A Sequel to Essentials of Zoroastrianism
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ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction
CHAPTER TEN: ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction A. Zoroastrianism: One of the World’s Oldest Living Religions B. Possesses Only 250,000 Adherents, Most Living in India C. Zoroastrianism Important because of Influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity, Islam, Middle Eastern History, and Western Philosophy II. Pre-Zoroastrian Persian Religion A. The Gathas: Hymns of Early Zoroastrianism Provide Clues to Pre- Zoroastrian Persian Religion 1. The Gathas Considered the words of Zoroaster, and are Foundation for all Later Zoroastrian Scriptures 2. The Gathas Disparage Earlier Persian Religions B. The Aryans (Noble Ones): Nomadic Inhabitants of Ancient Persia 1. The Gathas Indicate Aryans Nature Worshippers Venerating Series of Deities (also mentioned in Hindu Vedic literature) a. The Daevas: Gods of Sun, Moon, Earth, Fire, Water b. Higher Gods, Intar the God of War, Asha the God of Truth and Justice, Uruwana a Sky God c. Most Popular God: Mithra, Giver and Benefactor of Cattle, God of Light, Loyalty, Obedience d. Mithra Survives in Zoroastrianism as Judge on Judgment Day 2. Aryans Worship a Supreme High God: Ahura Mazda (The Wise Lord) 3. Aryan Prophets / Reformers: Saoshyants 97 III. The Life of Zoroaster A. Scant Sources of Information about Zoroaster 1. The Gathas Provide Some Clues 2. Greek and Roman Writers (Plato, Pliny, Plutarch) Comment B. Zoroaster (born between 1400 and 1000 B.C.E.) 1. Original Name (Zarathustra Spitama) Indicates Birth into Warrior Clan Connected to Royal Family of Ancient Persia 2. Zoroaster Becomes Priest in His Religion; the Only Founder of a World Religion to be Trained as a Priest 3. -
By Ervad Marzban J. Hathiram
By Ervad Marzban J. Hathiram Friday, July 16, 2021, is Spendarmad nu Parab (Spendarmad Mah and Spendarmad Roj) in the Shahenshahi calendar. Spendarmad (Avesta Spenta Armaiti) is the Amesha Spenta specifically designated to look after Mother Earth. Readers are requested to pray Spendarmad ni Setayash to seek her blessings on this day. oj Spendarmad, Mah Spendarmad (Spendarmad Parab) is a spiritually vital and important day of the Zoroastrian calendar. Long before the shrill cries of the eco-brigade began to be heard, the practices and precepts of our ancient faith were already attuned to green living, carbonless footprint and eco-sensitiveness. Spendarmad (Avesta Spenta Armaiti) is the Amesha Spenta specifically designated to look after Mother Earth. Through her associates and co-workers, Geush Urva and Geush Tashan, Spenta Armaiti patiently bears the weight of the immeasurable levels of spiritual and physical pollution generated by man over the ages. Spenta Armaiti is also responsible for the fertility of the earth, working along with Khordad, who looks after the waters, and Amardad, who looks after vegetation and crops. These great forces of Ahura Mazda's Divine Cabinet work silently in the background, providing things which we take for granted today. Roj Spendarmad, Mah Spendarmad is also the Day of the Farmer. A few decades ago, when many Parsis were engaged in agriculture, this day was celebrated with great solemnity and reverence. The Parsi farmers would call their family priests to their wadis to consecrate a special Baj, in honor of Spenta Armaiti, or perform a thanksgiving Jashan. A more important spiritual practice followed by our ancestors was the writing of the special Nirang, or potent spiritual formula, called 'Nirang-i-Khrafastar Zadan'. -
Weekly Verse #360
Weekly Zoroastrian Scripture Extract # 360: NAMC Suggestions for Prayers during COVID-19 Hello all Tele Class friends: NAMC and FEZANA: NAMC (North American Mobeds Council) consists of Mobeds and Mobedyars from Canada and USA. It has an elected Executive Committee consisting of President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and an Executive Member. Most of the NAMC Mobeds and Mobedyars perform all the Zoroastrian ceremonies for our Humdins all over North America. In different parts of Canada and USA, we have 27 Zoroastrian Associations who are members of FEZANA (Federation of Zoroastrian Associations in North America) as well as small groups of our Humdins. Once in a while, NAMC Mobeds are asked for guidance by these Humdins on some questions about our Religion, ceremonies, prayers, etc. Many of our NAMC Mobeds also help as teachers in Religious Classes conducted by these Associations. Facing this unbelievable pandemic of COVID–19, many Humdins asked NAMC about what prayers they should pray in these trying times. Since there is a lockdown all over North America, coming together to pray in a Humbandagi is out of question currently. Hence, Mobed Arda-e-Viraf Minocherhomji, NAMC President, Mobed Tehemton Mirza, Vice President, Mobed Mehbad Dastur, Executive Member and NAMC website Administrator and I put together the following guidance for the prayers to pray at home always, but specifically during these trying times. Hence, today in this weekly, we will present this NAMC Suggestions for the prayers. Please note that thanks to Mehbad, they are available at: http://namcmobeds.org/prayer-covid-19/ Since Navroze was going to be within days, NAMC suggested to have a Humbandagi by our Humdins in their homes at 12 noon EDST/9 AM Pacific time on Saturday March 21st and many Humdins did just that. -
(Dakhma) in Iran (A Case Study of Zoroastrian's Towe
Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (61): 57-70 / Jul. 2018 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2018.63865 Persian translation of this paper entitled: راهبردی نظری برای باززنده سازی دخمه های زرتشتیان در ایران (نمونۀ موردی : دخمۀ زرتشتیان کرمان) is also published in this issue of journal. A Theoretical Approach to Restoration of Zoroastrian’s Tower of Silence (Dakhma) in Iran (A Case study of Zoroastrian’s tower of silence of Kerman) Mansour Khajepour*1, Zeinab Raoufi2 1. M. A. in Restoration of historical buildings & fabrics, Academic staff member, faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 2. M. A. in Restoration of historical buildings & fabrics, Academic staff member, faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, Received 2017/10/23 revised 2018/01/23 accepted 2018/02/13 available online 2018/06/22 Abstract The Zoroastrian’s tower of silence (Dakhma) in Kerman, is one of the most valuable religious monuments of Kerman and its history dates back to 1233-1261S.H. Alongside, there is the main and older Dakhma that probably belongs to Sassanians. Since about 1320 S.H. that Zoroastrians burial tradition was changed because of the social and hygienic reasons, it was disused and now, is in undesirable condition. On the base of contemporary theory of conservation, one of the best ways to conservation of architectural heritage is regeneration and rehabilitation and put them into consideration if possible. There is three basic method to conserve an architectural monument based on contemporary and classical theories: the first one is protective preservation with focus on maintenance of physical conditions of monument in present situation and prevents it from changes; the second is restoration in old usage for continuity, and the third one is revitalization and rehabilitation with new usage that is relevance to the authenticity and identity. -
Ahura, Mazda. Evolution of the Name(S)
Part Three: 3.20, The Evolution of the Name(s) Ahura, Mazda. Evolution of the Name(s) Mazda, Ahura. In the Gathas, Zarathushtra calls the Divine by many different names.1 But in this chapter, I will limit the discussion to the names he uses most often -- mazdA- and ahUra-, and combinations of these two, because they are the names most associated with his perception of the Divine. You may question: Why is the evolution of these names of the Divine important? Why should we care? Well, for at least two reasons (you may well think of additional ones). 1. As Thieme has pointed out, in a religion that has no images of the Divine, the name given to the Divine reveals its nature, its essence.2 The evolution of the names of the Divine enables us to see how the perception of the nature of the Divine changed, from Zarathushtra's perception -- Wisdom personified (mazdA-), and Lord (ahUra- used in the sense of one who has acquired lordship over the qualities that make a being Divine),3 -- to the perceptions of later texts in which the Divine became an authority figure Lord Wisdom (ahUra- mazdA-), to yet later texts in which the name had become one word (Hormezd, Ormazd) which no longer had any intrinsic meaning in the everyday language of that time, and therefore projected no notion of the nature, the essence, of the Divine. Once the meaning of a name is no longer understood in everyday language, anyone can attribute any kinds of (totally different) qualities to the Divine. -
Sensible Solutions for Surviving Transformation in Zoroastrianism by Adhering to the Basic Precepts of the Prophet by Dr
Sensible Solutions For Surviving Transformation in Zoroastrianism by Adhering to the Basic Precepts of the Prophet By Dr. Kersey H. Antia Summary t is an understatement to say Zoroastrianism is undergoing transformation as it seems to be at that stage, and fast accelerating to the stage of Idisintegration and even disappearance. It has changed so much in the last one hundred years as to cause alarm for its very existence in near future. What the Arab did not accomplish, modernity has, by bringing us close to self- destruction. This is not the first time Zoroastrians in diaspora have faced threats to their existence but certainly this is the last time they will face such threat unless they find a genuine solution to this crisis. And adhering to Zarathushtrianism and eternal precepts of Asho Zarathushtra rather than Zoroastrianism, which represents all that was composed and preached under the name of Zarathushtra through millennia, and may or may not be in the consonance with the prophet’s teachings. The Iranian Zoroastrians provide us an excellent example in this respect. To say that Zoroastrianism is undergoing transformation is tantamount to ignoring the deathly crisis it is facing today. Zoroastrianism is long past the process of transformation, and is facing the danger and disintegration and disappearance before long. However, the sadder truth is Zoroastrianism is in such a state of affairs because it has not realized the wisdom of transforming itself, and adjusting to the need of the changing times that have taken a toll on all religions in the world. Had we taken care of this in the past, the future will not look so gloomy and helpless today. -
Summer/June 2014
AMORDAD – SHEHREVER- MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL. 28, No 2 SUMMER/JUNE 2014 ● SUMMER/JUNE 2014 Tir–Amordad–ShehreverJOUR 1383 AY (Fasli) • Behman–Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin 1384 (Shenshai) •N Spendarmad 1383 AY Fravardin–ArdibeheshtAL 1384 AY (Kadimi) Zoroastrians of Central Asia PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Copyright ©2014 Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America • • With 'Best Compfiments from rrhe Incorporated fJTustees of the Zoroastrian Charity :Funds of :J{ongl(pnffi Canton & Macao • • PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Vol 28 No 2 June / Summer 2014, Tabestan 1383 AY 3752 Z 92 Zoroastrianism and 90 The Death of Iranian Religions in Yazdegerd III at Merv Ancient Armenia 15 Was Central Asia the Ancient Home of 74 Letters from Sogdian the Aryan Nation & Zoroastrians at the Zoroastrian Religion ? Eastern Crosssroads 02 Editorials 42 Some Reflections on Furniture Of Sogdians And Zoroastrianism in Sogdiana Other Central Asians In 11 FEZANA AGM 2014 - Seattle and Bactria China 13 Zoroastrians of Central 49 Understanding Central 78 Kazakhstan Interfaith Asia Genesis of This Issue Asian Zoroastrianism Activities: Zoroastrian Through Sogdian Art Forms 22 Evidence from Archeology Participation and Art 55 Iranian Themes in the 80 Balkh: The Holy Land Afrasyab Paintings in the 31 Parthian Zoroastrians at Hall of Ambassadors 87 Is There A Zoroastrian Nisa Revival In Present Day 61 The Zoroastrain Bone Tajikistan? 34 "Zoroastrian Traces" In Boxes of Chorasmia and Two Ancient Sites In Sogdiana 98 Treasures of the Silk Road Bactria And Sogdiana: Takhti Sangin And Sarazm 66 Zoroastrian Funerary 102 Personal Profile Beliefs And Practices As Shown On The Tomb 104 Books and Arts Editor in Chief: Dolly Dastoor, editor(@)fezana.org AMORDAD SHEHREVER MEHER 1383 AY (SHENSHAI) FEZANA JOURNAL FEZANA Technical Assistant: Coomi Gazdar TABESTAN 1383 AY 3752 Z VOL. -
Weekly Zoroastrian Scripture Extract # 343: Oh Zarathushtra! Prayer Is
Weekly Zoroastrian Scripture Extract # 343: Oh Zarathushtra! Prayer is good for the people of the world - Sarosh Yasht Haadokht - Karda 1 - Verses 1 - 3 Hello all Tele Class friends: Sarosh (Sraosha) Yasht Haadokht and Sarosh Yasht Vadi Sarosh Yazata is a very important Zarathushtri Angel associated with mankind and is usually referred to as his/her conscience. He safeguards him/her against demons especially during nights. He accompanies the soul of a person after death for three days and nights and accompany it on the fourth dawn to Chinvat Bridge for his/her judgement together with Mithra and Rashne Yazatas. Sarosh Yazata has two Yashts (Yasht 11 and 11a and Yasna 57) dedicated to him – Sarosh Yasht Haadokht and Sarosh Yasht Vadi (longer). Sarosh Yasht Haadokht can be recited anytime but not in Rapithwan Geh; whereas, Sarosh Yasht Vadi is recited in Aiwisruthrem Geh. Zarathushtra mentions Sarosh in his Gathas many times together with Ameshaa Spentaas. “In the Gathas, Sraosha's primary function is to propagate conscience and the beauty of life, secondly the religion of Ahura Mazda to humanity, as Sraosha himself learned it from Ahura Mazda. Directly evident in the Gathas is the description as the strongest, the sturdiest, the most active, the swiftest, and the most awe-inspiring of youths and as the figure that the poor look to for support.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sraosha) Yasht Baa Maaeni Preface about Yashts – Dr. Ervad Rooyintan Peshotan Peer Our own celebrated, much revered Avesta/Pahlavi Scholar, Ervad Kavasji Edulji Kanga (fondly referred to as Kangaji) translated word-by-word the whole extant Avesta literature in Gujarati, a monumental work to date. -
Life Science Journal 2012;9(1S) Http
Life Science Journal 2012;9(1s) http://www.lifesciencesite.com Iranian Zurvanism, Origin of Worshipping Evil ELIKA BAGHAIE PHD candidate at the Tajikistan Academy of science Abstract: In this article it is attempted to study the philosophy of the emergence of evil forces in the history of human life from the perspective of the East ancient texts, particularly those of ancient Iran and middle Persian language and then Zurvan, its emergence and status beyond a creator and as a neutral element and an evil force, and its logical concept is studied. “Above is not bright. Below is not dark. It’s invisible, and it can’t be called by any name. [ELIKA BAGHAIE. Iranian Zurvanism, Origin of Worshipping Evil. Life Sci J 2012;9(1s):21-26] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5 Keywords: creation, evil, duality, Zurvan, man, God 1. Introduction Etymology of Zruuan, which is generally In a narration by Plutarch it is stated that defined as “time” in Avestan language is indefinite in Theopompus has remarked in the first half of 4th available documents and references. On the other century B.C. that “A group of people believe in two hand , it could be said that this term is linked to gods who are like to masons, one of them is creator Avestan zauruuan- which means “ancient time , old of good and the other one is creator of evil and age” ,and zaurura- which means “ancient and worn- useless things. And a group of people call the good out” which are derived from primitive Indo-European force as God and the other one as the Evil. -
The Zend-Avesta Contents
sbe04 THE ZEND-AVESTA PART I THE VENDIDAD TRANSLATED BY JAMES DARMESTETER Sacred Books of the East, Volume 4. Oxford University Press, 1880. {scanned at sacred-texts.com January-May/2001} {p. vii} CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER PAGE I. THE DISCOVERY OF THE ZEND-AVESTA xi II. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ZEND-AVESTA xxv III. THE FORMATION OF THE ZEND-AVESTA xxx IV. THE ORIGIN OF THE AVESTA RELIGION lvi V. THE VENDÎDÂD lxxxiii http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe04/sbe04.htm (1 of 257)2006-03-29 오후 2:22:09 sbe04 TRANSLATION OF THE VENDIDAD. FARGARD I. AN ENUMERATION OF SIXTEEN LANDS CREATED BY AHURA MAZDA, AND OF 1 AS MANY PLAGUES CREATED IN OPPOSITION BY ANGRA MAINYU FARGARD II. MYTHS OF YIMA 10 FARGARD III. THE EARTH 21 I (1-6). The five places where the Earth feels most joy 22 II (7-11). The five places where the Earth feels most sorrow 24 III (12-35). The five things which most rejoice the Earth 25 IV (36-42). Corpses ought not to be buried in the Earth 31 FARGARD IV. CONTRACTS AND OUTRAGES 33 I (1) 34 II a (2). Classification of contracts 34 II b (3-4). Damages for breach of contract 35 II c (5-10). Kinsmen responsible 36 II d (11-16). Penalties for breach of Contract 37 III (17-55). Outrages 39 (18). Definitions 39 (18-21). Menaces 39 (22-25). Assaults 40 http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe04/sbe04.htm (2 of 257)2006-03-29 오후 2:22:09 sbe04 (26-29). -
NAVZOTE - MUBARAK to Dear, ______With Congratulations, Choicest Greetings & Zoroaster’S Blessings! From
1 2 Date__________ NAVZOTE - MUBARAK To Dear, __________________ With Congratulations, Choicest Greetings & Zoroaster’s Blessings! From: __________________________ ___________________________ 3 4 NAVZOTE (Revised Edition 2019) With KUSHTI PRAYERS Authored By: Late NOSHIR KHURSHED DABOO AHMEDABAD RE-PUBLISHED BY FAMILY MEMBERS ~ FOR FREE CIRCULATION ONLY~ 5 DEDICATED IN SACRED MEMORY OF ALL DEAR DEPARTED SOULS OF OUR FAMILY WITH HOMAGE TO THEIR HOLY FRAVASHIS ~ FAMILY MEMBERS 6 FOREWORD This small booklet has come out, because I have received requests from my well-wishers & others, to publish a GUIDE on NAVZOTE, that gives the significance of the Sacred Ceremony in Simple English Language; especially for the young children, who have to undergo the Investiture Ceremony. NAVZOTE Can only be done of a Child whose Both parents are Parsi Zoroastrians. It is advisable that the Navzote ceremony be done in the Morning, in Havan Geh Or at the Most early Evening at 4/4.30 p.m. In the presence of KHURSHED YAZAD (The sun) All the other celebrations could be had at night. Keeping in mind the importance of the Navzote religious ceremony. Thus aspirant NAVJOTEE can perform his religious duties with the right Zoroastrian 7 spirit with better understanding. It is in 2 parts. 2nd part contains the Essential KUSHTI Prayers for a NAVJOTEE, with their substance to enhance the moral value. The Basic Prayers are: ~ 1. Ashem Vohu 2. Yatha Ahu Vairyo 3. Yenghe Hatam 4. Kemna Mazda 5. Hormazd Khodai 6. Jasme Avanghahe Mazda 6. Din No Kalmo 7. Sarosh Baj (Jamvani Baaj & Patet Pashemani also were said Traditionally.) A NAVJOTEE should learn by heart, these prayers before the INITIATION Ceremony. -
The Zend-Avesta Contents
THE ZEND-AVESTA PART I THE VENDIDAD TRANSLATED BY JAMES DARMESTETER Sacred Books of the East, Volume 4. Oxford University Press, 1880. {scanned at sacred-texts.com January-May/2001} Offered by VenerabilisOpus.org {p. vii} Dedicated to preserving the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of humanity. CONTENTS. CHAPTER INTRODUCTION. P I. THE DISCOVERY OF THE ZEND-AVESTA x II. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ZEND-AVESTA x III. THE FORMATION OF THE ZEND-AVESTA IV. THE ORIGIN OF THE AVESTA RELIGION lx V. THE VENDÎDÂD TRANSLATION OF THE VENDIDAD. AN ENUMERATION OF SIXTEEN LANDS CREATED BY AHURA MAZDA, FARGARD I. AND OF AS MANY PLAGUES CREATED IN OPPOSITION BY ANGRA MAINYU FARGARD II. MYTHS OF YIMA FARGARD III. THE EARTH I (1-6). The five places where the Earth feels most joy II (7-11). The five places where the Earth feels most sorrow III (12-35). The five things which most rejoice the Earth IV (36-42). Corpses ought not to be buried in the Earth FARGARD IV. CONTRACTS AND OUTRAGES I (1) II a (2). Classification of contracts II b (3-4). Damages for breach of contract II c (5-10). Kinsmen responsible II d (11-16). Penalties for breach of Contract III (17-55). Outrages (18). Definitions (18-21). Menaces (22-25). Assaults (26-29). Blows (30-33). Wounds (34-36). Wounds causing blood to flow (37-39). Broken bones (40-43). Manslaughter (44-45). Contracts (46, 49 [bis]-55). False oaths (47-49). Praise of physical weal {p. viii} FARGARD V I (1-7). If a man defile the fire or the earth involuntarily, or unconsciously, it is no sin II (8-9).