing or a concept, it is difficult to define this love in such a way as to feel that justice has been done to it. For me, that is what writing about the Persian culture is like. I will use here the Persian Culture to find some answer. Whoever asks you of the Huries of Paradise, Show your face and say, like this. Whoever asks you, how the clouds split apart to show the moon, open your robe, knot by knot, and say, like this. If you are asked of Christ that, how did he resurrect the dead, In front of him, place a kiss upon my lips, and say, like this. l Many times and on many occasions, I have, like many others, thought "What am I? Who am I? What am I doing here? Whence have I come? And what is the purpose of my life?" Although, later, I learned that even great thinkers of human history have not settled these questions for themselves, I have not delayed these continuous questions in my thoughts. In the day, my thoughts; At night, my words: How come I am ignorant of my own heart-being. From where have I come? For what have I come? To where am I going? Won't you show me my abode? I very much wonder; For what have I been made? Or what was the aim of making me like this? Who is that One who hears my song? Or who is that One who put words into my mouth? I did not come here on my own, So, I can't leave by my own choice. -
Nowruz an International Festivity
ISSN : 1019 - 0775 No. 273 | March 2021 Nowruz An International Festivity Lebanon 7000 LL S.Africa 26.00R Germany 4.50€ Kenya 250KSH Spain 4.50€ Morocco 36.00 DH France 4.50€ Turkey 5.50YTL Qatar 20.00QR Mexico 65.00MEX$ UAE 21.00DH Italy 4.50€ America 3.00$ Tunisia 3.70TD Kuwait 2.000KD No. 273 | March 2021 Managing Director: Muhammad Assadi Movahed [email protected] Editor: Dr. Mohsen Shojakhani Executive Manager and Public Relations: Maryam Hamzelou Designer: Omid Behzadi Advertising Office: Magazine of ITF , Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran Tel: +9821-88934302 The Role of Nowruz in Strengthening Cultural Relations 4 +9821-88934303 Fax: +9821-88902725 Nowruz at a Glance 8 Website: http://alhoda.ir http://www.itfjournals.com Nowruz from the Viewpoint of Islam 10 http://echoofislam.itfjournals.com Email: [email protected] Nowruz Is the Festivity of Light, Friendship, and Tolerance 14 The Emergence and Necessity of Nowruz as per... 16 Note: The views expressed by the writers/authors Nowruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan 20 of the articles, published in “Echo of Islam” do not necessarily represent the views of Finding Faults, Ignoring Fault 28 the Al-Huda International Cultural, Artistic Nowruz in other Countries 30 and Publishing Institute, but are the personal views of the authors themselves. The Al-Hu- Greeting Messages on the Occasion of Nowruz 34 da Institute reserves the right/discretion to amend, revise, edit, delete or scrutinize any Nowruz is the Eid of Empathy and Compassion 36 part or portion of the text as and wherever deemed necessary. -
A Study of the Reasons for the Permanence of Tirgan Or "Tirmā
A Study of the Reasons for the Permanence of Teergan or "Tirmā Sizzệ Šu" Celebration in the Province of Mazandaran in Iran Dr. Morteza Mohseni* Dr. Mahmoud Azizi** Maryam Valizadeh*** Abstract: There are many festivals, rituals and celebrations in the ancient Persian calendar; amongst them, to name only a few are Nowrooz, Mehregan, Sa' adeh, Abangan, etc. These festivals and rituals mostly originated from religious rites and practices, each emanating from a particular myth. As a matter of fact, these rites constitute the practical perspectives of people’s mythological beliefs and convictions. The reason why some of these ancient myths are still working is that they are still functioning in the daily lives of people. It seems that with the decline of their sacredness and popularity they start to disappear from the lives of the people. The "Tirmā Sizzệ Šu", the night of the 13th of Teer in the Persian solar calendar, festival is taken to be a remnant of the ancient Persian ritual festival of Teergan. This festival is still celebrated in certain regions of Iran, especially in the north of the country. Amongst different reasons that gave a relatively permanent life to this festival in the north of the country are the special geographical as well as environmental influences. To this we should also add the religious and mythological beliefs of the people of the region. The authors will attempt to redefine some of the major reasons that gave a lasting life to these beliefs and myths. Keywords: myth, Tirmā Sizzệ Šu, festival, calendar, Mazandaran, -
Consumer Price Index in the Month of Mordad of the Year 1399F
Consumer Price Index in the Month of Mordad of the Year 13991 Increase in National Point-to-Point Inflation Rate Point-to-Point Inflation rate refers to the percentage change in the price index in comparison with the corresponding month in the previous year. The point-to-point inflation rate in the month of Mordad2 of the year 1399 stood at 30.4 percent, that is to say, that the national households spent, on average, 30.4 percent higher than the month of Mordad of the year 1398 for purchasing “the same goods and services”. Moreover, in this month, the point-to-point inflation rate experienced a 3.5 percentage point increase in comparison with the previous month (Tir, the year 1399). The point-to-point inflation rate for the major groups of "food, beverages and tobacco" and "non-food items and services" were 26.0 percent (with a 5.0 percentage point increase) and 32.6 percent (with a 2.8 percentage point increase), respectively. This is while the point-to-point inflation rate for urban households stood at 30.6 percent, which has increased by 3.6 percentage points in comparison with the previous month. Moreover, this rate was 29.6 percent for rural households which increased by 3.7 percentage points in comparison with the previous month. Decrease in the Monthly National Households Inflation Rate The monthly inflation rate refers to the percentage change in the price index in comparison with the previous month. The monthly inflation rate in the month of Mordad of the year 1399 stood at 3.5 percent, which decreased by 2.9 percentage points in comparison with the previous month (Tir, the year 1399). -
Genealogical Approach to the Role of Zoroastrianism in Ancient Iran's Education System
J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(6)699-706, 2013 ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied © 2013, TextRoad Publication Scientific Research www.textroad.com Genealogical Approach to the Role of Zoroastrianism in Ancient Iran's Education System Homeyra Barzideh Phd Student of Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to evaluate discoursed and non-discoursed structures about Iran's history and Zoroastrianism and forming rules of educational discourse system by considering more comprehensive system of discourse system or knowledge formation (episteme) in Zoroaster era and after that. Present article has been written to evaluate role of Zoroastrianism in ancient Iran's education according to Michel Foucault's theories and his researches including archeology, genealogy and problem-identification. The processes of identity creation of a Zoroastrian on the basis of Zoroastrianism difference with similar religions, knowledge-based system formation, legal instructions in mentioned era, and the relations between knowledge and power had been reviewed. The results reveal that in spite of the existence of several local power centers, religious education system in ancient era was the only power that formed the truth and created knowledge. KEYWORDS: Iran's history, legal instructions, religious education system. 1. INTRODUCTION Foucault was a recent philosopher and sociologist who had introduced modern methods to evaluate social and historical systems. Power and its' related issues are the main notions of Foucault's thoughts. He used archeology and genealogy concepts to explain power. Every distinct fields of knowledge in any special era has divestive and affirmative rules that determine the question subjects. -
Geological Studies Conducted in Iran
Annex: Geological Studies Conducted in Iran A.1 Introduction Most of the geological activities in Iran are carried out by governmental organi- zations particularly Geological Survey of Iran, and National Iranian Oil Company (Exploration Directorate), and the papers, M.S., and Ph.D. thesis published by individual researchers. Atomic Energy Organization deals with the uranium exploration, and most of water resources including surface and groundwater studies conducted by Ministry of Energy. Also, the topographical and geographical survey conducted by the Geographical Survey of Army and National Cartographic Center of Iran. The topographical produced maps in different scales are the basis for geological studies. The aerial photographs and satellite images are produced by Satellite Center of Iran. The activities of these organizations related to the geology of Iran briefly are as follows. Geological Studies by Geological Survey of Iran. Geological studies to determine the events of Earth’s crust are the main aims and objectives of the Geological Survey of Iran. So, the production of geological maps and related reports on different scales are the main task of this organization as follows: Geological maps with a scale 1:250,000. After the foundation of Geological Survey of Iran, in order to obtain compre- hensive information about the general geological structure of Iran, rock and mineral potential, the main priority and efforts focused on geological mapping of scale 1:250,000 to comply with the strict international standards. The results are complete coverage of the country. Each geological quadrangle map (1:250,000) is published with a descriptive report. Each quadrangle area of approximately 15,000 square kilometers encompasses the range of 1.5° latitude and 1° longitude. -
IRAN Contribution to a RES 37 38
'1O2 Pemaze,e la 2quJ4i i22uue dfa d'eo AaAo4a etIe aaA y2Qu1atth Y4ao4uU a In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Ref.2050/1 3940 The Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and with reference to the communication dated 21 November 2018, has the honor to transmit herewith the response of the Islamic Republic of Iran with regard to the resolution entitled "Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief'. The Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights the assurances of its highest consideration. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 FAX: 022 917 9008 2 0 DEC 2 .i8 Recipients. .......Apt Iran has been a successful model of peaceful coexistence and unity of followers of different religions and cultures during centuries. Article 14 of the constitution clearly bounds the Government and Muslim Iranians to observe ethics, moderation and Islamic justice toward non-Muslims as well as respecting their human rights. It needs to be mentioned that while all non-Muslims enjoy citizens rights, based on article 13 of the constitution, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian are recognized religious minorities. According to the Population and Housing Census, in 2011, Iran's population equals to 75149669 people among which 74682938 are Muslims (99.39%), 25271 Zoroastrian (0.03%), 117704 Christians (0.16%) and 8756 Jewish (0.01%).