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University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/56529 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions: Structure, Ideology and Capacity to Act by Rebecca Anne Gumbrell-McCormick A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Warwick, Department of Sociology June 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview: The Study and Practice of International Trade Unionism 1 Chapter 2 The ICFTU as an Institution: Structure, Ideology and Resources 38 Chapter 3 The Contested Identity of the ICFTU: Between Ideology and Unity in Europe and the World 84 Chapter 4 The ICFTU in the Field: Regional Organisation and Human Rights 115 Chapter 5 The ICFTU in Action: The Campaign for Women's Equality and the Struggle against Apartheid 173 Chapter 6 The ICFTU within the International System: Industrial and Political Action in the Global Economy 218 Chapter 7 Conclusion: The ICFTU's Capacity to Act 260 List of Interviews 267 Bibliography 275 .. n Meinem guten Geist, meinem bess 'ren Jch! (from Widmung, by Friedrich Ruckert and Robert Schumann) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am profoundly grateful to all the women and men of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Trade Secretariats, national centres and individual trade unions, and to all the academics and other observers of the international labour movement who shared their memories and observations with me. They were without exception generous, thoughtful and at times provocative. All the persons interviewed are listed below, and my sincere thanks go to all. However, as is normal under these circumstances, there are a few who deserve special thanks. John Vanderveken, Steven Pursey and Andre Dewil provided a great deal of assistance, not only by responding patiently to my endless questions, but by arranging other interviews and access to archives. A number of people, including Vanderveken, Pursey, Enzo Friso, Edi Horii, Stefan Nedzynski, and Charles Ford, were kind enough to invite me into their homes, and several others showed kindness to me in other ways. Above all, I am grateful to Tom Etty, Harold Lewis and Michael Walsh, who read and reread all the earlier drafts of the chapter on which this thesis is based, and supported me through some difficult times, going far beyond the call of duty. Special thanks are owed to the International Institute for Social History, where I carried out the bulk of my research, to Mieke Ijzermans and her colleagues Willeke, Ella and Monique at the Reading Room, the archivist of the ICFTU papers, Erhan Tuskan, who provided me with considerable assistance, and Marcel van der Linden, director of research, an old friend who became a valued colleague in the international project in which I was honoured to take part. Wouter Steenhout, president of the International Association of Labour History Institutions, and his colleagues at the Archief en Museum van de Belgische Arbeiderbeweging, Geert Van iv Goethem and Bart De Wilde, were patient and supportive of me through the long work of completing the research and writing up the chapter. My fellow authors Van Goethem, Michel Dreyfus and Anthony Carew also made many useful suggestions. A number of colleagues read and commented upon earlier versions of this work, including Corinne Gobin, Rene Mouriaux, Patrick Pasture, Udo Rehfeldt and Bob Reinalda. I am especially grateful to Mouriaux, who criticised and commented on my work on a number of occasions, and to Peter Waterman, who read the fmal version of chapters one and two of the present thesis. Above all, I wish to thank Prof. Simon Clarke and the Department of Sociology of the University of Warwick for agreeing to take on an unusually difficult and exasperating doctoral student, and my dear husband and life partner, Richard Hyman, to whom this thesis is dedicated. v ABSTRACT This thesis shows the ways in which the strategies and tactics of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) have evolved, in response to changes in the world economy and society and as part of the development of an international industrial relations system. It uses a series of cases to examine key features of the organisation and to show how it has responded to important challenges. These include: the creation of a separate European trade union organisation and the nature of the ICFTU's relation to it; the relations and the search for unity between the ICFTU and its Christian rival, the WCL; the campaign against apartheid in South Africa and violations of human rights in Chile and other countries; the rise of women's participation and representation within the world body, and most importantly, the development of the international trade union movement's campaign against the multinational corporations and around the theme of 'globalisation'. I conclude that the ICFTU is constrained on all sides as an organisation - through limited independent powers of action, disunity among its affiliates, the decline in the membership and influences of national unions, the scarcity of resources, and other factors - but that it has been able to act effectively under certain circumstances and when certain key conditions are met, such as the willingness to act among affiliated unions that was built up around the problem of apartheid, or the leading role played by the confederation in promoting women's equality. VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAFLI American Asia Free Labor Institute AATUF All African Trade Union Federation ABVV-FGTB Algemeen Belgisch VakverbondiFederation Generale des Travailleurs de Belgique ACTU Australian Council of Trade Unions AFL American Federation of Labor AFRO African Regional Organisation (ICFTU) AFSCME American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees AIFLD American Institute for Free Labor Development ANC African National Congress (South Africa) APRO Asian-Pacific Regional Organisation (ICFTU) ARO Asian Regional Organisation (ICFTU) BATU Brotherhood of Asian Trade Unionists BEF Belgian francs BIAC Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD CC.OO. Comisiones Obreras (Spain) CDT Central Democratica de Trabajadores (Chile) CEE Central and Eastern Europe CELU Confederation of Ethiopian Labour Unions CFDT Confederation Fran~aise Democratique du Travail CGIL ConJederazione Generale Italian a del Lavoro CGS ConJederaci6n General de Sindicatos (EI Salvador) CGT Confederation generale du travail (France) CGT Confederaci6n General del Trabajo de La Republica Argentina CGT ConJedera~{jo Geral dos Trabajadores (Uruguay) CGT ConJederaci6n General de Trabalhadores (Brazil) CICISL ConJederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori CIME Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprise CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations (USA) CISL Confederazione Italian a dei Sindacati Lavoratori CIT ConJederaci6n Interamericana de Trabajadores CLAT ConJederaci6n Latino-americana de Trabajadores CLC Canadian Labour Congress CNS Comite de Coordinadora Nacional Sindical (Chile) COMACh Confederaci6n Maritima de Chile COSATU Confederation of South African Trade Unions CPT Confederaci6n Paraguaya de Trabajadores CTC ConJederaci6n de Trabajadores de Colombia CTF CentraL de Trabajadores Federados (Guatemala) CTM ConJederaci6n de Trabajadores de Mexico CTV Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de Venezuela CUSA Council of Unions of South African CUT Central Unica de Trabajadores (Chile) CWC Ceylon Workers' Congress DEKE Democratic Trade Union Movement (Greece) DGB Deutscher Gewerkschaflsbund DISK Federation of Progressive Trade Unions (Turkey) vii EB Executive Board (ICFTU) ECFTU European Confederation of Free Trade Unions ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Area ELA-STV Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna- Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascas EPA European Productivity Agency EPZ export processing zone ERO European Regional Organisation (ICFTU) ESC Economic and Social Committee (ICFTU) ESMA Essential Services Maintenance Act (India) ETUC European Trade Union Confederation FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (UN) FBSI Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia FENAZU Federaci6n Nacional de la Industria Azucarera (Chile) FGPC Finance and General Purposes Committee (ICFTU) FIFA International Federation of Football Associations FKTU Federation of Korean Trade Unions FNV Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging FO Force ouvriere (France) FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions FUDT-CUT Frente Unitario de Trabajadores Dem6craticas (Colombia) GASBIINDO Gabungan Serikat2 Buruh Islam Indonesia GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GOBSI Gerakan Organisasi Buruh Sjarikat Islam Indonesia GSEE General Confederation of Labour of Greece HMS Hind Mazdoor Sabha (India) ICEM International Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Federation ICF International Chemical and General Workers' Federation ICEF International Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Federation ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICP Industry Cooperative Programme IFBWW International Federation of Building and Woodworkers
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