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Tanzania's Mainstream News Media Engagement with National Tanzania’s Mainstream News Media Engagement with National Development Item Type Thesis Authors Nkya, Ananilea W. Publisher University of Bradford Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 10/10/2021 19:48:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17404 Tanzania’s Mainstream News Media Engagement with National Development Ananilea Wilbert Nkya Supervisor: Dr Fiona Macaulay Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Peace Studies and International Development Faculty of Social Science The University of Bradford (UK) 2017 i Abstract This thesis examines the ways in which Tanzania’s media report news on development issues and what accounts for the way they report, guided by social constructionist philosophy and framing theory. In terms of how they report news, the thesis draws on primary data generated from: (1) an analysis of 10,371 news stories reported by 15 Tanzanian media outlets over the course of one month, noting the general types of preferred stories and the range of news sources relied upon (which tend to be government or elite sources and male); (2) an in-depth analysis of 36 newspapers’ front-page lead stories, looking not just at the presentation and framing of these stories, but also at the omissions and elisions, using interpretive content analysis. In order to explore why the Tanzanian media cover development issues the way they do, the thesis draws on another set of primary data: semi-structured, face- to-face interviews conducted with 76 media stakeholders, where editors, journalists and media owners reflect on the constraints and opportunities – media ownership, laws used to control media autonomy, financing and professional training – facing them as media professionals trying to report on topics linked to their country’s social, economic and political challenges. There is, to date, little literature that foregrounds the views and experiences of media professionals in Tanzania or, indeed, in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) and it is to this literature that this thesis primarily contributes. It concludes that from the colonial period to the current day Tanzanian media has been a contested space in which different stakeholders have diverse views about the role and functioning of the media. If the media are to play a normative, watchdog role, holding government to account and thus contributing, indirectly, to national development, then the issues of ownership, legal constraints, training and financial capacity are key. Key words: Tanzania, media, news, development issues, autonomy, ownership, finance, training, news sources, gender. i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my parents Wilbert and Naimi, a.k.a. Mr and Mrs Nshanga, who although they did not get an opportunity to be educated beyond primary school, understood development from a gender perspective and practised this so well in bringing up their children. Specifically, I consider my mum to be my key teacher and philosopher. Often during my childhood whenever she wanted me to solve any problem I was facing, she would tell me Kiswahili words ‘injini ya mtu ni kichwa chake’ meaning the ‘brain is the engine of every individual’. She believed that a person who does not think critically will not make positive progress in her/his life. ii Acknowledgements My thanks to the Almighty for the gift of life and all the blessings which contributed to the accomplishment of my six and a half-year PhD journey on campus at the University of Bradford in the UK. TAMWA, a women’s rights activist organisation, which I provided leadership to for eleven years, deserves special appreciation because I used the organisation as a learning space and opportunity to use radio, television and newspapers to advocate for the women’s development agenda. Indeed, it is the interaction I had with the media professionals in Tanzania that motivated me to pursue this PhD. I would also like to thank all those who have supported me to complete this PhD. My supervisors, Dr Fiona Macaulay and Dr David Potts – thank you for the supervision which helped in shaping my thesis. Dr Anna Mdee, my former supervisor before she left the University of Bradford in June 2015, also deserves thanks for her support at the formative stages. Professor Chee Wong from the University of Leeds offered me a free, brief session on literature review. His session left me with the understanding that when analysing literature, you need to explain the context behind it because knowledge changes with context and time. Professor Andrew Coulson and Dr Rebecca Enuoh, I salute you. You read early drafts of Chapter One and provided feedback that made me realise that I was very far from where I was going. My daughters Moureen and Winnie, thank you for your timely support in reading my chapters and providing critical feedback. Mat Andrews, thank you for taking your time to educate me on how to write references and spending your time checking references in this thesis to make sure they are correctly written. Kudakwashe, Mabebe, Paksi, Yagmur and Hussein, you all supported me in different ways which made my journey worthwhile. Thank you. At the beginning I had planned to research the ways in which Tanzania’s media – radio, television and newspapers – portray women. However, I iii changed the topic to focus on Tanzania’s news media engagement with national development with the assumption that this topic would yield more interesting knowledge that could attract the attention of both men and women in Tanzania and beyond. I could reflect on my original topic after an interaction with an expert on PhDs, Professor Derek Pugh from Open University Business School in the UK, on June 20, 2013. Bradford School of Management had invited him to facilitate a workshop for the new PhD researchers titled ‘How to get a PhD’. I would like to thank my PhD cohort member Dr Raiyya from Oman who took the initiative to request that the coordinator of the workshop, Professor James Wallace, allow me to be one of the workshop participants. The key lesson learned from Professor Pugh’s session was that a doctoral thesis has four key parts: background theory, focal theory, data theory and contribution to the body of knowledge. According to Professor Pugh, contribution is something new compared to what other people have said and ‘new’ means it could be how it is presented or how it is argued. My niece, Weshy Nathanael, you worked assiduously to help me every day to accomplish the massive tedious manual analysis of 10,371 news items. My husband, Mwidimi Itaeli, thank you for your patience and the time you spent in checking computation to make sure the empirical data was accurate. My young sister, Dr Juliana Goodluck Wilbard, you played a crucial role in taking care of my family throughout my PhD journey – thank you. My daughter, Annabel, through your excellent performance in A Level Secondary education and University you provided me with great support, love and encouragement which inspired me to continue the journey. Thank you for your unconditional love. Pursuing a PhD abroad through self-sponsorship can be expensive in terms of draining family resources. Special thanks to the UK-based Fund for Women Graduates (FfWG) for financial support for accommodation and meals for many months in 2016 and Father Christopher Angel for allowing me to stay for some months in the Chaplaincy students’ accommodation near the iv University of Bradford which provided me with a friendly environment during the writing up of some chapters. Along the way, there were also losses. Goodluck Christian (Samali), my brother-in-law and a long-time friend from primary school and a man whose fun and humorous personality were inspirational to me, died in February 2015. Meanwhile, my father’s young brother Sabastian, died in September 2016 and my uncle Zablon in April 2017. Most importantly, my mum Naimi and dad Wilbert, a.k.a. Nshanga, who had seen me through the previous levels of academic achievement, did not live to see me pursuing the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. My mum Naimi specifically motivated me because at the age of 75, three years before she passed away, she had told me if she was aged 50 she would go back to school and study to get at least a first degree. Therefore, for me, the personal human gratification of doing a PhD far outweighed the difficulties encountered along the way. v Table of contents Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... i Dedication ............................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iii Table of contents ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................
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