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Alfredo Canavero ALCIDE DE GASPERI CHRISTIAN, DEMOCRAT, EUROPEAN Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alfredo Canavero ALCIDE DE GASPERI CHRISTIAN, DEMOCRAT, EUROPEAN Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Third edition ©2018 Fondazione Alcide De Gasperi Via del Governo Vecchio 3 00186 Rome - Italy Tel. 06 - 68 33 592 E-mail: [email protected] www.fondazionedegasperi.org Publisher: Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) in the European Parliament Directorate for Press and Communications Publications Unit Editorial Director: Pedro López de Pablo Responsible: Pete Pakarinen Coordinator: Marilena Deriu Revision: Mark Dunne Address: European Parliament 60 rue Wiertz B - 1047 - Brussels Published in: January 2019 Website: www.eppgroup.eu E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: Fondazione De Gasperi and EPP Group in the European Parliament Second Italian edition ©2010 Fondazione Alcide De Gasperi Rome – Italy Tel. 06 - 68 33 592 E-mail: [email protected] www.fondazionedegasperi.org © 2010 Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) in the European Parliament Rue Wiertz, 60 B - 1047 - Brussels Internet: www.eppgroup.eu E-mail: [email protected] First Italian version ©2003 Fondazione Alcide de Gasperi ©2003 Rubbettino Editore 2 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European 3 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Contents 4 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European FOREWORD MANFRED WEBER MEP Chairman of the EPP Group in the European Parliament LARA COMI MEP Vice-Chair of the EPP Group in the European Parliament 9 PREFACE LORENZO CESA MEP Head of the UDC/SVP Delegation of the EPP Group in the European Parliament ELISABETTA GARDINI MEP Head of the Forza Italia (FI) Delegation of the EPP Group in the European Parliament 13 INTRODUCTION ARMANDO TARULLO Vice-President of the Fondazione Alcide De Gasperi 17 TESTIMONY BY MARIA ROMANA DE GASPERI Honorary President of the Fondazione Alcide De Gasperi 21 AUTHOR’S NOTE 25 1. THE EDUCATION OF A LEADER 31 1. At School in the Trentino in the Late 19th Century 31 2. University in Vienna 32 3. The ‘National Question’ 35 4. The Italian University 37 2. JOURNALIST AND DEPUTY 41 1. Celestino Endrici, a Social Bishop 41 2. Initial Election Successes 42 3. Trade Union Work and Controversy with the Socialists 44 4. The Parliament in Vienna 45 5. The Great War 47 5 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European 3. FROM AUSTRIA TO ITALY 51 1. Lack of Understanding and Clashes 51 2. The Trentino People’s Party and the Struggle for Autonomy 54 3. The Political Elections 57 4. THE YEARS OF THE PEOPLE’S PARTY 61 1. Member for the Trentino in the Italian Parliament 61 2. No Agreement with the Socialists and the Advent of Fascism 62 3. The Fascist Electoral law 65 4. Matteotti’s Murder and the Aventine Secession 66 5. The End of Freedom 69 5. DURING FASCISM 73 1. Violence, Arrest and Prison 73 2. The Lateran Pacts 76 3. The Vatican Library 78 4. L’Illustrazione Vaticana and the Europe of the 1930s 80 6. RESUMPTION OF POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 85 1. Founding Christian Democracy 85 2. Seeking Support from the Church 88 3. Revival of Political Life in Rome 89 4. Minister for Foreign Affairs 91 7. A CATHOLIC IN THE PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL 95 1. From Parri to De Gasperi 95 2. Prime Minister 97 3. The End of the Monarchy 99 4. Tripartite Government 100 5. The Peace Treaty 102 6. Visiting the USA 104 8. FROM THE TRIPARTITE PACT TO CENTRISM 107 1. Tripartite Government Again 107 2. Moving Away from the Left 109 6 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European 3. Towards Centre Government 111 4. 18 April 1948 113 9. GOVERNING IN THE COLD WAR ERA 117 1. The Atlantic Pact 117 2. Reforms 119 3. The Korean War 122 4. The Roman Elections of 1952 125 10. OUR EUROPEAN HOMELAND 131 1. Lengthy Preparations 131 2. Tangible Europeanism 133 3. De Gasperi and the USA 135 4. The EDC and Europe 136 5. The 1953 Elections 137 11. THE FINAL YEAR 141 1. Trieste Again 141 2. Secretary of the CD 142 3. The Final Months 145 ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 7 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Foreword 8 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European FOREWORD MANFRED WEBER MEP Chairman of the EPP Group in the European Parliament LARA COMI MEP Vice-Chair of the EPP Group in the European Parliament The passing of time is unable to erase from memory those people who profoundly made their mark in history and who continue to be a living point of reference for the definition of values and ideas that form the basis of civil life. It is therefore an honour to be able to offer our contribution on the life and political commitment of Alcide De Gasperi. The leader of Christian Democracy; President of the Council for eight years; leading proponent of the reconstruction and reconciliation of Italy after the trauma of the Second World War. Founder and Father of European Unity, the European project was designed as an instrument to ensure peace and development, even against the Communist threat, and to overcome the divisions that unfortunately marked European countries in that dramatic global conflict. A multifaceted personality, he was a statesman who laid the foundations for the birth and development of Italy and of the Europe where our fathers and grandfathers had lived. For us, however, today’s children of that generation, in what country and on what continent are we preparing to live? The question is a legitimate one. De Gasperi, like Schuman and Adenauer, have all been invoked in recent months when the European dream seems to be wavering, dangerously even. Brexit, the threat of terrorism, nationalist resurgence, the mistakes and egotism of certain Member States faced with immigration often bring to mind the potential conclusion of that major European project that started 60 years ago with the Treaty of Rome. However, the European spirit embodied by De Gasperi endures and has been successively embraced by many political personalities. We, the children of a united Europe, must make our contribution. It is a no lesser figure than the President of the European Parliament, Antonio Tajani, who follows the example of the major statesmen of Italian Europeanism in the post-war period, with Alcide de Gasperi at the pinnacle. 9 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European The world is now the stage to face the challenges of the future. More security, free and equal competition on international markets, countering any form of violence and threat, development and innovation, activities for the protection of the environment: all actions that we will be able to establish only by consolidating the rationale for unity over divisions between states. De Gasperi knew this well. He also was the son of a ‘land in between,’ born in then Austrian Trentino. He was a Member of the Imperial Parliament in Vienna representing the Italian minority, before becoming Secretary of the Italian People’s Party under Luigi Sturzo. With an awareness of borders from his direct experience of the failure of the Italian Liberal State and the Weimar Republic, including even the pain of incarceration, it was very clear to him what the needs were for his people, for whom he worked diligently and achieved the success that history now recognises. This is what De Gasperi’s profound current relevance rests on. He conducted his political life with dedication, altruism and generosity of spirit. These values must be a source of inspiration for the representatives and politicians of our generation. His firm belief in an Italy anchored to the West and to Europe and faithful to his Christian and popular traditions, against extremism and in favour of choices based on the robustness of good sense are still values that guide the Group of European People’s Party Group in the European Parliament. These are the goals we must work towards to reaffirm the peace, liberty and development our fathers bestowed on us. 10 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European 11 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Preface 12 Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European Alcide De Gasperi - Christian, Democrat, European PREFACE LORENZO CESA MEP Head of the UDC/SVP Delegation of the EPP Group in the European Parliament ELISABETTA GARDINI MEP Head of the Forza Italia (FI) Delegation of the EPP Group in the European Parliament Of the huge range of works on Alcide De Gasperi, the book by Alfredo Canavero, ‘Alcide De Gasperi – Christian, Democrat, European,’ occupies a prominent position in terms of both historic narrative and the representation of the man in the sum of his human, spiritual and political aspects. Given the absence in the panorama of historic tomes of an exhaustive biography of the Trentino statesman, the Canavero volume on the one hand meets this function and on the other suggests a potential new area of scientific works based on the use of sources still available. Beyond the works of major scientific value, which nevertheless tackle particular moments of De Gasperi’s political activity or other memorials or hagiographies, Canavero’s work tells the entire life of the man, from early infancy to his final breath, restoring a multicoloured picture of De Gasperi, rich with nuances and perspective. The book can be divided into four parts: the education and political apprenticeship years; Parliamentary experience first in Vienna and then in the Italian Parliament; the fight against Fascism and totalitarianism and government activity and Europeanism.
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    Appendix: Einaudi, President of the Italian Republic (1948–1955) Message after the Oath* At the general assembly of the House of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, on Wednesday, 12 March 1946, the President of the Republic read the following message: Gentlemen: Right Honourable Senators and Deputies! The oath I have just sworn, whereby I undertake to devote myself, during the years awarded to my office by the Constitution, to the exclusive service of our common homeland, has a meaning that goes beyond the bare words of its solemn form. Before me I have the shining example of the illustrious man who was the first to hold, with great wisdom, full devotion and scrupulous impartiality, the supreme office of head of the nascent Italian Republic. To Enrico De Nicola goes the grateful appreciation of the whole of the people of Italy, the devoted memory of all those who had the good fortune to witness and admire the construction day by day of the edifice of rules and traditions without which no constitution is destined to endure. He who succeeds him made repeated use, prior to 2 June 1946, of his right, springing from the tradition that moulded his sentiment, rooted in ancient local patterns, to an opinion on the choice of the best regime to confer on Italy. But, in accordance with the promise he had made to himself and his electors, he then gave the new republican regime something more than a mere endorsement. The transition that took place on 2 June from the previ- ous to the present institutional form of the state was a source of wonder and marvel, not only by virtue of the peaceful and law-abiding manner in which it came about, but also because it offered the world a demonstration that our country had grown to maturity and was now ready for democracy: and if democracy means anything at all, it is debate, it is struggle, even ardent or * Message read on 12 March 1948 and republished in the Scrittoio del Presidente (1948–1955), Giulio Einaudi (ed.), 1956.
  • The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: a Profile

    The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: a Profile

    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1966 The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: A profile. Aldo U. Marchini University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Marchini, Aldo U., "The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: A profile." (1966). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6438. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6438 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was scanned as received. it This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE ITALIAN COkkUNIST PARTY 1921 - 196A: A PROPILE by ALDO U.