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A STUDY of the TYRONE - MOUNT Udion LINEAMENT by REMOTE SENSING TECHNIWES and Fleld NIETHQDS

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A STUDY OF THE TYRONE - MOUNT UdION LINEAMENT BY REMOTE SENSING TECHNIWES AND FlELD NIETHQDS Con- NAS 5-22822 0. P. Gold, Principal Indga@x ORSER Technical Report 12-77 Office for Ramow Sensing of Earth Resources 219 Electrical Engineering West University Park, PA 16802 Prepared for GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, MD 20771 The field invesrigations and much of the analvsis descrihrd in this report were used as the basis for a payer in Crology. submtttrd by Elicharl R. Cnnich to tbe Departmc~~tof ~:t~oscic-~\c~?i, in partial iu!ffllment of the rrqufrrurznts tor tlrc Mastt-r- oi Science Dcgrre. b I r T-nd- r RoonOlk I A S~~M)YOF ms ~RONR- ~\nurWIW LIN~BY December 1977 RBWTS SMSSIUC TECHNIQUS AND FlliLD t4STHWS 6 hnwym-- - r Technical Report 12-?7 J 7. habftd a -@-mQImwwn-amL David P. Gold, Principal Inwe8tigator m , 10. WRk uau Wa e m)a~~mt-#y#mdMem Office for Remote Senaing of Earth Resources 219 Electrical Bngineerin8 West Building rt. bn~nar ~nn\ &. \ The Pennsylvania State Uniwrsi ty NA!! 5-22822 University Park, PA 16802 13 ~*oro@~.om.ndhd~CI tr sponss~lr-v-nd~ddnr Final Report 11 1176-6/30/77 Caddard Space Flight Center I Crecnbelt, ND 20771 4 m.LI Field work was combined with satellite imagery and photography to study the Tyrone - Pkrunt Union lineament in Blair and Huntingdon Counties, central Pennsylvania. This feature, expressed as the valleys containing the Little Juniata and Juniata River: . transgtesscs the nose of the southwest-plunging Nittany Anticlinorium in the western extremity of the Valley ;~ndRidge Province. Field data collrc t ion involved lliapping faults and folds; orientation and density of joints; and the thickness, attitude, and juxtaposition of stratigraphic units. It was demonstrated that the lineament is a zon of high fracture density crossed by nuaerous structural anomlies and stratigraphic offsets. Increased joint density and disrupt ion of structural elements extends over 41 zone approximately 3.2 km (2 miles) wide. Bast? ruetal sulfide deposits aqd a transvers buguer anomaly suggest extension of these manifestations tu Precambrian basement rock1 . Comparison of 1inrament, fracture trace. and Joint or irntat ions with dat a f roi in southt-astert? United States shows a similaritv of orientations on all and suggest a formerly active pervasive stress field. Conversely, a disagree- nt of f r;rcture trace or ientai ions between the Valles and Ridge and A1 lt-ghenv Plateau rovinces raises guest ions concerning the ngt- and mechanics of format ion of these features. Frac cures on the three s~alt?sinvest igatrd were related gromzt rically : 1inr.4 and joints werc plrrtlllrl (domiunat peak at 310°) and fracture trilccs were obliqul. orie~tt~dus cr conjugate set, about them. I Tht* tt-chnigue of lineament enhancement crf LANDSA'S image dat:~with a digital high-pass f i 1 trr was evaluated: 1incauznts mapped on cntt~ncrdand tmrnhanced imges were "real" topcrgrapt~icexyression~ and their dominant or ientnt----- ion was 310'. I? kc~\\msh I%)rlntcr) LANDSAT iokrgr -: :t3:1-:,:by n!3v be w;bd jfi~~: fracture traces. joints. iwga enbnce- &a ? .~: ' :eldi mcnt .)&ux r JIIS, SD S ) 1 9 5, I t- !B Swrr111v01m1i tot lhra r-1) ?O kwrtv Cbolt. lot thn prgl) I &C lamla. 11- Neu n, kU*--r vase Acknowledgements - --- -I ili List of Figures ------ -- v List of Tables --- ----.I---.-- List of Plates ------------ -- Location and Regional Setting - ----- Fracture Studies ----- - -- Previous Work --- ----- Definitions ---- _.-- --- EIethodology --- - Procedure -- ----------- Results and Discussion ----------- .- Conclusions ------ -_.--- A STUDY OF STRUCTURES ALONG THE NORTlWWi"i'RN SEGHENT OF THE TYRONE - MOUNT UNION LINEAMENT -------- - Procedure - -C---- Results -------- ------- Discussion ---- ------ Summary and Conclusions ---- --------- GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIP OF LINEAMENTS, FBACTURE TRACES, AND JOINT TRACES ---------------------------- Results and Discussion ------------------ Def omtion Model -------------------- Conclusions -------------------------------- Sway AND CONCLUSIONS ------------------------ BIBLIOGRAPHY --------------------------------- ORIGINAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUAI AITY PREUDrrJG PAGESBLAM NOT I.'iL..;;1;) LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1' Location of study area. - 2 2 LANDSAT-1 image (1:230,000) showing the location of the study area. 3 3 Stratigraphic column of the Tyrone area. 4 4 Conceptual Pfew of a linemmnt as a domain boundary, with termination or ramping of thrust faults at depth. 8 5 Hesoscopic wedge faults in the Mifflintown formatian. - 12 6 Bar histograms of frequency-per-azhuth-class for individual operators, MSS-5. - -- 17 7 Bar histograms of frequency-pepazimuth-class for individual operators, MSS-7. --------------- - 18 8 Rose diagrams exhibiting frequency of photo-linear orientations for MSS-7. - ------ 19 9 Rose diagrams exhibiting frequency of photo-linear orientations for MSS-5. --- --- 20 10 Synoptic S-pole diagram of 2316 joint attitudes, contoured at 2, 3, 4, and 6% per 1%area. --- - 28 11 Synoptic S-pole diagram of 159 fault planes, contoured at 2, 4, and 6% intervals per 1%area. -- ----- 33 12 Orientation diagram of 136 slickenlines contoured at 2, 4, and 6% per 1%area. - ------- 33 13 Stereographic plot of slickenline polarity in Tyrone Gap. --- 34 14 Stereographic plot of slickenline polarity at Locations 17, 30, and 31. -----.------------- 34 15 Two sets of inclined, intersecting, faults with different slip line orientations. -- ---------- 36 16 Geologic map and cross section of a low-angle, westerly .dipping thrust fault, and the Water Street fault. -------- 39 17 Smooth-curve cartesian histograms of joint trace, fracture trace, and lineament orientations, showing freqwncy per lo0 azimuth class. ------------------- 46 18 ' Histogram showing natural grouping of 20 photo-lineaments with respect to length, mapped on LANDSAT-1 image. ------------- 47 19 Possible geometric relationship between lineaments, fracture traces, and joints in the Tyrone - Alexandria area of central Pennsylvania. -------------------------- 50 LIST OF TABUS TABLE Page 1 Criteria for Measurement of Structural Elements ------------- 10 2 Ground Tlvth Correlations of Linear Features Napped from Three Scales of Remote Semiag Data -------------- 22 3 Time Comparison for Photo-Lineament Plots on Standard and Edge-Enhanced Images, MSS-7 -------------------- 25 4 Joint Density Data for Four Locations ------------------- 30 5 Bedding Characteristics of Geologic Formations at Four Joint Smling Sites --------------------------- 31 6 Dominant Directions of Lineaments, Fracture Traces, and Joint Traces in Eastern United States ------------------- 49 LIST OF PLATES PLATE 1 Map of Fracture Traces and Lineaments 2 Map of Geology Surrounding a Segment of the Tyrone - Mount Union Lineament, Huntiagdon and Blair Counties, Pennsylvania, with Joint Orientation Diagrams for 38 Sites 3 Structure Sections for Geologic Map (Plate 2) ORIGINAL PAGE IS INTRODUCTION OF POOR QUALITY An alignment of stream and river valleys, wind and water gaps, and tonal variations on LANDSAT-1 imagery is apparent for approximately 150 km (90 miles) through central Pennsylvania. This linear feature , known as the Tyrone-Mount Union lineament (Gold et al. 1974), extends from the Blue Ridge physiographic province northwestward across the Appalachian Fold mountain belt and into the Allegheny Plateau. The northwestern portion of this lineament (see Figs. 1 and expressed mainly as valleys containing the Little Juniata and Juniata rivers, was selected for study because of the relative abundance of outcrops and quarry sites, the presence of anomalous structures, and its accessibility from State College. The purpose of this study was to investigate the general nature of this lineament, characterize the geologic features associated with it, and map its extent. In addition to mapping bedding attitudes and stratigraphic contacts, and measuring the attitude and frequency of imposed fractures (joints and faults) within and adjacent to the lineament expression, this study attempts to characterize the parameters on a vastly different scale, of a feature sensed in only two dimensions. The parameters to be measured were deduced mainly from theoretical arguments pertaining to the relationship of shear fractures of different orders to stress on different scales. The importance of this study is emphasized by the paucity of documented observations of bedrock features associated with lineaments. A field study of the Tyrone- Mount Union lineament would yield information on its bedrock character and demonstrate whether or not the lineament exhibits a third dimension. Lvcation and Regional Setting The study area encompasses a 9 km (5.5 mile) wide and 16 km (10 mile) long swath, centered on the Little Juniata River between Tyrone and Petersburg, in Blair and Huntingdon Comties (see Fig. 1 and Plate I). A number of active quarries are located within the valley expression of the lineament, and a serviceable county road network provides access to most of the area. The lineament crosses the Sinking Valley anticline, a southwest plunging anti- clinal domain of the Nittany Anticlinorium in the westernmost first-order anticline of the Valley and Ridge Province of central Pennsylvania (see Plate 2). Stratigraphic units from Cambrian to Silurian age are exposed. The oldest, the Pleasant Hill Limestone, is located near Huntingdon Furnace; the youngest unit, the Wills Creek Formation, is located in the eastern part of the study area near Petersburg (see Plate 2). The stratigraphic
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