Local Energy Audit Greenhouse Gas Simulation

Local Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change

A Catalogue of Proposals

© Diputació de Barcelona First edition: March 2008 Environmental Service Directors: Ferran Vallespinós and Domènec Cucurull Technical director: Inma Pruna Coordination: Rafael Ocaña Content review: Carlos González Authors: Rosa Maria Canals, Domènec Cucurull, Josep Manel Esteban, Tica Font, Salvador Fuentes, Maria Garcia, Carlos González, Isidre Gonzalvo, Núria Parpal, Ramon Rabella and Ferran Vallespinós Designed and produced by: Barcelona Provincial Council’s Communication Directorate Printed by: Anglofort, SA

Contents

Presentation...... 5

Action framework ...... 7

How to interpret the action proposals

Objectives of the catalogue ...... 17 Proposed indicators...... 21 Index of acronyms and abbreviations...... 22

Catalogue of proposals

1. General Introduction...... 27 1.1. Local action plan for climate change ...... 28 1.2. Identifying global territorial emissions in the township...... 29 1.3. Ascertaining the carbon balance for the local authority, its offices, facilities and services...... 30 1.4. Decarbonising local authority budgets...... 32 1.5. Drafting a climate change ordinance ...... 33 1.6. Assessing the township’s vulnerability to climate change ...... 34 1.7. Compensating for the emissions of a local authority event or activity ...... 35 1.8. Increasing understanding and awareness about climate change amongst local authority stakeholders and citizens in general...... 36

2. Energy Introduction...... 37 2.1. Municipal energy management plan...... 38 2.2. Installing photovoltaic solar panels...... 39 2.3. Installing solar thermal collectors...... 40 2.4. Regulating and controlling heating systems ...... 41 2.5. Adapting public lighting to light pollution legislation and regulations ...... 42 2.6. Replacing public lighting lamps ...... 43

3 3. Waste Introduction...... 45 3.1. Extending selective collection of organic waste...... 46 3.2. Municipal waste prevention plan...... 47 3.3. Establishing methods of paying for generation...... 48 3.4. Municipal waste regulations...... 50 3.5. Promoting home and community compost making...... 51

4. Water Introduction...... 53 4.1. Protecting against floods ...... 54 4.2. Controlling leaks from the drinking water distribution system...... 55 4.3. Combating drought ...... 56 4.4. Evaluating Riparian forests in economic terms...... 57

5. Mobility Introduction...... 59 5.1. Promoting the use of biofuels ...... 60 5.2. Public bicycle service...... 62 5.3. Promoting efficient vehicles...... 64 5.4. Promoting safe school routes ...... 66 5.5. Adapting public transport services to workplace locations ...... 68 5.6. Establishing areas free of motor vehicles...... 70

6. Town planning and building Introduction...... 73 6.1. Including minimum sustainable criteria in municipal urban planning ...... 74 6.2. Rehabilitating and promoting built-up areas ...... 76 6.3. Adapting town planning to the effects of climate change...... 77 6.4. Introducing drinking water saving systems in homes ...... 78 6.5. Sustainable building ordinance...... 80 6.6. Applying bioclimatic criteria to town planning and building...... 82 6.7. Promoting good environmental practices in the domestic sector ...... 84

7. Coastline and natural systems Introduction...... 87 7.1. Naturalising breakwaters and artificial coastal defences ...... 88 7.2. Correcting beach erosion processes ...... 90 7.3. Conserving biodiversity in coastal systems ...... 92 7.4. Accessibility to public beaches ...... 94 7.5. Sustainable management of the terrestrial maritime public domain ...... 96

8. Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption Introduction...... 99 8.1. Adopting more sustainable public purchasing and tendering policies ...... 100 8.2. Including environmental criteria in product purchasing...... 102 8.3. Ecolabels: guaranteeing the environmental quality of products ...... 104 8.4. Environmental criteria for stationery and office equipment...... 106 8.5. The local authority and responsible consumption...... 108

Annexes 1. Reference documents...... 113 2. DESGEL Programme: Local Energy Audits and Greenhouse Gas Simulations .... 114 3.1. Table: Management indicators ...... 116 3.2. Table: Results indicators ...... 120

Introduction

More and more scientific evidence is showing us that, day by day, we are heading towards a scenario in which climate change is a reality, with effects at both the local and global levels, posing serious threats to natural, economic and social systems.

This problem is closely linked to an energy consumption model that, though crucial to overcoming the most critical stages in human development, is clearly unsustainable, as it entails the depletion of non-renewable resources and the emission of gases that can change climate vectors.

The gravity of the situation has given rise to growing social awareness, from the first reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to the recent Bali summit. Governments at all levels have reacted, and have already adopted a series of commitments aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, largely by increasing energy efficiency and making more extensive use of alternative energy sources.

The balances available show that diffuse emissions not only account for the greater part of emissions, but are also the type of emissions that are increasing at the highest rate. These emissions are generated particularly by such sectors as transport and mobility, domestic and services, waste, farming, etc, areas over which local authorities can exercise a clear influence.

Once again, then, we find ourselves faced by a situation in which the laws and directives issued at supramunicipal level require the decided support of local authorities in order to achieve the objectives they seek, a situation which also occurred in the past in such fields as waste and water management.

We are convinced that, in this case too, local authorities will prove willing and able to meet challenge of climate change and to convert the problem into an opportunity to draw up and apply policies that go even further than the commitments undertaken under the Kyoto Protocol. This is, for example, the aim expressed in the Covenant of Mayors, promoted by the European Union Commissioner for Energy, and whose objectives are to reduce CO2 emissions, to minimise energy consumption and to promote the introduction of renewable energy sources.

5 With a view to advancing further along this path, Barcelona Provincial Council’s Environment Department now takes the step of providing both elected officials and municipal employees with this catalogue of proposals for local action to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. The document contains an updated summary of the state of the question as well as files on a series of possible measures that can be implemented, accompanied by references to successful experiences and indicators for monitoring the results obtained from actions. This is a working document whose aim is to encourage debate and to foster progress in the work that needs to be done, and as such we hope that one and all will contribute to enriching its contents.

Our Mandate Action Plan (2008-2011) makes measures concerned with climate change, energy and sustainability priority areas. In this context, we hope that the proposals outlined in this document will provide local authorities with an initial tool for advancing their work in these fields, backed up by Barcelona Provincial Council’s firm commitment to support them in all possible ways.

JOAN ANTONI BARON ESPINAR President Delegate of Barcelona Provincial Council’s Environment Department

Action framework Climate and climate change

Climate is a planetary phenomenon that finds its expression at local scale. Climate, as we all know, is the average weather in a particular place, that is to say, the statistical properties (average value, but also variance) of the atmosphere (or ocean) obtained over a long period of time and in a particular geographic region. It is also useful to remember that the World Meteorological Organisation has been talking for years (since 1975) about the climate system as being formed by the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere, the geosphere and the biosphere. Later (at the Rio Summit, 1992), the concept of the mutual interactions amongst all these was also introduced. This is very much an integrating concept which stresses that these different elements are not sealed compartments but are clearly related, with dynamics whose complexity makes them difficult to understand at times. Moreover, by including the biosphere as a defining element in the climate system, and since humans form part of the biosphere, this suggests a dynamic with the capacity to generate disturbances.

Climate change represents an alteration in the climate, that is to say, the existence of significant differences between the vectors that define climate at two different moments in time. When seeking to demonstrate such a circumstance, we cannot ignore the difficulty entailed in making a statistical definition of climate, as this requires the availability of representative data to correspond to long periods of time. However, the use of instruments to record climatic figures does not go back very far in time (at most, a few hundred years) and the precision of such measurements varies.

Nonetheless, the combination of different techniques (based on both the information provided over periods of time and on the different types of circumstantial evidence) enables us to conclude that the climate system has changed at both the global and the regional scale, and that this change has occurred at a much faster rate since the beginning of the Industrial Age.

The United Nations and the World Meteorological Organisation set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 as an independent body to carry out periodic studies, from an exclusively scientific and technical standpoint, of the scientific understanding of climate change.

To date, the IPCC has published four reports (the latest in 2007). The data accumulated since 1960 has enabled various uncertainties to be discarded, and the experts now feel that they are in a position to affirm that:

7 • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of the increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice and the rising global average sea level.

• Many long-term climate changes have been observed in the continental and regional spheres and in the ocean basins, including temperature changes in the Arctic and in the ice caps, general changes in rainfall, seawater salinity, wind models and certain aspects of extreme climatic conditions, including floods, rain storms, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

• Palaeoclimatic information supports the interpretation that the warming that has occurred over the last half century is atypical, at least in the last 1,300 years. The last time the polar regions were affected by temperatures significantly higher than at present for a prolonged period (around 125,000 years ago), sea levels rose around 4-6 metres as a result of melting polar ice.

• Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. This represents an advance in the degree of certainty regarding this phenomenon.

• As regards future predictions, for the next two decades a warming of about 0.2°C per decade is projected. Even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.1°C per decade would still be expected.

• Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.

• Anthropogenic warming and the rise in sea level would continue for centuries due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks, even if greenhouse gas concentrations were to be stabilised.

A general vision of climate change should be based on the following five points:

1. There is evidence of climate change on a global scale, linked to anthropogenic causes, and which is expressed in the various phenomena we discuss below.

2. This is not a unique change, since climate has changed greatly over time, but it is an unusual change due to the speed at which it is occurring.

3. The scenarios for the future drawn up by the IPCC predict increased greenhouse gas concentrations compared with the present situation.

4. The degree of certainty of the predicted scenarios gradually rises as scientific understanding of the issues increases.

5. The climate system presents a high degree of inertia: it is probable that reducing the causes will not lead to stabilisation of the problem in the short term, and therefore corrective and mitigation measures should be applied immediately.

For its part, the Report on Climate Change in Catalonia (2005), published by the Government of Catalonia’s Advisory Committee on Sustainable Development, is a key document which takes a multi-disciplinary approach to analysing the indicators, causes

8 and possible impacts of climate change in our country, the measures for mitigation and adaptation, and the existing framework of powers for combating anthropogenic climate change.

In order to place climate change within a historic perspective, the report defines Catalonia as a complex climatic zone in southern Europe, a region that has undergone gradual temperature increases over the last 8,000 years. In terms of temperature, the 1990s were the warmest decade since instrumental readings began to be taken. It is probable, too, that there has been an increase in the average annual atmospheric pressure, whilst, on the other hand, the variation in precipitation levels is less certain, since historic rainfall series do not indicate any significant changes. Nor have changes in the number, frequency, intensity and/or persistence of extreme meteorological episodes been recorded, although economic losses caused by rain are consistently rising.

The aim of this introduction is not to make an in-depth, scientific evaluation of the problem (though it does include a chapter devoted to documentary references which includes a basic bibliography that the interested reader can consult); rather, it is to place the issue within a framework of knowledge sufficient for understanding the proposals made in the book. Appropriate territorial and urban planning, changes in lifestyles and patterns of behaviour accompanied by the efficient management of transport and mobility, not to mention education and training, can all help to mitigate climate change in all the diffuse sectors named, and it is in this sphere that, as we shall see, the local administration is called upon to play an essential role.

The causes of climate change

Changes are caused to the climate as a consequence of alterations in the Earth’s energy balance, which is a system of thermal equilibrium conditioned by the atmosphere. If the latter did not exist, it is estimated that the Earth’s equilibrium temperature would be –18ºC. The effect of the atmosphere is to retain part of the infrared radiation that returns towards space in a longer wavelength. This is the so- called greenhouse effect, whose result is an equilibrium temperature of around 15ºC and which depends on the composition of the atmosphere.

The components of the atmosphere that can alter the energy balance include the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC and SF6), ozone (tropospheric and stratospheric, which have opposite effects), aerosols and clouds (water vapour). There are also other factors that can alter the radiation balance, such as small changes in the Earth’s orbit or in its albedo, which depends on the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface.

In order to identify the possible causes of climate change, we need to determine which of the aforementioned factors have undergone the greatest changes in recent years. According to IPCC figures (2001), the atmospheric concentrations of certain greenhouse gases have changed significantly since fossil fuels began to be used at the start of the industrial period, around 200-250 years ago. These include, for example, CO2, concentrations of which had remained stable (at around 240 ppm) for at least the last 800 years, but which have increased exponentially since the late-19th century to reach the present concentration level of around 360 ppm. The same dynamic has been observed in the case of methane (from 750 to around 1,600 ppm) and nitrous oxide (from 270 to 310 ppm). We can therefore link global warming to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases; furthermore, this cause-and-effect relationship makes humans responsible for climate change.

Indeed, the international scientific community, as represented by the United Nations

9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assures, with a high degree of certainty, that the Earth’s warming has been caused by human activity, which has generated a considerable increase in global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases since 1750, which are far higher than pre-industrial levels and are responsible for global warming.

Of all these gases, CO2 is without doubt the one which has most contributed to climate change, as present levels of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere have never been higher at any time in the last 400,000 years. This is, moreover, a gas with a complex dynamic, as there are many factors which can alter its balance aside from the contribution made by fossil fuels, since CO2 is the key gas in the biological processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Additionally, only part of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2 enter the atmosphere, as the rest is captured by the oceans and continental systems (the so-called carbon sink function) in equivalent amounts.

The oceans are the planet’s main carbon reservoir (storing around 50 times more than the atmosphere), and this is distributed into two compartments: surface waters (in which primary production acts as an important biological pump for CO2), and deep waters. The oceans therefore play a dual role with regard to the carbon balance: they absorb more than 90% of the Earth’s total carbon and help to effectively metabolise excess CO2 emissions. Due to their rapid growth, phytoplankton plays a very important role in this second function.

As regards terrestrial systems, considerable mobilisation of geological reserves (which include carbonate rocks) takes place as a result of fossil fuel consumption, and terrestrial vegetation helps to consume atmospheric CO2 as well, with very high rates depending on the degree of maturity of systems, however we should also remember that a large proportion of carbon fixed in the form of organic matter returns to the atmosphere through biological respiration processes.

The carbon cycle is therefore highly complex, and we only provide here a brief outline to help the reader understand what processes significantly alter its concentration in the atmosphere. The problem resides in the fact that carbon that had been absorbed from the atmosphere many, many years ago is being released again, and it’s occurring at rates that far surpass the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb the excess. It is calculated that, in just one year, the amount of fossil fuels consumed is one which required around 100,000 years to form. The result of all this is increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (by around 3 ppm/year). And since this is a greenhouse gas, the radiation balance is altered and global warming takes place, a phenomenon which is at the root of many of the effects identified below.

This break-down in balances is caused by fossil fuel use and is, therefore, linked to our energy model. Energy use has always been crucial for civilisation, since humans are the only species able to use external energy: the relation between exosomatic and exclusively metabolic energy consumption ranges between 10 and 100. As we have gradually dominated use of the different types of energy, we have observed that human living conditions have improved parallel to increasing energy consumption. This is to say that there is a practically linear relation between energy consumption (measured in KW/person) and standards of living (GDP in euros per person per year). This link is true both for the temporal component (different stages in the development of a particular country) and for the spatial component (when different countries are compared at a specific point).

The problem is that, though it has been extraordinarily useful for overcoming the most

10 critical phases in human development, this model is unsustainable in the long term and now needs to be reversed, by increasing energy efficiency (it is estimated that half of all the energy produced is never used) and at the same time using clean and renewable energy sources that do not alter the greenhouse gas balance. This is the great challenge which faces us within the present context of the ever-increasing demand for energy (which doubles every thirty years).

Finally, with regard to these emissions, in Catalonia 34% are governed by Directive 2003/87/CE, establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading, and 66% of them are diffuse but perfectly identified. It is in the sphere of diffuse emissions that municipal policies and local authority action can be important for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. In the diffuse sector, greenhouse gas emissions can be broken down as follows: transport accounts for 49%, the residential and service sector, 14%, agriculture, 28%, waste, 6% and others, 3%.

The energy consumption managed by local councils is distributed as follows: public lighting, 63%; schools, 15.6%; municipal offices, 7%; sports centres, 4.6%; civic centres, 3.9%; municipal vehicles, 3.5%; and others, 2.4% (figures for Granollers in 2003, but which can be considered representative of the general situation).

The possible effects of climate change

The effects linked to climate change are well-known to all. The table below contains a list of those for which there is most agreement amongst the scientific community as to their impact. Nonetheless, things tend to move fast in this sphere, and the reader is advised to consult the bibliographic references at the end of this book.

• Rising average temperature on Earth.

• Desertification of certain zones on the planet.

• Torrential rain in other zones.

• Melting glaciers.

• Rising sea levels.

• Difficulties in draining rivers and sewage systems.

• Risk of flash floods due to greater irregularity in rainfall patterns.

• Spread of certain tropical diseases in areas with mild climates at present.

• Changing areas of distribution of certain species, including fishery stocks.

• Alteration of biological cycles, with earlier blooming and budding.

• Changing trajectories of tropical storms.

• Modification of the models of marine dynamics.

• Increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena.

• Episodes of higher than normal mortality rates due to extreme temperatures.

11 • Effects on economic resources located along the coastline (ports, buildings, etc.).

• Forced migrations due to drought and food shortages.

As we can see, then, this complex phenomenon generates different types of effects (physical, biological, economic, effects on human health, etc.). There can be no doubt that climate change poses a real threat to the basic elements of human life all over the world and will also have enormous consequences for the economy. According to the Stern Report (2006), the annual costs of stabilising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 500-550 parts per million (ppm) is estimated to be about one percent of annual world GDP by 2050. If, on the other hand, no action is taken, climate change will reduce consumption globally per head by between five and twenty percent, and it’s likely to be at the upper end of that range.

In response to the certain threat of these and other effects of climate change, it will be necessary to draw up different levels of strategy for mitigating it and adapting to it. To do this, everyone, including local authorities, must cooperate and become involved.

What can we do?

In the global sphere, the most important steps the international community has taken to combat anthropogenic climate change have been to ratify the Framework Agreement on Climate Change (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997). The aim of the Framework Agreement was to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to levels preventing dangerous interferences with the climate system.

The European Union and its member states have ratified both the Framework Agreement on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, completely adopting a commitment to restricting and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This commitment is based on establishing quantitative joint goals on limiting emissions which are later distributed amongst the member states according to their respective economic capacity and their degree of development.

The European Union’s strategy (according to the resolution of the European Parliament of 14 February 2007) is to reduce overall emissions in all industrialised countries by 30% compared with 1990 levels by the year 2020, with the aim of achieving a 60-80% reduction by 2050. If this objective is achieved, average global warming may be restricted to 2ºC compared to pre-industrialisation temperatures. It seems that a scenario compatible with this situation would correspond to a CO2 atmospheric concentration of 550 ppm.

Several important events took place in 2007, such as the adoption in Valencia (November 2007) of the IPCC report. In December 2007 the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC took place in Bali, serving to define international action to combat climate change. And the European Union also put forward an ambitious proposal: to reduce energy consumption by 20% by 2020, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, as well as ensuring that renewable sources account for 20% of the primary energy production.

Spain’s commitment to comply with Kyoto in the context of the EU was to increase its emissions by no more than 15% compared to 1990 levels. At present, emissions for Spain as a whole are 52% above those in 1990 (48% in Catalonia). Spain’s current commitment is not to exceed the 1990 emission levels by more than 37%. With a view to meeting the Kyoto targets and to orienting the country’s capacity more towards undertaking additional commitments to combat climate change after 2012, the Spanish

12 Ministry of the Environment drew up the “Spanish Strategy for Climate Change and Clean Energy 2007-2012-2020”, approved by the Council of Ministers in July 2007.

As for Catalonia, the latest figures available (2005) show that emissions by diffuse sectors were 39.58 Mt. This means that in Catalonia in 2005, the diffuse sectors produced 2.62 Mt of emissions in excess of the objective, which was to remain below a 37% increase over the base year figure. However if the rate of the increase in Catalonia is calculated from 1990 to 2005, this is found to have been an average of 3.12% per year. It should be highlighted that measures have been taken in recent years to reduce this rate of increase, including the Energy Plan, the Ecoefficiency Decree, the strategic environmental evaluation of plans and programmes, and the directives on mobility, among others. But Catalonia is expected to continue to grow economically and in terms of population, and emissions look set to rise at unacceptably high rates. For this reason, an initial scenario has been proposed with an additional reduction of 5.33 Mt/year over the 2008-2012 period in order to comply with the conditions of the Kyoto Protocol.

In order to establish future policies aimed at complying with the Protocol (annual reduction of 5.33 Mt of CO2 emissions), the Government of Catalonia will draw up an Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation 2008-2012. This plan will embrace a series of measures affecting the diffuse sectors, and will also include actions aimed at diversifying energy sources in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, increasing energy efficiency and energy savings and further reducing emissions by industries that come under the Directive on emissions trading. To ensure that the process of drafting this plan is a participatory one, the Catalan Convention on Climate Change was established. This body held its latest meeting in February of this year. Its basic goal is to ensure that the draft of the Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation 2008-2012 fulfils all objectives.

Finally, some indicative data for helping to understand the magnitude of the problem: firstly, annual emissions per inhabitant (in Tm CO2 equivalent/inhabitant) stand at around 8, according to overall data on the 43 townships in the province of Barcelona. Secondly, overall energy consumption in the city of Barcelona rose by nearly 3% per year over the 1999-2003 period. It is interesting to note that the rate of increase in energy consumption in the transport and industry sectors has fallen, whilst the increase has been above average in the domestic and trade sectors. Population growth is not enough to explain this increase, as there has also been a per capita rise.

It is clear, then, that in order to meet international commitments, it is necessary to act at all levels in order to reverse these trends, which entail excessive consumption of non-renewable resources and the emission (as undesired by-products) of gases that alter the climate system.

The role of local authorities

Our task now is to evaluate the municipal action that can be taken to control and reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Since greenhouse gas emissions are caused, basically, by energy consumption, saving energy and promoting renewable energy sources are essential measures if we are to achieve the goals laid down in the Kyoto Protocol. Here local authorities are called upon to play a key role, since solutions can be brought to bear at the local level in order to reduce diffuse emissions (which pose the largest problem), and so everything the local councils do has a high symbolic value for citizens. There is little doubt that we are facing a scenario similar to the one that arose with regard to waste management: only decisive action by the local authority made it possible to substantially modify unsustainable models.

It is clear, then, that local authorities have a real chance at changing the current trends toward an unsustainable model for occupying the region, of wasting energy and all types of resources in addition to generating waste (refuse, polluted water, atmospheric emissions, etc.). The challenge is to guarantee quality of life and the survival of our ecosystems and energy resources by promoting the concept of shared responsibility with regard to climate change and in line with the commitments assumed under the Kyoto Protocol.

The concept of climate change has become widely accepted and if from a scientific standpoint this means nothing more than continued research in meteorological and ecological fields where work has already been going on for years, there is also the danger of a certain exaggeration in some perspectives. Nonetheless, if all this persuades us to act more prudently in our relations with the environment, then it will all be worthwhile.

We shall now go on to discuss various initiatives launched at the local administrative level, with no other goal than to give a representative idea of the many measures that have arisen from our conviction that we are facing a truly serious problem.

• In 2004, the Spanish Network of Cities for Climate was established as a section of the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP), bringing together cities and towns committed to sustainable development and climate protection (with a total of 75 member cities and towns in January 2008). The aim of this new network is to provide a technical support instrument for local corporations. Its work revolves around the main themes of energy efficiency, renewable energy development, bioclimatic architecture and sustainable town planning. The network’s first report (2007) emphasises that local authorities are beginning to successfully adopt measures to help mitigate climate change, since 2006 showed a change in trends in annual emissions per inhabitant for the network as a whole, returning to levels close to those recorded in 2003 (5.6 Tm CO2 equivalent/inhabitant).

• In a similar move, representatives from local authority members of the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability met in Vilafranca del Penedès on 12 May 2005 to issue a declaration enshrining their commitments to climate change prevention, which centre on five basic issues: – Energy saving. – More efficient use of energy consumed. – Increased share of renewable energy in consumption. – Integrating actions to improve mobility. – Using mechanisms to neutralise CO2.

• The Forum on the Environment and the Local World, organised by Barcelona Provincial Council in February 2007, also served to formulate the commitment of local authorities to combat climate change based on a different development model. There the local world was urged to adopt and promote a sustainable energy model based on the following points:

– Working for air quality: specific proposals for measures to improve air quality and provide the necessary tools to monitor this. Channels for coordination between different administrations should be established, and support should be given to introducing a new legal framework.

– Commitment to Kyoto: promoting public- and private-sector actions aimed at complying with the Kyoto Protocol with regard to reducing CO2 emissions into the

14 atmosphere in order to help prevent climate change.

– Promoting research and education: encouraging research and projects aimed at minimising sources of atmospheric pollution and improving air quality.

– Working to contain demand and maximise energy efficiency, efficacy and saving: drawing up energy planning and management strategies based on exact knowledge of local authorities’ needs and on innovative lines of action, exploring the possibilities offered by alternative energy sources and for reducing fossil fuel consumption, as well as promoting sustainable building and solar power ordinances.

– Promoting renewable energy in all its forms, particularly in new architectural projects, including solar, hydro, wind, geothermal and biomass power.

– Providing incentives for more decentralised energy generation, with the consequent minimisation of losses generated in distribution.

– The local authorities should set an example: efficient management of municipal facilities and promotion of awareness, training and participation through energy education campaigns and support for demonstration projects––all of this is aimed at providing citizens and towns with suitable criteria for decision-making.

– Designing mechanisms for managing, monitoring and supporting measures and meeting the targets established: taxation and accounting, indicators, etc.

• Very recently (January 2008), mayors from more than one hundred European cities ratified their commitment before the European Commission and the Committee of the Regions to go beyond Community targets for reducing CO2 emissions through actions aimed at increasing energy efficiency and introducing renewable energy sources by signing the Covenant of Mayors, which was aimed at setting up action plans to promote sustainable energy and to facilitate exchanges of ideas with other regions. Local authorities are also required to inform their citizens periodically about progress made in this field.

On this point, various mechanisms are available to local authorities to meet their commitments, which can basically be summarised under four main types of action:

• Direct action, which includes improving energy efficiency in the street and in public buildings, the installation of renewable energy generating systems, promoting public transport and, above all, adopting an approach that focuses on sustainability with a view to optimising the consumption of resources.

• Regulation, based on local authorities’ capacity for establishing specific ordinances to complement those adopted at other levels (for example, building regulations that go beyond the measures established in the Ecoefficiency Decree) or that are ineffective in terms of restraining the consumption of resources.

• Tax incentives. Municipal fiscal provisions that include a series of taxes and that can include incentives for those that apply measures to improve sustainability and to penalise excessive consumption, particularly as regards water supply, which is controlled by local councils. Similarly, grants can be established to promote both renewable energy generation and the installation of systems to reduce consumption.

• Awareness-raising and environmental education. Information campaigns and participatory processes are also key elements with regard to climate change,

15 encouraging citizens to understand the problem as their own and to act in consequence.

How to interpret the action proposals Objectives of the catalogue

As we saw in the previous section, the lines of action show that improving energy efficiency and ensuring a greater share in the energy balance for renewable sources are the main tools available for mitigating the effects of climate change. Research into new CO2 sink capacity (enhancing existing sinks or designing new systems to absorb CO2) may also make an important contribution in the future.

In order to provide responses to the situation, this catalogue describes specific actions that local authorities can undertake in order to mitigate climate change effects at the local level. Eight priority areas for this have been selected: General, Energy, Waste, Water, Mobility, Town Planning and Building, Coastline and Natural Systems, and Sustainable Purchasing and Responsible Consumption.

These areas not only together account for all diffuse greenhouse gas emissions at local scale, but also embrace the main scenarios in which the problem is manifested (coastal areas, for example) and where changes in behaviour can be made that will enable us to move towards sustainability (such as responsible consumption). Local authorities can act on these areas through direct action, regulation, tax measures and awareness-raising.

This catalogue lists a total of 46 proposals, corresponding to different measures. For each, the scope of the action is described, along with the objectives (mitigation or adaptation), followed by a brief summary of the method for applying the measure, the results that can be expected and the stakeholders involved. Since corrective action generally entails costs of some kind, reference is also made to possible sources of finance. Case studies are also provided for each, along with bibliographical references enabling those interested to carry out more-depth research into the particular issue. Finally, indicators enabling the results obtained to be monitored over time are provided, and a section is also devoted to questions of education, dissemination and participation.

We can see, then, that this catalogue of proposals is more like a good practice handbook, as it not only suggests actions, but also places such measures within a broader context of understanding.

Proposals are preceded by introductory texts, brief, updated summaries drawn up from the vast diversity of literature that exists on the issue, giving the political leader or municipal manager insight into the very core of the problem.

Moreover, some issues are linked to more than one area of action. For example, in order to audit and evaluate emissions in the territory, it will be necessary, at least, to take into account those generated by mobility, waste management, energy generation and the water cycle. The table below, which shows the different areas affected by particular measures, is provided in order to help the user to make these links.

General Energy Waste Water Mobility Town Planning Coastline and NS Purchasing 1.1. Local action plan for climate change * * * * * * * 1.2. Identifying global territorial emissions in the * * * township 1.3. Ascertaining the carbon balance for the local * * * authority, its offices, facilities and services 1.4. Decarbonising local authority budgets * * * * 1.5. Drafting a climate change ordinance * * * * * * * 1.6. Assessing the township’s vulnerability to climate * * * change 1.7. Compensating for the emissions of a local authority * * event or activity 1.8. Increasing understanding and awareness about * * * * * * * climate change amongst local authority stakeholders and citizens in general 2.1. Municipal energy management plan * * * 2.2. Installing photovoltaic solar panels * * 2.3. Installing solar thermal collectors * * 2.4. Regulating and controlling heating systems * * 2.5. Adapting public lighting to light pollution legislation * * * and regulations 2.6. Replacing public lighting lamps * * 3.1. Extending selective collection of organic waste * 3.2. Municipal waste prevention plan * * 3.3. Establishing methods of paying for generation * 3.4. Municipal waste regulations * * 3.5. Promoting home and community compost making * * 4.1. Protecting against floods * * 4.2. Controlling leaks from the drinking water distribution * system 4.3. Combating drought * * 4.4. Evaluating Riparian forests in economic terms * 5.1. Promoting the use of biofuels * * 5.2. Public bicycle service * 5.3. Promoting efficient vehicles * * 5.4. Promoting safe school routes * 5.5. Adapting public transport services to workplace * locations 5.6. Establishing areas free of motor vehicles * 6.1. Including minimum sustainable criteria in municipal * * * urban planning

18 6.2. Rehabilitating and promoting built-up areas * * 6.3. Adapting town planning to the effects of climate * change 6.4. Introducing drinking water saving systems in homes * * 6.5. Sustainable building ordinance * * * 6.6. Applying bioclimatic criteria to town planning and * * building 6.7. Promoting good environmental practices in the * * * domestic sector 7.1. Naturalising breakwaters and artificial coastal * * defences 7.2. Correcting beach erosion processes * * 7.3. Conserving biodiversity in coastal systems * * * 7.4. Accessibility to public beaches * * 7.5. Sustainable management of the terrestrial maritime * * * public domain 8.1. Adopting more sustainable public purchasing and * * * * tendering policies 8.2. Including environmental criteria in product * * * * purchasing 8.3. Ecolabels: guaranteeing the environmental quality of * * * products 8.4. Environmental criteria for stationery and office * * * equipment 8.5. The local authority and responsible consumption * * * *

The document also includes three annexes: a list of what we consider to be the most important documentary references, complementing the references provided for each individual proposal; a description of the DESGEL program, a powerful computer tool that the Environment Department offers local authorities to enable them to carry out energy audits and local greenhouse gas emissions simulations; and, finally, a list of all the indicators described in the document (classified as either management or result indicators).

We hope that this catalogue of proposals, all of which were drawn up by technical staff working at Barcelona Provincial Government’s Environment Department, will make a positive and realistic contribution to local authority action relating to climate change issues. In each case, the author’s style and focus have been conserved, and if the result is diverse, it is also enriching. We also hope to follow up this first edition with later versions embracing all developments in scientific knowledge and successful experiences in the field of climate change mitigation and adaptation in the local sphere.

19 20

Proposed indicators

The indicators are instruments to monitor and evaluate actions taken to mitigate and/or adapt to climate change. They enable us to assess the degree and rate at which measures launched have been implemented (management indicators) and to analyse and evaluate advances towards achieving the objectives established (results indicators).

Moreover, these indicators also provide a tool to help municipal managers in the decision-making process, enabling local authority action to be ordered and prioritised whilst not forgetting the importance of making results available to and involving the population.

The tables in annexes 3.1 and 3.2 list the indicators that appear throughout this document and can be used to monitor and evaluate all measures undertaken. For all indicators, whether concerned with management or results:

• reference is made to the action or actions they can evaluate;

• a formula for calculating results is proposed in order to standardise the results methodology; and

• the trend that should be followed in order to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation objectives is defined.

In the case of results indicators, those belonging to the Municipal System of Sustainability Indicators are given in bold type. These are indicators adopted by the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability to monitor and evaluate sustainability processes launched, and have therefore been calculated in some townships, enabling a methodology to be established for this.

21 Index of abbreviations and acronyms

ACA Agència Catalana de l’Aigua (Catalan Water Agency) AENOR Spanish Association for Standardisation and Certification AMPA Schools Parents Association APERCA Association of Renewable Energy Professionals of Catalonia B10 Fuel with 10% biodiesel B20 Fuel with 20% biodiesel B30 Fuel with 30% biodiesel BCN Barcelona BOE Official Journal of the Spanish Parliament CADS Advisory Council for the Sustainable Development of Catalonia CC Climate change CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions CNEAM Spanish Centre for Environmental Education CO2 Carbon dioxide CONAMA Spanish National Environmental Congress CTE Technical Building Code DESGEL Local Energy Audit and Greenhouse Gas Simulation Program DG Directorate-General DGQ German Society for Quality Research (in its German acronym) DMAH Catalan Ministry of the Environment and Housing DOGC Official Journal of the Government of Catalonia DPTOP Catalan Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works D2D Door-to-door € Euro EDAR Wastewater Treatment Station EE Electrical energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) ESO Compulsory secondary education EU European Union FEMPCLM Federation of Municipalities and Provinces of Castile-La Mancha FSC Forest Stewardship Council g Gram GDP Gross Domestic Product GG Greenhouse gases HPSV High pressure sodium vapour inhab. Population hm3 Cubic hectometre ICAEN Institut Català d’Energia (Catalan Energy Agency) ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives

22 IDAE Spanish Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving IDESCAT Statistical Institute of Catalonia IES Secondary school IMTA Mexican Institute of Water Technology INCASOL Institut Català del Sòl (Catalan Land Institute) Indic. Indicator INE Spanish Statistical Office IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kg Kilogram km Kilometre kWh Kilowatt-hour l Litre LA21 Local Agenda 21 LED Light-emitting diode LF Liquid fuel LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas m Metre m2 Square metre ME Methyl ether min Minute MMA Spanish Ministry of the Environment MOWF Municipal Organic Waste Fraction MTPD Maritime Terrestrial Public Domain MV Mercury vapour NG Natural Gas No. Number PAYT Pay As You Throw PDUSC Urban master plan for the coastal system PEFC Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes POR Resource Optimisation Plan POUM Municipal Urban Development Plan ppm Parts per million RD Royal Decree RFQI Riparian Forest Quality Index SDDR Reusable packaging return system SMIS Municipal system of sustainability indicators t, Tm Tonnes TCF Totally chlorine free TV Television UNE Spanish standard UPC Polytechnic University of Catalonia USA United States of America W Watt WFD Water Framework Directive WINCEM Software for municipal energy management XBMQ Barcelona Network of Quality Municipalities XCPS Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability XTEC Telematic Education Network of Catalonia

23 24

Catalogue of proposals

25 26

1. General

Introduction

Diffuse emissions, particularly those generated by the transport and energy sectors (in this order), are the type of emissions whose contribution to climate change has increased most rapidly. By their very nature, such emissions are those most difficult to control and yet, paradoxically, this is the field in which local authorities have the most power to intervene.

In order to define climate change mitigation measures at the local level, we need, first of all, to have a clear picture of the situation in which we find ourselves, identifying the points at which the greatest influence can be brought to bear. Secondly, we need to establish an action plan which takes this information into account.

This implies that preliminary work must be carried out before such an action plan can be drafted. This groundwork includes compiling full information about activities in the township that contribute to climate change. An inventory of overall emissions within the municipal territory and of the emissions generated by the local authority’s own activity will provide a highly useful starting point here.

Similar efforts are also needed in order to define actions aimed at adapting to the situation. An inventory of risks, expressed in a map showing their distribution over the territory and enabling evaluation of vulnerable points, are also indispensable tools for this.

TITLE OF ACTION Local action plan for climate change 1.1 AREA General TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Draw up a plan with actions grouped by area and strategic line, evaluated economically and environmentally, prioritised and organised into a calendar. The plan should include monitoring mechanisms, both technical (indicators) and social (forums, committees, watchdogs or observatories, etc.). OBJECTIVES The plan should be organised around the “Climate Pact” in order to encourage participation by the social stakeholders involved. To equip the local authority with an inventory of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, ordered by efficacy and efficiency, in order to make them easier to implement. METHOD OF APPLICATION Transfer and adapt the Local Agenda 21 methodology: • Technical process: pre-audit, audit and action plan. • Social process: social participation at all stages of the technical process. • Management: establish a body to promote the implementation of the action plan. BENEFITS Increase efficiency and consistency in local mitigation and adaptation action and improve management of spending to combat and adapt to climate change. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, social stakeholders in town (residents, business, professional bodies, unions, associations, etc.) and other supralocal institutions. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal institutions such as the Provincial Council. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Action plans of this nature have been established in several towns in Spain and abroad. Examples include: San Sebastián, Vitoria, Murcia, Zaragoza and Aquitaine (France). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Vitoria plan: http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we017/docs/PCA7.pdf San Sebastián plan: http://www.donostia.org/info/ciudadano/n_planchoque.nsf/vowebContenidosId/NT0000 08FE?OpenDocument&idioma=cas&id=A501610440486&cat=Otros&doc=D Murcia plan: http://www.murcia.es/DocumentosPDF/CAMBIO_CLIMATICO.pdf Aquitaine Plan: http://aquitaine.fr/img/upload/PlanClimatAquitain.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of plan implementation: average % of actions in plan implemented. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective. Results: • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION The social participation process will be the same as for the Agenda 21: commitment by an existing forum, such as the Municipal Environmental Council or the Fòrum 21, or the establishment of a specific forum to combat climate change. This body will both operate as a platform against climate change and promote the pact against climate change.

TITLE OF ACTION Identifying global territorial emissions in the township 1.2 AREA General TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION An inventory of total emissions in the township is made, ordered according to the sector of activity generating them: private sector (industry, services, trade and domestic) and public (local authority and other institutions). The inventory establishes data on overall energy and water consumption and waste generation. The results are expressed in share of CO2 per capita OBJECTIVES To ascertain the quantitative contribution of each sector to climate change. To obtain figures enabling general mitigation strategies and objectives to be established. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: compilation of data on consumption • Data-gathering from official statistical sources: IDESCAT, INE, ICAEN and DMAH. • Data-gathering from supply or service management companies. Stage 2: expression of above data in terms of emissions • Application of conversion coefficients using available tools, such as the DESGEL program (http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/pdf/desgel.pdf) or the emissions calculation tool created by the Cities for Climate network: (http://www.redciudadesclima.es). BENEFITS The results obtained will enable an effective strategy to be developed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in the township. PLAYERS INVOLVED In the first place, the local authority, and in second place, supralocal administrations.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE • Medium and large townships: own personnel, in cooperation with supramunicipal bodies. • Small townships: supramunicipal body. • Training local authority personnel: supramunicipal body. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Cities and towns all over Catalonia and Spain in general have carried out greenhouse gas emissions audits. Examples include Barcelona, Vitoria, Blanes, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Energy sector emissions in the City of Barcelona: http://www.barcelonaenergia.cat/document/PMBE_resum_cat.pdf Greenhouse gas emissions in Vitoria: http://www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/we017/docs/PCA7.pdf Greenhouse gas emissions in Blanes: http://www.blanes.net/mediambient/agenda21/pdf/diagnosi.pdf To download a document on Madrid’s air quality strategy: http://www.mambiente.munimadrid.es/opencms/opencms/calaire/publicaciones/estrategia. html MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Degree to which the emissions inventory has been carried out. Result: • SMIS Indicator 25: Greenhouse gas emissions. Desired tendency: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Drawing up an energy balance shows clearly the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, it is very easy to scale down from the overall municipal framework to more specific areas such as homes, schools and workplaces, using CO2 calculators available online, such as CeroCO2: http://www.ceroco2.org/cat/calcular/Default.aspx OBSERVATION In some cases, only partial data will be available, but this does not necessarily make calculating the emissions linked to the data at hand a useless exercise. For example, if only data on domestic waste generation and electrical energy consumption is available, the results still have the value of indicators that can be calculated over time, enabling comparison with figures at different times (or with other townships for which the same figures are available) to measure to what extent the situation has worsened or improved.

TITLE OF ACTION Ascertaining the carbon balance for the local authority, its offices, facilities and services 1.3 AREA General TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION An inventory of greenhouse gas emissions generated by municipal facilities and services, including energy consumption, generation of own waste and use of resources (water and materials). OBJECTIVES To ascertain the contribution to climate change made by local authority activities. To provide data in order to establish general strategies and mitigation targets for the municipal organisation. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: data gathering on emissions generated by local authority consumption by area of activity. Stage 2: expression of consumption data in terms of emissions. Tools available: • Energy management programs, such as Wincem (https://www.bauwerk.es/icaen), can be used to perform much of the work. • DESGEL (www.diba.cat/mediambient/pdf/desgel.pdf) program. • Emissions calculation tool created by the Cities for Climate network (http://www.redciudadesclima.es). • CeroCO2 calculator (http://www.ceroco2.org/cat/calcular/Default.aspx), sufficient in the case of small townships. BENEFITS The results obtained will enable an effective strategy to be developed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in the township. Improved use of resources translates into a decrease in the amounts used and in lower economic costs. “Demonstration” effect and enhanced credibility with regard to local authority commitment amongst other public and private organisations in the township. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority and supralocal administrations.

Result: • SMIS Indicator 25: Greenhouse gas emissions. Desired tendency: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Awareness-raising and encouragement of both local authority employees and those working on contracts awarded by the local authority.

OBSERVATION This proposal complements Proposal 1.2 (Identifying global territorial emissions in the township). In fact, it is implicit in this proposal, though it may be easier to calculate and be more effective within the local authority

30 structure, even if overall data is not available.

TITLE OF ACTION Decarbonising local authority budgets 1.4 AREA General TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION To “assign” carbon emissions to each local authority service, facility or activity, based on the carbon balance in Proposal 1.3. Parallel to the financial budget, a “carbon budget” is also drawn up. Those responsible for each budget item (in euros and tCO2) has to work with both parameters in order to achieve objectives of efficient spending and reducing CO2 emissions, The result should be two-fold, reflecting good budget management in both respects. OBJECTIVES To reduce CO2 emissions in accordance with the local plan to combat climate change. To coordinate emissions reduction with efficient management of the financial budget. METHOD OF APPLICATION Preliminary stage: draw up local plan against climate change (Proposal 1.1) and local authority carbon balance (Proposal 1.3). Core activity: cross figures on emissions with items from the local authority ordinary budget to obtain the “municipal carbon budget”. BENEFITS Involvement of personnel from the local authority structure not so closely engaged with environmental issues with regard to climate change mitigation. PLAYERS INVOLVED This action requires commitment from all involved in running the local authority: politicians and personnel. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supramunicipal bodies. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of application of decarbonisation measures in local authority budget. Results: • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. • Intensity of emissions related to budget (tCO2/e). Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Awareness-raising and encouragement of both local authority employees and those working on contracts awarded by the local authority. It is important to appreciate the value of the action, so that it is not seen as just more work that contributes nothing.

TITLE OF ACTION Drafting a climate change ordinance 1.5 AREA General TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Drafting a climate change ordinance that brings together aspects of climate change dealt with in other ordinances (solar power, energy, sustainable building, water saving, etc.), including them as well as other aspects (mitigation). This measure is compatible with maintaining specific ordinances, and provides overall coherence, harmonising content and adding considerations not previously dealt with. OBJECTIVES To establish a secure, effective framework of regulation on climate change. To reduce emissions and increase the township’s capacity to adapt to climate change. METHOD OF APPLICATION Preliminary stage: study and evaluate existing ordinances affecting emissions or adaptation to climate change. Core activity: Option A): draft a single ordinance to embrace and replace all existing ordinances, including provisions not included in these. Option B): draft an ordinance based on reference to existing ordinances, which would remain in force, establishing the interpretation of similar provisions to the same purpose and including provisions not included in these. BENEFITS Decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and increased adaptation to climate change. Provision of a clear legislative framework to ensure that public and private activities cause the least possible impact on climate. PLAYERS INVOLVED The local authority and local social stakeholders.

SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Draft process underway: San Sebastián. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Level of compliance with ordinance (numbers of complaints/notifications/penalties/warnings/offences per year). Desired trend: decrease Results: • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION The ordinance to combat climate change affects highly sensitive economic and social sectors, making it important to launch a thorough process of information and, above all, participation during the process of drafting the ordinance.

TITLE OF ACTION Assessing the township’s vulnerability to climate change 1.6 AREA General TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Draw up a study on the township’s vulnerability to climate change, taking into account the following aspects: territorial (possibility of flooding, erosion); social (water shortages); health (extreme temperatures); economic (changes in activities due to drought or changes in the tourism industry, whether this affects winter sports, sun and sand holidays, etc.); and natural (loss of biodiversity); etc. This study should be directly linked to a local plan to combat climate change. OBJECTIVES To provide adequate information on the local effects of climate change. To generate tools to plan adaptation to the consequences of changes. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: compilation of all information available to the local authority on the risks linked to climate change. Stage 2: commissioning a risk study. Stage 3: sharing the study with all local stakeholders. BENEFITS This is a medium-term action. Linked to the local plan, it generates economic, environmental and social benefits compared to the scenario if such a measure is not carried out. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority and local social stakeholders.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal bodies. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES In several European countries, particularly France and the United Kingdom. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES European Environment Agency report on vulnerability and adaptation: http://www.reports.eea.europa.eu/briefing_2005_3/es Examples of long-term adaptation compiled by the city of London: http://www.london.gov.uk/climatechangepartnership/docs/adapting- climatechange-london.pdf EU index of documents on adaptation: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/adaptation/index_en.htm Guide to adaptation for local communities by the Observatoire National sur les Effets du Rechauffement Climatique (France): http://www.racf.org/DocuFixes/etudes/BROCHURE_12_PAGES_onerc.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of study • Level of knowledge of local public and private stakeholders Results: • SMIS Indicator 9: prevention of environmental risks. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Risk assessment affects highly sensitive economic and social sectors, making it important to launch a thorough process of information and, above all, participation during the assessment process.

TITLE OF ACTION Compensating for the emissions of a local authority event or activity 1.7 AREA General TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Medium DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Compensation for emissions generated by local authority activities that cannot be prevented, through existing CO2 compensation initiatives. By joining in the initiative, tools are provided for calculating, reducing and compensating for CO2 emissions generated, work carried out by managers of the initiative. OBJECTIVES To compensate for greenhouse gas emissions and raise awareness amongst municipal workers and users of services and activities. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Identify activities for which emissions cannot be reduced. Stage 2: Audit the emissions generated, using tools described in Proposal 1.3 (Ascertaining the carbon balance for the local authority, its offices, facilities and services). Stage 3: Select an organisation to manage compensation initiatives and commission compensation management. Examples of such initiatives: • CeroCO2 (http://www.ceroco2.org). Joint initiative by the Fundación Ecología y Desarrollo (Ecodes) and the Fundació Natura. • Ekopass (http://www.ekopass.org). Initiative by the Ekopass Elkartea association. • Climate Care (http://www.climatecare.org). • Alliance for Climate Protection (http://www.climateprotect.org). • Carbon Global Project (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org). • Initiatives to compensate for CO2 emitted by air transport: Atmosfair (http://www.atmosfair.de), Green Seat (http://www.greenseat.com). BENEFITS Improved environmental balance at the place of origin, without affecting key activities, and contribution to economic and social growth in developing countries. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authorities, users, compensation organisation and beneficiary community. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority budget. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES The Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability, which compensates for emissions generated by its assemblies through the CeroCO2 initiative. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES • The CeroCO2 project: http://www.ceroco2.org/calcular/default.aspx • The MMA project: http://www.bosquesnaturales.com/home/?MIval=calculadora&leng=esp • The National Energy Foundation (UK): http://www.nef.org.uk/energyadvice/co2calculator.htm • World Resources Institute: http://www.safeclimate.net/calculator MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of activities included in the compensation system. Desired trend: increase Results: • Tonnes of CO2 compensated for. Desired trend: increase EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Awareness-raising amongst participants in activities covered by compensation mechanisms.

OBSERVATION The United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) certifies projects that compensate for CO2 emissions. Gold Standard certificates (awarded by an independent organisation, CDM Gold Standard) are a voluntary addition to CDM credits, requiring additional efforts by the project promoter to obtain verification of their contribution to more sustainable development, compensating for their CO2 emissions and giving social and economic assistance to beneficiary countries.

TITLE OF ACTION Increasing understanding and awareness about climate change amongst local authority stakeholders and citizens in general 1.8 AREA General TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Campaigns and training and communication activities are carried out to increase general and local understanding about the effects of climate change. Particularly important aspects include: 1. Knowledge of greenhouse gas emissions generated in the township. 2. Identifying the sources and causes of these emissions. 3. Awareness about actions that can mitigate these emissions. 4. Understanding the effects that climate change may have on local resources, particularly water. 5. Knowledge about the vulnerability of municipal territory to the effects of climate change, particularly with regard to restrictions on urban development and conservation of biodiversity and the coastal environment. OBJECTIVES To increase knowledge and awareness amongst social stakeholders and citizens in general about climate change. To help modify behaviour patterns amongst all local stakeholders to decrease emissions and increase adaptation to change. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: designed a stratified communication campaign for each sector (from general information and training workshops and seminars at different levels and with different focuses to school and extra-curriculum environmental education and information provided on different supports). Stage 2: Commission campaign production. Stage 3: Implement campaign. Stage 4: Monitor results. BENEFITS Assists the implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. PLAYERS INVOLVED The local authority and other stakeholders, youth organisations, business associations, unions, ecologist groups, etc., and other supramunicipal authorities. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE The local authority and supramunicipal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Zaragoza and Barcelona city councils. Agenda 21 participation and awareness-raising processes focusing on emissions and mobility. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES CENEAM (section on climate change: spreadsheet to calculate emissions at a school, and exhibition on climate change): http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/formacion_educacion/ceneam01 Zaragoza City Council (environmental education resources on climate change): http://cmisapp.zaragoza.es/ciudad/medioambiente/educacionambiental CONAMA08 (environmental education and climate change): http://www.conama8.org/modulodocumentos/documentos/CTs/CT19.pdf Participatory educational website “Jo sóc la solució” (“I am the Solution”): http://www.josoclasolucio.com/accio.html XTEC (educational innovation programme): http://www.xtec.cat/innovacio/ambiental MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Level of information stakeholders and citizens have with regard to the link between activities, emissions generated and effect on climate change (survey). Desired trend: increase. • Number of dissemination/awareness-raising actions per year. Desired trend: increase.

Results: • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION The proposal essential concerns education/dissemination/participation.

36 2. Energy

Introduction

Actions to mitigate climate change in the field of final energy consumption can be classified into three main types of measures: those aimed at reducing final consumption of fossil fuels; improving energy efficiency; and increasing energy production from renewable sources.

The local authority has four excellent instruments available to it that can contribute to these goals: awareness campaigns, aimed at changing citizens’ energy use habits; ordinances governing activities in the municipal area and energy systems in buildings; fiscal ordinances that can establish incentives for those adopting measures aimed at reducing consumption; and measures aimed at minimising consumption linked to the activities of the local authority itself.

Though accounting for only 2% of total energy consumption and relatively less important compared to other sectors (transport, industry, etc.), nonetheless municipal consumption is a central focus for intervention. Energy saving and energy efficiency measures adopted in this sphere have only a modest direct effect in themselves, but also exercise indirect effects, a multiplying effect based on demonstration and example that can provide guidance for citizens and other stakeholders in the township.

Measures aimed at decreasing greenhouse gas emissions are not limited only to action that can be adopted to improve efficiency; these should also be accompanied by initiatives to minimise consumption and to increase the renewable energy share in the overall balance. On this last point, we should remember that the renewables account for less than 7% of overall primary energy consumption, whilst the PER Renewable Energy Plan aims to increase this share to 12% by the year 2012.

This section should not be considered in isolation: the measures proposed in it are also linked to mobility and to town and territorial planning.

37 U TITLE OF ACTION Municipal energy management plan 2.1 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION The municipal energy management plan is formed by the main programmes and actions relating to energy that the township should deliver in order to reduce the local authority’s contribution to climate change and adapt to its effects. The projects and actions are evaluated in energy, economic, social and environmental terms. Moreover, different instruments are also described: local regulation, internal action within the local authority, direct investment, public and private actions, awareness campaigns, etc., which should be launched once the plan is approved.

OBJECTIVES • To reduce use of non-renewable energy resources (increasing energy efficiency and energy self-supply). • To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

METHOD OF APPLICATION Preliminary stage: identify local authority energy input and output flows linked to main consumer and generation sectors. Core task: to draw up the action plan. 1. Municipal energy audit (using the DESGEL programme, for example). 2. Establish future scenarios. 3. Define objectives. 4. Identify projects. 5. Draw up action plan. 6. Evaluate extent to which objectives are satisfied. BENEFITS The results obtained enable an effective strategy to be drawn up to mitigate municipal emissions: reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption and saving on energy bills. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE ICAEN, IDAE and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Granollers and Lleida: DESGEL programme. Many management experiences: ICAEN’s WINCEM programme BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Local Energy Agency. Barcelona Energy Plan: http://www.barcelonaenergia.cat/cat/documents/documents2.htm Save energy, save the climate, save money – A guide for local and regional authorities (CEMR, Energie-Cités, Climate Alliance, Spanish Network of Cities for Climate): http://www.ccre.org/docs/brochure_energie_es.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of plan implementation: % of actions described in plan implemented. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective. Results: • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption. Desired trend: decrease (this can be expressed in consumption by energy type and sector). • SMIS Indicator 15: local energy intensity. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease (can also be expressed in CO2 equivalent emissions by sector).

EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Awareness-raising and encouragement of both local authority employees and those working on contracts awarded by the local authority.

TITLE OF ACTION Installing photovoltaic solar panels 2.2 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Installation of solar photovoltaic systems to generate electricity (energy production does not generate CO2 emissions, though the manufacture of the panels does). There are two options for these systems: a) Isolated panels, in which energy is consumed where it is produced (water pumping, public lighting, etc.). b) Panels connected to the grid, in which the electricity generated is exported directly to the system (photovoltaic facilities or panels integrated into buildings).

OBJECTIVES To change the share of energy resources in favour of those that do not generate CO2 emissions. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: evaluate consumption in the building or system where the panels are to be installed. Stage 2: select the most appropriate location (orientation, shaded areas, etc.) and establish energy performance. Stage 3: calculate payback period and economic profitability. Stage 4: carry out project. BENEFITS Decreased CO2 emissions, improved air quality and quality of life: each kWh generated avoids the emission of 400 g CO2 per kWh of electricity generated from natural gas, or 1 kg CO2 per kWh generated from coal. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, construction companies, installation companies, architects and residents. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE ICAEN, IDAE, supralocal organisations and private investment. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Barcelona: 7,000 m2 of panels installed in schools, civic centres, sports halls, the Forum site pergola, etc. Santa Coloma de Gramenet: central library, secondary school and business centre. Mediona: solar field under construction. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Energy Agency: http://www.barcelonaenergia.cat/cat/observatori/fotovolt/resumfv.htm L’Hospitalet de Llobregat Council: http://www.l-h.cat/webs/mediambient/47374_1.aspx Santa Coloma de Gramenet Council: http://www.grame.net/principal/lAjuntament/serveis/medi-ambient- 2/sec2/ que-fem-a-santa-coloma.html Mediona Council: http://www.mediona.info/mediona.htm MONITORING INDICATORS Management: •Installed photovoltaic power production capacity. Desired trend: increase Results: • SMIS Indicator 16: local renewable energy production per inhabitant (kWh/inhabitant/year). Desired trend: increase. • Degree of energy self-supply from renewable resources. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign: make this political will known publicly and produce material on photovoltaic systems.

OBSERVATIONS There are economic problems involved in introducing energy production based on photovoltaic panels. The cost of installing such systems depends on different factors such as size, type of application, technology used and market conditions. The average cost is around 8,900 euros/kW.

TITLE OF ACTION Installing solar thermal collectors 2.3 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION The installation of solar thermal energy to produce domestic hot water, to complement heating systems and to generate air conditioning when coupled to a heat absorption machine. These applications can be most useful installed in the residential, trade and institutional sectors, where heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water production account for a considerable proportion of energy consumption. OBJECTIVES To modify the proportions of energy resources used in the residential sector in favour of those that do not generate greenhouse gas emissions. To promote the use of solar thermal energy in public and private buildings. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: evaluate consumption in the building or system where the panels are to be installed. Stage 2: select the most appropriate location (orientation, shaded areas, etc.) and establish energy performance. Stage 3: calculate payback period and economic profitability. Stage 4: carry out project. BENEFITS Decreased CO2 emissions, improved air quality and quality of life: each m2 of solar thermal collector saves 0.75 t CO2/m2 if it replaces electricity, or 017 t CO2/m2 if it replaces natural gas. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, construction companies, installation companies, architects and residents POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE ICAEN, Barcelona Provincial Council, supralocal organisations and private investment. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES L’Hospitalet de Llobregat: Feixa Llarga swimming pool, sports hall, nursery school. Barcelona: 700 m2 of collectors at schools, sports hall and in homes. Sant Boi de Llobregat:... BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Energy Agency: http://www.barcelonaenergia.cat/cat/observatori/solarterm/anteriorost/resumant.htm MONITORING INDICATORS Management: •Installed solar thermal power production capacity (m2 collector area). Desired trend: increase

Results: • SMIS Indicator 16: local renewable (solar thermal) energy production per inhabitant (kWh/inhabitant/year). Desired trend: increase. • Degree of energy self-supply from renewable resources. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign: description of a solar thermal power system, the maintenance it requires, CO2 saving and a list of installation companies in the town or county.

OBSERVATIONS CO2 emissions in housing made up 5.34% of total emissions in Spain in the year 2005. Generally speaking, heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water account for the greatest share of energy consumption in the residential, trade and institutional sectors. Heating accounts for around 30% of energy consumption in the home; in offices, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) accounts for 52%; in a supermarket, HVAC represents around 47% of total energy consumption; at a school, heating accounts for 63%; whilst 67% of total energy consumption at a sports centre is generated by heating. There is a need to train more installation technicians and to promote the development of more efficient systems.

TITLE OF ACTION Regulating and controlling heating systems 2.4 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Heating systems in facilities are formed by plant and equipment that must operate in a synchronised manner. In this way, such systems can serve the role for which they were planned with minimum energy consumption. Heating systems must operate in such a way that constant changes in operating modes are controlled automatically. OBJECTIVES 1. To achieve optimal, automatic operation. 2. To improve energy efficiency. 3. To reduce CO2 emissions. METHOD OF APPLICATION Analyses are made of facility operation and, according to results and degree of automation, one type of regulation system or another (electromechanical, thermostatic, electronic or digital) is decided on. It is also necessary to determine the elements for detection (thermostats, hydrostats, pressostats and sensors), regulation (regulators, programmers, optimisers, controllers) and activation (motorised valves or servomotors). BENEFITS Environmental: from optimising energy consumption. Reducing energy consumption also decreases CO2 emissions. Economic: the energy bill is reduced. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority technical and maintenance services. Catalan Government through the Ministry of Environment and Housing and ICAEN. Barcelona Provincial Council through its Environmental Department and the XBMQ. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE IDAE and the Ministry of Environment and Housing and ICAEN, attached to the Catalan Government. Barcelona Provincial Council: Environmental Department and the XBMQ. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES County councils, such as Osona, Baix Llobregat, etc. Local authorities: Sant Boi de Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, Manresa, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council. Auditoria energètica: instal·lacions i edificis (“Energy audits: facilities and buildings”) in the Manuals 2 collection. IDAE: Cuadernos de gestión energética municipal (Municipal energy management notebooks). ICAEN: publications. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Power regulation with regard to total power. Desired trend: increase EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Dissemination involving local and county media, radio, TV, newspapers.

TITLE OF ACTION Adapting public lighting to light pollution legislation and regulations 2.5 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Renewing public lighting points to adjust diffusion area, increasing concentration towards the ground and minimising dispersion into the atmosphere. This requires replacement of lamps and luminaires. OBJECTIVES To decrease light pollution levels. To improve public lighting system efficiency. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: study-inventory to audit and analyse lighting systems, as regards state of electrical switchboards, light points, luminaires, lamps and ignition systems. Stage 2: plan to replace luminaires and lamps to adapt to the requirements established in the REBT regulations on low voltage electricity. Stage 3: results monitoring in terms of energy efficiency and light pollution levels. BENEFITS Environmental: increased public wellbeing due to decreased light pollution and improved living conditions for nocturnal animals. Energy and economic savings through decreased energy consumption. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supralocal organisations, installation companies and residents. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, ICAEN and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Masnou Council. Santa Coloma de Cervelló Council. Esparreguera Council, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council. Auditoria energètica: enllumenat públic (Energy audit: public lighting) Manuals collection. Barcelona Provincial Council. Guide to drafting public lighting master plans. Lighting manuals produced by manufacturers (Indalux, Phillips, Carandini, etc.). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Degree of compliance with legislation and regulations on light pollution. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long- term objective. Results: • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign: make the political will publicly known and produce materials on the renewal of public lighting systems.

OBSERVATIONS Law 6/2001, of May 31, launches environmental legislation on lighting to protect the nocturnal environment.

TITLE OF ACTION Replacing public lighting lamps 2.6 AREA Energy TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Replacement of mercury vapour (MV) lamps by high- pressure sodium vapour (HPSV) lamps to improve lighting output (lm/W) at all power levels, whilst auxiliary equipment is also replaced. OBJECTIVES To improve the efficiency of the public lighting system.

METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: study-inventory to audit and analyse lighting systems with MV lamps. Stage 2: plan to replace lamps. Stage 3: results monitoring in terms of energy efficiency. BENEFITS Reduction in waste containing mercury. Energy and economic savings through decreased consumption. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supralocal organisations and installation companies. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, ICAEN, IDAE and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Cornellà Council. Masnou Council. Terrassa Council. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council. Auditoria energètica: enllumenat públic (Energy audit: public lighting) Manuals collection. Barcelona Provincial Council. Guide to drafting public lighting master plans. Lighting manuals produced by manufacturers (Indalux, Phillips, Carandini, etc.). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Renewal of public lighting system. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective Results: • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption (as applied to public lighting). Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions (as applied to public lighting). Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign: make the political will publicly known and produce materials on the renewal of public lighting systems.

OBSERVATIONS Sodium lamps have a longer life than mercury lamps. Lamp life (also known as average rated life) is the average number of hours it takes for a lamp’s luminous intensity to decrease by 20%, when it becomes necessary to replace it with a new lamp.

43 44

3. Waste

Introduction

Combating the effects of climate change has become one of the main lines of action in environmental policy. Many pioneering experiences and initiatives concerning waste management have been launched at the local level and, indeed, municipal administrations have a wide margin of action in this sphere.

According to Government of Catalonia’s figures, in 2005, waste accounted for 5% of total greenhouse gas emissions in Catalonia. A large proportion of these emissions are generated by decomposing organic municipal solid waste (MSW) and/or the combustion of other MSW.

Overall, MSW treatment and disposal activities in Barcelona province produce around 2,250,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent.

It is clear, then, that separate collection and treatment of organic waste has an important impact on reducing emissions. The general trend in recent years, with the introduction of separate organic MSW collection, would appear to indicate that this contribution to minimising emissions will continue to grow.

However, a wide margin remains for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, whether by improving separate collection systems or by adopting more efficient treatment or discharge systems.

There is even more room for improvement in the case of organic waste. By applying the organic content of a typical refuse bag to overall waste generation, we obtain a figure of 1,065,946 tonnes of theoretical generation of organic municipal solid waste. In 2005, 176,080 tonnes was selectively collected, which means that just 17% of the potential total was collected. Highly efficient organic waste collection systems exist, achieving figures as high as 80% or more, but consideration of the results obtained by the twenty most efficient townships indicates that a reasonably ambitious target would be to pass the 50% mark.

TITLE OF ACTION Extending selective collection of organic waste 3.1 AREA Waste TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Medium DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Separate collection of organic waste in order to apply specific treatment and recover energy in the form of compost, whilst also avoiding methane gas emissions. OBJECTIVES To reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by depositing waste at the landfill. To increase use of the energy contained in waste. To produce quality compost for use in the soil. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: logistical project on collection routines with selective sorting. Stage 2: change of contract to carry out project (indirect provision of service) or implementation of new service (direct provision of service). In any case, new equipment will be provided (lorries, bins, buckets, composting bags, etc.). Stage 3: monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decreased methane emissions. Decreased use of land for landfills, and reduction in their negative consequences for residential areas around such sites. Improved quality of service, maintaining net cost thanks to sale of compost. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, residents, service sector players.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES The experience has been satisfactory in practically all townships in Barcelona province, including, amongst others: Matadepera, Lliçà de Vall, Sant Sadurní d’Anoia, Tiana, Balenyà, Castellbisbal, San Just Desvern and Manlleu. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (information on the impact of selective sorting of organic waste on greenhouse gas generation): http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/pdf/notatecnicageh.pdf Catalan Waste Agency (information on collection of the MOWF (Municipal Organic Waste Fraction)): http://www.arccat.net/ca/municipals/recollidaselectiva/rmordinaris/materiaorganica The Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability (document on organic material collection): http://www.diba.cat/xarxasost/cat/RecollidaSelectiva.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • % selective collection of organic waste. Desired trend: increase. Results: • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 17: recovery of municipal waste. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Preliminary campaign aimed at all citizens, traders and restaurants, informing, disseminating, promoting and explaining the collection system, accompanied by smaller periodic campaigns serving as reminders.

OBSERVATION The organic material in solid waste that is dumped at landfill sites is one of the main causes of greenhouse gas emissions. Methane produced in anaerobic conditions is 21 times more active in its greenhouse effect than CO2. Any treatment applied to this organic waste generates CO2 equivalent. The highest emissions are generated by landfills where there is no biogas recovering, whilst the lowest are generated by composting. U

TITLE OF ACTION Municipal waste prevention plan 3.2 AREA Waste TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Drawing up a plan to decrease waste generation by residents and economic players operating in municipal territory. Successfully launching such a plan will require cooperation by all citizens with activities in the township, and the initiative should therefore be accompanied by a broad information and participation process. OBJECTIVES To decrease the volume of energy lost in the form of waste. To reduce costs by reducing the volume of waste that has to be collected and treated. To decrease pollution generated by waste treatment, particularly methane emissions. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: study the possibilities for waste reduction. Stage 2: awareness-raising process involving consumers, traders and restaurants to prevent waste production and promote good practices. At the same time, launch an awareness-raising campaign aimed at third sectors, such as nursery schools (nappies), drink vendors (SDDR reusable packaging system), etc. The results delivered by this participation process should take the form of voluntary agreements. Stage 3: establish and introduce actions under the prevention plan. Stage 4: monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decreased methane emissions proportional to reduction in waste achieved. Decreased use of land for landfills, and reduction in their negative consequences for residential areas around such sites. Lower costs of providing waste collection and treatment services thanks to decreased volume requiring collection and treatment. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, residents, service sector players, waste collection and treatment service managers and supramunicipal service providers. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Terrassa City Council (throwaway bags). Roda de Ter Council (throwaway bags). Sant Cugat del Vallès Council (nappies). Molins de Rei Council (reusable tableware). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Charleroi (Belgium): http://www.icdi.org/Prevention/index.htm Catalan Waste Agency (local authority prevention proposals): http://www.arc-cat.net/es/publicacions/pdf/ccr/propostes_prevencio.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of municipal waste prevention plan implementation. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective. Results: • SMIS Indicator 17: recovery of municipal waste. Subindicator: municipal waste generation. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 19: intensity of waste generation in the local economy. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participation process, accompanied by awareness-raising campaign, involving all citizens, traders, restaurants and municipal service providers.

TITLE OF ACTION Establishing methods of paying for generation 3.3 AREA Waste TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION A system of payment for the provision of waste collection and treatment services is established in which the rate paid by taxpayer is proportional to the amount of waste they generate, and is different for each beneficiary of this service. There are two possible options: 1. Determining volume by capacity of the container delivered to service manager: bins or buckets with different capacities and a different price for each. 2. Direct weighing of waste: when manual or electronic systems are used, the waste is weighed when deposited in the waste management organisation container. OBJECTIVES To bring home to waste generators the consequences of their behaviour. To reduce municipal waste generation and increase selective sorting. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by waste. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: study and assessment to determine the most suitable system to be adopted in the township. Stage 2: establish the rate by unit of volume or weight, according to the option chosen. Amend fiscal ordinances. Stage 3: adapt the contract or direct system for providing the service. Stage 4: distribute individual or collective containers, according to the option chosen. Stage 5: carry out trials for the new service. Stage 6: monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decreased methane emissions proportional to reduction in waste achieved. Decreased use of land for landfills, and reduction in their negative consequences for residential areas around such sites. Economic balance in service provision and greater fiscal fairness. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, residents, service sector players, waste collection and treatment service managers and supramunicipal service providers. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal organisations (costs are not high, and concern the initial investment only). SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Torrelles de Llobregat Council. Toronto City Council (Canada). Vancouver City Council (Canada). Dresden City Council (Germany). Leipzig City Council (Germany). Bolzano Council (Italy). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Study of the Torrelles de Llobregat experience: http://www.associacio.net/docs/TaxesTorrelles.pdf EPA (information about payment according to waste generation): http://www.epa.gov/payt PAYT Project “Variable Rate Pricing based on Pay-As-You- Throw as a Tool of Urban Waste Management” (European Union): http://web.tu-dresden.de/intecuspayt MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of implementation of system. Results: • SMIS Indicator 17: recovery of municipal waste. Subindicator: municipal waste generation. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 19: intensity of waste generation in the local economy. Desired trend: decrease EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participation process accompanied by awareness-raising

48 campaign involving all citizens, traders, restaurants and municipal service providers.

OBSERVATION The cost of collecting and treating municipal waste is covered by highly uniform rates (when rates exist). Despite the application of various sliding scales, this finance system does not encourage reduction. Despite criticism from certain areas, where it has been possible to implement them, systems of charging according to waste generated would appear to provide a successful tool for reducing waste generation. It should be noted, too, that, between the “single rate” and weighing individual containers, there also exist a number of compromise solutions worth taking into consideration.

TITLE OF ACTION Municipal waste regulations 3.4 AREA Waste TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Draft both the generation ordinance for providing the service and the fiscal ordinance according to criteria aimed at reducing waste generation and increasing the proportion of material entering the selective sorting system. The purpose is to include all the factors that help define the collection and treatment system and the finance model. OBJECTIVES To reduce municipal waste generation and increase the efficacy of selective sorting. To foster low-impact end treatments. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by waste. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: draft the text of the new ordinances. Stage 2: administrative formalities (approval). Stage 3: communication (informing all those affected). Stage 4: introduce the new ordinances. Stage 5: monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decreased methane emissions in proportion to the reduction in waste generated. Economic balance in service provision and greater fiscal fairness. Increased recovery of raw materials. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, residents, service sector players, waste collection and treatment service managers and supramunicipal service providers. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Many towns in Catalonia and the rest of Spain have passed ordinances on waste. Examples include: Barcelona, Sabadell, Figueres, La Garriga, Tordera, Mollet del Vallès, Arbúcies, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Sabadell ordinance: www.sabadell.cat/Actuacio/d/OrdenServeiNeteja.pdf La Garriga has approved an ordinance on new buildings that takes waste into account: http://www.lagarriga.net/documentsOrdenances/ordegenerals/G11.pdf Specific ordinance on organic waste collection in Tordera: http://www.tordera.org/ARXIUS/ordenances/Ordenanca_reguladora_recollida_selectiva_ materia_organica_RSU.pdf Participatory waste ordinance in Arbúcies: http://www.arbucies.cat/uploads/20070827/residusurbans.pdf Ordinance on selective sorting of paper and card in Mollet del Vallès: http://www.molletvalles.cat/fileadmin/Image_Archive/ArxiusMollet/Reglaments_i_Ordena nces/Recollida_paper.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Degree of compliance with ordinances. Results: • SMIS Indicator 17: recovery of municipal waste. Subindicator: municipal waste generation. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 19: intensity of waste generation in the local economy. Desired trend: decrease.

EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participation process, accompanied by awareness-raising campaign, involving all citizens, traders, restaurants and municipal service providers.

TITLE OF ACTION Promoting home and community compost making 3.5 AREA Waste TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Provision of small composting kits and necessary training at single-family homes and residential communities where there are possibilities for composting. Training covers the composting technique and the uses that can be made of the material obtained. OBJECTIVES To foster low-impact end treatments. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by usual end treatments. To close the waste generation and production cycle in the home itself. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: select homes suitable for adopting the system. Stage 2: provide small composting kits. Stage 3: organise training talks. Stage 4: monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Reduction in collection circuit and volume of organic waste that must be managed by the local authority. Reduced impacts generated by transport and industrial treatment, particularly fossil fuel consumption. Decreased methane emissions, proportionate to the amount of waste removed from the municipal circuit. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority and residents.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, supramunicipal organisations providing services, and supralocal organisations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Roda de Ter Council. Vacarisses Council. La Plana Association of Municipalities. Sant Bartomeu del Grau Council (community composting). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (promoting home composting): http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/SuportTecnic.asp#3 Network of friends of home composting: http://www.pangea.org/cepa/xacc/index.html Muntanyola Council (home composting in a township member of La Plana Association of Municipalities): http://www.muntanyola.cat/index.php?md=articles&id=612 MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of composting kits distributed. • Number of people participating in the project. Results: • SMIS Indicator 17: recovery of municipal waste. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participation process, accompanied by training campaign, involving all citizens and residents in homes with possibilities for composting.

OBSERVATION Organic waste in domestic waste is largely responsible for emissions generated by waste management. All organic waste treatment systems generate greenhouse gas emissions, but the highest emissions are caused by landfill disposal without methane gas generation. Home composting is possible only in areas with flower or vegetable gardens where the compost heap can be located. Preferably, all or most of the compost made should be used in this flower or vegetable garden itself. The commitment of compost-makers is indispensable for this method of organic waste treatment, as they are wholly responsible for managing the operation, whilst the local authority merely provides support and advice

51 52

4. Water

Introduction

Measures over water are concerned mainly with adaptation. They fall into two categories: administration of water in times of shortages, and protection against sudden changes in rainfall patterns. Water shortages are an age-old problem, and work has gone on for years to modernise water management and reduce consumption, whilst irregular rainfall generates situations requiring preventive action that has so far advanced little.

Water saving measures have two objectives: firstly, needless to say, to reduce consumption; and, secondly, to select the most appropriate class of water for each different use, according to the quality required. With regard to reducing consumption, we need only add that any access to drinking water not obtained by gravity requires the use of energy, and this energy consumption contributes to climate change. As selective use, illustrative possibilities include the employment of treated wastewater and rainwater stored in tanks for irrigation. Such measures also include protecting aquifers and making more appropriate selection of water according to the level of impurity acceptable for a particular use.

Preventive and protective measures against possible damage are focused in response to flooding and on decreasing numbers of such episodes. Particularly important here is action to regenerate river banks, restoring their role in mitigating effects on their nearest environment, which is often urban in nature.

However, we should also remember the urgent need to make water saving part of our day-to-day culture, adopting appropriate measures to protect ourselves from probable changes in rainfall patterns and the consequences that these may generate.

TITLE OF ACTION Protecting against floods 4.1 AREA Water TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Drawing up a map of areas at risk of flooding in the township, a prevention plan with regard to these risks and a flood action plan. Actions include mapmaking, the construction of environmentally-friendly flood barriers and the collection of solid waste that could partially block sewers. OBJECTIVES To ensure that the township can operate normally if affected by extreme atmospheric phenomena. To prevent damage to streets and buildings as a consequence of sudden changes in rainfall patterns and rising water table. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Identify surface areas at risk of flood, using maps available from the ACA Stage 2: Flood risk assessment study of municipal territory. Stage 3: Draft action plan with protective measures. Stage 4: Draft flood intervention plan. Stage 5: Develop action plan. Stage 6: Carry out intervention plan simulations. BENEFITS Decrease in losses due to damage to urban, property and natural heritage. Maintenance and restoration of the natural features of rivers and brooks. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, ACA, organisations working with the water authorities and supralocal organisations. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE ACA, supralocal organisations and the Environment Ministry. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Metropolitan Environmental Authority - Barcelona Metropolitan Area: www.ema-amb.com/es/activitat/prevencio BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Metropolitan Environmental Authority - Barcelona Metropolitan Area: www.ema-amb.com/es/activitat/prevencio Government of Catalonia (ACA): mediambient.gencat.net/aca/ca//planificacio/inundabilitat MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of readiness of prevention and protection plan. • Number of municipalities mapped. Results: • SMIS Indicator 9: prevention of environmental risks. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign. Periodic simulations of protection plans.

54 U TITLE OF ACTION Controlling leaks from the drinking water distribution system 4.2 AREA Water TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Periodic programme of tests for leaking in the water distribution network at points selected at random and points showing signs of leaks. OBJECTIVES To decrease the amount of water entering the supply network without affecting the public’s possibilities to use this. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Make inventory and map the entire drinking water distribution. Stage 2: Carry out control tests for leaking throughout the municipal system, particularly the older sections and those that have presented most signs of vulnerability. Stage 3: Repair pipes where leaks are found. BENEFITS Decreased drinking water consumption. Lower total cost to the local authority for water supply, and possibility of reducing water bills to families. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, Government of Catalonia (ACA), supralocal organisations and public service water supply contract companies potable. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (Environment Service) BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Víctor Bourgett et al: Reducción integral de pérdidas de agua potable. IMTA. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of controls carried out per year. • Number of leaks detected/controlled. Results: • SMIS Indicator 20: municipal water supply. Desired trend: decrease. Subindicator: water consumption, by sector. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information in regular local authority bulletins.

55 U TITLE OF ACTION Combating drought 4.3 AREA Water TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION The inventory of wells is updated, including those considered unfit for use, and a survey is made of the state of the water extraction system and its characteristics (types of pump, pipe diameter, whether operational or not, etc.). Work is carried out to restore municipal wells and aquifers considered unfit for use, as a source of water for cleaning sewers, watering municipal parks and gardens or hosing down streets. Systems are installed to recover and reuse treated wastewater, particularly water given tertiary treatment. OBJECTIVES To decrease the amount of water entering the supply network without affecting the public’s possibilities to use this. To improve efficiency in water use: giving each type of water its most appropriate use. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Update inventory of municipal wells. Stage 2: Study the potential for treated wastewater near centres of municipal use, and description of uses. Stage 3: Project to restore wells considered unfit for use and to store treated wastewater for such uses as cleaning and watering gardens. Stage 4: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decreased drinking water consumption. Lower total cost to the local authority for water supply, and possibility of reducing water bills to families. Increased water reserves available for use. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, ACA and supralocal organisations.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, ACA and supralocal organisations.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES RD 1620/2007, of December 7, BOE 08.12.2007, on reuse of treated wastewater. Decree 257/2007, DOGC 30.11.2007, extending Decree 84/2007, DOGC 4860, of 12.4.2007. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of municipal wells restored for use. • Number of systems available to manage water reuse. Results: • SMIS Indicator 23: use of treated wastewater. Desired trend: increase. Subindicator: uses of treated water from the municipal wastewater treatment station. • SMIS Indicator 28: evolution of aquifer water quality. Desired trend: increase. Subindicator: monthly evolution of depth of the piezometric levels with a representative sample of the aquifers of the municipality.

EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information in regular local authority bulletins.

56 U TITLE OF ACTION Evaluating Riparian forests in economic terms 4.4 AREA Water TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Identification of areas of natural expansion of rivers showing signs of degradation or vulnerability to establish the economic parameters in which action to recover or protect riparian forest can be undertaken. The most important factors to be taken into account are vulnerability to urban pressure, the need to stabilise the terrain, and risk of flooding. OBJECTIVES To establish and guarantee a minimum level with regard to the state of the natural environment in the municipality. Provide the population with a natural space for everyday leisure activities. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study and inventory of the zones requiring protection or restoration. Stage 2: Economic assessment of regenerating the riverside areas most threatened by climate change, using the parametrisation programme developed by the Environment Service and the RFQI (Riparian Forest Quality Index). Stage 3: Implementation of regeneration measures identified and assessed. Stage 4: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Conservation of natural spaces in the township linked to the river environment. Provision of a natural leisure area where local people can walk or cycle. Increase in public spaces open to the public. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, ACA, river management consortium, supralocal organisations, residents and nature defence associations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Barcelona Provincial Council: Besòs River Park (Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besòs). Sabadell City Council: River Ripoll. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (Environment Service): Economic parametrisation of riparian forest quality (going to print). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Area of riverbanks restored assessed. • Total area of vulnerable municipal riverbanks restored/assessed. Results: • SMIS Indicator 8: protection of spaces of natural interest. Desired trend: increase. • SMIS Indicator 29: ecological state of rivers. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participation process, accompanied by an awareness campaign aimed at the whole population and local naturalist associations.

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5. Mobility

Introduction

Mitigation measures concerned with mobility affect the main source of diffuse emissions: goods and passenger transport. This is also an area in which local authorities have the widest possibilities for intervention, from planning and building infrastructure to regulating its use.

Municipal policy can contribute to climate change mitigation by seeking more sustainable mobility through measures promoting a modal change from the private vehicle to using public transport, cycling or walking.

The actions can be grouped into three blocks: promoting vehicles with lower greenhouse gas emissions (such as establishing biofuel distribution networks and providing incentives for more environmentally efficient vehicles); regulating the use of public ways to make it possible and safe to walk or cycle on them (bike lines, school routes, services to workplaces and traffic abatement); and, finally, planning mobility according to town planning for a more compact city model, taking public transport as an element in accessibility to new residential areas.

With regard to regulating the use of infrastructure, we should bear in mind that, in Catalonia, with the enactment of Decree 152/2007 of July 10, approving the Action Plan to improve air quality in towns catalogued as areas of special atmospheric environmental protection via Decree 226/2006 of May 23, a series of measures concerning transport and mobility have been established. The six broad measures are broken down into twelve actions. Amongst those that have generated the most media impact is the measure limiting speed on certain fast roads in the 44 townships affected by the Decree to 80 km/h. Amongst other things, this restriction has helped to make many citizens and authorities aware of the importance and personal contribution entailed in the choice of transport or by reducing the speed at which we drive. Over the first month after this measure entered into law, an average reduction of 3 dBA was observed on the roads affected, whilst studies continue to ascertain its effects on reducing pollutant emissions.

59 U TITLE OF ACTION Promoting the use of biofuels 5.1 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Generalised use of biofuels in vehicles at the service of the public administration, whether owned or forming part of services provided by contract companies. OBJECTIVES To reduce public service greenhouse gas emissions. To contribute to meeting the targets established in the Energy Plan for Catalonia 2006-2015 (by 2015, biodiesel should account for a 15% share in consumption). To contribute to meeting the targets established by the European Union (a 5.75% share by 2010, rising to 20% by 2020). METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: public information about the political decision to promote biodiesel. Stage 2: direct information to employees in vehicle fleets and all local authority vehicle users, and to contract companies using vehicle fleets. Stage 3: publication of an information sheet showing service stations that sell biodiesel. Stage 4: monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced sulphur dioxide emissions, which cause acid rain. Reduced generation of particles in suspension. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, unions, local authority employees, public service management companies, Institut Català d’Energia (ICAEN) and the Catalan Biodiesel Association. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE IDAE (Institute of Energy Diversification and Saving), ICAEN and the Catalan Biodiesel Association (to promote the installation of biodiesel pumps at service stations). SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Barcelona City Council (the entire URBASER refuse collection fleet –340 vehicles, agreement with the local authority to use B20 in its vehicles). Sant Feliu de Llobregat Council (on the occasion of Mobility Week 2007, every litre of oil used exchanged for 10 litres of 100% pure biodiesel). Barcelona Metropolitan Area (adaptation of TMB buses using B10 as the fuel to B30 from October 2007). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Royal Decree 61/2006, of January 31, determining the specifications of petrol, diesel fuels, fueloils and liquefied petroleum gases and regulating the use of certain biofuels. BOE no. 41. 17/02/2006. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Biofuels Progress Report - Report on the progress made in the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the Member States of the European Union. Brussels 10/01/2007 COM/2006/845 final. Report on the legal framework for biofuels with identification of barriers to their development in Spain and special consideration of aspects concerning logistics and distribution activities. National Energy Commission (CNE) 2/9/2005. Biodiesel – A comprehensive handbook, editors: Martin Mittelbach and Claudia Remschmidt (2004) Martin Mittelbach, Graz (Austria) 2004. 330 pages. 51 e. ISBN: 3-200-00249-2. Spanish version. (Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 2005). Catalan Biodiesel Association (http://www.acbiodiesel.net), ICAEN (http://www.icaen.net) and IDAE (http://www.idae.es). Catalan Biodiesel Association (information about service stations selling biofuels): http://www.acbiodiesel.net/CAT/repostar.htm MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • % vehicles (whether owned by the local authority or forming part of services provided by contract companies) using biodiesel

60 as the fuel. Desired trend: increase. Results: • SMIS Indicator 24: pollutant emissions (applied to vehicles employed in municipal activities). Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions (applied to vehicles employed in municipal activities). Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information and awareness campaign aimed at local authority and public service management company employees.

OBSERVATION Biofuels are all fuels made from plant products. Biodiesel is a biofuel with properties and characteristics very similar to those of fossil fuel diesel, making it particularly suited to use in diesel engines. In Europe in general and in Catalonia in particular, the most widely used biofuels and those with the greatest potential for development are methyl ethers (MEs) obtained from pure and/or recycled vegetable oils. In Catalonia, biofuels are mixed, so that it is not necessary to modify vehicle engines. The fuel usually available at service stations in Catalonia is B20, that is to say, a mixture of 20% biofuel and 80% diesel.

61 U TITLE OF ACTION Public bicycle service 5.2 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION A system for hiring or free loans of bicycles in town centres is established as a municipal public service. There are two basic options for providing this service: a) Automatic systems (without personal face-to-face user service) using electronic and computer tools. This system is more appropriate for cities of a certain density (populations over 200,000). b) Manual systems (with personal service at bike stations). This system is more appropriate for smaller cities and towns. OBJECTIVES To provide an emissions-free form of public urban transport. To complement public transport facilities and promote intermodal transport. To decrease use of the private car for urban travel. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: mobility study of the township, of the possibilities for bike use and system to be employed for loaning bikes (automatic or manual system). Stage 2: draw up project to introduce the system. Stage 3: implement project. Stage 4: launch competition to establish and run stations. Stage 5: information campaign about the launch of the new system, aimed at the whole population. Stage 6: provide of bicycles and facilities. Phase 7: monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Less traffic congestion in urban centres. Less congestion affecting collective public transport. Reduced atmospheric pollution in cities. Provision of an individual transport system that is non- discriminatory and has no negative impacts on the urban landscape. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supramunicipal authorities, service management companies, cyclists’ associations and residents. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (through IDAE), Catalan Government (through the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works), supralocal authorities and advertising companies. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES The cities of Lyons, Brussels, Vienna, Gijón and Córdoba; automatic system: the firm of JCDecaux. The cities of Rennes, Oslo, Stockholm and Barcelona: automatic system: the firm of Clear Channel. The cities of Frankfurt, Munich, Cologne, Berlin, Stuttgart and Orleans: mobile telephone system: the firm of Call a Bike. Albacete: mobile telephone system: the firm of Domoblue. The cities of Barcelona, Terrassa, Vic, Castellbisbal: manual system. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Guía metodológica para la implantación de sistemas de bicicletas públicas en España (Methodological Guide for Introducing Public Bicycle Systems in Spain), IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving). Madrid, November 2007. First conference on public bicycle systems. Barcelona, 29 and 30 November 2007. http://www.bicicletapublica.org MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of bike system users. • Number of daily uses per bicycle (more than ten indicates that the system is working). Results: • SMIS Indicator 5: urban structure: public travel and mobility. Desired trend: decrease. Subindicator: journeys by bicycle. Desired trend: increase.

62 • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participatory process accompanied by awareness and educational campaigns, focusing particularly on road safety, aimed at all citizens and environmental groups in the city. Periodical information for citizens about the development of the service and associated facilities. Ordinance regulating bicycle circulation or adaptation of existing ordinance on vehicle circulation. OBSERVATION The rapid spread of public bicycle systems in our cities and towns highlights the great challenge of transforming our urban centres towards sustainable mobility. However, there is also danger in the lack of infrastructure for cyclists. This is a challenge that goes beyond planning. Such systems must be capable of adapting according to demand, and public bicycle systems must be designed as far as possible to meet citizens’ demands. The impact of Lyons, Barcelona and Paris has made such systems fashionable, all over Europe, and not only in Spain, where 24 cities and towns have introduced different systems.

63 U TITLE OF ACTION Promoting efficient vehicles 5.3 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION A multi-annual campaign to encourage citizens to buy vehicles with the lowest emissions. The campaign is based on three key actions: 1. Awareness-raising amongst the public, seeking to make emissions levels a selection criterion in the purchasing decision. 2. Provision of public information about the most efficient models. 3. Implementing fiscal ordinances that establish a sliding scale by which vehicles with the highest emissions pay the highest road taxes. OBJECTIVES To decrease levels of greenhouse gas emissions generated by vehicle use. To stimulate the development and production of hybrid vehicles. To renew vehicle fleets with less-pollutant models. METHOD OF APPLICATION 1. Information and education campaign aimed at both the public and those responsible for purchasing vehicle fleets, particularly at the local authority. 2. Amendment of fiscal ordinances on motor vehicles to introduce positive discrimination in favour of less-pollutant vehicles. 3. Exemplary action by the local authority by gradually replacing vehicles as they become obsolete with more efficient models. BENEFITS Reduced pollution generated by cars, a principal focus of so- called diffuse pollution, with particular emphasis on greenhouse gas emission levels: contributes to meeting the targets for reducing CO2 emissions established by the European Union and ratified by Spain. Redistribution of income through the sliding scale introduced by fiscal ordinances to favour less-polluting citizens and businesses. Reduced fossil fuel consumption. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, Institut Català d’Energia (ICAEN), IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving), public service contracting companies and car showrooms. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Institut Català d’Energia (ICAEN). Order ECF/451/2007, IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving) and public (road taxes applied by fiscal ordinance). SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Barcelona City Council (discounts of up to 80% on road tax for more efficient vehicles). National taxi drivers union (proposal for all members to change their present model for more efficient vehicles, hybrids, natural gas-driven cars, etc.). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving): guide to cars on sale in Spain, indicating consumption and CO2 emissions. 8th edition. Madrid, October 2006. Order ECF/451/2007, of November 26, approving the rules and regulations and opening the 2007 grants for the renewal of the car fleet according to energy saving and efficiency criteria and to promote energy diversification in the transport sector. DOGC no. 5024 of 7/12/2007. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • % of vehicles with low pollutant levels compared to total vehicles in circulation. Results: • SMIS Indicator 5: urban structure. Population journeys and mobility. Subindicator: municipal vehicles with low impact (using alternative fuels) compared to total number of vehicles. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information and training campaign aimed at those responsible for vehicle purchases and administration employees in general.

64 Promotion of the Order on grants for efficient vehicles ECF/451/2007. Deadline for applications 27 December 2007 and period for vehicle purchase is from 15 October 2007 to 30 April 2008. OBSERVATION Over the last fifteen years, the automobile manufacturing industry has reduced specific fuel consumption by 25- 40%. Modifications to vehicle design have a direct effect on consumption: for example, reducing vehicle weight by around 80 kg can cut fuel consumption by 5%. In cooperation with vehicle manufacturers, the European Union approved a strategy to reduce car CO2 emissions with the objective of reducing average CO2 emissions to 120 g/km by 2005. This corresponds to a 30% reduction in emissions by new vehicles. An EU directive requires consumers to be informed about car energy consumption and emissions in advertising and at sales points.

TITLE OF ACTION Promoting safe school routes 5.4 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION The school route is an initiative aimed at making it easier for children to get to school on foot, by bicycle or by other non-motorised means. The main sources of inspiration behind this initiative are the European Charter of Pedestrian Rights of 12 October 1998 and International Walk to School Day. The idea is to establish safe routes enabling children to go from home to school on their own, in groups of friends and/or accompanied by voluntary tutors or parents. Wide pavements, in good condition, are needed, as well as zebra crossings (with ears) near traffic lights where waiting time is appropriate for children, and priority access for pedestrians near schools.

OBJECTIVES To encourage people to change the means of transport they use to get to school in order to decrease use of private vehicles with just one occupant (apart from the driver) and to promote non-motorised means and, if appropriate, collective motorised transport. To help resolve the problems of space distribution in streets most used by pupils entering and leaving schools.

METHOD OF APPLICATION Schools mobility study: gathering and analysing the basic data. Fieldwork. List of tasks to complement the available information, such as: • Inventory of road situation around schools (capacity and state of road access system). • Survey of pupils arriving at school, differentiating the type of transport they use (walking, bicycle, car, school bus, etc.). Surveys of pupils (from secondary school up) and families about means of transport to school and conditions to changing to more sustainable systems. Draw up analysis of the school route. Draft action plan (measures and proposed action).

BENEFITS Decreased greenhouse gas emissions thanks to reduced impact of motorised transport due to change in means of transport used. Decreased traffic congestion at school opening and closing times. Increased personal autonomy amongst pupils, who can be responsible for their own journeys since the difficulties have been reduced. Promotion of values of sustainable mobility amongst parents and children.

PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (local police, planning, urban furniture), Barcelona Provincial Council (study), Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works (bus lines, shelters), parents’ associations, school boards, parents and pupils.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, Education Ministry, Barcelona Provincial Council (study), Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works (bus lines, shelters).

SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Granollers Council (bus on foot: each school designs one or more routes with stops at child height). Sant Just Desvern Council (study of school routes; study of six schools in the town; exhaustive study of school routes with full database of pupils and surveys, interviews and pupil census).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES European Commission, Directorate-General for the Environment: The City, Children and Mobility, Belgium, 2002 http://www.ciudadesamigas.org/doc_download.php?id=7 Francesco Tonnucci et al: The City of Children. International project by the National Council of Research. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies: http://www.lacittadeibambini.org/spagnolo/interna.htm Francesco Tonnucci et al: Manual: Let’s Go to School Alone. Rome City Council. http://www.lacittadeibambini.org/news/allegati/copertina%20manuale.pdf Barcelona Provincial Council (Environmental Service): Study of Pupil Routes

66 to Schools in Sant Just Desvern. March 2007. International Walk to School Day: http://www.iwalktoschool.org MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of schools with school routes planned or in progress of development. • % of pupils who come to school by alternate means to the private vehicle. Results: • SMIS Indicator 5: urban structure: public travel and mobility. Subindicator: journeys by public transport (applied to schoolchildren). Subindicator: journeys by bicycle (applied to schoolchildren).

EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participatory process, and awareness-raising, education and information campaign aimed at the local authority, parents’ associations, school boards, parents and pupils.

OBSERVATIONS The transport option parents make to take their children to school is an essential consideration when seeking to improve mobility in cities and towns. If they choose the car, they make an important contribution to climate change and traffic congestion. Children are usually more willing than their parents to go to school on foot or by public transport or bicycle. Managing the school route is a complex task, and should be analysed in detail, in cooperation with parents, parents’ associations, school management and local police. It is important to overcome parents’ reluctance by providing safe alternatives and safe routes so that their children, from a certain age, can make their way to school, whether accompanied or with tutors.

67 U TITLE OF ACTION Adapting public transport services to workplace locations 5.5 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Extension of the public transport system to cover the travel needs of workers between their homes and their workplaces. This extension concerns three areas: 1. The area provided with the service. Possibility of accessing all companies with minimal non-motorised complementary routes. 2. The timetable. Possibility of travelling to work and returning home for the most frequent work shift times, along with the possibility of travelling to and from work during the day with reasonable waiting times. 3. Provision of infrastructure. Modernisation of access and waiting infrastructure to ensure that travel time is short and waiting time comfortable.

OBJECTIVES To change the share accounted for by different means of transport by workers in favour of public transport and non-motorised means. To guarantee equal access to centres of employment by workers who cannot use private vehicles. To decrease both congestion in the streets and greenhouse gas emissions

METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: draw up study of public transport service coverage of work centres. Stage 2: draft action plan to adapt public transport. Stage 3: constitute a body to interpret and develop the action plan with the participation of the local authority, transport authorities, unions, bosses and public transport service managers (mobility pact committee). Stage 4: signature of mobility pact. Stage 5: monitor results obtained.

BENEFITS Increased safety and comfort in travel to centres of employment. Decrease in road space occupied by vehicles. Correction of social imbalance between workers without private vehicle and those with. Decrease in work time lost due to traffic congestion (estimated at 2% of GDP). Reduction in fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supralocal authorities (Barcelona Provincial Council, Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Ministry of Environment and Housing, county councils, etc.), transport authorities, unions, employers’ associations, transport service managers, etc.

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, supralocal authorities, public transport companies and businesses at centres of employment.

SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Granollers Council: Granollers Hospital mobility plan, with the participation of Barcelona Provincial Council (Environmental Service) and the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works. October 2007. GESMOPOLI Project: mobility plans for the following industrial estates: Mas Beuló (Vic), Segre (Lleida), Pla (Sant Feliu de Llobregat and Molins de Rei), Agro-Reus (Reus), Santiga (Santa Perpètua de Mogoda and Barberà del Vallès) and Girona Airport (Vilobí d’Onyar), under the general coordination of Barcelona Provincial Council (Environmental Service).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Technical guide to drafting and introducing mobility plans: http://www.gesmopoli.net/cat/publipro.php# XCPS Model Mobility Pact: http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/pdf/modelpactemovilitat.pdf Barcelona Provincial Council website on mobility pacts, promoting the bicycle, car free day: http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/mobil.asp#3 GESMOPOLI Project: http://www.gesmopoli.net

MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of workers using public transport to get to work. Results: • SMIS Indicator 5: urban structure: public travel and mobility. Subindicator: journeys by public transport (applied to centres of employment).

EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Process of consensus and participation to establish a “mobility pact” involving all stakeholders, and the establishment of a permanent body (commission, committee, council) to keep the pact growing ever more effective.

OBSERVATIONS Local authorities can promote more rational travel to the place of work, study or other centres that attract large numbers of journeys (hospitals, public buildings, shopping centres, etc.), encouraging people to walk or use non-motorised vehicles or public transport. Such promotion measures do not necessarily involve increased investment (though this may also be the case); rather, they require a considerable degree of consensus amongst stakeholders with a view to finding imaginative solutions that are simple technical and entail low economic, environmental and social costs.

TITLE OF ACTION Establishing areas free of motor vehicles 5.6 AREA Mobility TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Application of restrictive measures to traffic in specific areas of the town centre: • Establishment of safe routes between key points, using signs, traffic lights or pedestrian areas. • Establishment of safe areas for children and young people, besides the school route: for example, routes to civic centres, cinemas or young people’s meeting places, enabling them to go on foot or by bicycle. • Extension of pedestrian areas through classification of shopping and/or central zones, around large centres of attraction for journeys (centres of education, health, culture and work). OBJECTIVES To change the share accounted for by different means of transport in favour of public transport and non-motorised means. To guarantee equal access to centres of attraction for citizens who cannot use private vehicles. To decrease both congestion in the streets and greenhouse gas emissions. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: establish social commitment to restricting indiscriminate use of the private vehicle. Stage 2: establish restricted traffic zones. Stage 3: signpost routes and zones, install barriers and dissuasive elements to stop vehicles and inform about new routes and zones. Stage 4: monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Increased ease and safety in journeys to centres of attraction in the city. Decreased road space occupied by vehicles. Reduction in fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Construction of a fairer city. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supralocal authorities (Barcelona Provincial Council, Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Ministry of Environment and Housing, county councils, etc.), transport authorities, traders, parents’ associations, etc. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, supralocal authorities, public transport authorities and tradespeople’s associations. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Castellar del Vallès Council: urban accessibility plan. Terrassa City Council: old town pedestrianisation plan. Vilafranca del Penedès Council: urban mobility plan. Malgrat de Mar Council: accessibility plan. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (Environmental Service): proposals for safer, more sustainable mobility. Catalogue of local and county actions and good practice. June 2006. http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/pdf/catalegmobilitat2006.pdf • Miquel Ortega (published by Barcelona Provincial Council and Fundació Pi i Sunyer): Local management of safe, sustainable mobility. Barcelona, October 2004. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Area with restrictions on private vehicle traffic. Desired trend: increase. Results: • SMIS Indicator 6: urban structure; pedestrian priority streets. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Process of consensus and participation to establish a “city mobility pact” involving all stakeholders, and the establishment of a permanent body (commission, committee, council) to keep the pact growing ever more effective. OBSERVATIONS There is a space and time imbalance in the city in favour of one means of transport (private, motor transport) that most of the population cannot use. This means that large sectors of the population are excluded from the urban public space. Establishing

70 safe areas, free from motor vehicles –particularly private vehicles– helps to correct social and environmental imbalances.

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6. Town planning and building

Introduction

Territorial planning and organisation are areas that affect emissions generated by all the other sectors considered in this publication, as well as the conservation and development of natural ecosystems and their capacity as CO2 sinks. By acting as a cross-cutting vector, such planning conditions the emissions and absorptions associated with all the other sectoral vectors as a whole.

The measures described here concern both adaptation and mitigation, though mitigation is the most important field, and affect both planning and building.

In planning, mitigation measures are applied with regard to urban development criteria, such as maintenance of public initiative, restricting housing growth, providing infrastructure for more sustainable transport systems to new urban developments, promoting diversity of land use, reclaiming and increasing the density of built-up areas to remedy deficits caused by their age (abandoned buildings, energy inefficiency), and conserving existing CO2 sinks by establishing and protecting green zones.

The adaptation of the planning model to climate change focuses on measures to adapt to its two principal effects: erosion and flooding. It concerns actions of different types, such as establishing an emergency plan, assessing the sewage network and introducing urban planning in protected areas.

In terms of building, mitigation centres on measures to improve the use of energy resources, satisfy the same needs with lower energy consumption and minimise the needs themselves. Such measures include, for example, bioclimatic building design, which defines the most suitable physical characteristics of buildings (walls, roofs, ventilation systems, installation of solar energy), taking climate conditions in the particular city or town into account, which are determined by sun and wind, or local authority intervention to improve passive heating and cooling in buildings through ordinances and educational campaigns. This covers both private housing and municipal buildings and facilities.

With regard to building, adaptation mainly concerns action affecting the water cycle. Examples include the installation of water saving systems by owners and local authority improvements to the supply and treatment systems; reducing losses, increasing capacity and introducing systems to reuse rainwater.

All these issues require local authorities to play an important role in town planning and organisation with a view to introducing climate change mitigation measures. Here, local authorities not only carry out important work, but also enjoy considerable capacity for action: under the law establishing the bases for local government, municipal councils are given powers in areas enabling them to have a direct influence on decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and conserving and improving sinks through energy and efficiency planning measures and ordinances.

73 U TITLE OF ACTION Including minimum sustainable criteria in municipal urban planning 6.1 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Inclusion of sustainability criteria when reviewing municipal urban planning provisions: a) Limiting land occupation to avoid flood risks. b) Increasing the density of occupied land to construct a more compact city enabling access to services by non-motorised means. c) Increase in areas planted with trees in order to raise CO2 retention capacity. d) Planning for sustainable transport infrastructure (cycle lanes, pedestrian areas, etc.) in new urban developments. OBJECTIVES To promote compact urban development in which mobility based on the private car is reduced. To conserve and increase natural areas planted with trees in the town, in order to enhance CO2 absorption. To decrease land occupation levels and increase the density of occupied land to avoid flood risks. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study the criteria to follow. Increase in number of controlled homes (proportional to population increase), maximum limit on urban sprawl in the township, establishment of high or moderate density, provision of sustainable transport infrastructure in new urban developments, development of bioclimatic building (going beyond CTE technical building code requirements), reserving free urban space (for social or natural purposes) and protection levels for natural areas. Stage 2: Proposal to amend the POUM. Stage 3: Plea process and public hearings of the proposal to amend the POUM. Stage 4: Implement plan. Stage 5: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decrease in number of motorised journeys due both to obliged and volitional mobility. Improved carbon balance: reduced emissions and increased CO2 absorption. Economic savings as people are more able to make journeys without consuming fuel and to live in buildings that are more energy efficient. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authorities (Town Planning), public and private developers, residents’ associations (citizens), Environment Ministry, Catalan Government Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works and supralocal authorities. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, Catalan Government Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works and INCASOL. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Terrassa City Council (POUM). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Decree 34/2006, regulating assessment studies of mobility generated. DOGC no. 4723, of 21/9/2006. Catalan Government: Technical instructions for the environmental assessment of POUM plans. Environment Ministry. Catalan Government Decree 305/2006, of July 18, approving the Town Planning Law Regulations. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of development of the study of sustainability criteria to be included in POUMs. Results: • SMIS Indicator 4: proximity to basic urban services. Desired trend: increase. Subindicator: area of green zones per inhabitant (m2/inhab). Desired trend: increase

74 • SMIS Indicator 3: urban structure: urban land occupation. Subindicator: density. Subindicator: excessive housing construction. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information, education, awareness-raising and participation campaign with regard to POUM. OBSERVATIONS Municipal planning is the basic tool available to the local authority to organise and establish the bases for development in the township. Applying sustainable urban development criteria can help to mitigate local greenhouse gas emissions. In the case of urban development, greenhouse gas emissions depend to a large extent on transport and building type. The main consequence of urban sprawl is an increase in the length of urban journeys, principally to and from work. Moreover, it makes journeys on foot more difficult whilst encouraging car use, amongst other things due to shortcomings in public transport. In view of the present high greenhouse gas emission levels and the tendency for these to increase even more, it is important to provide large areas planted with trees to absorb such gases, that is to say, the tendency should be towards protection. Urban planning regulations can have a direct influence on the degree of land occupation. Rising rainfall is a key factor in climate change, increasing the risk of flooding, which is made higher by dense land occupation.

75 U TITLE OF ACTION Rehabilitating and promoting built-up areas 6.2 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Development of rehabilitation and restoration plans for housing in old town centres to prevent the occupation of new land and to improve sanitation and energy conditions in older buildings. During the intervention period, land is freed in areas where occupation is too dense, and grants and tax breaks are established. During the consolidation period, measures are aimed at promoting the property rentals market. OBJECTIVES To improve energy efficiency in buildings in consolidated areas, in this way decreasing energy consumptions and emissions. To facilitate the right to decent housing for all through housing protection and rental schemes. To decrease land consumption by improving the occupation of buildings already in existence. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Assessment study of initial situation and action plan to be implemented. Stage 2: Launch grants to improve energy efficiency in old buildings in consolidated areas. Stage 3: Establish a property rental exchange, managed by the local authority, providing guarantees for both owners and tenants. Stage 4: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Improved urban quality and quality of social life in degraded neighbourhoods. Increased chance of access to housing by lower income sectors. Decreased energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, supralocal authorities, Catalan Government, property developers, individual owners and residents’ associations. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works (neighbourhood law), Ministry of Environment and Housing (housing law), property developers, individual owners. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Manresa Council BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Catalan Government Law 18/2007, of December 28, on the right to a home. Catalan Government Law 2/2004, of June 4, on the improvement of neighbourhoods, urban areas and towns. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of homes rehabilitated. Results: • SMIS Indicator 3: urban structure: urban land occupation. Desired trend: to be established by the local authority. Subindicator: excessive housing construction. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Promotional campaign in local and county media, radio, local television networks and newspapers. Promotional campaigns aimed at owners of empty flats in old town centres, and potential tenants (young people, the elderly, etc.).

76 U TITLE OF ACTION Adapting town planning to the effects of climate change 6.3 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Application of restrictions aimed at climate protection in planning instruments for new urban development and infrastructure. The most important impacts to take into account are: 1. Changing flood-risk areas due to changing rainfall patterns. 2. Resizing of rainwater drainage systems. 3. Design of rainwater drainage systems to take rising water table levels into account. 4. Redesign of underground communication and service infrastructure due to rising water table. 5. Building restrictions in areas where the water table is likely to rise to near surface levels. 6. Provisions for the effects that climate change may have on the layout and maintenance of streets, road and transport infrastructure. 7. Provide for the necessary water supply for new developments, taking into account not only increasing shortages, but also loss of water quality. OBJECTIVES To prevent damage that urban systems and buildings can suffer due to sudden changes in rainfall patterns and rising water table. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Risk assessment study, defining adaptation measures to prevent them. Stage 2: Include adaptation measures in urban planning instruments. Stage 3: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Decrease in losses due to damage to urban, property and natural heritage. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, Catalan Government, other supralocal authorities and residents. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, Catalan Government, other supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES State of Victoria (Australia). Various local authorities have launched a planning process aimed at adapting to climate change. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES State of Victoria (Australia): Examples of adaptation: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628 CADS (Sustainable Development Advisory Council): report on climate change in Catalonia, Chapter B2: http://www.cat-sostenible.org/pdf/inf_canvi_climatic_integra.pdf MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of environmental risk study. Degree (%) of inclusion of measures in urban planning instruments. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective. Results: • SMIS Indicator 9: prevention of environmental risks. Desired trend: increase, towards 100% long-term objective. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Public information campaign. Training campaign aimed at businesses that might be affected by risk situations. Training campaign for municipal technical personnel and local police. OBSERVATIONS Climate change can cause severe restrictions in wide areas. Anticipating such restrictions in planning may be vital to prevent environmental, economic and human costs in the future. The most severe restrictions concern the risk of floods, increased by the frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena, the rising water table due to saline intrusion caused by rising sea levels, and rising sea levels themselves. Linked to this are risks of erosion, landslides, etc.

TITLE OF ACTION Introducing drinking water saving systems in homes 6.4 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Modification of water supply or treatment facilities. Installation of aeration mechanisms in taps to reduce flow, and double-flush systems to toilet cisterns. Rechannelling of wastewater from the shower to supply the toilet cistern. Replacement of irrigation systems by more efficient models: microirrigation, drip irrigation, sprinklers with timer, humidity detectors… Piping rainwater and swimming pool overflow water to irrigation water tanks. Verification that water saving systems operate correctly before the certificate of habitability is awarded. OBJECTIVES To adjust the water balance in the township To reduce domestic drinking water consumption. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Draft water saving ordinance. Stage 2: Administrative procedure (approval). Stage 3: Communication (information to all those affected). Stage 4: Apply ordinance. Stage 5: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Savings of 60 Hm3/year (equivalent to the water production of a large desalination plant) in the case of exhaustive action. Savings of 20 Hm3/year (production of a medium-sized desalination plant) if measures are partially applied. Economic savings for families as water rates fall. Improved ecological quality of surface and underground water. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, water management company, developers and buildings, installation company association, traders and residents POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and small private investment by owners. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability: model for municipal water saving ordinance: http://www.diba.es/xarxasost/cat/mate_xrx.asp#2 Granollers Council: water saving ordinance: http://www.granollers.cat Granollers Council: various initiatives, briefly described, on reusing water for irrigation in the town of Granollers: http://www.granollers.cat BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability: model for municipal water saving ordinance: http://www.diba.es/xarxasost/cat/mate_xrx.asp#2 Granollers Council: water saving ordinance: http://www.granollers.cat Granollers Council: various initiatives, briefly described, on reusing water for irrigation in the town of Granollers: http://www.granollers.cat E. Forés, J. Seubas and O. Torné. Catalunya estalvia aigua (Catalonia Saves Water). Documents de Recerca, 11. Catalan Government, 2006. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Level of compliance with the water savings ordinance Results: • SMIS Indicator 20: water supplied in township. Desired trend: decrease. Subindicator: water consumption by sector. • SMIS Indicator 21: intensity of water consumption in the local economy. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Participatory process, accompanied by awareness-raising campaign, involving all citizens, shopkeepers, restaurants, service providers and businesses in the township.

78 OBSERVATIONS Simple, low-cost water saving devices include aerators for taps, limiting flow to a maximum of 6 l/min and in showers to 10 l/min. Adjust water flow to 2.5 kg/m2, double flush toilets with maximum discharge of 6 l/min. Shower water can be reused to fill toilet cisterns (reuse of grey water), rainwater and swimming pool overflow (dechlorinated) can be used to water parks and gardens, to clean interiors or exteriors or in toilet cisterns. More efficient irrigation systems can be used, appropriate to the plants concerned and minimising water consumption, with particular emphasis on garden design, applying water-efficient landscaping: conserving the structure of the terrain, reducing the area occupied by lawns in favour of other species with lower water demand, etc.

79 U TITLE OF ACTION Sustainable building ordinance 6.5 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION A building ordinance is drafted, including criteria to reduce resources consumed and waste generation, with an increase in the proportion of recycled materials entering the system. Particularly important considerations include: Bioclimatic features and use of renewable energy sources (town planning approach). Selection of construction materials taking into account intrinsic energy consumption, energy and environmental costs of production, durability, recyclability, origin of raw materials, environmental impact at origin, etc. Water demand management; management of new water sources and reuse of grey water in building. Gardens with low water consumption, linked to the plants in public and private spaces. OBJECTIVES To increase energy efficiency in homes, decreasing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To decrease the impact on raw materials, reducing consumption of materials and making greater use of recycled materials. To decrease the generation of inert construction waste. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Draft ordinance on building construction and restoration. Stage 2: Administrative procedure (approval). Stage 3: Communication (information to all those affected). Stage 4: Apply ordinance. Stage 5: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Improved efficiency in the building industry, both at the construction stage and during operation: reduced consumption of energy and natural resources, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Lower economic cost in family utility bills. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (technical services), Catalan Government (Ministry of the Environment and Housing), supralocal authorities, developers, businesses, professionals involved in town planning and construction, and residents. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, developers and small investment by owners. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Sant Joan Despí Council: sustainable building ordinance. Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana Council: sustainable building ordinance. Tiana Council: sustainable building ordinance. Vacarisses Council: sustainable building ordinance. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council. Ordenances d’edificació sostenible. Manual justificatiu (sustainable building ordinance handbook). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of town planning actions carried out in accordance with the ordinance every year. • Number of buildings completed in accordance with the ordinance every year. Results: • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption. Desired trend: decrease. Subindicator: energy consumption by sector of activity. • SMIS Indicator 20: municipal water supply. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION General information and awareness-raising campaign aimed at all citizens. Training, awareness-raising and promotion campaigns aimed exclusively at professionals working in architecture and engineering, other professionals linked to the ordinance and construction and installation companies. OBSERVATIONS The construction sector is one of the highest consumers of

80 resources. In the European Union, this industry, whose energy consumption rises by 5% per year) accounts for 42% of total final energy consumption. Urban consumption (linked, therefore, to building) accounts for 44% of water consumption. The ordinance established a series of requirements and recommendations in four main areas concerning construction and the urban space: energy, building materials, water and urban plants.

81 U TITLE OF ACTION Applying bioclimatic criteria to town planning and building 6.6 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Modification of urban planning provisions to include bioclimatic criteria in the urban development of the township. The main criteria to be considered are appropriate choice of location, correct adaptation to the surrounding environment and of built volumes to local climate and seasonal and daily variables, such as temperature, air humidity, wind and, above all, sun. OBJECTIVES To achieve high energy efficiency in buildings and mobility. To adapt new urban development to the environment and climate. To ensure that this approach to urban development is adopted for both public and private construction by implementing a municipal ordinance. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study the bioclimatic criteria most appropriate for locating urban development, regarding both road infrastructure and the provision of services and the characteristics of buildings. Stage 2: Proposal to amend the POUM and correct the characteristics of the buildings. Stage 3: Public hearings of the proposal to amend the POUM. Stage 4: Implement plan. Stage 5: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Improved efficiency in the building industry, both at the construction stage and during operation: reduced consumption of energy and natural resources, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Greater integration of buildings into their environment, from those introduced into the landscape to those concerned with maintaining natural resources and plants, and water saving. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (elected officials and employees), urban developers, construction and installation companies, personnel and professionals directly or indirectly concerned with works. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, IDAE, Housing Ministry, Catalan Government (Environment Ministry), supralocal authorities, property developers and home owners/buyers. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Sierra Nevada Association of Local Authorities: homes that maintain temperature constant at around 17ºC. Vall d’Uixó: ecological neighbourhood planned by the architect Xavier Segarra. Esterri d’Àneu Council: municipal sports hall. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES FEMPCLM (Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces of Castilla-La Mancha): Guía de buenas prácticas de planeamiento urbanístico sostenible (Good Practice Guide for Sustainable Urban Planning): http://agenda.fempclm.com/marron.pdf Jaime López de Asiain. Arquitectura, ciudad y medio ambiente, University of Seville and Ministry of Public Works and Transport. Seville, 2001. Víctor Olgyay. Arquitectura y clima. Manual de diseño bioclimático para arquitectos y Urbanistas, Gustavo Gili. Barcelona, 1998. (original English title: Design with Climate. Princeton University Press, 1963). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Draft of urban development and building plan with bioclimatic criteria. • Area of solar panels installed compared to total built area. • Use of domestic grey water. • Energy saving compared to installed power. Results: • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 16: local renewable energy production. Desired

82 trend: increase. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information, awareness-raising and promotion campaign aimed at all citizens. Training, awareness-raising and promotion campaigns aimed at professionals working in architecture and engineering, other professionals and construction and installation companies linked to urban development. OBSERVATIONS Bioclimatic urban development can be defined as integral planning for an area, including infrastructure and buildings, aimed at creating a comfortable, environmentally-friendly urban structure for life.

83 U TITLE OF ACTION Promoting good environmental practices in the domestic sector 6.7 AREA Town planning and building TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION An awareness-raising, information and education process is organised, aimed at all citizens. The main content concerns good practice with regard to water consumption, energy and insulation and the possibility of obtaining finance for measures. This can be graduated into two levels (not mutually exclusive): a) Information/awareness-raising campaign (such as “Catalonia Saves Water”). b) Establishment of a public advisory body (either set up expressly or using the structure provided by municipal offices providing information for consumers). OBJECTIVES To increase energy efficiency in homes, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To increase the efficiency of water use in homes, reducing consumption. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Define generation criteria for process/campaign. Stage 2: Draw up the schedule for action and design the campaign materials. Stage 3: Produce materials. Stage 4: Launch campaign. Stage 5: Monitor results obtained. BENEFITS Improved efficiency in the building industry: reduced consumption of energy and natural resources, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Lower economic cost in family utility bills. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority, ICAEN, supralocal authorities, citizens and civic, business and professional associations (installation companies, electricians, APERCA, etc.). POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, ICAEN, Government of Catalonia (Environment Ministry), supralocal authorities and small private investment. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Vilanova i la Geltrú Council: energy management. Zaragoza City Council: water management. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Vilanova i la Geltrú Energy Agency: http://energia.vilanova.cat Manresa Energy Agency: http://www.lasequia.org/alenergia Local agency in Almada, Portugal: http://www.ageneal.pt Zaragoza City Council (on water saving): http://www.zaragozaconelagua.org Spanish Network of Cities for Climate (catalogue of good municipal practice in building and energy): http://www.redciudadesclima.es MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of people who have participated in campaign actions. Results: • SMIS Indicator 20: municipal water supply. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 14: final energy consumption. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION This is an educational, promotional and participatory initiative in itself OBSERVATIONS The domestic sector is responsible for a considerable proportion of emissions. The local authority can act on this sector through legislation and regulation, using ordinances and works permits as the instruments. These instruments are largely restricted to new building and the rehabilitation of existing buildings. However, there also exists a series of non-legislative instruments that can be equally or more effective, particularly as regards older housing not subject to any works permit processes. These instruments are: information, promotion of good practice (in

84 water and energy consumption, insulation, etc.) and sources of finance for private individuals.

85 86

7. Coastline and natural systems

Introduction

The coastal environment requires both actions aimed adaptation –the majority and, no doubt, those which most attract the attention in the short-term– and mitigation measures. The former are concerned with town planning, the latter with protecting the oceans’ function as a CO2 sink.

This is an environment which is particularly sensitive to the risks associated with climate change. Intervention must anticipate the effects of rising relative sea levels, the increasing intensity of extreme meteorological phenomena, reduced contribution of solid matter due to changing rainfall patterns, alterations in the structure and composition of natural communities due to rising temperatures and changing coastal dynamics.

Bearing in mind the fragile nature of the coastline and the fact that the different morphologies found along the coast means that their vulnerability varies, priority action should focus on river estuaries and low coastland, which are more exposed to the impact associated with climate change than steeper areas.

The coastline is a crucial area for adaptation measures, as this is the favoured location for urban development and occupation of the land by infrastructure of all types. Rising sea levels will cause difficulties for the discharge of current waste disposal systems, will threaten car parks and basements in buildings near the shoreline and will hamper operations by today’s ports, designed for lower sea levels. By way of example, appropriate long-term territorial planning that frees the area closest to the coastline will create a “breathing space”, ensuring that the effects of new marine dynamics are less damaging to economic resources.

Mitigation measures should be focused on guaranteeing the sink function of our oceans which, as we know, absorb over 90% of the Earth’s total carbon and help to metabolise excessive emissions. Phytoplankton play an important role in this, and besides Mediterranean waters (which are poor in nutrient salts) and coastal waters, particular efforts should be devoted to conserving the role played by more productive communities, such as posidonia meadows.

Adaptation measures aimed at controlling infrastructure construction and the use of coastal land also include a mitigation component, as they avoid the need to apply corrective measures that entail high energy consumption, such as importing sand.

87 U TITLE OF ACTION Naturalising breakwaters and artificial coastal defences 7.1 AREA Coastline and natural systems TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Correction of the morphological structure of breakwaters and artificial coastal defences to increase their biogenic capacity. The idea is to open up empty spaces, as in a sponge, to allow the entrance of water and sunlight, also providing hiding places for different species of small marine animals, increasing primary production which will later stimulate the whole trophic chain. Inclusion of biogenic design criteria in building new groynes and breakwaters, establishing empty spaces inside them to foster marine life. OBJECTIVES To help increase biological production by sinking structures enabling the appearance of hard seabed communities. To promote the inclusion of biogenic criteria in the construction of coastal defences METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study the biogenic capacity of groynes and breakwaters. Stage 2: Correct the construction structure of groynes and breakwaters to allow water and sunlight to enter. Stage 3: Establish biogenic criteria in projects to build new coastal defences. Stage 4: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Increased density and quality of life in natural communities established on hard seabeds, generally more productive than soft seabed (mud and sand) communities. Increased contribution to CO2 sink effect due to this increased production. PLAYERS INVOLVED Environment Ministry, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Catalan Government (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Action) and local authority. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Environment Ministry, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Catalan Government (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Action). SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Municipalities of Vilanova i la Geltrú, Masnou and Mataró: construction of different breakwaters along the coast, some with purely protective purposes, others also designed to increase production. Municipality of Barcelona: a decontaminated pleasure boat (“golondrina”) sunk to encourage colonisation by different plant and animal species. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Catalan Government (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Action): Information about the characteristics and functions of artificial breakwaters and their location on the Catalan coast: http://www.gencat.net/darp MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Area installed with artificial breakwaters per kilometre of coastline. Desired trend: increase. • Percentage of biogenic defensive works compared to total defensive works in an infrastructure. Desired trend: increase. Results: • Ecological state of coastal defences. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational activities on knowledge of the coastal environment, using biogenic structures as a teaching resource. OBSERVATIONS Soft seabeds without plant coverage are very little productive, whilst communities established on hard substrates are organised differently, with greater material and energy flows. For this reason, when spatial structures (natural or artificial) are located on the seabed, this is always accompanied by a rise in biological production: better use is made of light energy, hiding places are created, ecological niches become more complex, etc.

88 This is precisely the objective behind so-called “production reefs”. Moreover, defensive works (breakwaters in ports, for example) should be biogenic in nature. It is clear to all that the differences between a sheer structure (made from concrete blocks or similar) and sloping one (composed of quarry material or concrete structures, allowing empty spaces to form between them) create significant differences in terms of primary production, and that these differences have an effect on the entire trophic chain. Since these measures are aimed at increasing biological productivity in maritime works, see also information on Proposal 7.3, Conserving biodiversity in coastal systems.

89 U TITLE OF ACTION Correcting beach erosion processes 7.2 AREA Coastline and natural systems TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Development of a continuous programme to generate material to compensate for the results of erosion processes and maintain the area occupied by beaches, in view of their natural, leisure and tourism value. The material involved is sand obtained from dredging in the sea or quarry material transported by lorry. Establishment of a preventive protection programme to limit the area of beach reduced by marinas and to stem the flow of sediments this involves, as well as to reduce sinking of defensive structures. OBJECTIVES Maintaining beach areas as a natural, leisure and tourism resource is very important for townships, coastlines are best protected by the existence of beaches. To apply corrective measures to combat erosion with the lowest energy consumption. To create the conditions for integrated, sustainable management of coastal zones. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Cartographic and topographic inventory of the town beach. Stage 2: Establish action plan to compensate for sand loss with materials such as sand (dredging) or quarry material (transported by road). Stage 3: Establish preventive protection plan, limiting and regulating action to artificialise the coast (marinas, artificial defensive structures). Stage 4: Carry out periodic topobathymetric elevations. Stage 5: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Soft seabed marine life is conserved. Decrease in CO2 emissions generated by the transport of materials and works to compensate for the mass regression of beach surface. Citizen satisfaction regarding the leisure and tourist use of beaches. Maintenance of income generated for both private individuals and local authority by the use of the beach. Protection against possible rise in sea level. PLAYERS INVOLVED Directorate-General for Coasts (Environment Ministry), Directorate-General for Ports, Airports and Coasts, attached to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Directorate-General for the Natural Environment, attached to the Ministry of Environment and Housing, and the local authority. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Directorate-General for Ports, Airports and Coasts, attached to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, and the Environment Ministry’s Directorate-General for Coasts. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works: works to restore the coastal dynamic interrupted by marinas by transporting sand from east to west. Municipalities of Barcelona, Montgat, Badalona, etc.: demolition of constructions along sea front, and restoration of public domain boundaries. Municipality of El Prat de Llobregat, Gavà and Castelldefels: recuperation of dune system. Municipality of L’Escala: recuperation of dune system on the beaches of Empúries. Directorate-General for Coasts: actions to protect dune systems in the Balearic Islands through the installation of fences to prevent their destruction. Catalan Government (Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works): Urban Master Plan for the Coastal System (PDUSC), protecting the coast in sectors of delimited land which can be built on without approved partial plan.

90 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Catalan Government (2005). Characterisation of water masses and analysis of risk of failure to meet the objectives established in the Framework Directive on Water in Catalonia. Catalan Government (2006). Urban Master Plan for the Coastal System. Catalan Government (2007). Catalan Ports Plan. Environment Ministry (work in progress). Strategy for coastal sustainability. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of development of compensation action plan and preventive protection plan. Results: • Degree of artificialisation of the coast. Desired trend: decrease, to <0.5. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. • CO2 emissions caused by beach regeneration. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION See Proposal 7.5. Sustainable management of the terrestrial maritime public domain. OBSERVATIONS Beaches are a transition system between the continental and marine environments, one that is complex and changing (notable differences in summer and winter, for example). They are important natural areas, as well as leisure and tourism industry resources. Finally, we should remember that beaches, if wide enough, provide the best possible defence against expected rising sea levels caused by climate change. Despite their important functions, however, beaches are often subjected to intensive erosion processes caused, in part, by the impact of maritime works, falling depositions of solid materials by rivers and streams, and the urban occupation of reserves such as dune areas and alteration to local microclimatic conditions (particularly important with regard to wind). The method usually applied to correct beach regression is based on artificial depositions of material in volumes equivalent to the sand lost, either from underwater sites or using mechanical means (transporting sand, normally from east to west on the Maresme coast). Beaches are also reclaimed on occasion using material from quarries or stone crushers. Whatever the method chosen or its associated environmental impact, it is obvious that there is considerable energy consumption entailed in combating erosion processes that affect beaches, whether using marine means (suction dredger) or lorries to transport material from the quarry to the beach, particularly in view of the large amounts of material normally involved in such operations. Emissions can be estimated at between 0.5 and 1 kg/m3 using marine means and 1 and 2 kg/m3 using lorries, though the figures may vary according to the transport used and the distance between the extraction point and the deposition point. Moreover, such operations are often accompanied by the construction of defensive works, with additional consumption involved in the extraction and transport of material for breakwaters.

91 U TITLE OF ACTION Conserving biodiversity in coastal systems 7.3 AREA Coastline and natural systems TYPE Adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Instruments are established for planning urban development and the uses necessary to maintain coastal system biodiversity. The purpose is to approve planning provisions that minimise occupation of the coastline (marinas, sea front promenades, parking areas, etc.), establishing a plan for beach use that is compatible with the conservation of natural communities, particularly as regards the location of nautical sports resorts, and urging the competent authority to build artificial reefs to defend marine phanerogams from certain fishing equipment. Provision of facilities to ensure that wastewater discharged into the sea is treated to a suitable standard to prevent alteration to the physical and chemical conditions of the water damaging the structure of coastal communities. Development of a programme of educational studies of coastal communities in the township. Provision of a local police unit specialised in controlling compliance with ordinances specifically concerned with the coastal environment. OBJECTIVES To prevent the gradual reduction of areas occupied by coastal communities, particularly those of high ecological value. To promote restoration of the quality of coastal communities, aiming to restore their highest values. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study-proposal on urban plans and plan for beach use for biodiversity conservation. Stage 2: Approve plans. Stage 3: Develop plan provisions. Stage 4: Adapt wastewater treatment facilities. Stage 5: Establish specialised local police unit. Stage 6: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Conservation of the coastal environment’s capacity as a CO2 sink: 20 Tm/year per hectare of posidonia community. Recovery/maintenance of nature on the coastline: producing 100- 800 grC/m2/year in Mediterranean phanerogam meadows. PLAYERS INVOLVED Directorate-General for Coasts, attached to the Environment Ministry, Directorate-General for Ports, Airports and Coasts of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, Directorate-General for the Natural Environment, Directorate- General for Environmental Policies and Sustainability of the Catalan Government’s Ministry of Environment and Housing, and the local authority. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Environment Ministry, Catalan Government Ministry of Environment and Housing and supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Catalan proposal to Natura 2000 Network (October 2006) to include maritime areas with zones where the presence of marine phanerogams has been documented. Premià de Mar Marine Animal Rescue Centre. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Catalan Government, Ministry of Environment and Housing (2005): “Study documents on pressure and impact, and risk assessment regarding non-compliance with WFD objectives in Catalonia” (IMPRESS Document). Boudouresque & Meinesz (1982): Mediterrània: Estudi de les comunitats de la Mediterrània (Study of Mediterranean Communities). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of plans for urban development and uses. • Number of local police officers attached to the special coastal unit. Results:

92 • Area occupied by phanerogam communities per kilometre of coastline: (Haz:5-40m/Kmcoastline). Desired trend: maintenance. • Number of shoots per square metre: (Nshoots/Sm2). This number should be higher than 400. Desired trend increase. • SMIS Indicator 22: wastewater management. Desired trend: increase. • Quality of wastewater discharged into the sea. Desired trend: increase. • Quality of beaches. Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Annual information and educational campaign for beach users: specific educational actions through the publication of leaflets, information points and posters raising awareness about the natural values of the coastal environment. Support policies for initiatives by volunteers helping to control communities of high ecological value and to restore fauna. OBSERVATIONS The coast is a complex system, the border between the continent and the sea, two environments in which matter and energy cycles are organised very differently, and which determines strong gradients (temperature, salinity, light energy, oxygen availability, type of substrate at, etc.). This means that biodiversity is very high, particularly in coastal wetlands, but also in other ecosystems. Moreover, the peculiar conditions in the Mediterranean as regard nutrients and light have generated the presence of interesting endemisms. The best known examples are the meadows of marine phanerogams (Posidonia, Cymodocea and others), which play an important ecological role: not only are they highly efficient in their primary production (making them a CO2 sink) but they also help to lessen the erosive effect of the coastal dynamic and to stabilise beaches. The 27 coastal municipalities in Barcelona province (including Barcelona city) possess a coastline of 120 km and have a total population of around 2.4 million people. The pressure on coastal systems is intense: by way of example, there are 15 marinas on the coast here, as well as an important commercial port. However, consideration must also be given to wastewater discharges (with a high degree of treatment), the artificialisation of the coast (defensive works), fishing, mass beach use during the bathing season, linear communications infrastructure of all kinds along the coastline, etc. As a consequence of all these pressures, the coastal communities in Barcelona province have been greatly reduced. The predominant types of soft seabed communities, which include phanerogam meadows, present on both the Garraf and Maresme coasts, though in a highly precarious situation. Probably the best conserved is that lying off the Mataró coastline.

93 U TITLE OF ACTION Accessibility to public beaches 7.4 AREA Coastline and natural systems TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Draft and application of a mobility plan in each coastal town in order to establish access options for users with minimal environmental impact. After identifying the existing access infrastructure and the way users access beaches, an action plan is implemented to increase the number of journeys made on foot, by bicycle and using public transport. This involves establishing safe paths for non-motorised transport, providing public transport and restricting private vehicle transport, achieving these aims through two lines of action: changing the access options provided by the local authority, and changing the choices that citizens make thanks to their greater awareness. OBJECTIVES To increase the proportion of journeys on foot, by bicycle and using public transport, and to reduce private vehicle use. To ensure sufficient permeability to enable easy access to beaches by those on foot. To decrease congestion and greenhouse gas emissions on urban and inter-urban roads. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Draw up specific mobility plan for access to beaches: audit and action plan. Stage 2: Implement action plan: promote public transport (as appropriate according to season); provide safe cycle lanes; build secure bicycle parking areas; organise car parking areas to ensure that they do not spoil the coastal landscape; make beaches accessible by people with reduced mobility. Stage 3: Establish closed-off areas to protect communities of high ecological value. Stage 4: Train local police. Stage 5: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Increased safety and ease of journeys to beaches. Decrease in road space occupied by vehicles. Decrease in working time lost due to traffic congestion. Reduced fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Improved urban landscape around sea front promenades. PLAYERS INVOLVED Directorate-General for Overland Transport, attached to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works, local authority. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Environment Ministry, Ministry of Development, Catalan Government (Ministry of Town and Country Planning and Public Works) and supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Vilanova and Sitges councils: improved accessibility to coast, path for pedestrians. Castelldefels Council: construction of sea front promenades. Gavà Council: construction of car parks outside the public domain. Sant Pol de Mar Council: protection of dune vegetation on beaches. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council (2000). Gestió municipal de platges (Municipal beach management). Barcelona Provincial Council (2004). Manual d’accessibilitat per a les platges del litoral de la província de Barcelona (Accessibility handbook for the beaches on the Barcelona province coast) García Guidulain, UPC (2005). Capacidad de carga de las playas del litoral catalán (Load capacity of beaches on the Catalan coast). Polytechnic University of (2004). Criterios de diseño de aparcamientos y accesos a las playas (Design criteria for beach parking and accesses).

94 AENOR (2007). Cuestionario-guía de accesibilidad en playas y su entorno, con referencia a la norma UNE 170.001(Accessibility questionnaire/guide to beaches and their surroundings, with reference to the UNE 170.001standard). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of mobility plan. • State of execution of actions in mobility plan. Results: • Use of private vehicle to access beaches. Desired trend: decrease. • Beach accessibility. Desired trend: increase. • Proximity of car parks. Desired trend: increase. • SMIS Indicator 5: urban structure: public travel and mobility. Desired trend: decrease. • SMIS Indicator 6: urban structure: pedestrian priority roads. Desired trend: increase. • SMIS Indicator 25: greenhouse gas emissions. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Information and awareness campaign aimed at local population and beach users with regard to choice of transport used and conservation of plant communities. OBSERVATIONS The beach use model is highly seasonal, as use is largely concentrated into the summer months at certain times of the day. It is estimated that the maximum load a beach can withstand is around 4 m2/user (García Guindulain, 2005) and, whilst it is very difficult to provide representative data (it also depends on whether the beach in question is urban), in the case of Barcelona local authority, it is estimated that user numbers approach 30,000 per day in the high season. The statistics available show that at least 50% of beach users get to the beach by private vehicle. It is clear, then, that, taking into account the total number of beach users in Barcelona province, the preferred means of access by private vehicle generates high levels of CO2 emissions (see Section 5). This also results in a need for parking areas all along the coast, which may have indirect effects on biodiversity. It should also be remembered that the existence of linear communications (railways and roads) along much of the Barcelona coastline creates considerable problems of permeability for access to the beach. See also the actions proposed with regard to mobility (Section 5).

95 U TITLE OF ACTION Sustainable management of the terrestrial maritime public domain 7.5 AREA Coastline and natural systems TYPE Mitigation and adaptation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY High DESCRIPTION Development of a management programme for the beach, considered as a terrestrial maritime public domain (TMPD), in order to ensure an acceptable level of natural state, whilst also performing its role as a leisure facility, reducing its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. In the field of direct management, assigning land use by seasonal services so that these are located preferably away from the beach and in no case occupying, overall, more than half of the terrestrial high water mark area, introducing effective systems to prevent excessive consumption of resources (showers, for example), equipping seasonal facilities with photovoltaic energy systems, establishing physical protection for dune systems and beach plants, promoting selective waste sorting, reducing the use of non-returnable and individualised packaging, controlling pollution caused by water sports resorts and establishing specific ordinances to promote sustainable use of the beach. With regard to influencing other administrations, it is a question of persuading the competent authorities to eliminate or alleviate barriers to the maritime transport of solids, avoiding permanent occupation of the TMPD by concessionaries and the artificialisation of the coast, gradually removing current occupations of the TMPD and adding more areas to the TMPD. OBJECTIVES To manage the terrestrial maritime public domain in a sustainable way. To draw up regulations and plans for the organisation and use of beaches that minimise consumption of natural resources. To restore the physical integrity and natural functionality of coastal systems METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Draw up a sustainable management plan for the beach. Stage 2: Apply actions in the management plan for which the local authority is the competent administration. Stage 3: Establish agreements with beach service concessionaires about the conditions in which services should be provided. Stage 4: Sign agreements to implement actions concerning the TMPD for which other administrations are the competent authority. Stage 5: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Savings in resources (water, energy, waste management, etc.) with the corresponding decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Improved urban landscape near beaches and sea front promenades. Increased public space available for use by public. Restrictions on construction, with the corresponding saving on CO2 emissions associated with such construction. PLAYERS INVOLVED Catalan Government (Article 149 of the new Statute), Environment Ministry and local authority. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Catalan Government, Environment Ministry and supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Municipality of Barcelona (Port del Fòrum): recuperation of polluted land. Municipality of Port de la Selva: expropriation of the site and constructions owned by the Club Mediterranée in Cap de Creus (a total of 150 hectares) including two habitats of Community interest (Directive 67/97/CE). Municipality of Vilanova i la Geltrú: recuperation of Llarga beach.

96 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Breton, F. (1996): El litoral: bases per al planejament i la gestió integrada d’un espai dinàmic i vulnerable (The coastline: bases for integrated planning and management of a dynamic, vulnerable space). Environment Ministry (2007): Estrategias para la defensa del dominio público marítimo terrestre. Programa de adquisición de fincas (Strategies to defend the terrestrial maritime public domain. Property acquisition programme). Environment Ministry (work in progress): Estrategia para la sostenibilidad de la costa (Strategy for coastal sustainability). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of plan for sustainable beach management. • State of execution of actions with direct responsibility. • State of execution of actions for which other administrations are the competent authority. Results: • Tourism facilities. Desired trend: decrease, reaching a figure below 5,000 (IMPRESS document index). • Occupation of beach by seasonal services. Desired trend: decrease, towards a value of <0,5. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION A process of participation, information, education and dissemination amongst residents, beach service concessionaries and administrations with responsibilities over the TMPD, which can be included in the Agenda 21 participatory process. Awareness, information and promotion campaign aimed at beach users and visitors to the town: publication of leaflets, establishment of information points, posters, etc. OBSERVATIONS The Coast Law defines the territory considered as the terrestrial maritime public domain (TMPD), as well as the zones and protective provisions that surround them. The beach is included in the TMPD, and in coastal towns it probably represents the largest public space and that which is subjected to the greatest pressure by users. As a consequence, many coastal areas suffer severe environmental and functional deterioration, whilst areas still free are seriously threatened. In Barcelona province, beaches have a total area of around 40,000 hectares along a 120-kilometre coastline. The conservation of these areas is threatened by the establishment of ports and other infrastructure (collectors, defensive works, promenades, etc.), whilst, at the same time, they receive high numbers of seasonal users requiring certain services. The purpose is to make beach use compatible with its conservation.

97 98

8. Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption

Introduction

This last section discusses actions concerning a non-territorial cross-cutting vector in which local authorities can intervene directly through their day-to-day activities, public purchasing and tendering works and services, which have a direct effect on the consumption of energy and resources and on greenhouse gas emissions. Measures in this sphere of action are basically concerned with climate change mitigation and affect both the types of product we consume and how we do so. They entail, firstly, establishing a purchasing policy that takes the entire production process into account: raw materials and water, energy consumption, transport of parts and products, and waste, both at the place of origin and in the place of consumption. Such measures not only have a direct effect, but also serve as examples, as demonstrations and as encouragement for citizens and businesses in the township. Secondly, such actions also entail the inclusion of environmental clauses in service contracts.

On its own, a local authority can only achieve moderate effects through such intervention. However, collective policies applied by municipal networks can have a significant effect on the market, helping to increase the market share for ecological products. Just two examples: the combined purchases of public administrations in Europe accounts for 16-18% of European GDP, equivalent to the total German GDP, and includes the purchase of three million computers. The actions proposed (which are simple, feasible and easy to evaluate) fall under five broad proposals: adopting a policy agreement on green purchasing; ascertaining the tools available to the local authority; establishing certain criteria that can be required for regular purchasing; adopting ecolabels; and, finally, describing the responsible consumption habits that should accompany any green purchasing policy if it is to be effective and produce significant results.

99 U TITLE OF ACTION Adopting more sustainable public purchasing and tendering policies 8.1 AREA Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Establishment of a strategic line for local authority purchasing and contracts, increasing the proportion of goods and services generated with minimum environmental cost. The aim is to include this option in municipal policy, in mandate plans, so that, therefore, it results from the approval of a government agreement to adopt a policy for green purchasing and responsible consumption in all departments of the local authority. Establishing a common framework will provide support for different areas of government, particularly departments most involved in purchasing and contracting to launch joint actions. OBJECTIVES To help reduce CO2 emissions by adopting environmental criteria in municipal purchasing and good environmental practice at municipal facilities. To promote the extension of responsible purchasing criteria to other players through exemplary local authority action. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Define political objectives: plenary agreement on local authority sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption policy. Stage 2: Analysis of initial situation: • Set up an interdepartmental working group amongst the people involved in purchasing (for example, municipal commission on sustainable purchasing). • Audit of products and services procured, and their use. Economic evaluation. List and type of regular providers. Stage 3: Draft action plan, including: • The inclusion of environmental (and social) criteria in specifications. • Establishing tools to reduce consumption at municipal buildings. Stage 4: Establish indicators to monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Greater efficiency in electrical energy consumption, and reduced fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, as well as savings on raw materials in many cases. Decreased waste generation. Encouragement given to the development of environmentally-friendly products. Extension of green purchasing to other sectors: businesses and citizens in the township. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (heads of procurement, the environment and other departments), regular suppliers and local authority workers. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Badalona City Council and Barcelona City Council: http://www.bcn.cat/agenda21/ajuntamentsostenible BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ICLEI. Procura+ Manual (translated into Catalan by Barcelona Provincial Council): http://www.procuraplus.org/index.php?id=4927 CILMA, Girona Counties Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. Guia de compra verda per la prevenció del canvi climatic (Guide to green purchasing to prevent climate change) http://www.cilma.cat/obrir_arxiu.php?arxiu=/documents/206.pdf European Union. Buying Green Handbook. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/buying_green_handbook_es.pdf Autonomous University of Catalonia. Sustainable purchasing handbooks. http://antalya.uab.es/sepma/oshacat/compraverda/framecompraverda.html Government of Navarre. Guía para la contratación pública sostenible (Guide to sustainable public purchasing) Legislation: European Union Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/28/EC, on the procurement procedures of public sector entities. Public sector contract law of 18 October 2007 (BOE 261/2007, of October 31). National Green Purchasing Plan, Green Public Procurement Plan for the State Administration and its Public Corporations and Social Security

100 Management Organisations (BOE 27/2008, of January 31). MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of local authority green purchasing and responsible consumption strategy. Results: • Green purchasing and responsible consumption (proportion, in economic terms, of ecological purchases and contracts). Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational and awareness-raising campaign (especially using electronic media) aimed at employees. Dissemination of good environmental practice in external local authority activities (for example, indicating use of recycled or TCF paper in publications). Awareness-raising campaigns aimed at general public. OBSERVATIONS It is estimated that public procurement and contracts account for 16-18% of GDP in Europe, a figure that clearly shows the Administration’s capacity to influence the market. Selecting environmentally-friendly products and using them in a similar way can save on consumption of energy, water, raw materials, whilst also reducing waste generation. Moreover, a change in public purchasing strategy sets a good example for other organisations. At the same time, progress can also be made towards including ethical and/or fair trade criteria.

101 U TITLE OF ACTION Including environmental criteria in product purchasing 8.2 AREA Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Technical specifications are drawn up including environmental criteria at the different stages in the product purchasing or service adjudication process. Specifications are an essential tool for implementing a green purchasing strategy. Depending on the nature of the purchase or adjudication, environmental criteria may appear in the definition of the contract objective, assessment of tenders and/or during contract execution. The purpose is to make an inventory of the volume of the most common product purchases, to establish the environmental criteria that can be required and to verify that such products and services are available on the market. OBJECTIVES To increase the volume of “green” local authority purchases and contracts. To update municipal regulations with regard to purchasing and procurement. To provide specific environmental criteria for inclusion in product purchasing or service procurement processes. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Determine products to be purchased according to environmental criteria, based on the political agreement on sustainable procurement in the town, and on the initial study. Stage 2: Determine the necessary amounts of each product. Stage 3: With the interdepartmental commission, select the specific criteria for regular product purchases and include them in technical specifications. Stage 4: Inform regular suppliers. Stage 5: Draft models of specifications including environmental criteria and disseminate to all local authority department heads. Stage 6: Determine the points to be awarded according to environmental criteria for evaluating tenders. BENEFITS General benefits of sustainable procurement (see Action 8.1). Improved image of corporation. Promote development of ecological products. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (heads of procurement, the environment and other departments), regular suppliers and local authority workers. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Badalona City Council, Barcelona City Council and Barcelona Provincial Council. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ICLEI. Procura+ Manual (translated into Catalan by Barcelona Provincial Council). http://www.procuraplus.org/index.php?id=4927 Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability. Environmental criteria a introduir als plecs de condicions. Autonomous University of Catalonia. Sustainable purchasing handbooks. Government of Navarre. Guía para la contratación pública sostenible (Guide to sustainable public procurement). Government of Aragón. Catálogo de compra verde (Green purchasing catalogue). http://portalaragob.es Legislation: European Union Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/28/EC, on the procurement procedures of public sector entities. Public sector contract law of 18 October 2007. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of specifications with environmental criteria. Desired trend: increase.

102 • Number of contracts made with environmental criteria. Desired trend: increase Results: • Green purchasing and responsible consumption (proportion, in economic terms, of ecological purchases and contracts). Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational and awareness-raising campaign (especially using electronic media) aimed at employees. Dissemination of good environmental practice in external local authority activities (for example, indicating use of recycled or TCF paper in publications). Participation of procurement department. OBSERVATIONS In order to encourage green product purchasing, it is important to be familiar with the requirements and/or criteria that can be included in specifications, particularly for those most habitually purchased, and to compile information to ascertain whether there is a sufficient supply on the market. It is also important to contact regular suppliers to inform them about the authority’s new strategy and to enable them to adapt to it. A large body of documentation exists on these criteria, particularly the documents drawn up by the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability: • Environmental criteria to be included in technical specifications. • Tools for green purchasing. Ecoproduct database. These documents can be found, in Catalan, on the following website: http://www.diba.cat/xarxasost An interesting initiative could be joint purchasing by two or more local authorities in order to encourage availability of the product on the market and to take advantage of economies of scale.

103 U TITLE OF ACTION Ecolabels: guaranteeing the environmental quality of products 8.3 AREA Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE High DIFFICULTY Low DESCRIPTION Use of ecolabels in habitual local authority purchasing processes, both those requiring adjudication based on specification and those for smaller amounts, adjudicated directly. The aim is to include the information on the label in the description of the characteristics of the product to be purchased, and to recognise possession of the label as sufficient accreditation that products comply with the environmental criteria required. OBJECTIVES To establish a seal of quality distinguishing “green” products and services, one that can be easily recognised and accepted by all heads of procurement at the local authority. To increase the proportion of products and services incorporating environmental criteria in overall municipal procurements. To assist the evaluation of tenders and specifications in public purchasing processes. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Identify labels associated with the most frequent products and services in municipal purchasing processes. Stage 2: Establish environmental criteria for certain products, to be included in specifications. Stage 3: Take ecolabels into account in tender evaluation, choosing between two options: • Technical quality. Accept the presentation of ecolabels as a guarantee, or to replace, the presentation of full documentation demonstrating the environmental quality of the products offered. • Consider ecolabels to improve specifications. Stage 4: Annual purchasing programme taking ecolabels as a reference. Stage 5: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Visible guarantee for consumers of product’s environmental quality. Improved corporation image. Promotes development of ecological products. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (heads of procurement, the environment and other departments), regular suppliers and local authority workers and those at other administrations: regional, national and European. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Organisation of Consumers and Users of Catalonia. Ecolabel guide. http://www.ocuc.org/ecolabeltge.htm Government of Catalonia. http://mediambient.gencat.net/cat/empreses/ecoproductes_i_ecoserveis Common ecolabels: Wood: FSC: http://www.fsc.org/esp PEFC: http://www.pefc.org/internet/html Paper and office stationary: Blue Angel: http://www.blauer- engel.de/englisch/navigation/body_blauer_engel.htm Nordic Swan: http://www.svanen.nu/Default.aspx?tabName=StartPage Energy efficiency: http://www.energystar.gov BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Organisation of Consumers and Users of Catalonia. Ecolabel guide. http://www.ocuc.org/ecolabeltge.htm Government of Catalonia. http://mediambient.gencat.net/cat/empreses/ecoproductes_i_ecoserveis Common ecolabels: Wood: FSC: http://www.fsc.org/esp PEFC: http://www.pefc.org/internet/html Paper and office stationary:

104 Paper and office stationary: http://www.blauer- engel.de/englisch/navigation/body_blauer_engel.htm Nordic Swan: http://www.svanen.nu/Default.aspx?tabName=StartPage Energy efficiency: http://www.energystar.gov MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Products with ecolabel purchased. Desired trend: increase. Results: • Green purchasing and responsible consumption (proportion, in economic terms, of ecological purchases and contracts). Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational and awareness-raising campaign (especially using electronic media) aimed at employees. Awareness-raising campaigns aimed at general public. Information to regular suppliers about new requirements. OBSERVATIONS Ecolabels can be of great assistance for evaluating product characteristics, since they provide a guarantee of compliance with certain requirements in manufacture or use. They are particularly useful for evaluating offers when environmental requirements have been established for the purchase of certain products. At world scale, several labels exist to recognise the environmental quality of products and services. Ecolabels are awarded by public institutions or expert commissions authorised and recognised by national or European administrations, and monitoring and inspection mechanisms are also established. Common labels: 1. Blue Angel 2. Nordic Swan of Catalonia. 3, 4. FSC, PEFC: wood from sustainably managed forests 5. Energy Star. 6. Catalan government Quality Seal of Approval. 7. European ecolabel, EU flower. 8. Fair Trade.

105 U TITLE OF ACTION Environmental criteria for stationery and office equipment 8.4 AREA Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Establishment of environmental criteria for purchasing fungible material that can be inventoried, and other materials that can be purchased centrally. The aim is to train heads of procurement to understand the criteria that can be required for each product type and to provide information to ascertain whether there exists a sufficient supply on the market. OBJECTIVES To establish specific environmental criteria to be included in product purchasing or service contracts related to office stationary and equipment. To increase the proportion of products and services incorporating environmental criteria in overall municipal procurements. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Determine products to be purchased and the necessary amounts of each product. Stage 2: Compile and organise available information or find more on the environmental characteristics of the products. Stage 3: Establish the specific environmental requirements for each product or group of products (interdepartmental commission). Stage 4: Inform regular suppliers about new requirements. Stage 5: Make purchase or announce public call for tender. Stage 6: Determine the points to be awarded according to environmental criteria for evaluating tenders. Stage 7: Monitor results achieved. BENEFITS Increased proportion of “green” products and services in overall municipal procurements. Provision of specific environmental criteria for inclusion in product purchasing or service procurement processes. Provide incentives to the market for environmentally-friendly products. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (procurement department, Ministry of Environment and Housing and other municipal department or the interdepartmental commission, if appropriate), Government of Catalonia (specification models and product catalogue), State Government (National Green Purchasing Plan and product catalogue), Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability (specification models) and regular suppliers. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority and supralocal authorities SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Badalona City Council, Barcelona City Council (http://www.bcn.cat/agenda21/ajuntamentsostenible) and Barcelona Provincial Council. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ICLEI. Procura+ Manual (translated into Catalan by Barcelona Provincial Council). http://www.procuraplus.org/index.php?id=4927 Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability. Environmental criteria to be included in technical specifications. Tools for green purchasing. Ecoproduct database. http://www.diba.cat/xarxasost Government of Aragón. Catálogo de compra verde (Green purchasing catalogue). Government of Navarre. Guía para la contratación pública sostenible (Guide to sustainable public procurement). Autonomous University of Catalonia. Sustainable purchasing handbooks. MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • Number of products and/or facilities replaced. Results:

106 • Green purchasing and responsible consumption (proportion, in economic terms, of ecological purchases and contracts). Desired trend: increase. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational and awareness-raising campaign (especially using electronic media) aimed at employees. Information to regular suppliers about new requirements. OBSERVATIONS By way of example, we shall describe here some of the basic requirements for two product types: 1. Paper: a) recycled, b) TCF a) recycled fibres, b) virgin fibre, with a certain percentage from sustainably managed forests (FSC, PEFC labels). Pulp bleached without the use of chlorine (TCF label). No use of substances containing heavy metals (Cr, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, etc.) in the production process. Archive life over 100 years. Whiteness 80% or over. Adaptable to use by machines. Ecolabels: Blue Angel, Nordic Swan, DGQ, exempt from need to demonstrate compliance with requirements. 2. Office equipment and material (computers and pencils, marker pens, etc.). Low energy consumption (Energy Star ecolabel). Raw materials without products toxic to health, easily recyclable and preferably single-material in order to facilitate recycling. Packaging made from recycled material. Water-based solvents whenever possible Certified, unvarnished wood. Products with spare parts.

107 U TITLE OF ACTION The local authority and responsible consumption 8.5 AREA Sustainable purchasing and responsible consumption TYPE Mitigation DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Moderate DIFFICULTY Moderate DESCRIPTION Introduction of environmentally-friendly patterns of consumption in all local authority activities. The first block refers to saving resources and local authority good practice in the following areas: use of office materials and computer equipment; water and energy consumption; noise pollution; waste generation; and extending recycling. The second block focuses on disseminating these actions so that they serve as examples of a sustainable consumption model for businesses and citizens in the township, particularly shops, hotels and restaurants and other service sector companies. OBJECTIVES To decrease the volume of resources consumed in local authority activities. To decrease the volume of resources generated by local authority activity, both direct and indirect management. To exemplify sustainable behaviour that is replicable in the local domestic and business sectors. METHOD OF APPLICATION Stage 1: Study the areas where savings can most feasibly be made. Stage 2: Establish specific, quantifiable objectives within the municipal sustainable and responsible consumption plan, or put forward proposals to approve government measures. Stage 3: Produce information sheets on actions, with schedule for application. Stage 4: In-house training (face-to-face or online). Stage 5: Assessment of results, by department and/or average per user. Stage 6: Disseminate results to all stakeholders in the township. BENEFITS Improved local authority energy balance as a company, with consequent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Economic saving generated by reduced resource consumption and volume of waste needing management. PLAYERS INVOLVED Local authority (heads of procurement, heads of maintenance, environment department and other local authority departments), unions represented in the corporation, corporation workers and supply companies. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FINANCE Local authority, supply companies and supralocal authorities. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES Badalona City Council, Barcelona City Council, Zaragoza City Council and Barcelona Provincial Council. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Barcelona Provincial Council. POR (Resource Optimisation Plan). http://www.diba.cat/ladiputacio/fitxers/por.pdf Barcelona City Council. Government measure. http://www.bcn.cat/agenda21/ajuntamentsostenible Zaragoza City Council. Water saving campaign: http://www.zaragoza.es MONITORING INDICATORS Management: • State of availability of the local authority plan for responsible consumption. • Number of workers trained in responsible consumption. Results: • Cost of utility supplies (water and energy) and waste generation. Desired trend: decrease. EDUCATION/DISSEMINATION/PARTICIPATION Educational and awareness-raising campaign (especially using electronic media) aimed at employees. Educational campaign aimed at general public. Dissemination campaign aimed at shops, hotels and restaurants and other service sector companies.

108 OBSERVATIONS All the actions aimed at saving resources, combating climate change and protecting the planet in general that are proposed by different international bodies will be useless if they fail to affect the habitual behaviour of citizens. No matter how small such individual contributions, the sum result will without doubt become important. Just as we have spoken of the administration’s responsibility to set an example through green procurement procedures, it can also play a role that is just as important (or perhaps even more so) in applying and disseminating more sustainable consumption models. The good practices we suggest for responsible consumption centre on: • Use of office materials: – Using both sides of paper. – Communicating by email whenever possible. • Use of office equipment: – Turn off computers, photocopiers, printers, etc., completely at night or for long periods without use (the whole morning, a few hours). • Consumption of resources: water, energy: – Turn off lights, use energy saving technology: presence detectors, low-consumption lamps, etc. – Turn off taps and employing water saving devices, such as diffusers. – Heating and air conditioning set at appropriate temperatures. • Noise pollution. • Waste reduction and recycling: – Recycling paper, toners, batteries, etc. – Provide appropriate recycling containers. Improving consumption habits in the workplace will also have a positive effect on behaviour in the domestic sector and the actions of citizens in general.

109 110

Annexes

111 112

Annex 1. Reference documents

General bibliography

Commission of the European Communities (2007). Green Paper from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Adapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action Catalan Advisory Council for Sustainable Development (2005). Report on Climate Change in Catalonia. Presidential Department. Government of Catalonia. Barcelona Provincial Council – Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability (2007). Report on sustainability. Local authorities: the path towards more sustainable scenarios. European Environment Agency (2006). “Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2006”. EEA Report: 6, 1996. Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (2007). First report on local policies to combat climate change. FOLCH, R. et al (2005). Energy Towards 2030. Ministry of Employment and Industry. Government of Catalonia. Institute of Safety Studies (2007). Climate change: are we in time to stop it? IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Environment Ministry (2007). Spanish strategy for climate change and clean energy. Towards 2007-2012-2020. Spanish Network of Cities for Climate (2006). Climate change in coastal cities. Spanish Network of Cities for Climate (2007). First report on local policies to combat climate change. Barcelona City Council Environment Service (2007). Technical note on greenhouse gas emissions in municipal waste management. STERN, N. (2006). Economic aspects of climate change: executive summary. Documents Collection, no. 16. Ministry of Environment and Housing. Government of Catalonia. Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability (2005). Declaration of Vilafranca del Penedès: Cities and Towns committed to preventing climate change. WHO (2006). Climate Change: The Public Health Response. Websites: European Commission. Climate change: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/home_en.htm Barcelona City Council. Environment Department. Role of local authorities in combating climate change: http://www.diba.cat/mediambient/canvicl.asp Government of Catalonia. Catalan Office for Climate Change: http://mediambient.gencat.net/cat/el_medi/C_climatic IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch OECC: Spanish Office for Climate Change: http://www.mma.es/oecc Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability Newsletter: http://www.sostenible.cat

Resources: Resource collection no. 14: Climate change (November 2007). Barcelona City Council Environmental Education Documentation Service.

113 Annex 2. DESGEL program: Local Energy Audit Greenhouse Gas Simulation

What is it?

DESGEL is a computer program created to assist with the work of developing energy planning strategies to reduce the use of non-renewable energy resources and pollutant gas emissions. It is designed for municipal work, with a specific methodology and structure allowing local authority data to be entered, added and exported using a simple computer interface. The program enables local authority technicians to perform calculations, exchange data and represent municipal balances and indicators numerically and graphically. It also facilitates delivery of a clear picture of municipal energy and CO2 emissions. The DESGEL program stores all historical data entered into it, so facilitating analysis of historical trends for indicators, balances, flows and variables. Thus, DESGEL is an essential preliminary step towards identifying local energy priorities and defining action plans and specific measures, with the aim of later integrating them into a municipal strategic energy plan. The DESGEL program includes the “Methodology for the preparation of a municipal energy audit”, an initiative launched by Barcelona Provincial Council’s Environment Department and the townships members of the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability. This methodology is especially designed for municipal technicians who require shared procedures, and also facilitates structuring the information collected, updating it with ease and monitoring municipal development with regard to the environment. Thus DESGEL, using the municipal data required by the program, and via a simple structure of files classified into sectors, automatically calculates municipal energy balances and indicators, CO2 emissions, waste generation and treatment, and water consumption. The results obtained from operating the DESGEL program are designed to be of use to municipal environmental departments, and to councillors and mayors who require a tool to monitor municipal progress with regard to energy questions and CO2 emissions, waste or water.

Characteristics Common methodology • The program incorporates a common methodology for calculations and information sources for all municipalities whilst also taking into account their differences. • It contains the indicators for energy and CO2 emissions established in the Municipal Indicator System developed by the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability. • It includes clear explanations on how to obtain the data required by the program. • It helps in the search for data, since 50% of the total data required by DESGEL is from official sources (and can be obtained via Internet or on request from the appropriate official bodies).

Comprehensibility • The DESGEL program offers graphic representation of municipal energy balances and CO2 emissions in different years. • It identifies and graphically and numerically quantifies the development of municipal energy consumption and CO2 emissions. • It is clearly structured, using files grouped into areas and sectors.

114 • It contains an extensive description of each file. • It automatically generates detailed reports.

Automated calculations • Municipal flow indicators and balances are calculated automatically from the data entered (territorial, social, relating to energy, installations, waste, water, etc.). • It is ready to work with two types of calculation, “simplified” and “advanced”, in order to adapt to the data availability level of the user. • It is possible to change between simplified and advanced calculation instantly and reversibly.

Storage of historical data • DESGEL stores municipal results and the historical database in a structured fashion. • It allows operation with the data from different municipalities at the same time.

Uses • The program is a tool to assist with strategic municipal energy planning. • It assists the process of defining objectives to reduce energy consumption, as well as in establishing incentives for energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy in the mid- and long-term. • It structures the data and methodology to provide technical support for a Municipal Energy Observatory, enabling periodical monitoring of energy consumption and generation, CO2 emissions, waste generation and treatment and water consumption in the township. • It allows mid- and long-term evaluation with regard to compliance with municipal objectives agreed as regards energy saving and efficiency issues, introducing renewable energy and reducing CO2 emissions. • It enables the exchange and comparison of historical and current data between different municipalities.

How to request a copy of DESGEL The DESGEL program can be obtained free from Barcelona Provincial Council. To request a copy of the program, contact: [email protected].

115 Annex 3.1. Table of Management Indicators

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

State of implementation of local action plan (Number of actions implemented or partially Increase, towards against climate change implemented / number of actions planned) * 100 100% long-term (1.1) objective Degree to which the emissions inventory has Not started; started, completed (emissions Increase been carried out inventorised / potential emissions) * 100 (1.2) Availability of carbon balance Not started; started; completed (1.3) State of application of decarbonisation Not started; started; completed measures in local authority budget (1.4) Level of compliance with ordinance (1.5) (Number of complaints; notifications; penalties; Decrease warnings; offences) / year State of availability of environmental threat Not started; started; completed study (1.6, 6.3) Not commissioned; commissioned Level of knowledge of local public and Number of public and private stakeholders who Increase private stakeholders (1.6) attend information sessions / total number of public and private stakeholders Number of activities included in the (Number of activities compensated / total Increase compensation system activities) * 100 (1.7) Level of information stakeholders and Survey Increase citizens have with regard to the link between activities, emissions generated and effect on climate change (1.8) Number of dissemination/awareness-raising (Number of dissemination/awareness-raising Increase actions carried out actions) / year (1.8) State of implementation of municipal energy (Number of actions implemented or partially Increase, towards management plan implemented / number of actions planned) * 100 100% long-term (2.1) objective Installed photovoltaic power production Power installed/population Increase capacity (2.2) Installed solar thermal power production Area of solar thermal collectors installed/ Increase capacity population (2.3) Power regulated with regard to total power KW regulated / KW installed Increase (2.4) Degree of compliance with legislation and (Number of adaptation operations completed / Increase regulations on light pollution number of operations necessary) * 100 (2.5) Renewal of public lighting (2.6) (Number of HPSV lamps / total number of Increase lamps) * 100

116 Annex 3.1. Table of Management Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

% selective collection of organic waste (kg organic waste selectively collected / total Increase (3.1) waste generated) * 100 State of municipal waste prevention plan (Number of actions implemented or partially Increase, towards implementation implemented / number of actions planned) * 100 100% long-term (3.2) objective State of implementation of system (3.3) Not started; started; completed Degree of compliance with ordinances (3.4) (number of complaints; notifications; penalties; warnings; offences) / year Number of composting kits Number of composting kits distributed Increase (3.5) Number of compost-makers participating in Number of compost-makers participating in the Increase the project project / population (3.5) State of readiness of prevention and Not started; started; completed protection plan Not commissioned; commissioned (4.1) Number of municipalities mapped Number of municipalities mapped Increase (4.1) Number of leaks detected Leaks detected / controls carried out (4.2) Number of controls carried out Number of controls carried out / year Increase (4.2) Number of wells restored for use Number of municipal wells restored for use in Increase (4.3) township Number of systems available to manage Increase water reuse (4.3) Area of riverbanks restored / area assessed Increase (4.4) Area of riverbanks assessed / total area of Increase vulnerable riverbanks in township (4.4) Vehicles (whether owned by the local (Number of municipal vehicles using biodiesel / Increase authority or forming part of services provided total municipal vehicle fleet) * 100 by contract companies) using biodiesel as the fuel. (5.1) Number of bike system users (5.2) Number of daily uses per bicycle >10 indicates that the (5.2) system is working

117 Annex 3.1. Table of Management Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

% vehicles with low pollutant levels (Number of vehicles with low pollutant levels / Increase compared to total vehicles in circulation total vehicles registered) * 100 (5.3) Number of schools with school routes (Number of schools with school routes planned Increase planned or in progress of development (5.4) or completed / total schools) * 100 % of pupils who come to school by alternate (Number of pupils who come to school by means Increase means to the private vehicle other than the private vehicle / total pupils) * 100 (5.4) Number of workers using public transport to (Number of workers using public transport to get Increase get to their place of work (5.5) to work / total workers) * 100 Area with restrictions on private vehicle (Area with restrictions on private vehicle traffic / Increase traffic total road network area) * 100 (5.6) State of development of the study of Not started; started; completed sustainability criteria to be included in POUMs (6.1) Number of homes rehabilitated (Number of homes rehabilitated / total new Increase (6.2) homes) * 100 Degree to which measures are included in (Measures included / measures proposed) * 100 Increase, towards a urban planning instruments 100% horizon (6.3) Level of compliance with water saving (number of complaints; notifications; penalties; ordinance warnings; offences) / year (6.4) Town planning actions carried out in Number of actions carried out in accordance with Increase accordance with the ordinance. the ordinance / year (6.5) Buildings completed in accordance with the Number of buildings completed in accordance Increase ordinance every year (6.5) with the ordinance / year Use of domestic grey water (Volume of grey water used / total volume of Increase (6.6) water used) * 100 Draft of plan for urban development and Not started; started; completed building according to bioclimatic criteria (6.6) Area of solar panels installed compared to Area of solar panels / total built area Increase total built area (6.6) Energy saving compared to installed power Energy consumption / installed power Decrease (6.6) Number of people who have participated in Increase campaign actions (6.7)

118 Annex 3.1. Table of Management Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

Area installed with artificial breakwaters per Area installed with artificial breakwaters / length Increase kilometre of coastline of coastline (7.1) % naturalised groynes and breakwaters (Biogenic defensive works / total defensive Increase (7.1) works) * 100 State of development of compensation action Not started; started; completed plan and preventive protection plan (7.2) State of availability of plans for urban Not started; started; completed development and uses (7.3) Number of local police officers attached to the special coastal unit (7.3) State of availability of mobility plan Not started; started; completed (7.4) State of execution of actions in mobility plan (Number of actions implemented or partially Increase (7.4) implemented / number of actions planned) * 100 State of availability of plan for sustainable Not started; started; completed beach management (7.5) State of execution of actions with direct (Number of actions implemented or partially responsibility implemented / number of actions planned) * 100 (7.5) State of execution of actions for which other (Number of actions implemented or partially administrations are the competent authority implemented / number of actions planned)*100 (7.5) State of availability of local authority / green Not started; started; completed purchasing and responsible consumption strategy (8.1; 8.5) Specifications with environmental criteria Number of technical specifications with Increase (8.2) environmental criteria Number of contracts made with environmental criteria (8.2) Products with ecolabel purchased (Number of products with ecolabel / total Increase (8.3; 8.4) products) * 100 Number of products and/or facilities replaced Environmentally-friendly products / normal Increase (8.4) products Number of workers trained in responsible Workers attending training courses Increase consumption (8.5)

119 Annex 3.2. Table of Results Indicators

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

1 Greenhouse gas emissions – emissions generated by municipal final energy Decrease (1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1; 2.6; 3.1; 5.1; consumption (gas, LPG, liquid fuels, electricity) 2 5.2; 6.6, 7.2, 7.4) Tonnes of CO2 equivalent / inhabitant / year. May be expressed by sector. Greenhouse gas emissions in municipal – emissions generated by energy consumption in Decrease buildings and services municipal buildings (gas, LPG, liquid fuels, (1.3) electricity) Intensity of emissions related to budget CO2 equivalent emissions / € municipal budget Decrease (1.4) Prevention of environmental risks (No. environmental risks foreseen in prevention Increase to 100% (1.6; 4.1; 6.3) plans / No. potential environmental risks in township) * 100 Compensation of tonnes of greenhouse gas (Tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions from local Increase to 100% emissions by local authority acts and authority acts and activities compensated / (with emissions activities Tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions generated) generation) (1.7) * 100 Final energy consumption – (Electrical energy + natural gas + liquid fuels + Decrease (2.1; 2.4; 2.5; 2.6; 6.5; 6.6; 6.7; 8.1) LPG) / population May be expressed by type of energy, by sector, by municipal building, by municipal service, etc. Local energy consumption Total energy consumption / municipal GDP Decrease (2.1) Local renewable energy production – kWh renewable energy production /population Increase (2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 6.6) – (kWh renewable energy consumed / kWh energy consumed) * 100 – installed photovoltaic power / population Degree of renewable energy self- (Renewable energy consumption / Total energy Increase supply consumption) * 100 (2.2; 2.3; 2.4) Efficiency of public lighting Lux/installed power (2.5) (not included in action) Municipal solid waste recycling (tonnes of waste recovered per year / tonnes of Increase (3.1; 3.4; 3.5) waste generated per year ) * 100 Collection of organic waste kg organic waste selectively collected / Increase (3.1) population Waste generation kg waste generated / year Decrease in all cases (3.2; 3.3; 3.4) kg waste generated / population / day kg domestic waste / population kg commercial waste

1 Those indicated in bold and italics: indicators or subindicators forming part of the Network of Cities and Towns for Sustainability System of Municipal Indicators. 2 (1.1): Action referred to by indicator.

120 Annex 3.2. Table of Results Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

Intensity of waste generation by local Total waste generation (municipal and industrial) Decrease economy / municipal GDP (3.2; 3.3; 3.4) Compost production (kg organic waste used in composting /kg Increase (3.1; 3.5) organic waste collected) * 100 Municipal water supply (Consumption - domestic + industrial + Decrease (4.2; 6.4; 6.5; 6.6; 6.7) municipal facilities and services + losses in distribution network) / no. inhabitants * 365 May be expressed by sector. Use of treated wastewater (Volume of treated wastewater used / volume of Increase (4.3) treated wastewater) * 100 Uses of treated wastewater (4.3) Evolution of aquifer water quality Nitrate concentration Decrease (4.3) Conductivity Maintain

Monthly evolution of piezometric Linked to rainfall figures Maintain levels in a representative sample of Increase aquifers in the township (4.3) Ecological state of rivers Ecostrimed (Fbill + RFQI - Riparian Forest Maintain (4.4) Quality Index) Increase Protection of areas of natural interest (Area of natural spaces with some type of Increase (4.4) protection / area spaces of particularly ecological value) * 100 Pollutant emissions Total pollutant emissions / area Decrease (5.1) Use of biofuels (Litres biofuel consumed / litres of diesel oil Increase (5.1) (not included in action) consumed) * 100 % journeys by bicycle (Number of bike journeys / total journeys) * 100 Increase (5.2) Urban structure: population travel and (Number of journeys by private vehicle / total Decrease mobility journeys) * 100 (5.2; 5.4; 5.5; 5.6; 7.4) May be expressed by other forms of transport (by bike, on foot, by public transport) Efficient municipal vehicles (Number of low impact municipal vehicles / total Increase (5.3) municipal vehicles) * 100 Streets with pedestrian preference (Road network area with traffic restrictions. / Increase (5.6; 7.4) total road network area) * 100 Proximity to basic urban services (Population with 6 basic services and density of Increase (6.1) 75-550 inhabitants/ha.) / total population * 100 Area of green zones per inhabitant m2/inhabitant Increase (6.1)

121 Annex 3.2. Table of Results Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

Density Number of inhabitants / urban area Maintain at between (6.1) 75 and 550 inhabitant/ha. Excessive housing construction (Number of homes built per year / number of (6.1; 6.2) empty homes) * 100 Urban land occupation (Area occupied / total area) * 100 Each township should (6.2) establish its own target Municipal water supply (Consumption - domestic + industrial + Decrease (4.2; 6.4; 6.5; 6.6; 6.7) municipal services and facilities - + losses in distribution network) / no. inhabitants * 365 May be expressed by sector. Intensity of water consumption by Total water consumption (mains + collection) / Decrease local economy municipal GDP (6.4) Ecological state of coastal defences (7.1) Degree of coast artificialisation Length of artificial coastline / length of water Decrease to < 0.5 (7.2) mass coastline CO2 emissions caused by beach regeneration (Volume of sand transported * conversion factor) Decrease (7.2) / m coast Marine phanerogam communities Area occupied by marine phanerogam Maintain (7.3) communities / kilometre of coastline Increase Number of shoots per square metre Number of shoots / area Increase to > 400 2 (7.3) shoots/m Wastewater management (Population connected to sanitation system / total Increase to 100% (7.3) population) * 100 Quality of wastewater discharged into the sea (Wastewater treated and discharged into sea / Increase (7.3) total water discharged) * 100 Quality of beaches Number of beaches with blue flag Increase to all beaches (7.3) Use of private vehicle to access beach (Number of beach users in private vehicles / total Decrease (7.4) beach users) * 100 Accessibility Number of accesses / km beach Increase towards a (7.4) Availability of public transport horizon of > 2 accesses to beaches < 1 km >3 if beach is > 1 km Increase Proximity of car parks Number of parking places more than 500 m from Increase (7.4) the beach

122 Annex 3.2. Table of Results Indicators (cont.)

Desired Indicator Form of calculation trend

Tourism facilities Number of hotel + camping places / length of Decrease (7.5) water mass coastline (in km) Objective: < 5,000 Occupation of beach by seasonal services Area occupied by services / total beach area Decrease (7.5) Objective: < 0.5 Sustainable procurement and (Value of purchases and contracts with Increase responsible consumption environmental criteria / total purchases and (8.1, 8.2, 8.3; 8.4) contracts) * 100 Cost of utility supplies (water and energy) Cost of utility supplies (water and energy) and Decrease and waste generation waste generation / worker (8.5)

123 Barcelona Provincial Council Department of the Environment Comte d’Urgell, 187 08036 Barcelona Tel. (+34) 934.022.485 Fax. (+34) 934.022.493 [email protected] www.diba.cat/mediambient

124