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18 GEOGRAPHY 1 Alexandra V.Starikova * Corresponding author:[email protected] Development And Spatial Of DOI-10.24057/2071-9388-2019-49 Environment, Sustainability, Vol.12, No2,p. 18-28 Polarized Comparative Development: Studies Of And Geography,Bavaria. spatial polarization, ,Bavaria residence andto have acareer labormarket. onperspective also insearch oflife conditionsimprovement. They wantto changeplaceofpermanent to go to , St. Petersburg or other largest cities not only to getmasters’ degree, but cometo theregional capitalforcountryside bachelor’s degree try they completion,next School-leavers Republic). from and Komi small cities and , Yaroslavl zone ofNon-Chernozem (, part asbigeducationalcentre for northern of due to role importance at the research in spatial polarization an important territory found plays thateducational migration types) (together withotherpopulationmobility means)in time costs, transportation Yaroslavl are oblastandBavaria revealed. The study featuresuniversities aswell asspace-time ofeducationalmigration (average distances, bondsof spokespersons. Migration withuniversity interviews Yaroslavland expert students (disclosing degree thestudyandafter theirspatialbehavior during completion) of Bavaria. amongThe results are basedonexaminationofofficialstatisticaldata,surveys interregional levels andcompared to processes federal abroad onthecaseofGerman state paper ongoingprocesses are considered onthecase of Yaroslavl oblastattheintra-and developed regions. ofRussianearly therole In inorigin ofspatialcontrastsattheterritory and interregional migrants (Nefedova and of large centers’ for intra- labormarkets andattractiveness incomplete urbanization into large andlargest cities dueto ’s andconcentrationof population mobility closely related to theincrease ofspatial ofspaceis Russiapolarization modern In INTRODUCTION Citation Key Abstract Institute ofGeography, Institute RussianAcademy ofSciences, Moscow, Russia words Y aroslavl Their : Alexandra V. StudentsAnd (2019) SpatialBehavior Of Starikova InTheir Role . dealswiththeanalysisofstudenteducationalmigration anditsThe article : educationalmigration, highereducationinstitutions, developed regions, early Behavior R 1* ole OBLAST And : C In omparative Of Polarized Non-Chernozem early developed regions, early Non-Chernozem of isespeciallycharacteristic polarization space strengthening ofsocio-economic 2018).Such (Mkrtchyan periphery population declineinthe intraregional growth against thebackground ofsteady regions are theonlycenters ofpopulation inRussian centers andtheirsuburbs Treivish administrative often, 2019).Most Students Bavaria Studies

economic development. educational migration for theirsocio- allows to thesignificance determine of for developed regions early becauseit and scaleofmigration are oftop priority structure temporal territorial characteristics, education. Consideration ofthespatio- in thearea organization ofterritorial of potential intheproblems’ generalization approach dueto geographical synthesis from thestandpointofgeographical migration analysisneedto beconducted (2003) educational According to Katrovskiy etal.geographical structure(Kelo 2006). migrationinternational ofstudents andits discussedtopicsamong otheroften are (Cornet patterns 2015), academic mobility abroad alsopay specialattention to 2014).Researches (Kostina mobility 2014),academic and Chudinovskikh school leavers andgraduates (Varshavskaya (Pismennaya 2010), migration plans of resources ofeducationalmigration asdemographic and suchitsaspects students’ highlight university they mobility demographers andeconomists:mostly are more considering by often sociologists, etc.). witheducationalpurposes Migrations 2003 studies (Meusburger 1998,Katrovskiy ofsuch intensification andabouturgency about theirrole inmigration processes’ researches, althoughmany authorswrite rarely becomesthemaintopictypes of migration compared to othermigration Literature review shows thateducational interregional levels isincreasing. in contrasts’ intensification atintra-and and their spatial behavior people mobility migration researches androle ofyoung circumstances, relevance ofeducational such stages.as oneofurbanization In one canconsidereducationalmigration beforelabor market adegree getting),so improvement andadaptationto local large cities(includingfor livingconditions aim to get into educationinstitutionsin leavers 2019).School people (Mkrtchyan intensive migration outflow of young suffering from primarily countryside their smallandmedium-sized citiesand Alexandra V.Starikova ongoing processes (on the case of Yaroslavl ofRussian authors in theresearchworks the of rest, study, etc. from As distinct other places home, between work, annual cycle: ofadaily,within theframework or weekly individuals are forced to move constantly organization of people’s lies, activities when geography understandingofspace-time of time (Hägerstrand 1970). At theheart of School T. Hägerstrandinthe1960–70s. direction hasappeared intheLund time geography framework. This scientific migration andtheirbehavior withinthe temporal features of student educational author aimedatanalysingofspatio- thecurrent research 2003).In (Katrovskiy their influenceonlocallabormarkets “engine” development and ofterritorial of strengthening therole ofuniversities as studies isincreasing alsodueto theprocess ofeducationalmigrationThe urgency universities. about origin offirst-year studentsinlocal examined by(2010)basedondata R.Rödel migrational. ofstudentswas 2013).Internal et federal states (Middendorff ofGermany social state ofstudentsinold andinnew researches ofeconomicand inthecontext borders wasconsidered by German Educational migration across Bavaria related to educationalmobility). science andeducation(includingissues devoted to geography ofknowledge, geographer P.German Meusburger (1998) is occupiedby thefundamentalstudyof etc.). Specialplaceamongthepublications 2017,2019; Leshukov 2016;Mkrtchyan and Mkrtchyan and students (Kashnitsky, youth migration including schoolleavers There are of dedicatedworks also series to and Tomsk Caucasus). oblasts, North and rarely by casesofregions ( analysed by casesofseparate universities educationalmigration is 2012). Internal migration from CISandBalticcountries andGiniyatova(Dementieva 2012,Study their adaptationto environment thenew universities in teaching foreigners and is paidto theprospectsofRussian migration,of international specialattention studied by Russianauthorsinthecontext The process ofeducationalmigration is Spatial Behavior Of Students And ...

19 GEOGRAPHY 20 GEOGRAPHY Also, data ontheresidence of part-time were conducted. withexperts interviews and plansfor thefuture. thesameperiod In social andfinancial situation,life inthe city questions from three blocks: abouttheir a questionnaire, respondents answered outintheform of was carried The survey universities for regional development). role ofclassical, medical andpedagogical of educationinstitutionsisassociated with Yaroslavl (such set University State Medical and K.D. namedafter University Ushinsky University, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical in Yaroslavl: P.G. Yaroslavl State (190 peoplein2018)ofthree universities ofstudents base oftheresearch isasurvey regions andfrom abroad) the students. In local andnon-resident (from otherRussian both education institutionsthatattract are educated innumerous localhigher Suchspecialists workers. highly skilled high-tech ones),forming thedemandfor there facilities (including are large-scale developed regions in Central Russia. Here is one ofthemostindustrially selected. It As casefor theresearch Yaroslavl oblastswas students. flows structureandmigration behaviour of of migration processes atregional level, possibleto identifythefeaturesit makes spokespersons: withuniversity interviews ofstudentsandexpert migration issurveys the maindatasource abouteducational for detailed analysis. Under such conditions, non-resident students, butitisnotenough documents provide information about andother institutions intheiryearbooks Leshukov higher education (2016).Some and Mkrtchyan in detailby Kashnitsky, itisconsideredwith somerestrictions: traced that’s why theiruseispossibleonly commuters flows) cannotbedirectly interregional migration links(including Russianstatisticalsources intra-and In developed regions evolution. foreign realities willbeprospects for early inordercase ofBavaria) to understandif processes inforeign (on the countries interregional levels andcompared to oblasts) are considered attheintra-and GEOGRAPHY, MATERIALS AND METHODS ENVIRONMENT, SUSTA INABLTY local problems solving. migration) come to the fore in thelightof educational their spatial behavior during (including issues ofyouth people mobility regional center’s suchsituation In suburbs). of (here locates themainpart district of Yaroslavl andthesurrounding Yaroslavl 2017), but nowadays it is focused on city natural decline of population (over 15% in compensated here for up to 20% of the areas. someyears netmigration In rate andperipheral inthecountryside underway are of economicandsocialdesertification the Yaroslavl oblast today the processes natural populationdeclineandaging. In smoothing down negative effects of redistributing humancapitaland is increasing dueto itspossibility for developed regions Russianearly ofmigration Since the1990s. importance are given in Table 1. presentation of Yaroslavl oblastandBavaria Bayern… indicesfor 2017).Some general Studierende nachPendlereigenschaften in sowieund Schüler results (Erwerbstätige published populationmicrocensus ofthemare regularly sources, theprimary obtained from different officialstatistical Data abouteducationalmigration has as good basis for such migration type. to students tax benefitsandstate support infrastructure, there isdeveloped transport our country. Ontheotherhand, inBavaria 2003)goingin regionalization (Katrovskiy the current trends to higher education 2017)thatlargely isin linewith (Starikova arebonds inBavaria theirregionality The mainfeature ofeducationalmigration 2007). (Böhme higher thanamongworkers commuters amongstudents ishere even 2017). (Starikova Theterritory share of intheBavaria highmobility same timevery border andatthe educationalmobility states it is distinguishedby low cross- waschosen.AmongotherfederalBavaria As federal caseabroad German state of were analysed. relations (headinstitution–inMoscow) branch ofAcademy oflabourandsocial students (1509people)ofthe Yaroslavl RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 02 (12)2019 from administrative centre –56.4%, there residents (87.7%; more thanhalfofthem are predominating of the Yaroslavl oblast are (97.2%in2017)with ofstudents majority The overwhelming achievement. and Yaroslavl isonlya springboard to its movements chain goal oftheirmigratory people Russia’s capitalisviewed asthefinal away from300 km it).For many young (Yaroslavl isonly importance of particular its ownproximity attractors: to is Moscow due determines not only toattractiveness to note that isimportant It Yaroslavl Yaroslavl oblast was 31.3thousandpeople. year thetotal numberofstudents in At thebeginning ofthe2017–18academic (over 9%)and institutions inRybinsk Tutaev. here); there are alsohighereducation (over 90% of students in the region study education institutionslocate in Yaroslavl the numberofbranches. ofhigher Most Vladimir and , Voronezh oblasts)by ranks 4 oblast intheCentral Federal District higher educationinstitutions. Yaroslavl formain attractors young peopleare local Among isalmost1000km). Arkhangelsk between is over 3000km, Yaroslavl and distance between Yaroslavl and from remote areas (for example, the people notonlyfrom itsregion, butalso 600 thousandpeople)congregates young Chernozem zone (its population exceeds Yaroslavl asoneofthelargest citiesofNon- Alexandra V.Starikova and 7 beginning ofthe2017–18academicyear) education institutionsnumber(24atthe and Voronezh ofhigher oblast)interms Number of students per 10000 inhabitants (2018) Administrative center orcapital(Population, Table 1.Area, population andstudents’ numberof Yaroslavl oblastandBavaria Number ofstudents(thousands, 2017–18 th (after Moscow, , , Moscow, (after Kaluga, Smolensk, th (after Moscow, (after oblast Moscow Population (thousands, 2018) Land area (sq. km) thousands, 2018) academic year) Index branch of Academy ofLabor and Social are by attracted theeducation costsin the region oblast), who andMoscow (Moscow 12% are residents capital oftheMoscow (approx. Republic and Komi 6.5%).About and Vologda), (about5%)oblasts (almost 10%, mainly from from theadministrative centre), Vologda (almost 12%;from different areas butrarely is Kostroma supplied by neighbouring part Significant migrants’ ). districts, Plesetsky and , Velskiy Arkhangelsk, educational migrants, from primarily oblast (35.5% of interregional Arkhangelsk ofthe universities inthecitiesanddistricts strong migration tiesare with Yaroslavl regions.migrant-supplying Traditionally allowedspokespersons to reveal main with of otherinstitutionsandinterviews among full-time students with the survey time students. ofthe results Comparison Academy Relations’ of Labor and Social part- using thedataaboutresidence place of educational migrations wasdetermined structureofinterregionalThe territorial Yaroslavl). technical andmedicaluniversities (allin and Tutaev), agricultural academy, P.A. namedafter University Solovyov (in are offered inState Aviation Technical educational programs for foreigners 10.9% from Turkmenistan. The most popular 44.5% originate from Tajikistan and else represent afew dozen countries, about areas. Asmallnumberofforeign students than 20%ofthestudentsare from rural –2.1%andDanilov –2.0%).More –4.5%,Pereslavl-Z are –about7.0%, also residents ofRybinsk Spatial Yaroslavl (608.7) Yaroslavl oblast 1265.9 Behavior 31.3 36.2 247 Of München (1539.3) München Students alessky –2.5%, alessky 12997.2 Bavaria 388.9 70.5 299 And ...

21 GEOGRAPHY 22 GEOGRAPHY migration studies. and prospectsofeducational the necessity 2017), whichindicates ratio (Kondakova commuters andapproximately inthesame migrants, alsoprovide Yaroslavl oblastwith are themainsuppliers of educational and Kostroma).Regions andcities, which – in cities such departments two Vologda training ofspecialists(today there are forcreation targeted ofjointdepartments agreementsRussia) and modern on the ofEuropean part thenorthern served regions,for certain institutionsin Yaroslavl trained specialists location(they university formed in the Soviet era due to process of University,Medical boththeconnections supplying regions. For Yaroslavl State corresponds to themain migrant- Railway, whichdirection on theNorthern bydetermined thepositionof Yaroslavl The structureofmigration linksisalso Republic. oblasts andKomi andKirov as well asfrom theArkhangelsk Yaroslavl regions, oblast,all neighboring units 22pedagogical collegesfrom the operatesUniversity for several decadesand head ofthe Yaroslavl State Pedagogical continuing professional educationatthe universities. For example, Association of are pedagogical andmedicalcolleges) education organizations (primarily, these technicalbetween andvocational the fieldofpersonneltrainingprograms ofcooperationin within theframework tiesare maintaining Migration actively oblast). and 5%, alittleless–from Ivanovo, Moscow –about –lessthan10%,Komi Arkhangelsk entrants,university Kostroma–10–11%, –10%of regions stood out(Vologda Technical in2017thesame University of faculty and construction Yaroslavl State entrantstoof university thearchitectural Republic). and Komi Thus, by theshare Kostroma oblasts Vologda, Arkhangelsk, zoneNon-Chernozem (especially for educationalcentre in as animportant letto talkabout interviews Yaroslavl role andexpert The results ofthesurvey comparedRelations to theheaduniversity. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTA INABLTY spending holidays athomeincreases. at thesametime theshare ofnon-residents could matter), connections need to make directroutes’transportation, presence and of settlement andcity Yaroslavl (of course, the growth their ofthedistancebetween home for decreases theweekends with or holidays. The share ofstudents returning say Republic aboutsuchpractice) and Komi Kostroma, oblasts Vologda, Arkhangelsk (respondents from Ivanovo, Vladimir, to visittheirfamiliesmainlyfor weekends Students from otherregions have achance more than half of intraregional migrants do). athome(so andspendweekends often) and studying1–2timesaweek (andmore They move placesofresidence between livinginthe permanently Yaroslavl oblast. trips’High ispeculiarto students frequency yearly, insummer, etc.). occasionally (1–2timesamonth,half- rhythmicity, theothervisithome a certain year (Fig. 2):over 75%ofthemdoingitwith residence the places ofpermanent during to their Non-resident trips studentsmake (by theexampleofBavaria). comparedconsidering to processes abroad researches educationalmigration is were analyzed. contrastto otherRussian In features type ofthispopulationmobility educational migration, spatio-temporal structure of Along with the territorial Vologda). , administrative , centers (like (Krasnodar, and Rostov-on-Don) Sochi, popular are citiesoftheRussianSouth get into orSt.Petersburg, Moscow less to try they with life inanothermajor city: respondents (1/5)associate theirfuture here ornearby. Significant share ofthe proximity to Moscow, relatives settled denote higherincomes, climate,experts regionsneighboring to stay in Yaroslavl, Among reasons thatpushstudentsfrom residents ofotherRussianregions (57%). –tooften study)(Fig. 1):mostofthemare to stay in Yaroslavl less (to live andwork, want studycompletionthey that after More than 1/3 of the respondents indicated 02 (12)2019 Alexandra V.Starikova from the Yaroslavl oblast andneighboring use intercity . These are students oftherespondents More thanaquarter them are non-Yaroslavl oblast residents. mostof respondents userailtransport, means. half of the Nearly transportation education institutions)and choiceof houseand both distance(between role: itdependson plays animportant Time ineducationalmigration processes Fig. ofrespondents’ 1.Distribution answers to thequestion«What are you goingto Fig. 2. The ofhomevisitingby frequency non-resident students, 2018 do after youdo after graduate?» trip by traininsteadtrip offlight, etc.). long-distance BlaBlaCar; like and services (car-poolingto lookfor acheaper transport people prefer to visittheirhomesrarely or significant for familybudget),so young costsisoften their financialcapacities(trip ofstudentsislargely influenced mobility by homes by carsorhitchhike. private The regions. getsto their Another quarter Spatial Behavior Of Students And ...

23 GEOGRAPHY 24 GEOGRAPHY 10 km, timecostsare alsosmall(lessthan 10 km, islessthan trip than 67%ofthemone-way near theireducationinstitution,for more overcoming oftherespondents it.Most live and university, thelessyoung people the greater home distancebetween distanceisrevealed:students onthetrip dependence ofcommuters share among caseof In Yaroslavl oblastdirect the weighted average according to Fig. 3). radiuses are calculated as respectively; km, and22.3 (11.8km thaninBavaria shorter are trip times almosttwo of one-way are pronounced: in Yaroslavl oblastradiuses Differences inthe average radiusesoftrips shares dependingonthedistance(Fig. 3). ofmigrationdistribution participants However, there isacleardifference inthe distance to educationinstitutionincreases. declineasthe participants of dailytrips located inlarge cities, andthenumber state of universitiesBavaria, are usually inthe Both Yaroslavl oblastandinthefederal compare itwithprocesses inRussia. educational migration andaccordingly to featuresat thespatio-temporal ofdaily Available statisticsallow usto look German here, sostudentsbearadditionalcosts. taxes onthosewhorent accommodation school dueto many municipalitiesimpose closer to or other high their university day rather thantoto move travel every ismore profitable It for them territory). onits accessibility high level oftransport areuniversity lessthaninRussia(considering that students’ to the timecostson the trip we onecansuppose talkaboutGermany If GEOGRAPHY, Fig. 3. Trip andtime costs distances (right) (left) during students dailyeducational ENVIRONMENT, migration in Yaroslavl Oblast(2018) andBavaria (2016) SUSTA INABLTY to the place of study practically coincides to theplaceofstudypractically studentstheaverageGerman travel time Regarding to timecosts, for Russian and job.by scholarshipandpart-time remote placesandto offset financialcosts from to by theuniversity publictransport same timeitismuchmore difficult toget is a traditional at practice, the a dormitory conditions, providing ofnon-residents with there Russian is a big queue here). In get a room campuses (always inuniversity RussiaitisharderBut unlike for studentsto to placesoftheirstudy. longtrips make to students ready to financial support higher, provide besides localauthorities ofuniversities issignificantlyaccessibility transport to Bavaria several factors. In due level ofpopulationspatialmobility These indicators reflectdifferences inthe become even more.km increasing, andthosewhotravel over 50 declineslightly withdistances over 10km, Shares ofcommuters, covering distances ismuchhigher.distance (more than25 km) ofstudentslivingatasizeable proportion of theiruniversities isalsohigh,butthe share ofyoung peoplelivinginthearea the Bavaria, (1/4).In nearby apartments orrenting commuting islessthan10km) (1/3 of students for whom the distance of to live indormitories neartheuniversity many ofrespondents have anopportunity mayThis becauseddueto distribution share oftherest isslightlymore than6%. respondents) daily, traveling 10–25km the by students(alittlemore than1/4ofthe half anhour). The secondgroup isformed 02 (12)2019 preferences. isn’t Urban students Bavarian have no marked part. the route to oritssignificant theuniversity ofrespondents goesonfootquarter by Almosta 2 timeslessthaninBavaria). using only 13.3% of students (almost Personal carsdueto financialcostsare preferand weekends transport. suburban (2.7%) leaving regional center for holidays a needto daily. goto thecity Respondents anddoesn’t thestudyperiod during have (including non-residents) live in Yaroslavl thatmostofrespondents with thefact (Fig.to isbounded publictransport 4).It over 57%ofrespondents gives preference use busandtrolleybus routes, rarely –taxis: students of the city In Yaroslavl universities infrastructure). to thedeveloped transport arethe university due much more (primarily ready to spend more than an hour to reach on moving from thosewho thesuburbs); and trips 10–30 minutes (bothonintra-city of students needfora similar proportion distance interregional travels. Bavaria, In move withinthecity, andnotonlong- than inBavaria). This timeisspendingto isespeciallybig(andsignificantlytrip more of peopletraveling 30–60minutes ontheir students of Yaroslavl universities, theshare weighted average). among Nevertheless, obtained according to Fig. 3asthe (31.6 and33.8minutes, respectively; Alexandra V.Starikova Fig. meansfor transportation daily tripsfrom 4.Main hometo university in Yaroslavl Oblast (2018) and Bavaria (2016) at theintra-andinterregional levels due role inintensification ofspatialcontrasts playsother migration significant types Educational migration together with other words, into Yaroslavl anditsdistrict. areas into large in center anditssuburbs: residents from smallcitiesandrural and migration outflow of working-age regions. relates withpopulationdecline It of otherEuropean developed Russiaearly Yaroslavl oblastisinlinewithproblems situationin The socio-demographic itisn’tour country enough). widespread infrastructurefor (in cyclists the year, includingwinter), aswell asthe throughout a bike conditions (one can ride environment, but also with mild natural ofthe andpreservation lifestyle practicing only withtheGermans’ healthy thrift, in the Yaroslavl not connects oblast).It (17.1% inthefederal state versus 3.1% are among commuters a lot of cyclists there Bavaria radiuses) isnaturallyhigh.In of highervalueaverage commuting (because transport of living)andsuburban cars(dueusing private to higherstandard organized routes. The share ofstudents although itispossibleto usespecially so popular(itischosenby justover 30%), CONCLUSIONS Spatial Behavior Of Students And ...

25 GEOGRAPHY 26 GEOGRAPHY is becausemostof Yaroslavl studentslive close indicator ofaverage timepertrip. This much asthesameindicator for with Bavaria migration inthe Yaroslavl oblastishalfas The average radiusesofdailyeducational spending athomeonlyholidays increases. at thesametimeshare ofthosewho going homefor decreases, theweekends share accessibility ofstudents the transport residence andstudydependingon growth ofremoteness placesof between the residents of Yaroslavl oblast. With the (usually 1–2timesaweek) is revealed for differentrhythm. The hightrips’ frequency educational migration by is characterized Student spatialbehavior during settlements. conditions compared to those in their own with improving economic, socialandliving residenceto changeplaceofpermanent isn’t onlyto get masters’ degree, butalso Russia’s cities). The maingoalofgraduates in capitalsofotherregions orsouthern rarely inSt.Petersburg to (lessoften move education inlargest centers and –Moscow degree in Yaroslavl striveto they continue center, completion of a bachelor’s after settlements usuallygoto theregional school-leavers from small cities and rural predominantly focused onlarge cities. If Spatial behavior oftheseyoung peopleis of studentscomesfrom thecountryside. other citiesofitsregion isalsolarge, 1/5 center. ofresidentsThe from proportion Yaroslavl studentsare thedwellers ofthis one cannote thatapproximately halfof aboutintraregional migrationSpeaking suppliers for Yaroslavl anditsuniversities. main interregional educational migrant- are Republic oblasts aswell the asKomi VologdaArkhangelsk, andKostroma migration to Moscow. asaspringboardand often for further ofCentral Russia part center for northern of to importance Yaroslavl aseducational GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTA INABLTY of Sciences). ofGeography,Institute RussianAcademy spaceinEuropeanof active Russia” for the andshrinkage polarization socio-economic 17- 00174 developed regions“Early under Russian Scientific Foundation (projectN19- by the The studywasfinancially supported in smallcitiesandruralareas. forrealization youth people opportunities of livingstandards andcreating ofself- and economicproblems, improvement infrastructural with solvingtheirtypical primarily is attractive, butitisconcerned regions experience inlinewithGerman processes. Evolution developed ofearly anddeurbanization under suburbanization on its territory distribution human activity return migration increases of uniformity of thistype whileinBavaria urbanization contrasts’ intensification undercontinuing behavior ofspatial included)isafactor educational migration (students’ spatial developed regions zone ofNon-Chernozem cyclists. showsThe that in comparison early and transport passengers ofsuburban them there are muchmore carenthusiasts, have nopronounced but among priorities, students Bavarian public transport. urban daily educationalmigration prefer they regions)neighboring cars;for andprivate (for students from the Yaroslavl oblast and people livingoutsidetheregion), buses meansare trains(fortransportation young At Russianstudentsthemostpopular renting nearuniversities.apartments for suchmigrants andthehighcostof infrastructure, state financialsupport Yaroslavl studentsbecauseofdeveloped commuters isseveral timeshigherthanfor students theshare oflong-distance accessibility. AmongBavarian transport need to go from remote areas withlow near universities anddon’tin a dormitory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 02 (12)2019

Alexandra V.Starikova References Russia. Regional Research ofRussia,vol. 9,№1,pp. 1–11. Nefedova T., Treivish inModern Deurbanization andSeasonal A.(2019).Urbanization and Economics, №3(1),pp. 39–51. inRuralAreas N.(2019). Migration ofRussia: Mkrtchyan Territorial Differences. Population Bulletin oftheRussianAcademy ofSciences. Geography, №6,pp. 26–38.(inRussian). N.(2018). Regional Capitals and Mkrtchyan Patterns. inRussia:NetMigration Their Suburbs Changes,Opinion: Economic andSocial №1,pp. 225–242. N.(2017). Mkrtchyan The youth migration from smalltowns ofPublic inRussia.Monitoring Bonn/Berlin. Studentenwerks,Deutschen fürHochschulforschung. durch dasHIS-Institut durchgeführt und soziale des LagederStudierenden 2012.20.Sozialerhebung inDeutschland Kandulla M.,NetzN.(2013). Diewirtschaftliche B., E.,Apolinarski J., Poskowsky Middendorff Dimension. Heidelberg, SpektrumAkademischer Verlag. Meusburger P. (1998). Bildungsgeographie: Wissen undAusbildung inderräumlichen cultural Approach. Philosophy ofeducation,№6(57), pp. 64–76.(inRussian). Education inRussia:aCross- ofStudentsHigher E.(2014).Academic Mobility Kostina 19–29. (inRussian). in the Yaroslavl Oblast. Geography and Ecology inthe school oftheXXI century, №1, pp. Kondakova T. (2017). Features of Rural Areas Development Socio-Economic of the Modern Lemmenshigher education.Bonn: Verlags- &Mediengesellschaft. M., Kelo Teichler U. and Wächter B. (eds.) (2006).EURODATA inEuropean –Studentmobility (inRussian). Oikumena. Smolensk: A. (2003). Katrovskiy Territorial Education inRussia:Monograph. Organization ofHigher 169–203. a Comprehensive AnalysisofDemographic StatisticalData.Educational Studies, №3,pp. N.andLeshukov O. I.,Mkrtchyan (2016).Interregional Kashnitsky Youth inRussia: Migration Association,Science vol. 24,pp. 7–21. Hägerstrand T. (1970). What aboutpeopleinregional science?Papers oftheRegional Fürth. Landesamt fürStatistik, 2016,(2017).BayerischesStatistische Berichte. Ergebnisse der1%-Mikrozensuserhebung sowieundStudierende Schüler nachPendlereigenschaftenErwerbstätige inBayern 2016. 321, №6,pp. 187–190.(inRussian). Polytechnic University. Economy. Philosophy, andCultural Sociology Studies, vol. History, and Practices Mechanisms ofEffective Adaptation. BulletinoftheUniversity: Tomsk S. and GiniyatovaDementieva to E. (2012). Educational the Migration Tomsk Polytechnic Lifelong Learning, №22,pp. 57–66. F.Cornet inEuropean Education. J. Education and Higher (2015).StudentMobility Higher Bayern. Nr. 01. М.(2007).Ausbildungsmarkt undAusbildungsmobilitätBöhme inBayern. IABregional. IAB Spatial Behavior Of Students And ...

27 GEOGRAPHY 28 GEOGRAPHY Received 28 onApril GEOGRAPHY, pp. 36–58.(inRussian). universities ofRussia.HeraldtheLomonosov State Moscow University. Geography, №3, O. plansofgraduatesVarshavskaya (2014).Migration inregional E.andChudinovskikh Fund (inRussian). Moscow: «Eurasia Heritage». Study migration from potential andprospects for CISandBalticcountries: Russia(2012). University. Geography, Geology, vol. 3,№2,pp. 173–185.(inRussianwithEnglishsummary). Patternsof theMigration Papers intheRegion. Scholarly of V.I. FederalVernadsky Crimean Features in Bavaria: A.(2017). Educational Migration Starikova in the Formation and Role bayerischen Hochschulen.Bayern inZ Rödel R.(2010).Z Rödel Politics, №1,pp. 76–78.(inRussian). Bulletinofhighereducationinstitutions.Demographic Development. Sociology. Economy. Pismennaya and to inSocio-Economic E.(2010).Educational Russia:Role Migration ENVIRONMENT, th , 2019 ugereiste oder Einheimische? Die Herkunft von an ugereiste Erstsemestern oderEinheimische?DieHerkunft SUSTA INABLTY ahlen, №12,pp. 561–567. Accepted onMay 17 02 (12)2019 th , 2019