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Issue No. 13, December 1998

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Issue No. 13, December 1998 -being the Newsletter/Magazine of the Hanover Steinbach Historical Society Inc. Special 125th Anniversary Issue Price $10.00 No. 13, December, 1998 “A people who have not the pride to record their history will not long have the virtues to make their history worth recording; and no people who are indifferent to their past need hope to make their future great.” - Jan Gleysteen Feature Story: Mennonites in the Soviet Inferno. The feature article “Reform without class violent or unnatural deaths. The Mennonite experience in the Soviet in- war” by Professor Harvey Dyck, University of 35,000 Mennonites were able to escape the ferno is of interest to residents of the Hanover Toronto, provides a glimpse into the experience clutches of the Soviet terror in the “great trek” Steinbach area because they were co-religion- of Mennonites in Soviet Russia during the 1920s of 1944 escaping to the west behind the retreat- ists, many of them related. It is also of interest and an up-date on the archival legacy of Menno- ing German Army. Of these 23,000 were forc- because some of these refugees chose to settle in nites in the Ukraine and Russia. This article is ibly repatriated by the Western Allies, shipped our community where they are now among our an extract from a chapter of the forthcoming in box cars to labour camps in the Siberian Gulag. most outstanding citizens. book, Mennonites in the Soviet Inferno, to be 8,000 were able to find a new home in Canada. Editor D. Plett Q.C. published in early 1999, co-edited by Harvey Another 4,000 went to Paraguay. Dyck and Anne Conrad. The material advanced by Dr. Dyck is fresh and new and based on extensive research and sleuthing in Soviet and KGB archives departing from most writings about this period that have appeared in various journals and academic pa- pers. Dyck argues that the Mennonite people were targeted by a systemic program for eradi- cation because of their singular defiance of the Soviet regime and Sovietization. Peter Letkeman is continuing the work of George Epp in documenting the totality of the Mennonite experience. His paper provides an overview of their suffering from 1917 to 1941. Colin Neufeldt focuses on the “collectivization” of 1928 to 1932. The unfolding story of Mennonite suffering in the Soviet inferno in the 1930s and 40s, in- cluding Stalin’s “Great Terror” of 1937 and 1938, is told with griping intensity through the personal accounts of actual survivors. Menno- nites in Soviet Russia went through some of the most vicious persecution and oppression in the human experience. 55,000 were forcibly relo- cated to labour camps, arrested or exiled. Some 30,000 out of a total population of 100,000 died Inside This Issue Feature story: Soviet Inferno .......................... 1-25 President’s Report ........................... 26 Editorial ...................................... 26-32 Essay: History and Faith ............ 33-34 Letters ......................................... 35-43 Mennonite minister being executed by NKVD in basement of the Gebietsamt (Municipal) office in News ........................................... 44-59 Halbstadt. Hundreds of Mennonite men, including pastors and other leaders, were taken here during Articles ..................................... 60-101 the “Great Terror” of 1937 and 1938 for execution. Typically their hands were tied behind their backs Material Culture ..................... 102-125 with wire and they were executed with a bullet to the back of the head. The bodies were buried in secret mass graves at night. Drawing by Ron Kroeker, Rosenort, (Box 17, R.R.1, Morris, Manitoba, R0G Book Reviews ......................... 126-136 1K0). Preservings “Reform Without Class War” “Reform Without Class War”: Mennonite-Bolshevik Dialogue and Conflict in the 1920s, by Harvey L. Dyck, Professor of History, Room 2074, 100 St. George St., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3. Introduction. and social changes on Russia, as attempted dur- Revival. The 1920s constitutes a unique chapter in ing the Civil War. Organized Mennonite life To spearhead Mennonite recovery, a new the story of Mennonite suffering during Soviet would unlikely survive such repression. generation of lay and religious leaders emerged. times. Earlier, from 1917 to 1921, and later, from Many were relatively young and impoverished 1928 until the mid-1950s and beyond, Menno- NEP 1921. former teachers and teacher/preachers who were nites were reduced to bystanders and victims in In the early 1920s, while urban-based Bol- both steeped in the life and values of their com- repeated Soviet-era upheavals that were among sheviks struggled over leadership and policies, munity and familiar with the wider world. Flu- the deadliest in world history. As a small ethno- limited Mennonite-Bolshevik cooperation de- ent in German and Russian (many also knew religious minority, Mennonites became objects veloped around the goal of economic recovery. Ukrainian), they were surprisingly adept in of ethnic, religious and class hatreds and vio- Bolsheviks also tried to win over suspicious bringing their post-revolutionary society to- lence involving, at various times, Imperial Ger- villagers, including Mennonites, or to neutralize gether and steering a way through the tricky man armies, nationalist Ukrainians, peasant an- them as opponents. currents and cross-currents of early Soviet times. archists, Nazi occupiers and especially radical In 1921, at the start of NEP, the human and The four or five years of active Bolshevik-Men- Bolshevik rulers. economic emergency confronting Mennonites nonite interplay that followed saw a last flow- Yet the five or six years after the end of the ering of Russian Mennonite life. It was a time Civil War in 1921, called NEP in Soviet history when dialogue, rivalry and conflict with the re- (New Economic Policy), were quite different. gime were present in roughly equal parts. This was a period in which Bolsheviks kept a With the grudging consent of a struggling state, tight grip on power while allowing for greater Mennonites were allowed to breathe life back personal freedoms and reduced coercion in na- into their small and seriously damaged world. tional life. The commercial marketplace was They organized mutual aid and foreign relief, partly restored as a motor of the economy and songfests, church meetings and cultural events. Mennonites returned briefly to the historical They also gave support to tottering, national- stage as actors. They mourned their dead from ized onetime Mennonite schools and welfare the Civil War and famine and tried to rebuild institutions, and revived village and community their shattered multi-village agrarian settlements. structures. For a time they even managed to run To ensure for themselves a future, they also a Bible school for church workers and to pub- sought to adapt their collective life to the new lish a pint-sized German-language newssheet, and strangely unfamiliar Soviet world. Unser Blatt, and distribute it across the Soviet Mennonite world. Still partially self-contained “...Mennonites became objects in some two dozen settlements with 400 vil- of ethnic, religious and class hatreds lages, that world stretched from southern Ukraine and violence...” “The regime typecast Mennonites Looking ahead, Mennonites were anxious as ...[those who] rejected the anti- about two main issues. First, they feared more religious, anti-clerical and social trouble with peasant neighbours--mainly Turkic outcasting facets of Sovietization Bashkirs, Russians, Ukrainians--whose hatreds, Dr. Harvey L. Dyck. more effectively than any other.” inflamed by years of war, revolution and civil strife, had exploded in anarchist and nationalist was extreme. As discussed earlier, the Menno- terror and thievery in Ukraine, which hit Men- nite losses from peasant pogroms, civil strife and the Crimea to the North-Caucusus, Trans- nonites, colonist Germans and Jews especially and Civil War-related diseases were among the Volgan and Western Siberian areas. hard, and in banditry and land seizures in Rus- worst experienced by any group in Russia. The Many Mennonites were also convinced they sian areas. Mennonites shuddered at the thought scene in Ukraine, as pictured by a Soviet school were living through a tragic watershed in human of peasant radicalism, sharpened by ethnic ha- inspector, was particularly grave: and Mennonite affairs and put pen to paper in treds, guiding Bolshevik agrarian policy or, should “[After the Civil War] the [German and diaries, letters, reports, stories, sketches and Soviet rule collapse, resulting in a replay of Civil Mennonite] colonies of the Zaporozhe region studies that comprise an exceptionally rich in- War-like horrors. recovered very slowly from the unbelievable ruin group record of that revolutionary age. Mennonites were equally anxious about into which they had been plunged as a result of At the same time, Mennonite lay leaders used working out relations with the revolutionary Makhnovite raids [the largest peasant bandit the opportunities of NEP to bargain with Bol- Bolsheviks. Mutual suspicions lingered on from and anarchist group in Ukraine]. Many villages shevik officials and focus communities around the Civil War. At that time, as violence closed in ... were levelled to the ground and the others tasks of relief, rebuilding and reform. Defending around them, Mennonites had stood by help- suffered as a result of robberies, murder and Mennonite interests, they struck deals and dis- less and neutral on the sidelines, but with natu- arson.” creetly exploited economic and landholding op- ral sympathies for Imperial German and White “In six smaller villages with a population of portunities that arose. But gloomy about find- Army forces who opposed anarchists and Bol- around 1,200, there were 410 surviving orphans. ing a lasting accommodation with Bolshevism, sheviks. Mennonite leaders equally feared reli- Property was dragged away and what remained they are remembered best for strategizing the gious persecution and a return of Bolshevik ter- were blank walls without windows and doors emigration to Canada of a fifth to a quarter of all ror.
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