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Lesley (1885) Geologic Hand Atlas

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The date shows when this volume was][taken. use l i305 AU b°°ks not in for instruction or re- search are limited to " all borrowers. ' 13ZA Volumes of periodi- MJ,S cals and of pamphlets comprise so many sub- jects,that they are held jao in the library as much . as possible. For spe- cial purposes they are given out for a limited lime. Graduates and sen- ' iors are allowed five volumes for twoweeks. .- Other students may have two vols, from the circulating library for two weeks. Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if Wanted. The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004934232 r& SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. REPORT OF PROGRESS X. GEOLOGICAL HAND ATLAS SIXTY-SEVEN COUNTIES PENNSYLVANIA, EMBODYING THE RESULTS FIELD WORK OF THE SURVEY, From 1874 to 1884. J. P. LESLEY. HARRISRURG: PUBLISHED BY THE BOABD OF COMMISSIONERS FOtt THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1885. Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,"in the year 1885, according to acts of Congress, By WILLIAM A. INGHAM, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. Kleetrotyped and printed by LANE S. HART, State Printer, Harrlsbui'K, Pa. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. His Excellency, ROBERT E. PATTISON, Governor, and ex-o£icio President of the Board, Harrisburg. Ario Pardee, ---------- Hazleton. William A. Ingham, ------- Philadelphia. Henry S. Eckert, Reading. Henry McCormiok, ----.-,- Harrisburg. James Macfarlane, - Towanda. Charles A. Miner, - - Wilkes-Barre. Joseph Willcox, - - - Media, Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, ----- Johnstown. Louis W. Hall, - - - - Harrisburg. Samuel Q. Brown, - - Pleasantville. SECRETARY OF THE- BOARD. William A. Ingham, - Philadelphia. STATE GEOLOGIST. Peter Lesley, ---------- Philadelphia, LIST OF COUNTY MAPS IN THE HAND ATLAS. Adams, . ' v/X if// Jack'smtn.anlLclind.Lj i I \i\ <i> ferrace jnounlaiii, •2 (J&road lop synclinal) i!; , S III) S /(// Si Si Huntingdon, i j ^ ill! JW if; .' to ; • ; I *j ;: , i **} ''',''' S /// Warriors ridge. ! ; : §co j Uji I ^ Hi // . O lit! ;. ' ^> !> ', ', ! \ ! ' I: ' H ' I 1 ;' Tusseu mountain ,?/ / ;:, <o .' ;/ / .'V • >3 i :j Canoe rctllev i 8 \\y. :';; c; Canoe, mln.synclLria.fi .1 I in ih S3 JVittant/ or i 11 1 if; if 3 Sinking' valley f jjf / /// // '^>~:::. vij fiald jEaqle mth\\ \ '" .":v... eg \$; --.-/'- pi \ o Ca Serra.ce of Cats-kill- Allegheny mountain. Coal measures XUI To face -Frefu.ee to sC. SHORT EXPLANATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PENNSYLVANIA. By J. P. Lesley. Pennsylvania is 150 miles in width between two parallels of latitude, and 290 miles long, measuring from the meridian of the Ohio State line to either one of its two projecting points on the Delaware river, Port Jarvis at the northern angle of New Jersey, or the bend below Trenton. A slight irregularity in its northern line gives it a boundary of 50 miles along Lake Erie ; and a circle of 10 miles radius struck from the court- house of New Castle in Delaware takes off a small piece of its south-east corner. Its eastern line follows the course of the Delaware river. The Allegheny mountain divides if into twjo nearly equal parts, pop- ularly known as Eastern and Western Pennsylvania, entirely different in geological character and in relief of surface ; "western Pennsylvania be- longing to the Mississippi valley region, and eastern Pennsylvania to the Atlantic seaboard ; western Pennsylvania being one unbroken bituminous coal field, while eastern Pennsylvania is partly a labyrinth of parallel and interlocked mountains and valleys of Devonian and Silurian age, and partly an open country of still older Cambrian or Primordial, Azoic or Fundamental strata, across which runs a broad continuous belt of Tri- assic or Mesozoic brown stone and trap. Cretaceous rocks underlie a narrow strip along the Delaware river below Trenton ;* and a mantel of glacial drift covers the surface of the whole northern part of the State as far south as a line, drawn nearly straight from Belvedere on the Dela- ware river to Olean on the New York State line, and another line drawn nearly through Franklin and Beaver to the Ohio State line north of the Ohio river, t No high mountains exist at present in Pennsylvania ; its highest land its may be quoted at 2500 feet above tide ; and most of ridges at 1500 to 2000 feet ; although a few of the small rounded knobs along the crest of the Allegheny mountain reach 2700 and 2800. The high plateau of the Catskill in southern New York, with numerous summits exceeding 4000 feet, slopes south-westward to the Delaware river, and becomes in Penn- sylvania the Pocono plateau only 2000 feet high. In like manner the great Blue Ridge range, which in North Carolina has peaks of over 7000 feet, declines through Virginia and Maryland into the South Mountain range of Pennsylvania, scarcely 2000 feet high, and ends in a point west of Har- uylkill it rises again above the surface risburg. At Reading on the Sch , 6 *See the special map of Philadelphia, and Report C . in Report Z. t See the maps (vii X.) Vlii X. REPORT OF PROGRESS. J. P, LESLEY with parallel ridges 1000 feet high, and passes on through New Jersey to become the Highlands of the Hudson river, with summits about 3000 feet above tide. It is noticeable, however, that at least one fourth of the State, com- prising the northernmost two tiers of counties from end to end, and the tier of counties back of the Alleghany mountain, has a general surface averaging 2000 feet above the sea, until recently covered with a contin- uous forest, and subject to a rigorous winter climate. On this table-land the rainfall separates itself into three systems of drainage, and flows northward through the Genesee into Lake Ontario; south-eastward through the Susquehanna river into Chesapeake bay ; and south-west- ward through the Allegheny, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers into the Gulf of Mexico. In spite of the present nearness of the surface level of the State to the level of the sea such was not always the case. Our mountains were once ten times higher than they are now ; and their gradual erosion to their present height by the frosts and rains of past ages, beginning long before the advent of the races of living beings which now inhabit the planet, makes the most interesting chapter in our geological history. This weathering down of the surface of the State is shown by the col- oring of the skeleton State map, which precedes the series of county maps. The black area in the south-west corner of this map marks those portions of Greene, Washington, Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegheny, Indiana, and Somerset counties which still preserve the Pittsburgh coal bed, and its covering of higher rocks. In several places it passes under- neath the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers ; but elsewhere these rivers have cut through it, and left its edges to be mined upon the steep side slopes of their valleys. In like manner this coal bed has been carried away from the divides, and left in long and irregular strips, and a multi- tude of isolated patches on the hill tops. One small patch of it is pre- in theLigonier valley in eastern served the center of Westmoreland ; and several small patches of it still remain in the Salisbury basin in Somerset county.
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