DOCSLIB.ORG

Common Fish Disease Symptoms and Treatments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Common Fish Disease Symptoms and Treatments Aquarium Industries Common Fish Disease Symptoms and Treatments DISEASE, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT CHART www.aquariumindustries.com.au DISEASE NAME DISEASE ORGANISM SYMPTOMS TREATMENT NOTES BACTERIAL Cottonwool Disease, Columnaris Disease, • Initially seen as pale / white patches around the mouth and fins. Melafix and aquarium salt can be used in initial stages or any tetracycline, aquarium medication such as: • After 4 days change ½ the water, and repeat treatment if necessary. Mouth Rot, Fin Rot, • As it progresses the mouth and fins develop white cotton wool tufts. • Aquasonic Bio-Tet. • Infection spread can be reduced by removing affected fish from tank. • Primary line of infection is whitish/grey with reddened ulcers on the body and frayed fins. • Aristopet – Aquaricycline. • Poor water quality and/or high stocking levels are generally the cause – make sure all Primarily Flexibacter columnaris but other • Fish may exhibit abnormal swimming behaviour including ‘shimmying’. parameters are correct. bacteria and fungi may also be involved Ulcer Disease • Lesions, sores, ulcers, and haemorrhage on the body of the fish. Melafix and aquarium salt can be used in initial stages or any tetracycline, aquarium medication such as: • After 4 days change ½ the water, and repeat treatment if necessary. Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, • May also produce swelling of eyes and stomach – along with reddening around the anus. • Aquasonic Bio-Tet. • Infection spread can be reduced by removing affected fish from tank. Vibrio sp • Fish become lethargic, lose appetite and colour changes are noted. • Aristopet – Aquaricycline. • Poor water quality and/or high stocking levels are generally the cause – make sure all How do I know if my fish are sick? Includes Goldfish Ulcer Disease (GUD) - • Triple sulphur formulations may also be used (example Tri-Sulfa tablets from Aristopet). parameters are correct. Aeromonas salmonicida var. nova Look for these symptoms: Dropsy, Fish TB • Swollen stomach, often associated with raised or protruding scales and reddening • Difficult to treat as the bacteria become encased in ‘granulomas’ inside organs. • Infection spread can be reduced by removing affected fish from tank. Fish behaving abnormally: Changes in appetite: Mycobacterium sp around anus. • Ensure water quality is correct, add aquarium salt to help fish maintain water/salt balance. • Often associated with older fish. • Ulcers may develop on the body. • Prolonged treatment with antibiotics needed. • Be careful when handling affected fish, as it can infect open wounds on humans – ‘Fish • Keeping to the top or bottom of an • Loss of appetite • Fish become lethargic and lose colour. Fancier Warts’. aquarium • Emaciation • Affected fish should not be fed to other fish. • Erratic swimming Changes to skin: Pop-Eye or Exophthalmia • The eyes protrude from the head more than normal. • Ensure water quality is correct, add aquarium salt and: • May occur from time to time in individual specimens and go away. • Shimmying / Flashing • Skin abnormalities NB: Some goldfish such as Blackmoors and Telescopes are specifically bred • Aquasonic Bio-Tet. • If it starts occurring in a number of fish suspect water quality and/or pathogenic disease. • Poor equilibrium Variety of causes including bacterial, viral, for this appearance. • Aristopet – Aquaricycline. • Cotton-like tufts parasite, environmental • Triple sulphur formulations may also be used (example Tri-Sulfa tablets from Aristopet). • Scratching or scraping on objects • Lesions Changes to fins: • White spots PARASITES – EXTERNAL • Clamped (not “fanned out” as they • Excessive mucous normally would be) • Greyish patches White Spot or “Ich” • Early stage is hard to detect. There are a multitude of medications that can be used including: • Higher temperature approx 28°C speeds up cure time due to shortened life cycle • Eroded / Torn Ichthyophthirius multifillis • When mature can be seen as small white dots on the skin and fins • Aquasonic – Ichonex. time. • Haemorrhages up to 1mm diameter. • Aristopet - Rapid White Spot Remedy or Multicure. • Treatments attack the free swimming stage of the life cycle, not the mature ‘white • Changed colours • Fish will flash or scrape against surfaces. • Seachem – Cupramine. spot’ – it may take several days for white spots to disappear under treatment. Changes to eyes: Changes in breathing: • Rapid breathing action. Secondary bacterial infections are common so additional treatment with antibiotics may be needed. • Avoid copper if invertebrates such as yabbies and snails are present in the aquarium. • Eyes appear cloudy • Without prompt treatment high losses can occur. • Breathing rapidly • “Popeye”or protruding eyes Velvet Disease • Will appear as a yellow to grey or dusty gold appearance on the skin and fins. A copper based treatment is best such as: • Copper can be toxic in soft / acid water. Changes in colour: Oodinium sp • Fish appear listless, clamp fins and may scrape or flash against surfaces. • Aquasonic – Ichonex. • Ensuring pH is neutral or above and adding aquarium salt can also help avoid Changes to body shape: • Skin may peel away in strips with heavy infections. • Seachem – Cupramine. toxicity problems. • Abnormal - unusually dark or pale • Can also infect the gills where it may not be visible to the naked eye. • Also try Multicure or other broad spectrum parasite treatments. • Avoid copper if invertebrates such as yabbies and snails are present in the • Swelling or bloating of stomach aquarium. • Raising temperature also speeds up treatment due to shortened life cycle. Anchor Worm • Presence of elongated ‘worms’ with 2 trailing egg sacs seemingly attached to the The best treatment is use of insecticides which also kills juvenile stages with products such as: • Follow manufacturer’s instructions. My fish have some of these symptoms. Lernaea sp skin about 5 to 10mm long. • Aquasonic – Paragone. • In very cold water anchor worms may stay dormant within goldfish for months. • Raised ulcer may also be present due to damage of skin through attachment. • Aristopet – Paracide. • Secondary bacterial infections can also occur where skin has been damaged – if The adult ‘worm’ can be physically removed using tweezers – NB this can lead to ‘chunks’ of flesh also being suspected treat with Melafix or an antibiotic What kind of disease is it? pulled away so be careful. Diseases fall into two primary categories: Environmental Disease Fish Lice • Presence of round to oval, flat disc-like parasite, approximate 10mm, diameter. The best treatment is use of insecticides which also kills juvenile stages with products such as: • Follow manufacturer’s instructions. Argulus sp, • Transparent grey/green colour. • Aquasonic – Paragone. • Secondary bacterial infections can also occur where skin has been damaged – • Caused by poor water quality, poor nutrition, poor housing, poor compatibility, physical damage. Gill Maggots • Can cause round red sores or lesions on the skin of affected fish. • Aristopet – Paracide. if suspected treat with Melafix or an antibiotic. Pathogenic Disease Ergasilus sp • Fish flash and swim erratically. • Lice can also be physically removed using tweezers. • Most common in Goldfish or pond raised fish. • Caused by specific organism or pathogen. • Pathogenic diseases can be caused by a Parasite or a Bacteria. Gill Flukes • Affect gills and skin. • Use Para-gone or any commercial fluke cure. • A strong salt bath can also be used. Dactylogyrus sp • Fish have dull appearance or are lethargic, clamped fins, scraping, reduced activity, • Addition of aquarium salt is also beneficial. • Parasitic Disease can be seen by the naked eye or a microscope. increased breathing frequency. Skin Flukes • Easily confirmed with use of microscope. • Bacterial Disease can be suspected if water quality is good, and parasites can’t be detected. Gyrodactylus sp Slimy Skin Disease • Grey or white slime or excess mucous present on skin or fins. • Use a broad spectrum treatment such as Multicure or Rapid Whitespot Remedy from Aristopet. • Addition of 1 to 2 teaspoons aquarium salt per 10 litres during treatment may help Check your water first! Chilodenella sp, Trichodina sp • Fins may be clamped or become frayed and eroded. • Addition of aquarium salt is also beneficial. speed up treatment and recovery of fish. Costia sp • Fish may start to scrape and flash and show abnormal swimming activity. • After fish have recovered carry out 1/3 water change every day for 3 to 4 days to • Poor water quality is the cause of 90% of fish disease! Skin Flukes may also be present • Increased breathing frequency. dilute medication. • Secondary bacterial infections can occur so treat with Melafix or an antibiotic. • Living in unsuitable water leads to stress and environmental disease – and these diseases can look just like parasitic or bacterial disease. Poor water quality also suppresses the fish Hexamita • Affects the gut, sometimes associated with Hole in the Head where skin breaks • Ensure water quality and nutrition are correct. • Requires Veterinary treatment. immune system, reducing their ability to fight off disease. down around the head. • Addition of vitamin B&C to water or diet may also assist. • Fish will also have white faeces and reduce feeding. • Before commencing any treatment – Check your water quality! • pH: Acid / alkali: Nature of water, pH outside fishes range causes damage to gills/skins. PARASITES - INTERNAL • Temperature: Fish are cold-blooded - Correct temperature is needed for proper fish function.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011
    SGR 129 Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION OFFICE OF FOOD SAFETY Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – April 2011 Additional copies may be purchased from: Florida Sea Grant IFAS - Extension Bookstore University of Florida P.O. Box 110011 Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 (800) 226-1764 Or www.ifasbooks.com Or you may download a copy from: http://www.fda.gov/FoodGuidances You may submit electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations. gov. Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (240) 402-2300 April 2011 Table of Contents: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance • Guidance for the Industry: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance ................................ 1 • CHAPTER 1: General Information .......................................................................................................19 • CHAPTER 2: Conducting a Hazard Analysis and Developing a HACCP Plan
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV): on the Search for Determinants Important for Virulence in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Nov 08, 2017 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss Olesen, Niels Jørgen; Skall, H. F.; Kurita, J.; Mori, K.; Ito, T. Published in: 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Olesen, N. J., Skall, H. F., Kurita, J., Mori, K., & Ito, T. (2015). Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. In 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish: Abstract book (pp. 147-147). [O-139] Las Palmas: European Association of Fish Pathologists. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DISCLAIMER: The organizer takes no responsibility for any of the content stated in the abstracts.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
    1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses).
    [Show full text]
  • Amyloodinium Ocellatum (Dinoflagellata) in Mississippi Sound: Natural and Experimental Hosts
    Gulf and Caribbean Research Volume 6 Issue 4 January 1980 Studies on Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellata) in Mississippi Sound: Natural and Experimental Hosts Adrian R. Lawler Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Lawler, A. R. 1980. Studies on Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellata) in Mississippi Sound: Natural and Experimental Hosts. Gulf Research Reports 6 (4): 403-413. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol6/iss4/8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0604.08 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf and Caribbean Research by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gulf Research Reports, Vol. 6,No. 4,403-413, 1980. STUDIES ON AMYLOODINIUM OCELLA TUM (DINOFLAGELLATA) IN MISSISSIPPI SOUND: NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HOSTS' ADRIAN R. LAWLER Parasitology Section, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 ABSTRACT Four species of parasitic dinoflagellates have been found to occur naturally on the gills and fins of Missis- sippi Sound fishes: Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown 1931) Brown and Hovasse 1946, Oodinium cyprinodontum Lawler 1967, and two undescribed species. Sixteen of 43 species of fishes examined had natural gill infections of A. ocellatum. Seventy-one of 79 species of fishes exposed to A. ocellatum dinospores were susceptible, and succumbed, to the dinoflagel- late. Eight did not die even though exposed to numerous dinospores. The most common signs in an infested fish were spasmodic gasping and uncoordinated movements.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely
    SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Interaction Between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals
    K. Tsukamoto, T. Kawamura, T. Takeuchi, T. D. Beard, Jr. and M. J. Kaiser, eds. Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environment, 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008, pp. 277–288. © by TERRAPUB 2008. Molecular Interaction between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals Laura L. Brown* and Stewart C. Johnson National Research Council of Canada Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada Present address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, NS, V9T 6N7, Canada *E-mail: [email protected] We have studied the host-pathogen interactions between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Aeromonas salmonicida. Sequencing the genome of the bacterium allowed us to investigate virulence factors and other gene products with potential as vaccines. Using knock-out mutants of A. salmonicida, we identified key virulence factors. Proteomics studies of bacterial cells grown in a variety of media as well as in an in vivo implant system revealed differential protein production and have shed new light on bacterial proteins such as superoxide dismutase, pili and flagellar proteins, type three secretion systems, and their roles in A. salmonicida pathogenicity. We constructed a whole ge- nome DNA microarray to use in comparative genomic hybridizations (M-CGH) and bacterial gene expression studies. Carbohydrate analysis has shown the variation in LPS between strains and reveals the importance of LPS in viru- lence. Salmon were challenged with A. salmonicida and tissues were taken to construct suppressive subtractive hybridization libraries to investigate differ- ential host gene expression. We constructed an Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray to investigate the host response to A.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease
    Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease Larry Hammell - Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Craig Stephen- Centre for Coastal Health, University of Calgary, Canada Ian Bricknell- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Øystein Evensen- Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway Patricio Bustos- ADL Diagnostic Chile Ltda., Chile With Contributions by: Ricardo Enriquez- University of Austral, Chile 1 Citation: Hammell, L., Stephen, C., Bricknell, I., Evensen Ø., and P. Bustos. 2009 “Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease” commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, available at http://wwf.worldwildlife.org/site/PageNavigator/SalmonSOIForm Corresponding author: Larry Hammell, email: [email protected] This report was commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue. The Salmon Dialogue is a multi-stakeholder, multi-national group which was initiated by the World Wildlife Fund in 2004. Participants include salmon producers and other members of the market chain, NGOs, researchers, retailers, and government officials from major salmon producing and consuming countries. The goal of the Dialogue is to credibly develop and support the implementation of measurable, performance-based standards that minimize or eliminate the key negative environmental and social impacts of salmon farming, while permitting the industry to remain economically viable The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue focuses their research and standard development on seven key areas of impact of salmon production including: social; feed; disease; salmon escapes; chemical inputs; benthic impacts and siting; and, nutrient loading and carrying capacity. Funding for this report and other Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue supported work is provided by the members of the Dialogue‘s steering committee and their donors.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans Have Been Shown Capable of Causing a Wide Range of Human Diseases
    Supplementary Appendix to “Human Health and Ocean Pollution”, Annals of Global Health, 2020 This Supplementary Appendix contains additional references and documentation supporting the information presented in the report, Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic chemical pollutants in the oceans have been shown capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. Toxicological and epidemiological studies document that pollutants such as toxic metals, POPs, dioxins, plastics chemicals, and pesticides can cause cardiovascular effects, developmental and neurobehavioral disorders, metabolic disease, endocrine disruption and cancer. Table 1 in this Supplementary Appendix summarizes the known links between chemical pollutants in the oceans and a range of human health outcomes. The strengths of the associations listed in Table 1 vary depending on the nature of the studies establishing these associations. Some associations have been assessed in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal and human data.1 2 Some are single cross-sectional or case-control studies. There are now a growing number of relevant epidemiological studies, including powerful prospective cohort studies, such as the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)3 Findings from these investigations are strengthening the evidence base for associations between exposures to organic chemical pollutants and adverse health outcomes. Supplementary Appendix Table 1. Adverse Human Health Outcomes
    [Show full text]
  • Common Diseases of Wild and Cultured Fishes in Alaska
    COMMON DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA Theodore Meyers, Tamara Burton, Collette Bentz and Norman Starkey July 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fish Pathology Laboratories The Alaska Department of Fish and Game printed this publication at a cost of $12.03 in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. 3 About This Booklet This booklet is a product of the Ichthyophonus Diagnostics, Educational and Outreach Program which was initiated and funded by the Yukon River Panel’s Restoration and Enhancement fund and facilitated by the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The original impetus driving the production of this booklet was from a concern that Yukon River fishers were discarding Canadian-origin Chinook salmon believed to be infected by Ichthyophonus. It was decided to develop an educational program that included the creation of a booklet containing photographs and descriptions of frequently encountered parasites within Yukon River fish. This booklet is to serve as a brief illustrated guide that lists many of the common parasitic, infectious, and noninfectious diseases of wild and cultured fish encountered in Alaska. The content is directed towards lay users, as well as fish culturists at aquaculture facilities and field biologists and is not a comprehensive treatise nor should it be considered a scientific document. Interested users of this guide are directed to the listed fish disease references for additional information. Information contained within this booklet is published from the laboratory records of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Section that has regulatory oversight of finfish health in the State of Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
    Reference: Biol. Bull. 227: 175–190. (October 2014) © 2014 Marine Biological Laboratory Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica YUAN XU1,*†, TRISTA VICK-MAJORS2, RACHAEL MORGAN-KISS3, JOHN C. PRISCU2, AND LINDA AMARAL-ZETTLER4,5,*࿣ 1Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717; 3Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056; 4The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; and 5Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Abstract. We report an in-depth survey of next-genera- trends in dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity may tion DNA sequencing of ciliate diversity and community play a critical role in structuring ciliate communities. A structure in two permanently ice-covered McMurdo Dry PCR-based strategy capitalizing on divergent eukaryotic V9 Valley lakes during the austral summer and autumn (No- hypervariable region ribosomal RNA gene targets unveiled vember 2007 and March 2008). We tested hypotheses on the two new genera in these lakes. A novel taxon belonging to relationship between species richness and environmental an unknown class most closely related to Cryptocaryon conditions
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Health Quick Guide
    Fish Health Quick Guide Table of contents 1 Fish health ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Category 2 (Notifiable) ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Cestodes (Tape worms) ................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Nematodes (Round worms) .......................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Ergasilus briani .............................................................................................................................. 1 2.4 Ergasilus sieboldi (Gill maggot) .................................................................................................... 2 2.5 Thorny headed worm (Acanthocephalans) ................................................................................... 2 2.6 Gyrodactylus .................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Common FW external Parasites. ...................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Costia (Icthyobodo necatrix). ........................................................................................................ 3 3.2 Trichodina. ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Identification of Fish Pathogens: What Is the Future?
    The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 60(4), 2008, 213-229. 213 Detection and Identification of Fish Pathogens: What is the Future? A Review I. Frans1,2†, B. Lievens1,2*†, C. Heusdens1,2 and K.A. Willems1,2 1 Scientia Terrae Research Institute, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium 2 Research Group Process Microbial Ecology and Management, Department Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Association, De Nayer Campus, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium, and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LfoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium (Received 1.8.08, Accepted 20.8.08) Key words: biosecurity, diagnosis, DNA array, multiplexing, real-time PCR Abstract Fish diseases pose a universal threat to the ornamental fish industry, aquaculture, and public health. They can be caused by many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. The lack of rapid, accurate, and reliable means of detecting and identifying fish pathogens is one of the main limitations in fish pathogen diagnosis and disease management and has triggered the search for alternative diagnostic techniques. In this regard, the advent of molecular biology, especially polymerase chain reaction (PCR), provides alternative means for detecting and iden- tifying fish pathogens. Many techniques have been developed, each requiring its own protocol, equipment, and expertise. A major challenge at the moment is the development of multiplex assays that allow accurate detection, identification, and quantification of multiple pathogens in a single assay, even if they belong to different superkingdoms. In this review, recent advances in molecular fish pathogen diagnosis are discussed with an emphasis on nucleic acid-based detec- tion and identification techniques.
    [Show full text]