DOCSLIB.ORG

UK Government Review of Commercial Spaceplane Certification and Operations Technical Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UK Government Review of Commercial Spaceplane Certification and Operations Technical Report UK Government Review of commercial spaceplane certification and operations Technical report July 2014 CAP 1189 © Civil Aviation Authority 2014 All rights reserved. Copies of this publication may be reproduced for personal use, or for use within a company or organisation, but may not otherwise be reproduced for publication. To use or reference CAA publications for any other purpose, for example within training material for students, please contact the CAA at the address below for formal agreement. Enquiries regarding the content of this publication should be addressed to: Civil Aviation Authority, Aviation House, Gatwick Airport South, West Sussex, RH6 0YR. The latest version of this document is available in electronic format at www.caa.co.uk/publications, where you may also register for e-mail notification of amendments. CAP 1189 Contents Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 6 Requirements of the Review 6 Output of the Review 7 Context of the Review 7 Review process 10 Chapter 2 Spaceplanes today and tomorrow 11 What is a spaceplane? 11 Main uses of spaceplanes 12 A short history of spaceplanes 13 Spaceplane designs 16 Meeting the mandate 28 Vertical launch vehicles 29 Chapter 3 Spaceplanes and commercial spaceflight: the opportunity for the UK 30 The UK space industry 30 Spaceplanes: a game-changing technology 32 The importance of a UK launch capability 34 Commercial launch markets 35 Wider benefits for the UK of commercial spaceplane operations 40 The case for investing in a spaceport 41 Securing the benefits of technology transfer 45 Recommendations 46 Chapter 4 Export controls 47 The importance of US spaceplane operators to the UK 47 Export controls 47 The implications of MTCR Category I classification 49 US export controls 50 How US export controls apply to the commercial space industry 52 The implications for spaceplane operations in the UK 54 The implications for the US spaceplane industry 55 Proposing a way forward 56 Recommendations 58 July 2014 Page 1 CAP 1189 Contents Chapter 5 Legal context and considerations for commercial spaceplane operations 59 The need for a legal framework 59 Space law 60 Aviation law 63 Applying Annex II to enable national regulation 65 Informed consent 68 Liability of the operator and Government 70 Spaceports 71 Recommendations 71 Appendix 5A Consumer protection from unfair trading 73 Appendix 5B Liability of aircraft under the Civil Aviation Act 1982 74 Chapter 6 Regulation of commercial spaceplane flight operations 75 Introduction 75 Defining regulation 76 Anticipated timeline for the development of commercial space operations in the UK 77 Current aviation and space regulatory frameworks and organisations 80 Procedures and requirements used by the FAA AST 91 What safety standards can be expected of commercial spaceplanes? 98 Towards a single integrated regulatory framework for commercial spaceplane operations 100 Recommended regulatory frameworks for different types of spaceplane operations 104 Recommendations 119 Chapter 7 Airworthiness 121 Introduction 121 Scope 121 Background to airworthiness requirements and the ICAO Annex 8 Certificate of Airworthiness 122 Legal context for airworthiness certification and flexibility in requirements 123 How airworthiness requirements have developed 124 Overview of current aircraft certification requirements 125 July 2014 Page 2 CAP 1189 Contents Overview of current space industry regulations 128 Challenges around airworthiness certification of spaceplanes 129 How airworthiness is assessed within the FAA AST system 133 The case for a safety management system approach to airworthiness assessment 136 Carriage of participants: informed consent 139 Airworthiness assessment for intercontinental very high speed travel 139 Assuring airworthiness in a maturing spaceplane industry: aligning with the commercial aircraft certification approach 141 Recommendations 142 Chapter 8 Airspace 143 Introduction 143 The principles of Airspace Management 144 Airspace usage in Europe 144 How airspace is divided 145 The case for using segregated airspace 146 Using existing areas of Special Use Airspace 150 Creating bespoke areas of SUA 153 The airspace change process 155 Managing airspace on a day-to-day basis 157 Analysis of airspace solutions for different types of space operation 158 Conclusion 165 Recommendations 165 Appendix 8A UK airspace classifications 167 Appendix 8B The SESAR programme 168 Chapter 9 Spaceports and Air Traffic Management 173 Overview 173 Characteristics of, and considerations for, a spaceport 176 Applying existing aerodrome regulation 178 Assessing the suitability of UK aerodromes 179 Infrastructure and facility requirements for spaceports 192 Meteorological considerations 194 Spaceport safety management 196 July 2014 Page 3 CAP 1189 Contents Health and safety considerations of spaceports 198 Identifying a vertical launch location 203 Air Traffic Control/Management considerations 203 Recommendations 206 Appendix 9A Regional meteorological information 208 Appendix 9B: Population density data 232 Chapter 10 Environmental impacts and considerations of spaceplane and spaceport operations 234 Environmental impact of aviation 234 Reducing emissions 235 Noise 237 Air quality 250 Conclusions 253 Recommendations 254 Chapter 11 Flight crew competence and licensing 255 Background: spaceflight crew training to date 255 The challenges of training for commercial spaceflight 255 Training of astronauts and cosmonauts by space agencies 256 Approaches to commercial spaceflight crew licensing and competence 258 The commercial spaceflight training industry today 260 Licensing requirements and training of aviation flight crew 262 Applying existing aviation flight crew regulations to spaceplane operations 263 Assessing the requirements for spaceplane flight crew licensing 267 Considering a short-term solution 269 Conclusion 271 Recommendations 271 Appendix 11A CFR 460 272 Appendix 11B Process for Annex III validation requirements of third country ICAO-compliant licences 274 July 2014 Page 4 CAP 1189 Contents Chapter 12 Medical requirements for spaceplane flight crew and participants 278 The challenges of defining medical requirements for spaceplane operations 278 Scope 279 Medical risks of spaceflight 280 Medical input to spaceplane design 283 Medical responsibilities of spaceplane operators 285 Medical requirements for flight crew 285 Medical requirements for spaceflight participants 293 Dealing with in-flight medical incidents 297 Radiation 299 Health surveillance 301 Health considerations at spaceports 302 Development of aviation and space medicine expertise 305 Medical research 307 Recommendations 309 Glossary 313 Acknowledgements 319 July 2014 Page 5 CAP 1189 Chapter 1: Introduction 1CHAPTER 1 Introduction In August 2012, the Government tasked the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) under section 16 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 to undertake a detailed review to understand better the operational requirements of the commercial spaceplane industry. This document is the full technical report of that Review. This chapter sets out the requirements of the Review, the context for it and the approach taken by the CAA. Requirements of the Review 1.1 In expectation of the advent of commercial space operations, in August 2012 the Department for Transport (DfT) requested, under section 16(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982,1 that the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) undertake a detailed review to understand better the operational requirements of the commercial spaceplane and spaceport industry. 1.2 The findings of this Review should inform the aerospace and space industry and other key stakeholders about how the UK could accommodate and support future spaceplane operations, and pave the way for an appropriate regulatory framework that would allow this to happen. 1.3 The Review was specifically tasked with providing: a description and analysis of actual or anticipated key spaceplane operations and their requirements; an assessment of the potential for the growth of the spaceplane industry beyond sub-orbital space tourism and satellite launches; an analysis of the applicability of the procedures and requirements utilised by the US Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) to the UK; recommendations for the appropriate regulatory framework for commercial spaceplane operations in the UK. This will include: spaceplane airworthiness; airspace requirements; Air Traffic Management; 1 Section 16(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 states: ‘...it shall be the duty of the CAA to provide such assistance and advice as the Secretary of State may require it to provide for him or any other person in connection with any of the Secretary of State’s functions relating to civil aviation.’ www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1982/16/section/16 (accessed 7 March 2014) July 2014 Page 6 CAP 1189 Chapter 1: Introduction flight operations; flight crew licensing; and flight crew and participant medical requirements; an analysis and recommendations regarding the appropriate regulatory requirements for spaceport operations; recommendations as to the most suitable locations for a spaceport in the UK; consideration of the likely environmental impacts peculiar to spaceplane and spaceport operations; and an assessment of the value to the UK of commercial spaceplanes and related technologies. Output of the Review 1.4 The formal output of the Review consists of two documents: this technical report, and a summary report including high-level recommendations. The two are being published
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 04Aug00-Ieee-Spaceshipone
    News Analysis IEEE Spectrum magazine August 2004 A Giant Leap For Commercial Space Travel Pioneering aerospace designer Burt Rutan claims early lead in race for Ansari X Prize Looking like something out of a Japanese sci-fi cartoon, the futuristic space plane dropped from its mother ship 14 kilometers above Edwards Air Force Base, east of Mojave, Calif., and lit its rocket engine. The winged craft shot straight up, up, and still up, marked by a milky white smoke trail. It didn't curve toward any horizon, the way most rockets do, as they head toward a stable orbit as quickly as possible. More than 30 000 viewers in the desert tilted their heads back farther and farther, mouths agape, necks starting to ache, for the 76 seconds that pilot Michael W. Melvill let the engine burn. It was the most momentous suborbital hop since Alan Shepard rode his Freedom 7 capsule to an altitude of 187.4 km in 1961. IEEE Spectrum was on hand at Mojave Airport in California on 21 June for the launch of the unusual privately funded space plane, SpaceShipOne, which was designed by Burt Rutan and his team at Scaled Composites LLC in Mojave. Paul Allen, Microsoft Corp.'s cofounder, funded Rutan's project, ostensibly to win the US $10 million Ansari X Prize for the first workable "space tourist" vehicle. But Rutan and Allen's gaze was directed far beyond that prize. Considering they spent more than twice as much money as they could win, clearly they were looking to participate in a future of commercial space travel for ordinary—albeit rich—people.
    [Show full text]
  • Airwork Limited
    AN APPRECIATION The Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society wish to thank those Companies who, by their generous co-operation, have done so much to help in the production of the Journal ACCLES & POLLOCK LIMITED AIRWORK LIMITED _5£ f» g AIRWORK LIMITED AEROPLANE & MOTOR ALUMINIUM ALVIS LIMITED CASTINGS LTD. ALUMINIUM CASTINGS ^-^rr AIRCRAFT MATERIALS LIMITED ARMSTRONG SIDDELEY MOTORS LTD. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ARMSTRONG SIDDELEY and COMPONENTS AIRSPEED LIMITED SIR W. G. ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH AIRCRAFT LTD. SIR W. G. ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH AIRCRAFT LIMITED AUSTER AIRCRAFT LIMITED BLACKBURN AIRCRAFT LTD. ^%N AUSTER Blackburn I AIRCRAFT I AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS COMPANY LTD. JAMES BOOTH & COMPANY LTD. (H1GH PRECISION! HYDRAULICS a;) I DURALUMIN LJOC kneed *(6>S'f*ir> tttaot • AVIMO LIMITED BOULTON PAUL AIRCRAFT L"TD. OPTICAL - MECHANICAL - ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS AERONAUTICAL EQUIPMENT BAKELITE LIMITED BRAKE LININGS LIMITED BAKELITE d> PLASTICS KEGD. TEAM MARKS ilMilNIICI1TIIH I BRAKE AND CLUTCH LININGS T. M. BIRKETT & SONS LTD. THE BRISTOL AEROPLANE CO., LTD. NON-FERROUS CASTINGS AND MACHINED PARTS HANLEY - - STAFFS THE BRITISH ALUMINIUM CO., LTD. BRITISH WIRE PRODUCTS LTD. THE BRITISH AVIATION INSURANCE CO. LTD. BROOM & WADE LTD. iy:i:M.mnr*jy BRITISH AVIATION SERVICES LTD. BRITISH INSULATED CALLENDER'S CABLES LTD. BROWN BROTHERS (AIRCRAFT) LTD. SMS^MMM BRITISH OVERSEAS AIRWAYS CORPORATION BUTLERS LIMITED AUTOMOBILE, AIRCRAFT AND MARITIME LAMPS BOM SEARCHLICHTS AND MOTOR ACCESSORIES BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON CO., THE CHLORIDE ELECTRICAL STORAGE CO. LTD. LIMITED (THE) Hxtie AIRCRAFT BATTERIES! Magnetos and Electrical Equipment COOPER & CO. (B'HAM) LTD. DUNFORD & ELLIOTT (SHEFFIELD) LTD. COOPERS I IDBSHU l Bala i IIIIKTI A. C. COSSOR LIMITED DUNLOP RUBBER CO., LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • Capabilities of Midlands Aerospace Companies
    Capabilities of Midlands Aerospace Companies 2017-2018 Midlands capability for the world’s aerospace industry he Midlands Aerospace Alliance is pleased to present you with the updated 2017-18 edition of our member capability directory T– which marks our fourteenth annual edition. It has been designed to help you identify world-class Midlands partners and suppliers for your aerospace programmes and projects. The Midlands is home to one of the largest aerospace clusters in the world. Aerospace technologies designed and made in the Midlands can be found on the world’s most advanced aircraft. Leading names such as Meggitt, Moog, Rolls-Royce and UTC Aerospace Systems are major players in a region renowned for its core competency technologies: • systems that power aircraft – gas turbine engines and other propulsion systems • systems that control the moving parts of aircraft and engines – electrical, mechanical, electronic, hydraulic and pneumatic • specialist metal and composite materials that enable these systems to perform with precision in exacting environments • specialist engineering design services, factory equipment and tooling. The Midlands business environment fosters the highest levels of innovation. Aerospace supply chains extend deep into our cluster’s world-class advanced engineering economy. We access and invest in a dynamic skills base, with more than 45,000 skilled people working in our aerospace industry. The mission of the Midlands Aerospace Alliance is to enhance cooperation between customers, suppliers and partners in the Midlands and globally, so that we can improve the performance of all our companies and organisations. We invite you to join us, using this directory to identify the new partners and suppliers you need to make your projects successful.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence Review – Environmental Innovation Prizes for Development
    Evidence Review – Environmental Innovation Prizes for Development DEW Point Enquiry No. A0405 A Report by Bryony Everett With support from Chris Barnett and Radha Verma Peer Review by William Masters July 2011 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the interviewees detailed in Annex 1 for their time and support in providing us with their insights and information, without which we would not have been able to produce this report. Particular thanks go to Erika, Jaison and Will. Disclaimer This report is commissioned under DEW Point, the DFID Resource Centre for Environment, Water and Sanitation, which is managed by a consortium of companies led by Harewelle International Limited1. Although the report is commissioned by DFID, the views expressed in the report are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent DFID’s own views or policies, or those of DEW Point. Comments and discussion on items related to content and opinion should be addressed to the author, via the “Contact and correspondence” address e-mail or website, as indicated in the control document above. 1 Consortium comprises Harewelle International Limited, DD International, Practical Action Consulting, Cranfield University and AEA Energy and Environment Table of Contents Evidence Review – Environmental Innovation Prizes for Development Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Glex-2021 – 6.1.1
    Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX 2021), St Petersburg, Russian Federation, 14-18 June 2021. Copyright ©2021 by Christophe Bonnal (CNES). All rights reserved. GLEX-2021 – 6.1.1 Human spaceflight from Guiana Space Center Ch. Bonnal1* – J-M. Bahu1 – Ph. Berthe2 – J. Bertrand1 – Ch. Bonhomme1 – M. Caporicci2 J-F. Clervoy3 – N. Costedoat4 – E. Coletti5 – G. Collange5 – G. Debas5 – R. Delage6 – J. Droz5 E. Louaas1 – P. Marx8 – B. Muller6 – S. Perezzan1 – I. Quinquis5 – S. Sandrone7 D. Schmitt2 – V. Taponier1 1 CNES Launcher Directorate, Pairs, France – 2 ESA Human & Robotic Exploration Directorate, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands – 3 Astronaut Novespace, Paris, France – 4CNES Guiana Space Center, Kourou, France 5ArianeGroup, Les Mureaux, France – 6Airbus Defence & Space, Toulouse, France – 7Airbus Defence & Space, Bremen Germany – 8Consultant, Paris, France * Corresponding Author Abstract The use of Space has drastically evolved these last ten years. Tomorrow will see easier and cheaper access to Space, satellite servicing, in-orbit manufacturing, human private spaceflights to ever increasing number of Orbital Stations, road to the Moon, Asteroids, Mars. It seems fundamental to make sure we can rely on robust, reliable, frequent and affordable access to and from LEO with both automatic systems and human missions; such systems are the bricks with which all the future operations in Space will be built. Independent human access to space from Europe for our astronauts is a key to any future in Space. It has been studied in depth since the 80's with Hermes Spaceplane, then through numerous studies, pre- development activities, and demonstrations such as ARD, X38-CRV or IXV, which now allow Europe to reconsider such an endeavor with a much higher confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Low-Cost Launch Assistance System for Orbital Launch Vehicles
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Aerospace Engineering Volume 2012, Article ID 830536, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/830536 Review Article A Low-Cost Launch Assistance System for Orbital Launch Vehicles Oleg Nizhnik ERATO Maenaka Human-Sensing Fusion Project, 8111, Shosha 2167, Hyogo-ken, Himeji-shi, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Oleg Nizhnik, [email protected] Received 17 February 2012; Revised 6 April 2012; Accepted 16 April 2012 Academic Editor: Kenneth M. Sobel Copyright © 2012 Oleg Nizhnik. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author reviews the state of art of nonrocket launch assistance systems (LASs) for spaceflight focusing on air launch options. The author proposes an alternative technologically feasible LAS based on a combination of approaches: air launch, high-altitude balloon, and tethered LAS. Proposed LAS can be implemented with the existing off-the-shelf hardware delivering 7 kg to low-earth orbit for the 5200 USD per kg. Proposed design can deliver larger reduction in price and larger orbital payloads with the future advances in the aerostats, ropes, electrical motors, and terrestrial power networks. 1. Introduction point to the progress in the orbital delivery systems for these additional payload classes. Spaceflight is the mature engineering discipline—54 years old as of 2012. But seemingly paradoxically, it still relies solely 2. Overview of Previously Proposed LAS on the hardware and methodology developed in the very beginning of the spaceflight era. Modernly, still heavily-used A lot of proposals have been made to implement nonrocket Soyuz launch vehicle systems (LVSs) are the evolutionary LASandarelistedinTable 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Cover: Airbus 2050 Future Concept Aircraft
    AEROSPACE 2017 February 44 Number 2 Volume Society Royal Aeronautical www.aerosociety.com ACCELERATING INNOVATION WHY TODAY IS THE BEST TIME EVER TO BE AN AEROSPACE ENGINEER February 2017 PROPELLANTLESS SPACE DRIVES – FLIGHTS OF FANCY? BOOM PLOTS RETURN TO SUPERSONIC FLIGHT INDIA’S NAVAL AIR POWER Have you renewed your Membership Subscription for 2017? Your membership subscription was due on 1 January 2017. As per the Society’s Regulations all How to renew: membership benefits will be suspended where Online: a payment for an individual subscription has Log in to your account on the Society’s www.aerosociety.com not been received after three months of the due website to pay at . If you date. However, this excludes members paying do not have an account, you can register online their annual subscriptions by Direct Debits in and pay your subscription straight away. monthly installments. Additionally members Telephone: Call the Subscriptions Department who are entitled to vote in the Society’s AGM on +44 (0)20 7670 4315 / 4304 will lose their right to vote if their subscription has not been paid. Cheque: Cheques should be made payable to the Royal Aeronautical Society and sent to the Don’t lose out on your membership benefits, Subscriptions Department at No.4 Hamilton which include: Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK. • Your monthly subscription to AEROSPACE BACS Transfer: Pay by Bank Transfer (or by magazine BACS) into the Society’s bank account, quoting • Use of your RAeS post nominals as your name and membership number. Bank applicable details: • Over 400 global events yearly • Discounted rates for conferences Bank: HSBC plc • Online publications including Society News, Sort Code: 40-05-22 blogs and podcasts Account No: 01564641 • Involvement with your local branch BIC: MIDLGB2107K • Networking opportunities IBAN: GB52MIDL400522 01564641 • Support gaining Professional Registration • Opportunities & recognition with awards and medals • Professional development and support ..
    [Show full text]
  • China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States
    CHINA’S STRATEGIC MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES Mark A. Stokes September 1999 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Selected 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-004-4 ii CONTENTS Foreword .......................................v 1. Introduction ...................................1 2. Foundations of Strategic Modernization ............5 3. China’s Quest for Information Dominance ......... 25 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Future Space Traffic Management
    Perspectives on future space traffic management Alexander Soucek 10th UN Space Law Workshop Legal Officer, International Law Division, European Space Agency 5 September 2016, Vienna, Austria Space Traffic Management: the concept • Conceptualized in the 1980s • “Space Traffic Management is the set of regulatory rules to ensure safe access to outer space, safe operations in outer space and safe return from outer space.” (IAA, 2006) • Basis: to view space activities as a comprehensive traffic regime and regulate them accordingly. 2 Evolution of spaceflight • New ways of using outer space: e.g. mega- constellations, on-orbit servicing missions, space tourism • New actors (privatization, “space democratization”) • New technical challenges (amount of space objects, maneuverability, etc.) • => new regulatory requirements 3 Today: “status management” • The basis of international space law is embodied in five multilateral treaties without a “normative hierarchy”. • The Outer Space Treaty sets forth some fundamental, commonly recognized principles pertaining to the status of outer space and the conduct of space activities. • Primary purpose: to regulate inter-state relations (in times of the Cold War). 4 The example of the “space object” • The term is not defined beyond that it includes “component parts (…) as well as its launch vehicle and parts thereof”. • No normative distinction is made between different object categories, their function or their purposes. • No technical or safety requirements a space object would have to meet are defined; nor are physical object parameters or rules pertaining to space object operations. 5 STM elements in int. space law • The space treaties do not provide for technical requirements but are interstratified with STM elements, e.g.: – Specific kinds of payloads are forbidden in certain orbits; – Registration and notification requirements; – appropriate consultations to avoid harmful interference.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles
    Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management ISSN: 1984-9648 [email protected] Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço Brasil Wekerle, Timo; Bezerra Pessoa Filho, José; Vergueiro Loures da Costa, Luís Eduardo; Gonzaga Trabasso, Luís Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 9, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2017, pp. 269-286 Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço São Paulo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309452133001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative doi: 10.5028/jatm.v9i3.853 Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Timo Wekerle1, José Bezerra Pessoa Filho2, Luís Eduardo Vergueiro Loures da Costa1, Luís Gonzaga Trabasso1 ABSTRACT: This paper presents an analysis of the scenario of small satellites and its correspondent launch vehicles. The INTRODUCTION miniaturization of electronics, together with reliability and performance increase as well as reduction of cost, have During the past 30 years, electronic devices have experienced allowed the use of commercials-off-the-shelf in the space industry, fostering the Smallsat use. An analysis of the enormous advancements in terms of performance, reliability and launched Smallsats during the last 20 years is accomplished lower prices. In the mid-80s, a USD 36 million supercomputer and the main factors for the Smallsat (r)evolution, outlined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Connection
    The Connection ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright 2011: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2011 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISBN 978-0-,010120-2-1 Printed by 3indrush 4roup 3indrush House Avenue Two Station 5ane 3itney O72. 273 1 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President 8arshal of the Royal Air Force Sir 8ichael Beetham 4CB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air 8arshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-8arshal N B Baldwin CB CBE FRAeS Vice-Chairman 4roup Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary 4roup Captain K J Dearman 8embership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol A8RAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA 8embers Air Commodore 4 R Pitchfork 8BE BA FRAes 3ing Commander C Cummings *J S Cox Esq BA 8A *AV8 P Dye OBE BSc(Eng) CEng AC4I 8RAeS *4roup Captain A J Byford 8A 8A RAF *3ing Commander C Hunter 88DS RAF Editor A Publications 3ing Commander C 4 Jefford 8BE BA 8anager *Ex Officio 2 CONTENTS THE BE4INNIN4 B THE 3HITE FA8I5C by Sir 4eorge 10 3hite BEFORE AND DURIN4 THE FIRST 3OR5D 3AR by Prof 1D Duncan 4reenman THE BRISTO5 F5CIN4 SCHOO5S by Bill 8organ 2, BRISTO5ES
    [Show full text]
  • Nasa's Commercial Crew Development
    NASA’S COMMERCIAL CREW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2011 Serial No. 112–46 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 70–800PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. RALPH M. HALL, Texas, Chair F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland BRAD MILLER, North Carolina FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona W. TODD AKIN, Missouri DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia PAUL D. TONKO, New York SANDY ADAMS, Florida JERRY MCNERNEY, California BENJAMIN QUAYLE, Arizona JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland CHARLES J. ‘‘CHUCK’’ FLEISCHMANN, TERRI A. SEWELL, Alabama Tennessee FREDERICA S. WILSON, Florida E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi VACANCY MO BROOKS, Alabama ANDY HARRIS, Maryland RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana DAN BENISHEK, Michigan VACANCY (II) C O N T E N T S Wednesday, October 26, 2011 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]