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Molotschna Colony - Bicentennial 1804-2004 -being the Journal of the Flemish Mennonite Historical Society Inc. Preservings $20.00 No. 24, December, 2004 “A people who have not the pride to record their own history will not long have the virtues to make their history worth recording; and no people who are indifferent to their past need hope to make their future great.” — Jan Gleysteen Molotschna Colony - Bicentennial 1804-2004 The Molotschna Colony was founded by 193 Danziger Old Flem- ish Mennonite families from the Vistula delta in Polish-Prussia, who arrived at the Chortitza (Old) Colony on the Dnieper River in Fall of 1803. In the Spring of 1804 the first nine villages were laid out along the banks of the Molotschna River some 100 km. to the southeast. Another 165 families came that same Fall with eight new villages laid out in 1805. Much like the 19th century settlers of the American-midwest, the Molotschna pioneers traversed the 1000 miles of primitive roads and trails in covered wagon trains carry- ing their possessions and herding livestock. The journey took an aver- age of five to seven weeks. The Molotschna Colony consisted of 120,000 desjatien (320,000 acres) of land lying to the east of the Molotschna River which flowed from The former Mädchen Schule or Mennonite girls’ school in Halbstadt, Molotschna, was built in 1909. In 1910 it was north to south into the Sea of Azov. “A upgraded to a full secondary school for girls with five grades. In 2000 the building was acquired by “Friends of the number of shallow streams crossed Mennonite Centre, Ukraine” and remodelled as a centre for the distribution of humanitarian aid, medical services, the colony, the larger ones flowing adult and childrens’ education and religious training. Photo by Johannes Dyck, Germany - courtesy of Walter westward towards the Molochnaia Unger, Toronto. See Preservings, No. 18, page 64. (Milk) River, so named because in flood its cloudy waters resembled milk,” Urry, heads in the Molochnaia listed their previous pro- gional officials who deserve our gratitude for None But Saints (Winnipeg, 1989), page 83. When fession as `farmer.’” Urry, page 91. By compari- their vision and hard work. The Flemish Menno- the settlers arrived on the Molotschna hills (es- son, many of the early pioneers at Chortitza were nite Historical Society Inc. is proud to present carpment) along the west bank of the river they skilled artisans and craftsmen. Although the this special issue of Preservings featuring the made their first acquaintance with their new Chortitza (Old) Colony, would surpass it in terms history of the Molotschna Colony in honour of neighbours, the Nogaier, a nomadic and warlike of manufacturing and commercial enterprise, the its 200th anniversary. The Editor - D. F. Plett. people. A panoramic view of miles of waving Molotschna Colony was the most successful grasses, as tall as a man, greeted the settlers from agricultural settlement in Imperial Russia and fre- their vantage point on the heights. “The Nogai quently visited and cited as a model by Govern- Inside This Issue would burn off the tall grasses to enrich the soils ment administrators and bureaucrats. By 1861 and to provide fresh pasturage for their animals. the population had grown to 20,828. At its peak Feature Articles ............................3-44 Often the entire steppe horizon would be engulfed in 1918 the Molotschna Colony consisted of 57 President’s Report ........................... 45 in flames and heavy black clouds would obscure villages and several estates with a population of the sky,” Urry, page 84. The colonists quickly 30,000 Mennonites. Editorial ......................................46-50 built earth huts for themselves and their livestock On June 6, 2004, the Molotschna Mennonite Letters ........................................53-55 to be followed within a few years by more sub- Bi-centennial was celebrated in Halbstadt News ..........................................56-67 stantial buildings constructed of brick. (Moloschansk), Ukraine, in conjunction with an “These new immigrants included a number academic conference held in Melitopol, Zaporozhe Articles .....................................68-125 of progressive farmers and businessmen with and Dnjepropetrowsk on June 2-7. These events Material Culture .....................126-132 considerable capital, equipment and livestock,” were organized by the International Mennonite Urry, page 57. “In 1808 61 percent of household Memorialization Committee and local and re- Book Reviews ........................133-139 Kleine Gemeinde church at Gnadenthal, Manitoba Colony. Seats 1,000. Dedication ceremony was held June 2001. Photo - Cornie Enns, Km. 14, Cuauthemoc, Mexico. Kleine Gemeinde church at Schönfeld (Campo 106), Swift Colony, Mexico. Seats 800-1,000 and is the largest Mennonite church in Mexico. Photo - Cornie Enns, Km. 14, Cuauthemoc, Mexico. Ältester Abram Klassen, age 67, and wife, nee Judith Bergen, Campo 65, Nordthal, Nord Colony, Cuauhtemoc, Mexico. The Klassens have 16 chil- dren including Heinrich also a servant of the Word. Bishop Klassen is the successor to Ält. Pe- ter Peters (1930-2000) (see Pres., No. 21, page 107). Photo - Bernd Längin, Karlsburg, Ger- many. The photo is on the front cover of Jack Thiessen’s new Mennonite Low Germany Dic- tionary (see page 133 for a book review). We salute the Klassens for being faithful to the call of Christ and the countless hours they dedicate in their service of the Master. May God bless them Interior of the Kleine Gemeinde church at Gnadenthal. Photo - Cornie Enns, Km. 14, Cuauthemoc, richly in their ministry. Mexico. Sunday morning at the Old Colony Mennonite Church, Chortitza Colony, South Russia, circa 1910. Painting by Henry Pauls, A Sunday Afternoon Paintings by Henry Pauls (Waterloo, 1991), Plate 19. 2 - Preservings No. 24,23, December 20042003 Introduction: Molotschna Colony - Battle for the Faith Introduction. steppes based on the traditional teachings of the of hand by colonial administrators seemingly op- The Flemish Mennonite migration to Russia Flemish faith was seemingly frustrated at every erating under the simplistic view that the Flemish resulted from a convergence of various factors. turn by the forces of modernization in the form of and Friesians (and/or traditionalists and Mennonites in Prussia had been under a relatively accelerated material progress and/or the injection modernizationists), each with their longstandnig benign and tolerant Polish rule since the first of outside religious influences. The resulting cul- ethnic and social traditions and cherished religious Anabaptist refugees escaping persecution in tural and religious conflict - the battle for the faith teachings dating to their pre-Reformation roots, Flanders and Brabant had arrived in the Vistula - imposed itself upon every unfolding develop- could be thrown together and amalgamated over- Delta in the 1530s. In 1772 Poland was parti- ment in the Molotschna Colony in the ensuing night. tioned and the Danzig-Elbing area fell under the century. rule of Brandenburg-Prussia, a militaristic regime In Imperial Russia, for the first time, the Men- Molotschna, 1804. which restricted the religious freedoms of the nonites were responsible for their own regional Almost surprisingly, the situation in the Mennonites. Freedom from military service was governance. This resulted in a new challenge to Molotschna Colony would turn out to be much granted begrudgingly and, even then, only upon the Flemish teaching of the sovereignty of the more turbulent and strife-ridden than the “old” payment of an annual fee coupled with a prohibi- Gemeinde as well as the fundamental belief that Chortitza Colony. The Molotschna Colony “....was tion against purchasing more land for their grow- every aspect of society was to be based on New settled under the direction of a Mennonite civil ing numbers. Testament teaching including the underlying authority, apparently elected or appointed in At the same time Catharina the Great, Em- premise of a grass-roots democratic process. “Un- Khortitza before the new settlers moved to the site press of Imperial Russia, invited the Mennonites der Polish and Prussian rule the Ältesten, that is, of the colony.” The first Vorsteher or district mayor to settle in the provinces north of the Black Sea, the religious leaders, had been the acknowledged was Klaas Wiens, “....a competent administrator newly acquired by conquest from Turkey. In con- heads of the Mennonite community and spokes- and later a successful landowner and entrepre- trast to the Hohenzollern regime in Prussia, the persons before the government....The Russian neur,” Urry, page 74. Romanow Czars freely offered perpetual exemp- government through the Fürsorgekomitee, which The organization of the Flemish Mennonite tion from military service as well as other privi- was responsible to the Department of the Interior, Gemeinde in the Molotschna was completed on leges regarding schools and the practice of their worked through the civil administration,” John February 25, 1805, with the election of Jakob religion. Friesen, “Mennonite Churches 1789-1850,” in Enns (1763-1818), Tiegenhagen, as the first One of the central themes in the emigration of Friesen, Mennonites in Russia (Winnipeg, 1989), Ältester. Although Enns was a capable person the Flemish Mennonites from the Vistula delta to page 58. Thus “From the very beginning the eccle- and a competent administrator, he was autocratic southern Russia was the perceived opportunity siastical and civil powers were in conflict,”
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