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Stratospheric Sky-Diving: Parachute Opening Shock and Impact Forces Analysis

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Stratospheric Sky-Diving: Parachute Opening Shock and Impact Forces Analysis See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323534683 Stratospheric sky-diving: parachute opening shock and impact forces analysis Thesis · January 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 122 2 authors: Denys Bulikhov Vadim Rygalov Purdue University University of North Dakota 5 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 64 PUBLICATIONS 167 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Functional Efficiency of Life Support Systems for Space View project Space diving View project All content following this page was uploaded by Denys Bulikhov on 06 March 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Stratospheric sky-diving: parachute opening shock and impact forces analysis Denys Bulikhov SpSt 997, Independent Studies Advisor: V. Rygalov, Ph.D., HF & ED University of North Dakota Summer 2015 Abstract Decades of space exploration lead humankind to increasingly busy orbital space around Earth. Numerous launches, satellites, and other artificial objects on the orbit on one hand led to increased astronaut presence in space, and on the other hand, it created lots of traffic, debris and possible emergency situations for the personnel. Currently in the case of large emergency on ISS, astronauts would have to leave the station onboard the CRV, such as Russian “Soyuz”. Besides the fact that it can hold only three astronauts, thus limiting ISS crew to only three (or nine when three CRV’s are attached to ISS), what would happen if emergency strikes the CRV’s first, and ISS still has to be abandoned? Though the possibility of such scenario is very slim, it is one of those low probability, high impact “black swans” which can claim astronauts’ lives. So, this undesirable scenario brings considerations related to development of alternative methods for return from orbit. For a long time NASA and other space agencies relied on second spacecraft waiting to launch in case of emergency to save stranded astronauts. However, not all emergencies can be mitigated by sending another crew into orbit. In certain situations astronauts might have to abandon ISS or spacecraft quickly. Besides, with increasing commercialization of space and increased human traffic, different (more operational and deployable at higher rates) ways of response to emergencies should be developed. For years NASA and other organizations looked at possibility of space dive jump from LEO down to Earth as a way of the emergency abandonment. The project was analyzed in 1960-s and shelved (MOOSE). In the recent years due to increased traffic in orbit and possibility of tourism in orbit, interest to a such emergency delivery from space arose once again. First stratospheric sky dives since 1960-s were performed in 2012 by Felix Baumgartner and later by Alan Eustace, with more planned. These jumps are the first steps in stratospheric trials, which eventually will lead to space dive from the Karman line and eventually, off the ISS. Such jumps are connected with number of risks such as, for example, overheating during the descent, impact forces, parachute opening shock, drag forces and etc. This study analyzed parachute opening shock profiles at different altitudes (with exponentially changing air density) and relationship between different altitudes and speeds of falling jumper, and “g-force” shock experienced by a jumper during parachute opening. The resulting mathematical model was validated by the real data available from high altitude parachuting. Based on the developed model jumping profiles from stratospheric altitudes (up to 100 km) were developed and impact forces shock from the opening parachute at different altitudes experienced by the jumper were analyzed and evaluated in terms of human subject tolerances. The window of altitudes in which the parachute opening is the least damaging to the jumper’s body was determined to be between 2000 and 10 000 meters. The resulting mathematical model may be useful in future investigation of the topic by NASA and other space agencies as well as private organizations related to space enterprises. It is recommended to concentrate future research around the parachute opening at the Karman line (100 km). Such an early opening presents lots of positive opportunities in terms of avoiding all challenges of free fall from 100 km; however it also presents some challenges worthy investigating. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………..….......... 3 II. PURPOSE …………………………………………………………………..……….. 4 III. SCOPE AND ASSUMPTIONS ……………………………………………..…….… 4 IV. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………..…….. 5 1. Skydiving ……………………………………………..…………………..................... 5 1.1. Basics of skydiving ……………………………………………………..……... 5 1.2. Types of skydiving ……………………………………………………..……… 6 1.3. Types of parachutes and parachute packing basics ……………………..…….. 7 2. General characteristics of the atmosphere as a transitional environment ……..……. 8 3. Space diving …………………………………………………………......……..…… 10 3.1. History and lessons learned ……………………………………………..…….. 10 3.2. Future plans ……………………………………………………………..…….. 13 4. Space diving as a first step towards emergency delivery from the orbit ………..…... 13 4.1. Possible space diving issues and atmospheric re-entry basics ……………..…. 13 4.2. Historical projects of re-entry from orbit with no spacecraft …………..…….. 17 4.3. Parachute opening shock …………………………………………………..…. 18 V. METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………………..….. 20 1. Conditions of the experimental data ………………………………………...….. 20 2. Theoretical considerations for high altitude skydiving velocities in free fall from high altitudes……………………………………………………..…… 21 VI. THE MODEL FOR CALCULATIONS OF THE PARACHUTE OPENING SHOCK.. 27 1 1. Parachute opening in uniformed atmosphere…………………………………. 27 2. Model parameters estimates………………………………………………...… 28 3. Evaluation of opening G-force shock at different altitudes (Karman Line skydiving, 100 Km)………………………………………….……………. 28 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………..… 31 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………..…… 34 IX. APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………….. 38 Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………… .. 38 Appendix 2………………………………………………………… ………………….. 39 Appendix 3 ………………………………………………………………………. 40 Appendix 4 ………………………………………………………………………. 41 2 I. Introduction If one will visit any skydiving drop zone in the country and talk to parachute riggers and skydivers, he will be able to combine most of the concerns they have into several major groups. First would be safety. Reserve parachute has to be properly packed and sealed, it is better to have good quality Automatic Activation Device (AAD – gadget which opens the reserve parachute automaticly if everything else fails), it is always good to have two altimeters one of which is audible and fits inside the helmet and etcetera. Second would be landing. It is especially important for novices and skydivers testing new parachutes. Not as important for professionals though. Third would be parachute opening. This concern is shared by everybody since parachute opening always delivers some sort of a blow to the jumper’s body. Every jumper knows a trick or two to make his parachute to open with less impact force. It usually involves proper body position during opening and some parachute packing techniques making the opening sequence slower. Slow opening makes a speed transition smoother. So skydivers learn quickly about so-called “sniveling” packing techniques which slow parachute deployment by several seconds. Every parachute delivers different level of opening impact. It depends on the size of the parachute, manufacturer, parachute material, jumper weight, etc. Some anecdotal reports of military special forces operators describe stronger and much more snappier parachute openings at higher altitudes. Does it have to do anything with lower air density, higher speed of the jumper, or both, or something else entirely? What would happen to a space jumper if jumping from 150 km altitude he will have to open his parachute at the 80 km altitude? Will the impact be strong enough to render him unconscious, or even kill him, or will it be tolerable? This study will answer some of those questions. 3 II. Purpose The purpose of this study is to deliver an applicable mathematical model which based on the altitude will be able to determine expected G-force impact on the space jumper during the parachute opening sequence. III. Scope and Assumptions The study is limited to investigation of the past research through which the theoretical part of the model will be introduced. The model was validated by experimental jump data from the different altitudes showing G-force impact on opening for every jump. Due to the reasons beyond author’s control no experimental data on jumps over 18 000 feet were obtained. The assumption that is the available data is enough to validate and present an adequate model. 4 IV. Literature review 1. Skydiving. 1.1. Basics of Skydiving. Sky diving as a standalone activity is an extreme sport of jumping out of the moving airplane, helicopter, gondola and such at high altitudes, usually from 10 000 – 14 000 ft (3-4.2 km) [Read, 1999] and up to 25 000 ft (7.5 km) for military (in certain special operations it might be extended to 30 000 ft (9 km) [Keoho, 2008]. Sky diving includes five distinct stages – exit and speed gain, free fall at terminal velocity, parachute opening, parachute flying, landing. At exit the jumper leaves the aircraft and begins to gain his downward
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