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The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay

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The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay IBERO-AMERIKANISCHES INSTITUT PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay. Origin and Development Jan M. G. Kleinpenning Ibero-Bibliographien 5 Berlin 2009 Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Das Ibero-Amerikanische Institut (IAI) ist eine interdisziplinär orientierte Einrichtung des wissenschaftlichen und kulturellen Austausches mit Lateinamerika, der Karibik, Spanien und Portugal. Es beherbergt ein Wissensarchiv mit der größten europäischen Spezialbibliothek für den ibero-amerikanischen Kulturraum. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Ort der Wissensproduktion, der Wissensvermittlung und der kulturellen Übersetzungen. Die einzigartige Verbindung von Informationszentrum, Forschungszentrum und Kulturzentrum macht das IAI zu einer Platt- form für Kooperationen und zu einem Katalysator für interkulturelle und transkulturelle Dia- loge. Die IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN sind eine unregelmäßig erscheinende Schriftenreihe. Zu thematischen Schwerpunkten werden Auswahlbibliographien aus den Beständen des Ibero- Amerikanischen Instituts veröffentlicht. Am Ende der bibliographischen Einträge befinden sich die Signaturen der Bibliothek des Ibero-Amerikanischen Instituts. Die Materialien kön- nen über Fernleihe bestellt werden. Die IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN können auch über die Homepage des IAI im PDF-Format heruntergeladen werden: http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de El Instituto Ibero-Americano (IAI) en Berlín es una institución de orientación interdisciplina- ria que se ocupa del intercambio científico y cultural con América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal. Alberga un archivo de conocimiento del que forma parte la biblioteca especializada en el ámbito cultural iberoamericano más grande de Europa. Es, además, un lugar de produc- ción científica, transmisión de conocimiento y desarrollo cultural. La especial combinación de centro de información, centro de investigación y centro cultural hacen del IAI una plataforma para la cooperación y un catalizador para el diálogo tanto intercultural como transcultural. La serie IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN publica en intervalos periódicos bibliografías selectas de los fondos del Instituto Ibero-Americano sobre diferentes temas. Las signaturas de la bi- blioteca se encuentran al final de los asientos bibliográficos. Se puede solicitar los materiales “in situ” a través del préstamo interbibliotecario. La serie IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN puede ser telecargada en el formato PDF de la página Web del Instituto Ibero-Americano: http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de Redaktion dieser Ausgabe Peter Altekrüger Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Potsdamer Straße 37 10785 Berlin Telefon: 030 – 266 45 2000 Telefax: 030 – 266 35 1550 http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de 1. Auflage 2009 © Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Potsdamer Straße 37, 10785 Berlin ISBN 3-935656-32-7 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 2. Overview of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay ........................................................... 5 2.1 The Mennonite colonies in the Chaco ........................................................... 5 2.1.1 The foundation of Menno .............................................................................. 5 2.1.2 The foundation of Fernheim .......................................................................... 7 2.1.3 The situation in the early 1930s ..................................................................... 8 2.1.4 The foundation of Neuland .......................................................................... 10 2.1.5 The development of the colonies ................................................................. 10 2.2 The Mennonite colonies in eastern Paraguay ............................................. 17 2.2.1 Friesland ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Volendam .................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Bergthal and Sommerfeld ............................................................................ 20 3. Bibliography of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay .................................................. 21 3.1 About this bibliography ............................................................................... 21 3.2 General Works ............................................................................................. 22 3.3 Migration to and from Canada, Canadian Monnonites .............................. 34 3.4 Migrations from Russia; Russian Mennonites ............................................. 35 3.5 Menno .......................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Fernheim ...................................................................................................... 37 3.7 Neuland ........................................................................................................ 38 3.8 Two urban centres: Filadelfia, Loma Plata ................................................ 39 3.9 Colonies in Eastern Paraguay ..................................................................... 39 3.10 Friesland ............................................................................................................. 39 3.11 Volendam ............................................................................................................ 40 3.12 Sommerfeld and Bergthal .................................................................................... 40 3.13 Mennonites in Asunción ...................................................................................... 40 3.14 Economy; Cooperatives ...................................................................................... 41 3.15 Arable farming, livestock production and forestry; ecology ............................... 41 3.16 Transport; the Trans-Chaco Road ...................................................................... 42 3.17 Education ............................................................................................................ 43 3.18 Health and health care ........................................................................................ 44 3.19 Mennonites and the Chaco War .......................................................................... 45 3.20 Indians and Mennonites ...................................................................................... 45 1. Introduction During the period 1927-1948 German speaking Mennonites from Canada and Russia successfully established three colonies in the Paraguayan Chaco and four villages in Eastern Paraguay.1 Their colo- nisation activities have drawn world-wide attention and have led to a surprisingly large number of publications, mainly written by Mennonites residing in Paraguay or elsewhere. Other researchers, however, have also made an important contribution. The large body of writings justified the composi- tion of a special Bibliography. With over 700 titles this new bibliography is the largest one made up to now, but it is certainly still incomplete. In compiling the Bibliography I made use of already existing general and specific bibliographies (see below), of bibliographical references made in important publications and of the catalogues of several important libraries: the Instituto Bíblico in Asunción, the Library and Archive in Filadelfia (Chaco), the Mennonitische Forschungsstelle in Kirchheimbolanden (Germany) and the Ibero-Ameri- kanisches Institut in Berlin. I am most grateful for the valuable help given by Gary Waltner, director of the Mennonitische Forschungsstelle, Peter Altekrüger, library director of the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, and Henk Hack, who made many volumes of the Mennoblatt available to me. I am also grateful to Mr. R. R. Sy- monds (Bromley, UK.) for having corrected the English, and to the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut for their willingness to include the Bibliography in their series Ibero-Bibliographien. Odijk, Netherlands, February 2008 Jan M. G. Kleinpenning 1 During the period 1966-1983 more colonies were established in Eastern Paraguay by Mennonites from Canada, the United States and Mexico, including some larger ones like Rio Verde and Durango with 2,774 and 2,906 inhabitants, re- spectively, in the mid-1990s, and about ten smaller ones with no more than 100-200 inhabitants each. Very little has been written about these colonies and they were left out of account when I compiled this Bibliography. For more details see Ratzlaff, Gerhard: “Die konservativen amerikanischen Mennoniten in Paraguay”. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, November 2000, pp. 28-38, and Schröder, William/Hubert, Helmut T.: Mennonite His- torical Atlas, pp. 151-152 (Winnipeg 1996). 4 Ibero-Bibliographien 5 2. Overview of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay 2.1 The Mennonite colonies in the Chaco In the early 1920s Canadian and East European Mennonites showed a serious interest in settlement in the western part of the Paraguayan Chaco as then defined. The Paraguayan government played along actively with this interest, since it was worth something to it to have the Chaco further populated be- cause of the growing conflict over ownership with Bolivia. Law 514 of 26 July 1921 gave far-reaching rights and privileges to Mennonites (and their descendants) who wished to settle in Paraguay as farm- ers, so that they could lead there the religious, cultural and economic life which they could not lead elsewhere or could do so only
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