4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 331
4=EURASIAN geosector
édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012
This gesector covers 35 sets of languages (= 219 outer languages, comprising 680 inner languages) spoken by communities across Eurasia, from western Europe to eastern Asia. These sets comprise all indigenous languages of Eurasia (Europe plus continental Asia, including the islands of India and Japan) which are excluded from the phylosectors 1=Afro-Asian, 5=Indo-European and 7=Sino-Tibetan. Zone 40= covers one outer-language, spoken from the Bay of Biscay in Western Europe, astride the western Pyrenees mountains, and zones 41= and 42= cover languages spoken in central and eastern Europe, including the Caucasus. 40=EUSKARIC phylozone 41=URALIC phylozone 42=CAUCASUS geozone Zones 43= to 45= cover northern and central Asia, from Siberia to Turkey and Japan, with some overlap into Europe. Zone 44= corresponds to the area of the "Altaic" hypthesis, and zones 44= and 45= to the "wider Altaic" hypothesis. 43=SIBERIA geozone 44=TRANSASIA geozone 45=EAST-ASIA geozone Zones 46= to 49= cover Southern (including South-east) continental Asia. Zone 46= covers all Southern Asian languages which are not included under the Tai+ Kadi affinity (zone 47=), the Miao+Yao, Hmong+ Mien set (zone 48=) and the Dravidian grouping (zone 49=), or under any phylosector. 46=SOUTH-ASIA geozone 47=DAIC phylozone 48=MIENIC phylozone 49=DRAVIDIC phylozone
Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One
Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues Additional or improved data on languages and et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies communities covered by this sector will ici : ré[email protected] be welcomed here : [email protected]
COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of (+ provinces) and speakers codes and reference-names
40= EUSKARIC covers "Basque" or "Euskarian" isolated set; comprising 1 Spain; France; with migration to 5 set of 1 outer language spoken by communities in maritime Argentina; Chile; Costa Rica; phylozone western Europe, situated across the western end of the Mexico; Uruguay; USA Pyrenees mountain-range: 40-A EUSKARA
40-A EUSKARA set BASQUE 40-AA EUSKARA chain 40-AAA EUSKARA net 40-AAA-a Euskara eskuara, euskera, heuskara, eshuara, üskera, in [51=] Español: vasco, Spain (A Pays Vasco; Navarra); 5 vasca; in [51=] Français (and [52=] English): "basque", also in [51=] France (Aquitaine-S., Pays Français: euskarien bilingual < [51=] Español and/or [51=] Français Basque) Euskadi, País Vasco+ Pays Basque country 40-AAA-aa euskara-F. euskara-batua, "standard peninsula basque" #euskara-batua =«unified Spain (Pays Vasco: Guipúzcoa; 4 basque» since c.1550: Latin script; Guipuzcoan model; Bizkaia, Vizcaya; Araba, Alava); Spain (Navarra-N.); also France: Pays Basque (Aquitaine-S.) 40-AAA-ab bizkaiera "biscayan", in [51=] Español: vizcaino, in [51=] Français: biscayen (Vizcaya; Guipúzcoa; also Alava) 4 40-AAA-aba marquina Marquina (Vizcaya) 40-AAA-abb guernica Guernica (Vizcaya) 40-AAA-abc munguía Munguía (Vizcaya) 40-AAA-abd nervión Nervión upper & middle basin (Vizcaya) 40-AAA-abe ibarra+ murua Ibarra; Murua (Alava-N.) 40-AAA-abf vergara Deva upper & middle basin, Vergara (Guipúzcoa-W.) page 332 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
40-AAA-ac gipuzkera "guipuzcoan", in [51=] Español: guipuzcoano (Guipúzcoa; Navarra-N.) 5 40-AAA-aca deva Deva lower valley: Deva (Guipúzcoa) 40-AAA-acb donostia Donostia, San-Sebastián (Guipúzcoa) 40-AAA-acc tolosa Tolosa (Guipúzcoa) 40-AAA-acd alsasua Alsasua (Navarra) 40-AAA-ad nafarrera-NW. in [51=] Español: alto-navarro septentrional (Guipúzcoa-NE.; Navarra-N.) 4 40-AAA-ada irún+ oyarzun Irún+ Oyarzu (Guipúzcoa) 40-AAA-adb bidasoa Bidasoa upper+ middle basin (Navarra) 40-AAA-adc araquil Araquil valley (Navarra) 40-AAA-ae nafarrera-S. in [51=] Español: alto-navarro meridional (Vizcaya-W.; Alava-N.; Navarra-C.; 2 N.) 40-AAA-aea ibaizábal Ibaizábal, Bilbao ¶extinct early 20th century (Vizcaya-W.) 40-AAA-aeb ozaeta Ozaeta ¶extinct early 20th century (Alava-N.) 40-AAA-aec pamplona Pamplona ¶extinct early 20th century (Navarra) 40-AAA-aed arga Arga valley (Navarra) 2 40-AAA-af euskara-E. "standard continental basque", in [51=] Français: bas-navarrois+ France: Pays Basque (Pyrénées- labourdin normalisé Atlantiques) 40-AAA-ag nafarrera-CN. nafarrera-beherea-W., in [51=] Français: bas-navarrais occidental, in (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.); 4 [51=] Español: bajo-navarro occidental Benapura-W., Basse-Navarre- (Navarra adjacent) W. country 40-AAA-aga nive-N. Nive lower valley (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.); 40-AAA-agb nive-S. Nive upper left-bank (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.); 40-AAA-agc baïgorry Baïgorry valley (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.); 40-AAA-agd roncesvalles+ aríve Roncesvalles+ Aríve (Navarra-NE.) 40-AAA-ah nafarrera-NE. nafarrera-beherea-E., in [51=] Français: bas-navarrais oriental, in [51=] (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.); 4 Español: bajo-navarro oriental Benapura-E., Basse-Navarre-E. (Navarra adjacent) country 40-AAA-aha mouguerre Mouguerre, Adour left-bank (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ahb saint-palais Saint-Palais (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ahc donibane Donibane-Garazi, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ahd esterençubi Esterençubi upper valleys (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ahe ochagavía Ochagavía (Navarra-NE.) . 40-AAA-ai lapurtera in [51=] Français: labourdin, in [51=] Español: labortano Lapurdi, (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 4 Labourd country 40-AAA-aia hendaye Hendaye (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-aib saint-jean-de-luz Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-aic bidart Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-aid sare Sare (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-aj zuberoera in [51=] Français: souletin, in [51=] Español: suletino Zuberoa, (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 4 Ciberoa, Soule country 40-AAA-aja litzare Litzare, Mauléon+ Licharre (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ajb licq Licq (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ajc larrau Larrau+ Sainte-Engrâce upper valleys (Pyrénées-Atlantiques-SW.) 40-AAA-ak euskara-amerika migration> {Latin America} 40-AAA-aka euskara-mexico migration> Mexico 40-AAA-akb euskara-costa-rica migration> Costa Rica 40-AAA-akc euskara-chili Temuco migration> Chile 40-AAA-akd euskara-argentina migration> Argentine 40-AAA-ake euskara-uruguay migration> Uruguay 40-AAA-al euskara-idaho bilingual < [52=] English migration> USA (Idaho)
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41= URALIC covers the "Uralic" grouping, including the narrower "Finno- Austria; Croatia; Estonia; Finland; 7 Ugric" grouping (41-A & 41-B); comprising 3 sets of Hungary; Lithuania; Moldova; phylozone languages (= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities in Norway; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Slovenia; geographically separated areas of central, northern and Sweden; Ukraine; Yugoslavia; with eastern Europe: migrations to Canada; USA 41-A SUOMI+ KOMI 41-B MAGYAR+ KHANTY 41-C NENETS+ SELKUP
41-A SUOMI+ KOMI set FINNIC, part of "finno-ugric" grouping #kieli, kel, keel, kyl, kyal =«language» 41-AA SUOMI+ SAAME chain 41-AAA SUOMI+ EESTI net BALTO-FINNIC, in [52=] Deutsch: ostseefinnisch 41-AAA-a Suomi Finnish, suomen kieli, in [51=] Français: finnois since c.1550: Latin Finland; also Sweden; Estonia; 6 script Norway; Russia ; migration > USA; Canada 41-AAA-aa suomi-L. vanha suomi #vanha suomi =«old finnish» from 16th century Finland 41-AAA-ab suomi-G. "generalised finnish" A Finland 6 41-AAA-aba suomi-F. nyky suomi #nyky suomi =«new finnish» from 19th century: Turku+ Finland Savo model 41-AAA-abb suomi-V. "finnish vehicular" Finland 41-AAA-abc suomi-svensk "swedish finnish" bilingual < [52=] Svenska Finland 41-AAA-ac suomi-SW. Finland-SW.; Finland-C. 41-AAA-aca lounais Rauma coast (Turku-Pori-N.) 41-AAA-acb turku Turku environs (Turku-Pori-SW.) 41-AAA-acc usimaa-W. (Uusimaa-W.) 41-AAA-acd somero+ somerniemi Somero (Häme-SW.) 41-AAA-ace tampere (Häme-W.) 41-AAA-acf hämäläis-S. (Häme-S.) 41-AAA-acg hämäläis-C. (Häme-C). 41-AAA-ad suomi-N. Finland-W.; Sweden-NE. adjacent 41-AAA-ada etelä-pohjalainen "ostrobothnian"-S. Pohjanmaa-S. country (Oulu-SW.) 41-AAA-adb keski-pohjalaiset "ostrobothnian"-C. Pohjanmaa-C. country (Oulu-W.) 41-AAA-adc pohjois-pohjalaiset "ostrobothnian"-N. Pohjanmaa-N. country (Oulu-NW). 41-AAA-add peräpohjolan-E. Kemijärvi (Lapi-S.) 41-AAA-ade peräpohjolan-C. Kemi (Lapi-SW.) 41-AAA-adf peräpohjolan-W. Gällivare (Orrbotten-NE.) 41-AAA-ae suomi-CE. Finland-CE. 41-AAA-aea savo-N. savolax-N. (Oulu-NE.) 41-AAA-aeb savo-S. savolax-S. (Kuopio) 41-AAA-aec keski-suomi suomi-C. (Keski-Suomi) 41-AAA-aed kainuu (Kainuu) 41-AAA-aee suomi-saame saame "bilingual finnish" bilingual < [41=] Saame Finland-N. 41-AAA-af suomi-värmland in [52=] Deutsch: waldfinnen community #waldfinnen =«forest finns» migration> Sweden-C. (Värmland) 41-AAA-ag suomi-SE. kaakois Finland-CE.; Russia adjacent 41-AAA-aga kaakois-N. "karelian finnish" (Pohjois-Karjala) 41-AAA-agb kaakois-S Russia (St.Petersburg-N.) 41-AAA-b Karely+ Lüdi Karelian, "carelian", in [51=] Suomi: karjalan, in [53=] Russkiy: Russian Fed.: Karelia; Finland 4 karelskiy bilingual < [53=] Russkiy since c.1550: Cyrillic script 41-AAA-ba karyalan-N. karyalan-keel-C., "karelian"-N., "white-sea karelian" #keel =«language» Russian Fed.: Karelia-N.; C.; Finland (Oulu-E.); southward migration since 17th cent.> Russia (Novgorod; Tver) 41-AAA-baa karyala-N. Kem', Kemijoki valley northwards Karelia-N. 41-AAA-bab novgorod Novgorod environs migration> Russia (Novgorod) 41-AAA-bac tverin-karyala Tver, Kalinin northwards migration> Russia (Tver) 41-AAA-bb karyalan-S. karyalan-keel-S., "karelian"-S., #keel =«language» Russian Fed.: Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bba tunkua Tunkua Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bbb rukajärvi Rukajärvi, Ruokojarvi Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bbc paatene Paatene, Padany Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bbd mäntyselkä Mäntyselkä Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bbe repola Repola Karelia-C. 41-AAA-bbf porajärvi+ suojärvi Porajärvi… Suojärvi Karelia-C. page 334 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
41-AAA-bc olonec livvikovian, "olonetsian", olonets, aunus, in [52=] Deutsch: olonetzisch, Russian Fed.: Karelia-SW.; 4 livvisch Ladoga lake>NE. migration> Finland 41-AAA-bca salmi Salmi… Hautavaara Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bcb vitele Vitele… Tulemajärvi Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bcc vieljärvi Vieljärvi… Säämäjärvi Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bcd kotkatjärvi Kotkatjärvi Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bce olonec-A. olonets "proper" Olonec, Aunus Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bcf kontu Kontu Karelia-SW. 41-AAA-bd lüdi-N. lyudikovian, lyydiläis, lüüd, ludic, lyudic, in [52=] Deutsch: lüdisch Russian Fed.: Karelia-SE. 3 Onega lake>W. 41-AAA-bda suoju Petroskoi, Petrozavodsk> N., Suoju valley… Tiudia Karelia-SE. 41-AAA-bdb prääsä Prääsä… Pyhäjärvi Karelia-SE. 41-AAA-bdc syväri Svir', Syväri-C. valley>N., Joensuu… Järventakainen Karelia-SE. 41-AAA-be lüdi-S. vepsian, lüdi-kel, vepsä, vepsan, bepsan, veps, 'chugari', 'chuhari', Russian Fed.: Karelia-S.; Russia 3 'chukhari', 'chudy', in [52=] Deutsch: vepsisch Onega lake>SW. (St.Petersburg-NE.) 41-AAA-bea prionezh vepsa-N. Lake Onega lake>SW. Karelia-S.; (St.Petersburg-NE.) 41-AAA-beb ojat' vepsa-C. Ojat' valley (St.Petersburg-NE.) 41-AAA-bec prokusevo vepsa-S. Prokusevo marshes (St.Petersburg-NE.) 41-AAA-bf izhor ingrian, izhoran-keeli, karjalan-keeli Russia (St.Petersburg-SW.) 2 41-AAA-bfa khava hevaan, in [53=] Russkiy: xevaskiy Hevaan-joki lower valley (St.Petersburg-SW.) 41-AAA-bfb soykhin soikkolan, in [53=] Russkiy: soykinskiy Soikkala… Kaprio (St.Petersburg-SW.) 41-AAA-bfc luzh "lower" luzh, ala-laukaan Laukaan-joki lower valley: Kosemkina… (St.Petersburg-SW.) 41-AAA-bfd oredezh "upper" luzh, ylä-laukaan Laukaan-joki upper valley: Novinka… (St.Petersburg-SW.) 41-AAA-c Vaddyan-keel Votish, vadjan-keel, vadya, vad, vadda, vod, "votian", part of "balto- Russia (St.Petersburg-W.), Latvia 1 finnic"-SW. ¶on verge of extinction submerged < [53=] Russkiy 41-AAA-ca vaddya-W. Russia (St.Petersburg-W.), 1 formerly also Latvia 41-AAA-caa vaddya-NW. vod-NW. Luga bay… Matiya… Kattila, Kotly… Koslova (St.Petersburg-W.) 1 41-AAA-cab vaddya-SW. Luga valley: Kukkosi, Kurovicy ¶extinct (St.Petersburg-W.) 0 41-AAA-cac vaddya-S. krevin, in [52=] Deutsch: krevinisch Latvia 0 41-AAA-cb vaddya-E. Icepino village ¶recently extinct (St.Petersburg) 0 41-AAA-d Eesti Estonian, eesti-keel, part of "balto-finnic"-SW. influence < [52=] Estonia; Latvia; Russia 6 Deutsch-N. and [53=] Russkiy Latin script 41-AAA-da eesti-N. "estonian"-N. Estonia 6 41-AAA-daa eesti-tallinn "literary estonian"-N. Tallinn (Reval) model Estonia 41-AAA-dab eesti-F. "modern standard estonian", "literary estonian" Central Estonian A Estonia model, serving as bridge to Eesti-S. (South Estonian) 41-AAA-dac tallinn-U. tallinn "urban estonian" Tallinn, Reval… Narva Estonia (Harju; Laane-Viru; Ida- Viru) 41-AAA-dad eesti-E. Peipus-NW. lake: Mustvee… Estonia (Jögeva) 41-AAA-dae eesti-C. "estonian"-C., part of "estonian" -N. Tapa… Rapla… Paide… Estonia (Harju; Rapla; Jarva; Jõgeva… Vil'yandi Jögeva; Vijandi) 41-AAA-daf eesti-W. Pärnu… Haapsalu west coast & hinterland Estonia (Pärnu; Laane) 41-AAA-dag saare+ hiiu "insular estonian", part of "estonian"-N. Saare-maa… Hiiu-maa… Estonia (Saare; Hiiu) Muhu islands 41-AAA-dah 'anglo-estonian' bilingual < [52=] English migration> USA, Canada 41-AAA-db eesti-S. "estonian"-S. Estonia-SE. 5 41-AAA-dba eesti-tartu "literary estonian"-S. Tartu (Dorpat) model Estonia-SE. 41-AAA-dbb tartu dorpat, tatu Tartu, Dorpat Estonia (Tartu) 41-AAA-dbc muly mulgi Mustla… Estonia (Viljandi, Valga) 41-AAA-dbd setu Peipus-S. lake Estonia (Pölva) 41-AAA-dbe vyrus võru Võru Estonia (Võru) 41-AAA-e Raanda Livonian, raanda-keel, liiv, liibõ, in [54=] Latviashu: libiesu-valoda, part Latvia 2 of "balto-finnic"-SW. bilingual < [54=] Latviashu (Latvian) ¶nearing extinction submerged < [54=] Latviashu originally (13th cent.) the coastal language of the Riga Gulf, extending northeastwards to Peipus lake (the former regions of Kurland & Livland), but now restricted to end of Domesnäs peninsula, around Kolka 41-AAA-ea kur-zeme kurlyad, raandalist, liiv-W. former Curonia, Kurland (Domesnäs Latvia 2 peninsula north coast): Luzhnas… Lielirbe, Ira… Kolka, Kuolka… Mustanumm, Mellesille 41-AAA-eb vid-zeme vid, liiv-E., "livonian"-E. ¶extinct in 19th cent. former Livonia, Livland Latvia 41-AAB SAAME net same, saami, sabme, "saamic", 'lapp', 'lappish' ¶semi-nomadic, now increasingly settled Latin script; Cyrillic script 41-AAB-a Saame-NW. davvin Sweden; Norway; Finland 4 41-AAB-aa ruija saame-N. bilingual < [52=] Norsk+ Svenska and/or [41=] Suomi Norway; Finland; Sweden; Finland 4 41-AAB-aaa ruija-A. Norway… 41-AAB-aab torne Norway… 41-AAB-aac sea-saame "maritime" saame, 'sea lappish' Norway…
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41-AAB-ab lule bilingual < [52=] Norsk+ Svenska ¶semi-nomadic Norway; Sweden 3 41-AAB-aba tysfjord+ hamaroy Tysfjord+ Hamaroy+ Folden environs Norway 41-AAB-abb lule-A. Lule river: Gellivare+ Jokkmokk environs Sweden 41-AAB-ac pite bilingual < [52=] Nordic Norway-N.; Sweden 3 41-AAB-aca pite-W. Saltenfjord Ranenfjord Norway-N. 41-AAB-acb pite-E. Pite river: Arjeplog+ Arvidsjaur environs Sweden-N. 41-AAB-b Saame-E. bilingual < [41=] Suomi and/or [53=] Russkiy ¶Arctic semi-nomadic Finland; Russian Fed.: Russia 3 41-AAB-ba skolt kolta, lopar, 'kola-lapp' Finland-N.; Russia 3 41-AAB-baa inari-N. Inari-N. lake Finland 41-AAB-bab notozer Kola-N. peninsula Finland 41-AAB-bac yokan Kola-N. peninsula Finland 41-AAB-bb anar inari, utsoki Inari lake… Norway frontier: Utsoki & environs Finland 2 41-AAB-bc ter ¶Arctic semi-nomadic Russia 2 41-AAB-bd kildin Russia 3 41-AAB-c Saame-S. Sweden; Norway 3 41-AAB-ca ume bilingual < [52=] Svenska Sweden 3 41-AAB-caa ume-NW. Ume upper river Sweden 41-AAB-cab ume-SE. Ume lower river: Lycksele… Mala… Sorsele & environs Sweden 41-AAB-cb almoch saame-S. "proper" bilingual < [52=] Norsk+ Svenska Norway; Sweden 41-AAB-cba almoch-W. Hatfjelldalen+ Wefsen… Røros Norway (Sør-Trøndelag) 41-AAB-cbb almoch-E. Härjedalen country Sweden 41-AAC MARI net part of "volgo-finnic" 41-AAC-a Mari Cheremiss, mari-yilme bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Mari Rep.; Chuvask 5 Rep.; Russia; also Bashkir Rep. 41-AAC-aa kurku-mari cheremiss-W., "upland" mari, "high" mari, mari "hills", in [53=] Russkiy: Mari Rep.; Russia 5 gorno-mariy Volga right-bank: Mari hills… 41-AAC-aaa mari-W. "literary" cheremiss-W., "literary high" mari Mari Rep.; Russia 41-AAC-aab kozymodemyan Volga river: Koz'modem'yansk Mari Rep.… 41-AAC-aac yaran Mari Rep.… 41-AAC-aad üpö-mari Ufa… migration> Bashkir Rep. 41-AAC-ab olik-mari cheremiss-E., "low" mari, "grassland" mari, "plains" mari, including Mari Rep.; Russia 5 "woodland" mari Volga left-bank 41-AAC-aba mari-E. "literary" cheremiss-E., "literary low" mari Mari Rep.… 41-AAC-abb sernur-morkin Sernur Mari Rep.… 41-AAC-abc yoshkar-olint Yoshkar-Ola Mari Rep.… 41-AAC-abd volga-mariy Volzhsk Chuvash Rep.… 41-AAD ERZYAN+ MORDVIN, part of "volgo-finnic" MOKSHEN net 41-AAD-a Erzyan+ Mokshen bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Mordovia 5 41-AAD-aa erzyan erzyan-kel, erzya, erza A Mordovia 5 41-AAD-aaa erzyan-F. "literary" erzyan Mordovia 41-AAD-aab kozlov Mordovia 41-AAD-aac alatyr Alatyr river Mordovia 41-AAD-aad shugurovo Sura river Mordovia 41-AAD-aae tashto-murza Staryje-Turdaki & environs Mordovia 41-AAD-aaf drakino Mordovia 41-AAD-ab mokshen mokshen-kyal, moksha, mokshan, mordov, mordoff Moksha river Mordovia-SW. 5 41-AAE KOMI+ UDMURT net PERMIC 41-AAE-a Komi+ Udmurt komi+ udmurt bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed. 6 41-AAE-aa komi-zyryan Ural mountains>W. A Komi Rep. 5 41-AAE-aaa komi-zyryan-F. "literary" komi-zyryan Komi Rep. 41-AAE-aab zyryan zyrian, zirian, komi-zyryan "proper" Komi Rep. 41-AAE-aac yazva jazva, jazyv, komi-jazva Komi Rep. 41-AAE-aad izhma izma Komi Rep. 41-AAE-ab komi-permyat perm, permyak, permiac Russia (Komi-Permyak okrug) 5 41-AAE-aba komi-permyat-F. "literary" komi-permyat (Komi-Permyak) 41-AAE-abb zyudin (Komi-Permyak) 41-AAE-abc kochin-kam permyat-N. (Komi-Permyak) 41-AAE-abd nyven-inyva permyat-S. (Komi-Permyak) 41-AAE-abe oni (Komi-Permyak) 41-AAE-ac udmurt udmurt-kyl, votyak, votiak, otyak, votem Ural mountains>W. A Udmurtia 5 41-AAE-aca udmurt-F. "literary" udmurt Udmurtia 41-AAE-acb vesermyan besserman, udmurt-N. Udmurtia 41-AAE-acc udmurt-S. Udmurtia page 336 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
41-B MAGYAR+ KHANTY UGRIC, "ugrian", part of "finno-ugric", in French: ougrien set 41-BA MAGYAR chain 41-BAA MAGYAR net "ugric"-W. 41-BAA-a Magyar Hungarian, in [51=] Français: hongrois, in [52=] Deutsch: ungarisch Hungary; Romania… 7 Latin script 41-BAA-aa magyar-L. "old literary hungarian" from 13th century Hungary 41-BAA-ab magyar-G. "generalised hungarian" A Hungary; Romania; Ukraine; 7 Slovakia; Austria; Slovenia; Croatia; Yugoslavia… 41-BAA-aba magyar-köznyelv "standard hungarian" developed since nyelvújítás =«renewal of the Hungary; Romania… language» in early 19th cent. #köz + nyelv =«standard language» 41-BAA-abb budapest-U. budapest "popular urban" Budapest Hungary (Budapest) 41-BAA-abc nyugati-magyar part of magyar-W. "traditional" influence < [52=] Deutsch & [53=] Hungary-W. (Győr-Sopron-W.; Slovenčina (Slovak) including in Burgenland: Felsőőr… Oberwart… Vas-W.; Zala); Slovakia adjacent; Schachendorf… Oberpullendorf… Austria (Burgenland) 41-BAA-abd rábaközi part of magyar-W. "traditional" ; transition between nyugati-magyar & Hungary-NW. (Győr-Sopron-SE., dunántúli Rábaköz country, Rába valley Vas-E.) 41-BAA-abe őrségi part of magyar-W. "traditional" Őrség country Hungary-W. (Vas-SW.) 41-BAA-abf göcseji part of magyar-W. "traditional" Göcseji country Hungary-SW. (Zala) 41-BAA-abg dunántúli part of magyar-W. "traditional", part of magyar "transdanubian Hungary-CW. (Dunántúli, traditional" influence < [52=] Deutsch & [53=] Slovenčina (Slovak) Transdanubia: Fejér; Tolna; including in Slovakia: Czallóköz, Velkýù Zitný Ostrov, Große Veszprém; Komárom; Győr- Schüttinsel island; Váh+ Nitra lower rivers Sopron-E.); Slovakia-W. 41-BAA-abh somogyi part of magyar "transdanubian traditional" Hungary (Somogy-N.) 41-BAA-abi magyar-CS. magyar-C. "traditional" ; incorporating submerged Déli-magyar Hungary-C. (Pest; Kiskun-N.) Duna, Danube central plain 41-BAA-abj déli-magyar part of magyar-S. "traditional" influence < [53=] Hrvatski & Srpski Hungary-S. (Somogy-S.; Baranya; Bacs-Kiskun-S.); Yugoslavia (Vojvodina; Srbija adjacent) 41-BAA-abk sárközi part of magyar-S. "traditional" Sárköz country Hungary-S. (Tolna-SE.) 41-BAA-abl szlavóniai part of magyar-S. "traditional" bilingual < [53=] Hrvatski Croatia (Slavonia-NE.) 41-BAA-abm szegedi part of magyar-S. "traditional" Szeged Hungary-S. (Csongrád-S.) 41-BAA-abn tiszai magyar-CE. "traditional" Tisza+ Kőrös plain…Banat-N. country Hungary-SE. (Trans-Tisza: Szolnok; Békés; Csongrád adjacent); Romania-W. (Maramureş-W.; Crişana-W.; Timiş) 41-BAA-abo anglo-magyar bilingual < [52=] English migration> USA; Canada 41-BAA-ac palóc palocz, magyar-N., "hungarian"-N. spoken by former [44=] Turkic- Hungary-N. (Borsod-Abaúj- 5 speaking Kurmanen community (in Slovakia) bilingual < [53=] Zemplén; Heves; Nógrád; Pest Slovenčina (Slovak) adjacent; Szolnok adjacent); Slovakia CS. 41-BAA-aca jász Jászság country Hungary-N., (Szolnok-NW.; Heves- S.) 41-BAA-acb börsöny Börsöny country Hungary-N. (Pest-N.) 41-BAA-acc matra+ bükk Matra+ Bükk mountains Hungary-N. 41-BAA-acd magyar-slovak including Slovenské-Rudohorie mountains: Dudince; Luÿcenec; Slovakia-CS. Rimavská-Sobota; Roÿznava; Kassa+ Koÿsice… 41-BAA-ad magyar-északkeleti magyar-NE. "traditional" Hungary; Slovakia; Ukraine 5 41-BAA-ada bihari Hungary-NE. (Hajdú-Bihar; Debrecen) 41-BAA-adb szabolcs-szatmar Hungary-NE. (Szabolcs-Szatmár; Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén adjacent) 41-BAA-adc szamosháti Szamosháti: between Tisza… Szamosa + Someşul rivers (in Hungary-NE. (Szabolcs-Szatmár- Romania) bilingual < [51=] Româneasca NE.); Romania-NW. (Maramureş- W.; Satu-Mare…) 41-BAA-add kárpátaljai "carpathian" magyar bilingual < [53=] Ukrainska Transcarpathia Ukraine-W. country: Beregovo… 41-BAA-ae mezőségi part of magyar-E.; "central transylvanian" magyar bilingual < [51=] Romania 5 Româneasca 41-BAA-aea kalotaszegi Cluj Kalotaszeg country: Királyhágó, Pasul Craiului pass Romania (=Königssteig, King's Pass) 41-BAA-aeb maros Maros+ Mureş central basin, including Mezőség+ Câmpia lande Romania (Mureş-Autonomùa- Maghiarùa-W.) 41-BAA-af székely "transylvanian"-E.; in [52=] Deutsch: szekler bilingual < [51=] Romania (Mureş-Autonomùa- 5 Româneasca Székelyföld country Maghiarùa-E.; Braşov-NE.) 41-BAA-ag csángó magyar-E., in [52=] Deutsch: tschango bilingual < [51=] Româneasca Romania; Moldova 3 Siret-ul valley
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41-BB KHANTY+ MANSY UGRIC-EAST, ob-"ugric" bilingual < [53=] Russkiy chain 41-BBA KHANTY net 41-BBA-a Khanty khanty-ostyak, ostyak "proper", ostiak, ostyats, khanti, khante, xanti, Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia…) 4 xanty, hanty-ho, handa, hanti Ob valley & basin… Obskaya gulf: Khanty-Mansi division (autonomous okrug)… Yamalo-Nenets division (autonomous okrug)… Tomsk province ¶separated riverine enclaves; idioms to be reviewed distinct from [41=] Selkup (Samoyed Ostyak) and [43=] Ket+ Yugh (Yenisei-Ostyak) 41-BBA-aa khanty-N. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3 41-BBA-aaa khanty-NW. Yamalo-Nenets division (Siberia-W.) 41-BBA-aab khanty-CN. Khanty-Mansy-N. division (Siberia-W.) 41-BBA-ab khanty-E. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3 41-BBA-aba khanty-CE. Khanty-Mansy-E. division (Siberia-W.) 41-BBA-abb khanty-SE. Tomsk province (Siberia-W.) 41-BBA-ac khanty-SW. Khanty-Mansy-SW. division (Siberia-W.) 3 41-BBA-ad vach vasyugan Russia (Siberia-W.) 41-BBB MANSY net 41-BBB-a Mansy mansi, mansiy, vogoul, vogul, voguly, gogoulich, gogulich Ural Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3 mountains>E. 41-BBB-aa sosyvin "upper" lozyvin, mansy-N. Severnaja-Sosyva river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2 41-BBB-ab lozyvin mansy-W. Russia (Siberia-W.) 3 41-BBB-aba vagily lozyvin-C. (Siberia-W.) 41-BBB-abb pelym "lower" lozyvin (Siberia-W.) 41-BBB-ac kondin konda, mansy-E. Konda river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2 41-BBB-ad tavdin mansy-S. Tavda upper river Russia (Siberia-W.) 2 41-C NENETS+ SELKUP SAMOYED set 41-CA NENETS+ SELKUP bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script chain 41-CAA NENETS+ ENETS SAMOYED-NORTH net 41-CAA-a Nenets+ Enets Arctic coast & tundra plains Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 4 41-CAA-aa nenets "tundra" nenets, nanets, nenec, nentse, yourak, yurak ¶semi-nomadic Russia (Siberia-NW.) 4 41-CAA-aaa nenets-F. "literary" nenets (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aab nenets-kanin Kanin peninsula (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aac nenets-kola Kola peninsula (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aad malozeml'skaya-tundra Petchora river>W.: Malozeml'skaya tundra (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aae bol'sezemel'skaya-tundra Petchora river>E.: Bol'sezemel'skaya-N. tundra (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aaf kolgujev Kolgujev island (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aag novaya-zemlya Novaya Zemlya island (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aah yamal Yamal peninsula (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aai nadym Nadym river-mouth (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aaj taz-N. "lower" taz Tazovskaya bay… Taz+ Pur lower rivers (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aak gydanskaya Gydanskaya bay (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-aal nenets-yenisei Yenisei delta (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-ab pan-hasawa "forest" nenets, pur Pur upper river (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-ac enets enety, enet, enec, yenets, yenisei-samoyed (Siberia-NW.) 2 41-CAA-aca enets-yenisei Yenisei bay (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-acb madu somatu Dudinka environs (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-ad nganasan tavgui, tavgi, targi, tagvi Taymyr peninsula ¶semi-nomadic (Siberia-NW.) 2 41-CAA-ada avam (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAA-adb khatang vadeyev (Siberia-NW.) 41-CAB SELKUP+ KAMAS net 41-CAB-a Selkup+ Kamas Tomsk oblast Russia (Siberia) 3 41-CAB-aa selkup shül-kup, shelkup, samoyed ostyak distinct from [41=] Khanty (Ostyak (Siberia-CW.) 3 "proper") and [43=] Ket+ Yugh (Yenisei-Ostyak) 41-CAB-aaa taz-S. "middle" taz Taz middle valley: Tazov-baishyan… Krasnosel'kup (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-aab turushan Turushan lower valley (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-aac tym Tym valley (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-aad ob Ob upper valley: Narym (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-aae ket Ket valley (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-ab kamas Sayan mountains: Kamassian (Siberia-CS.) 0 41-CAB-aba kuma-kamas (Siberia-CW.) 41-CAB-abb koibal (Siberia-CW.) page 338 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
42= CAUCASUS covers the Caucasus reference area, including the Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; 6 "Caucasian"-N. grouping (sets 42-A & 42-B); comprising 3 Kazakhstan; Turkey; Russian geozone sets of languages (= 20 outer languages) spoken by Federation (Adygei Rep.; Chechnya; Kabardia-Balkaria; communities in and around the Caucasus mountains of Karachay-Cherkes; Ossetia; eastern Europe: Russia) 42-A ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ 42-B NOXCHIIN+ AVAR 42-C KARTHULI+ SVANURI
42-A ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ CAUCASIAN-NORTHWEST, part of "caucasian"-N. grouping, adygo- set abkhaz, in [53=] Russkiy: abkhazo-adygski 42-AA ADYGHE+ ABKHAZ chain 42-AAA ADYGHE+ QABARDEY net 42-AAA-a Adyghe+ Qabardey Circassian, "wider" cherkes, "kabardian" Russian Fed.: Adygei Rep.; Russia 5 (Caucasus); Karachay-Cherkes; Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-aa adyghe adyghe-bze, adygei, adygey, kiakh, kjax, cherkes-W., "circassian"-W., Adygei Rep.; Russia (Caucasus) 5 "lower circassian", in [53=] Russkiy: adygski ¶fragmented riverine communities 42-AAA-aaa adyghe-F. "literary" adyghe Cyrillic script; Temirgoi model Adygei Rep.… 42-AAA-aab natukhaj natuxai Adygei Rep.… 42-AAA-aac shapsug+ khakuchi including shapsug, sapsug khakuchi, khakuci, xakuchi Adygei Rep.… 42-AAA-aad temirgoi+ bezhedukh- including bezhedukh, bezhedux, bzhedukh, bjedukh temirgoi, Adygei Rep.… temirgoj, termigoy Laba middle river 42-AAA-aae abadzekh abadzex Adygei Rep.… 42-AAA-aaf "neo"-ubykh "neo"-ubyx ; having submerged [42=] Ubykh Adygei Rep.… 42-AAA-ab cherkes cherkess, part of kabardino-cherkes, cherkes "proper", "circassian"-C., Karachay-Cherkes; Turkey; Syria; 4 ; transitional between Adyghe & Qaberdey ¶fragmented riverine Jordan community 42-AAA-aba beslenej Beslenei & environs Karachay-Cherkes-N. 42-AAA-abb kuban Adyge town & environs: Kuban upper river Karachay-Cherkes-N. 42-AAA-abc kuma Kuma upper river Karachay-Cherkes-C. 42-AAA-abd urup Urup middle river Russia (Caucasus) 42-AAA-abe cherkes-türkiye "circassian diaspora" ¶including also speakers of Adyghe and migration> Turkey; Syria; Jordan; 5 Qabardey) bilingual < [44=] Türkçe subsequently also Germany 42-AAA-ac qaberdey kabardi; cherkes-E.; "kabardian"; "circassian"-E.; "upper circassian", Kabardia-Balkaria; Ossetia-N.; 5 part of kabardino-cherkes Russia (Caucasus adjacent) 42-AAA-aca qaberdey-F. "literary kabardian" Cyrillic script; Qabardey-C. model Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-acb malka Malka & environs Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-acc baksan Baksan & environs Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-acd qaberdey-C. "greater kabardian" Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-ace qaberdey-E. "lesser kabardian" Kabardia-Balkaria 42-AAA-acf mozdok Mozdok environs Ossetia-N.; Russia (Caucasus adjacent) 42-AAB ABKHAZ+ ABAZIN net 42-AAB-a Abkhaz+ Abazin abkhazo-abazin Abkhazia; Russia (Caucasus) 5 42-AAB-aa abkhaz abxaz, abxazo bilingual < [42=] Karthulki (Georgian) & [53=] Russkiy Abkhazia… 5 42-AAB-aaa abkhaz-F. "literary" abkhaz Cyrillic script; Abzhui model Abkhazia… 42-AAB-aab bzyb Bzyb river Abkhazia… 42-AAB-aac abzhui abzuy Abkhazia… 42-AAB-aad samurzakan Abkhazia… 42-AAB-aae abkhaz-türkiye migration> Turkey 42-AAB-ab abazin abaza, abazintsy, abazinskiy ¶riverine fragmented communities Karachay-Cherkes 4 42-AAB-aba abazin-F. "literary" abazin Cyrillic script; Tapanta model Karachay-Cherkes 42-AAB-abb ashkhar ashxar, ashkaraua, ashuwa Karachay-Cherkes 42-AAB-abc tapanta Tapanta Karachay-Cherkes 42-AAB-abd bezshagh Karachay-Cherkes 42-AAB-abe abazin-'émigré' migration> Turkey 42-AAC UBYKH net X 42-AAC-a Ubykh Russia; Turkey 0 42-AAC-aa ubykh ubyx, oubykh, pekhi Russian (Caucasus-W.); 0 migration> Turkey 42-AAC-aaa ubykh-caucasus Caucasus-W. mountains ¶extinct early 20th century (Caucasus-W.) 0 42-AAC-aab ubykh-istanbul Istanbul environs bilingual < [44=] Türkçe ¶reported extinct in 1980's migration> Turkey 0
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42-B NOXCHIIN+ AVAR CAUCASIAN-NORTHEAST, part of "caucasian"-N. grouping set 42-BA NOXCHIIN+ BATSBI NAKH chain 42-BAA NOXCHIIN+ vajnakh, veznakh, vejnax #vaj-nakh =«our people» GHALGHAAY net 42-BAA-a Noxchiin+ Chechen+ Ingush, cecen+ ingus, vaj-mott; vaj-nakh community #vaj Russian Fed. (Chechnya; 6 Ghalghaay mott =«our language»; vaj nakh =«our people» Ingushetia); Georgia; with deportation and refugee migration to Russia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Turkey; Jordan… 42-BAA-aa ghalghaay ghalghay, ghalghaaj, in [53=] Russkiy: ingush, ingus Cyrillic script Ingushetia… 5 Terek-S. valley (Balashovo)… Assa middle & upper valley… Caucasus-N. mountains (above Bisir) 42-BAA-ab mielxiin melki, melkhin, including galanchog, galancog, galanchozh ; Chechnya transitional between Ghalghaay & Noxchiin Caucasus-N. foothills & mountains: Galanchëzh… Argun upper valley 42-BAA-ac noxchiin noxchiin-muott, in [53=] Russkiy: chechen, cecen, cecenskiy; nakhchuo, Chechnya; also Kazakhstan; 5 noxchuo community Terek valley… Caucasus-N. (Tebulos Mta) Georgia; Russia; Turkey… mountains 42-BAA-aca ghalghaay-F. "literary" chechen Cyrillic script; Chechen-C. model Chechnya… 42-BAA-acb ghalghaay-C. 'greater' chechen Grozniy… Chechnya… 42-BAA-acc akkin aux, aukov, akka, including ploskost transition < Ghalghaay Chechnya… 42-BAA-acd chitumkala shatoi Chechnya… 42-BAA-ace cheberloj ceberloj, cheberlot, cheberloev Chervlënnaya* Chechnya… 42-BAA-acf khasav-yurt Khasavyurt Russia (Dagestan) 42-BAA-acg chechen-türkiye migration> Turkey 42-BAA-ad kistiina kist, kistin Caucasus-N. mountains… Alazani upper valley Georgia 42-BAB BATSBI net 42-BAB-a Batsbi Tushetia province Georgia 3 42-BAB-aa bats-bi bac, batsaw, bats, batsbiitsy, "pseudo" tush, tsova-tush, in [53=] Georgia 3 Russkiy: bacbiyskiy 42-BB AVAR+ LAK chain DAGESTAN 42-BBA AVAR+ DIDOI net 42-BBA-a Avar avaro, daghestani Caucasus-E. mountains Russian Fed.: Russsia (Dagestan); 5 Azerbaijan 42-BBA-aa avar-N. Dagestan-S. highland Russian (Dagestan) 5 42-BBA-aaa avar-F. "literary" avar Cyrillic script; Khunzakh model (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-aab salatav avar-NW. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-aac khunzakh xunzax, chunzach, avar-CN., "vehicular" avar Khunzakh & environs (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-aad avar-NE. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-ab avar-C. "transitional" avar ; transition between Avar-N. & Avar-S. Russia (Dagestan) 5 42-BBA-aba keleb (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-abb bachadin bacadin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-abc untib (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-abd shulanin shulani Shulani (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-abe kachib kaxib Kachib & environs (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-ac avar-S. Azerbaijan 5 42-BBA-aca hid Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-acb andalal+ gkhdatl andalal+ gxadatl Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-acc karakh karax Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-acd antsukh ancux Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-ace batlukh batlux Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-acf car char Zakataly & environs Azerbaijan-N. 42-BBA-b Qwannab+ Akhvakh "Wider"-Andi Caucasus mountains ¶a continuum of idioms Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 4 associated with communities in different mountain-valleys and villages ; submerged in many cases by [42=] Avar 42-BBA-ba qwannab+ gagatl Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-baa qwannab q'uannu, andi "proper", andii, andiy (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bab munin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bac rikvani Rikvani (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bad kvankhidatl kvanxidatl (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bae gagatl gogatl Gogatly (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-baf zilo Zilo (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bb botlikh+ zibirikhalin Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bba botlikh botlix Botlikh (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bbb zibirikhalin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bc ghodoberi godoberi; godoberin Nizhniye Godoberi… (Dagestan-S.) 3 page 340 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
42-BBA-bd karatin+ anchikh Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bda karatin karata, kirdi, karatai, karain Karata (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bdb tokita tokitin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bdc anchikh ancix, anchix Anchik (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-be tindal tindin, tindi Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bf bagvalal bagulal, bagvalin, barbalin Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bfa kvanadin kvanada Kvanada (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bfb tlisi Tlisi (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bg gadyri part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Gadari Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bga gachitl (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bgb kvankhi Kvankhi (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bh gakvari part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Aguali… Nizhniye Gakvari) Russia (Dagestan; also Chechnya 3 frontier) 42-BBA-bha agvali aguali Aguali (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bhb richaganik (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bhc tsumada (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bhd urukh (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bi gigatl part of chamalin, camalal, chamalal Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bj akhvakh+ tsegob axvax Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-bja kakhib kaxib Kakhib (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bjb akhvakh-N. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bjc akhvakh-S. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bjd tlyanub Tlyanub (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-bje tsegob Tsegob (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBA-c Didoi+ Bezhtin "Wider"-Dido Caucasus mountains: Andiskoye Koysu+ Avarskoye Rusian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 3 Koysu upper valleys 42-BBA-ca didoi+ sagadin Andiskoye Koysu upper valley and headwaters Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-caa didoi dido "proper" (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cab tsez cez, tsezy (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cac tsuntin (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cad sagadin (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cb khvarshin+ Andiskoye Koysu upper valley and headwaters Russia (Dagestan) 3 inkhokvari 42-BBA-cba khvarshin xvarshi, khvarshi Verkhniye Khvarshini (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cbb inkhokvari inxokvari (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cc ginukh ginux, ginukhtsy, hinux, hinukh Bogosskij range: pass between Russia (Dagestan) 2 Andiskoye Koysu… Avarskoye Koysu valleys (Ginukh…) 42-BBA-cd bezhtin+ tlyadaly part of bezhtin+ hunzib Avarskoye Koysu upper valley and Russia (Dagestan) 3 headwaters 42-BBA-cda bezhtin bezhitin, bezhita, bezheta, bexita, bechitin Bezhta (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cdb kapuchin kapucha, kapuca, kapucin, qapuchi (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-cdc tlyadaly Tlyadaly (Dagestan) 42-BBA-cdd khocharkhotin xocarxotin (Dagestan) 42-BBA-ce hunzib+ khunzal part of bezhtin+ hunzib Avarskoye Koysu valley* Russia (Dagestan) 3 42-BBA-cea hunzib gunzib, enzeb (Dagestan) 42-BBA-ceb khunzal xunzal, khunzaly (Dagestan) 42-BBB LAK+ DARGWA net 42-BBB-a Lak Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 5 42-BBB-aa lak Caucasus-E. mountains+ Dagestan-N. enclaves Russia (Dagestan) 5 42-BBB-aaa lak-F. "literary" lak Cyrillic script: Kumukh model (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-aab kumukh kumkh, kumux, kumuch, kazikumukh Kumukh & environs (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-aac vitskhin vicxin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-aad vikhlin vixlin Vikhli (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-aae ashtikulin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-aaf balkhar+ calakan balxar+ tsalakan Balkhar… (Dagestan-S.) 42-BBB-b Dargwa Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 5 42-BBB-ba dargwa dargin, dargintsy Darginian Caucasus-E. mountains+ Dagestan-N. Russia (Dagestan) 5 enclaves 42-BBB-baa dargwa-F. "literary" dargwa Cyrillic modified script: Akhusha model (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bab khiurkilin in [53=] Russkiy: xiurkilinskiy (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bac chudakhar cudaxar, tsudakhar Tsudakhar (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bad akhusha+ urakha including urakha, uraxa, urkarax akhusha, axusha, axush, agusha, (Dagestan) aqusha Urakhi… Akhusha
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42-BBB-bae kajtak xajdak, kaitak, kaytak (Dagestan) 42-BBB-baf kubachi kubaci, kubacin, kubachin, kubachintsy, qubachi Kubachi (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bag ughbug kubachi 2 (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bah dejbuk Deybuk (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bai kharbuk xarbuk Kharbuk (Dagestan) 42-BBB-baj muirin (Dagestan) 42-BBB-bak sirkhin sirxin (Dagestan) 42-BC KIURI+ KHINALUGH "WIDER"-LEZGIN, "wider" lezghin, "wider" lezghian chain 42-BCA KIURI+ TSAKHUR net 42-BCA-a Kiuri+ Agul "wider" lezgin-N., "wider" lezghin-N., "wider" lezghian-N. Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan); 5 also Azerbaijan 42-BCA-aa kiuri+ akhty lezgin, lezghin, lezghianKurach+ Samur valleys & environs Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan 5 frontier 42-BCA-aaa lezgin-F. "literary" lezgin, "literary" kiuri+ akhty Cyrillic script: Kiuri model (Dagestan-S.)
42-BCA-aab kiuri kjuri, kiurinsty, lezgin "proper", lezghin "proper", lezghian "proper", (Dagestan-S.) lezghi, lezgi 42-BCA-aac akhty axty, axti Akhty (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-aad kuba Kuba (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-aae gjunej (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-aaf garkin (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-aag anykh anyx Anykh Azerbaijan frontier 42-BCA-aah staly (Dagestan-S.…) 42-BCA-ab agul+ keren Caucasus-E. mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4 42-BCA-aba agul aghul, aghulshuy, aguly (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-abb koshan (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-abc keren (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-abd gekxun (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-ac rutul+ borch Caucasus-E. mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4 42-BCA-aca rutul rutal, rutuly, rutultsy, mykhanidy, mukhad, chal Rutul (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-acb shina (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-acc borch borc Borch (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-acd ireko+ muxrek (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-ad tabarasan tabasaran, tabasarantsy Caucasus-E. lower mountains Russia (Dagestan) 4 42-BCA-ada tabarasan-F. Cyrillic script; Ghumghum model (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-adb khanag tabasaran-N. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-adc ghumghum tabasaran-S. (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-b Archin Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan) 2 42-BCA-ba archin arcin; archi; archintsy Russia (Dagestan-S.) 2 42-BCA-c Tsakhur+ Budukh "wider" lezgin-N., "wider" lezghin-N., "wider" lezghian-N. Caucasus-E. Russian Fed.: Russia (Dagestan); 5 mountains+ Azerbaijan plain Azerbaijan; Georgia 42-BCA-ca tsakhur+ mishlesh Tsakhur Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan 4 frontier 42-BCA-caa tsakur tsakur "proper", caxur, chakhur, tsaxur, tsakhury (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-cab kirmico-lek (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-cac mikik (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-cad mishlesh misles Mishlish (Dagestan-S.) 42-BCA-cb budukh+ kryz Azerbaijan 3 42-BCA-cba alyk alych Alych Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cbb budukh budug, budugi, budukhi Budug Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cbc yergyudzh yergyuch Yergyudzh Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cbd kryz kryts, kryc, kryzy, katsy, qriz Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cbe dzhek dzek, dzheki Dzhek Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cbf khaput xaput Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-cc udin udi, uti, udiny Azerbaijan; also Georgia 3 42-BCA-cca vartashen Vartashen-Kyshlak Azerbaijan-NE. 42-BCA-ccb nidzh nizh Nidzh Azerbaijan 42-BCB KHINALUGH net 42-BCB-a Khinalugh Azerbaijan 3 42-BCB-aa khinalugh xinalug, khinalughi, khinalug Caucasus-E. mountains Azerbaijan-NE. 3 page 342 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
42-C KHARTHULI+ CAUCASIAN-SOUTH, "kartvelian" SVANURI set 42-CA KHARTHULI+ MEGRELI chain 42-CAA MEGRELI+ ZAN CHANURI net 42-CAA-a Megreli Georgia 5 42-CAA-aa megreli megreli-nina, "mingrelian", in [53=] Russkiy: megrel'skiy Georgia 5 42-CAA-aaa samurzaka-zugdidi Zugdidi Georgia 42-CAA-aab senaki Senaki Georgia 42-CAA-b Chanuri Laz, chanuri-nena, chan, can Turkey 4 42-CAA-ba arkhava+ atina laz-W. Turkey 4 42-CAA-baa arkhava+ vital vice+arxava Vitse… Arkhavi Turkey-NE. 42-CAA-bab atina Atina Turkey-NE. 42-CAA-bb khopa+ chkhala laz-E. Turkey 4 42-CAA-bba khopa hopa, xopa Hopa Turkey-NE. 42-CAA-bbb chkhala chxala, cxala Turkey-NE. 42-CAB KHARTHULI+ GEORGIAN, 'gruzin', in [53=] Russkiy: gruzinskiy IMERULI net 42-CAB-a Imeruli+ Rachuli Georgian-W., 'gruzin'-W. Georgia; Turkey 6 42-CAB-aa imeruli Georgia-W. 42-CAB-aaa imeretian Georgia-W. 42-CAB-aab imerkhev imerxev Georgia-W. 42-CAB-ab rachuli racha, raca Georgia-W. 42-CAB-ac lechkhum lecxum, lechxum Georgia-W. 42-CAB-ad guruli gurian Georgia-W. 42-CAB-ae adzhar adzar, gurian 2 Georgia-W. 42-CAB-b Kharthuli+ Kakhuri Georgian-E., 'gruzin'-E. Georgia; also Russian Fed.: 6 Russia (Caucasus); Iran 42-CAB-ba kharthuli+ kakhuri "wider" kharthuli-ena, "wider" khartuli-ena, kharthuri, "georgian proper", A Georgia 6 "kartlian", in [53=] Russkiy: gruzinskiy 42-CAB-baa kharthuli-L. "old literary georgian" from 6th century: Khutzuri, Georgian church Georgia script; Mkhedruli-kheli (=«soldier's hand»), Georgian civil script 42-CAB-bab kharthuli-F. "modern literary georgian" Georgia 42-CAB-bac kharthuli "georgian"-C., "kartlian", kharthuli-ena "proper", khartuli-ena "proper", Georgia kharthuri, k'art'uli, kartuli, karthuli 42-CAB-bad kakhuri kaxuri, kaxetian, kakhetian Georgia 42-CAB-bae ingilo Georgia 42-CAB-baf tush Tushetia province Georgia 42-CAB-bag khevsur xevsur Georgia 42-CAB-bah mokhev moxev Georgia 42-CAB-bai pshav Georgia 42-CAB-baj mtiul Georgia 42-CAB-bak ferejdan "iranian georgian" Iran-N. 4 42-CAB-bal 'judeo-georgian' "hebraicised georgian" ¶ influence < [12=] Ivrit Georgia 4 42-CB SVANURI+ svan LASHKHURI chain 42-CBA SVANURI+ LASHKHURI net 42-CBA-a Svanuri Georgia 4 42-CBA-aa svanuri svanuri-ena, bal, "balian" Georgia 4 42-CBA-aaa bal-NE. "upper" bal, "cisbalian" Georgia 42-CBA-aab bal-SW. "lower" bal, "transbalian" Georgia 42-CBA-b Lashkhuri+ Georgia 4 Lentekhuri 42-CBA-ba lashkhuri lashkh, lashx Georgia 4 42-CBA-bb lentekhuri lentekh, lentex Lentekhi Georgia 4
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43= SIBERIA covers the "East-Siberian" or so-called "Paleo-Siberian" Russian Federation 4 reference area, composed of sets not covered by any geozone phylozone; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 11 outer languages) spoken by communities in northern Asia, scattered across eastern Siberia from the Arctic Ocean to the Sea of Okhotsk: 43-A KET+ YUGH 43-B NIVKH 43-C CHUKOT+ ITELMEN 43-D ODUL+ CHUVANTSY
43-A KET+ YUGH* set YENISEI-OSTYAK distinct from [41=] Khanty (Ostyak "proper") and [41=] Selkup (Samoyed Ostyak) 43-AA KET+ YUGH chain 43-AAA KET+ YUGH net 43-AAA-a Ket Yenisei upper valley both banks: between Kureyka… Tunguska Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 2 tributaries (formerly westwards as far as Tas valley & southwards as far as Ket' tributary of Obi river) bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script 43-AAA-aa ket ostik, yenisei-ostyak, yenisey-ostiak ket =«person» Russia (Siberia) 2 43-AAA-b Yugh formerly Yenisei valley: Yeniseisk… Dupches confluence; reduced to Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 1* Vorogovo settlement 43-AAA-ba yugh ¶virtually extinct (only 2 or 3 "semi-speakers" reported at beginning of Russia (Siberia) 1* 1990's) 43-AAA-c Kot+ Mana Yenisei upper valley: Kan… Mana tributaries Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 43-AAA-ca kot kotu Yenisei upper valley: Kan tributary ¶extinct (last 500 speakers Russia (Siberia) in 18th cent.) 43-AAA-cb kishtim mana Yenisei upper valley: Mana tributary ¶extinct (last 5 speakers Russia (Siberia) in mid 19th cent.) #kishtim =«tributary» 43-AAA-d Asan Yenisei upper valley: Taseyeva tributary Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 43-AAA-da asan assan ¶extinct in 18th cent. Russia (Siberia) 43-AAA-e Arin Yenisei upper valley: Krasnoyarsk>W. Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 43-AAA-ea arin ¶extinct (last 200 speakers in 18th cent.) Russia (Siberia) 43-B NIVKH set GILYAK 43-BA NIVKH chain 43-BAA NIVKH net 43-BAA-a Nivkh nivx, nivkhi, gilyak, guiliak Sakhalin-N. island & facing mainland Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3 bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script 43-BAA-aa nivkh-NE. amur-nivkh-NW. Khabarovsk territory: Amur lower river…Tatar strait Russia (Siberia) (Amur mouth) 43-BAA-ab nivkh-SW. sakhalin-nivkh Sakhalin island: Tatar strait>S. Russia (Siberia) 43-C CHUKOT+ ITELMEN "chukotko-kamchatkan", "luoravetlan" set 43-CA CHUKOT+ KORYAK chain 43-CAA CHUKOT net 43-CAA-a Chukot Chukotka & adjacent Yakutia-NE. divisions: lower Kolyzma valley… Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 4 Bering strait… Anadyr' basin… Cape Navarin coast ¶semi-nomadic and nomadic reindeer-herding community bilingual < [53=] Russkiy 43-CAA-aa chukot chuckchee, chukchi, chukcha, chuchee, luoravetlany, luorawetlan Russia (Siberia) 4 Chukotka peninsula, Chukot division #name derived from chauchu =«reindeer-owners» 43-CAA-aaa chukot-F. "literary" chukot Cyrillic script Russia (Siberia) 43-CAA-aab uellan in [53=] Russkiy: uellanskiy (Siberia) 43-CAA-aac pevek in [53=] Russkiy: pevekskiy Pevek (Siberia) 43-CAA-aad enmylin enmelen, in [53=] Russkiy: enmylinskiy Enmelen (Siberia) 43-CAA-aae nunligran in [53=] Russkiy: nunligranskiy Nunligran (Siberia) 43-CAA-aaf xatyr in [53=] Russkiy: xatyrskiy (Siberia) 43-CAA-aag chaun Chaun valley (Siberia) 43-CAA-aah enurmin Enurmino (Siberia) 43-CAA-aai yanrakinot yanrakynnot Yanrakynnot (Siberia) 43-CAB KEREK net NAVARIN 43-CAB-a Kerek bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 2 43-CAB-aa kerek Chokotka divison: Navarin cape Russia (Siberia) 2 43-CAB-aaa mayna-pilgin in [53=] Russkiy: mayna-pilginskiy, majna-pil'ginskij Russia (Siberia) 43-CAB-aab xatyr-2 in [53=] Russkiy: xatyrskiy 2 distinct from xatyr dialect of [43=] Russia (Siberia) Chukot page 344 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
43-CAC KORYAK+ ALUTOR net 43-CAC-a Koryak+ Alutor bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3 43-CAC-aa koryak nymylan, koriak Koryak okrug, Kamchatka-N. peninsula & hinterland Russia (Siberia) 3 43-CAC-aaa koryak-F. "literary" koryak Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-aab chavchuven cavcuven, in [53=] Russkiy: cavcuvanskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-aac apokin apukin, in [53=] Russkiy: apokinskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-aad kamen in [53=] Russkiy: kamenskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-aae palan paren, in [53=] Russkiy: parenskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-aaf itkan itkanskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-ab alutor Kamchatka-N. peninsula: Koryak okrug Russia (Siberia) 3 43-CAC-aba alutor-A. aljutor, alyutor, aliutor, olyutor, in [53=] Russkiy: alyutorskiy, aljutorskij Russia (Siberia) 43-CAC-abb karagin in [53=] Russkiy: karaginskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CB ITELMEN chain KAMCHADAL 43-CBA ITELMEN net bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Cyrillic script 43-CBA-a Itelmen Kamchatka-S. peninsula Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 2 43-CBA-aa itelmen itelymem, kamchadal, "kamchatkan" Russia (Siberia) 2 43-CBA-aaa sedanka in [53=] Russkiy: sedankskiy Sedanka Kochevaya… Sedanka Russia (Siberia) Osedlaya… Staraya Sedanka 43-CBA-aab xayryuz kharyuz, in [53=] Russkiy: xajrjuzovskij, kharyuzovskiy Russia (Siberia) 43-CBA-aac napan in [53=] Russkiy: napanskiy Napana Russia (Siberia) 43-CBA-aad sopocnov in [53=] Russkiy: sopocnovskiy Sopocnoye… Usty Sopocnoye Russia (Siberia) 43-D ODUL+ YUKAGHIR CHUVANTSY set 43-DA ODUL+ CHUVANTSY chain 43-DAA ODUL+ CHUVANTSY net 43-DAA-a Odul+ Chuvantsy in [43=] Chukot: atal, etel formerly Lena basin… Stanovoy Khrebet Russia (Siberia) 2 mountains ; progressively submerged from early 19th cent. by [53=] Russkiy, [44=] Yakut and [43=] Chukot ¶surviving in late 20th cent. in two widely separated enclaves, both near extinction #odul, plur. odul- pe =«strong person» (corresponding forms atel, etel were applied by speakers of [43=] Chukot to cover the Chuvantsy also) 43-DAA-aa odul-N. tundra, tundre, yukaghir-N., yukagir-N., jukagir-N. Yakutia Russia (Siberia) 1 autonomous republic: Indigirka… Alazeia lower valleys 43-DAA-ab chuvantsy chuvantzy formerly Chukot division: Kolyma right-bank tributaries… Russia (Siberia) 0 Anadyr headwaters… Koryak division: Penzhina headwaters… ¶extinct by early 20th cent. 43-DAA-ac odul-S. kolyma; kolym, yukaghir-S., yukagir-S., jukagir-S.Magadan Russia (Siberia) 1 division…: between Yasachnaya… Korkodon rivers (Kolyma tributaries)
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44= TRANSASIA covers the "Turkic+ Manchurian" or "Altaic" reference area Azerbaijan; Afghanistan; Bulgaria; 7 and hypothesis, part of the "wider Altaic" hypothesis (with China; Cyprus; Georgia; Germany; geozone languages of geozone 45=); comprising 3 sets of languages Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Lithuania; Macedonia; (= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities in Eurasia, Moldova; Mongolia; Romania; from the European Balkans to Manchuria: Russian Federation; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; 44-A TÜRKÇE+ CHUVASH 44-B BURYAT+ DONGXIANG Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia 44-C EVEN+ MANCHU including 1 arterial language: [44=-A]: Türkçe (Turkish) with Azeri & Turkmen
44-A TÜRKÇE+ "WIDER"-TURKIC CHUVASH set 44-AA TÜRKÇE+ CHUVASH chain 44-AAA CHUVASH net BULGAR-TURKIC 44-AAA-a Chuvash Cyrillic script Russian Fed.: Chuvashia 6 44-AAA-aa chuvash in [51=] Français: tchouvache, 'bulgar' A Chuvashia 6 44-AAA-aaa chuvash-F. "literary" chuvash Chuvashia 44-AAA-aab anatri Chuvashia 44-AAA-aac viryal Chuvashia 44-AAB TÜRKÇE+ SAKHA ASIAN-TURKIC net 44-AAB-a Türkçe+ Sakha "Wider"-Turkish, in [51=] Français: oghouz+ turc Perso-Arabic Turkey; Cyprus; Turkmenistan; 7 script; since 1928: Latin script; also Hellenic and Armenian scripts Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Iran; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Macedonia; Serbia; Romania; Moldova; Ukraine (Crimea); Russia; Germany; formerly Greece; migration> Germany; Iran 44-AAB-aa türk-çe turkish, türki, türkye-li, "turkish proper", former osmanli, ottoman A Turkey; Greece; Bulgaria; 7 "turkish", including "rumelian turkish", "european turkish"; türk, türkler Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia); Serbia community ¶language of former Ottoman empire #the terms osmanli, ottoman were officially abandoned from 1928 list of dialects to be refined and expanded, and probably subdivided into several inner- languages Perso-Arabic script; since 1928: Latin script 44-AAB-aaa osmanli-L. "archaic literary ottoman", "old ottoman turkish" from c.1300 Turkey… 44-AAB-aab türkçe-F. "modern literary turkish", "standard cultivated turkish" Turkey… 44-AAB-aac türkçe-G. "current generalised turkish" Turkey… 44-AAB-aad istanbul part of "anatolian"-C., " istanbul popular urban turkish" Istanbul Turkey (Istanbul) 44-AAB-aae ankara part of "anatolian"-C. "ankara popular urban turkish" Ankara Turkey (Ankara) 44-AAB-aaf eskişehir part of "anatolian"-C. Eskişehir… Turkey (Eskişehir…) 44-AAB-aag kastamonu part of "anatolian"-C. Urfa… Turkey (Kastamonu…) 44-AAB-aah karamanli part of "anatolian"-C. Karaman… Turkey (Karaman…) 44-AAB-aai akhisar part of "anatolian"-SW. Akhisar… Turkey (Manisa…) 44-AAB-aaj izmir part of "anatolian"-SW. Izmir… Turkey (Izmir…) 44-AAB-aak mugla part of "anatolian"-SW. Mugla… Turkey (Mugla…) 44-AAB-aal antalya Turkey (Antalya…) 44-AAB-aam adana Turkey (Adana…) 44-AAB-aan gaziantep part of "anatolian"-E. Gaziantep… Turkey (Gaziantep…) 44-AAB-aao urfa part of "anatolian"-E. Urfa… Turkey (Urfa…) 44-AAB-aap erzurum part of "anatolian"-E., including dadas community Erzurum… Turkey (Erzurum…) transition < [44=] Azeri-S. 44-AAB-aaq hamah+ hims hama+ homs, 'azeri'-syria Hamah… Hims Syria (Hamah; Hims) 44-AAB-aar kibris "cypriot turkish" Famagusta… Kyrenia Cyprus 5 44-AAB-aas efe Aegean islands Greece (North Aegean; South Aegean) 44-AAB-aat edirne "thracian turkish", part of "rumelian turkish" Edirne Turkey (Edirne); also Greece (Thrace) 44-AAB-aau razgrad part of "rumelian turkish" Balkan mountains: Razgrad Bulgaria 44-AAB-aav dinler part of "rumelian turkish" Bulgaria 44-AAB-aaw skopje part of "rumelian turkish""macedonian turkish" Macedonia (ex-Yugoslavia) 44-AAB-aax türkçe-NW. "danubian turkish", part of "rumelian turkish", including "right-bank Bulgaria, Romania turkish" "left-bank turkish" 44-AAB-ab gagauzi gagaouzi, gagauz "orthodox christian turkish" Cyrillic script Moldova-S.; Bulgaria 5 44-AAB-aba gagauzi-F. "literary" gagauzi Moldova-S.; Bulgaria 44-AAB-abb oghuz Jalpug river eastwards Moldova-S.; Ukraine-S. adjacent 44-AAB-abc gagauzi-S. Varna coast Bulgaria page 346 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
44-AAB-ac 'crimean'-tatar Ukraine (Crimea); Uzbekistan 5 44-AAB-aca 'crimea'-tatar-F. "literary" crimea-tatar Cyrillic script Ukraine (Crimea); Uzbekistan 44-AAB-acb chongar crimea-nogai formerly Chongar island (formerly Crimea-N.); deported> Uzbekistan 44-AAB-acc 'crimea'-tatar-NE. "steppe crimean tatar", çol-halki community #=«steppe people» (formerly Crimea); deported> Uzbekistan 44-AAB-acd 'crimea'-tatar-C. sähär-häm-taw-halki community #=«town and mountain people» (formerly Crimea); deported> Uzbekistan 44-AAB-ace 'romania'-tatar (formerly Crimea); migration> Romania 44-AAB-ad 'judeo-crimean'-tatar "judeo-crimean turkish", part of "hebraicised turkic" (formerly Crimea); deported & 3 migration> Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Georgia 44-AAB-ae turkmen türkmen, turcoman, turkoman, trukhmen, turkmani Turkmenistan; Iran; Afghanistan; 6 also Uzbekistan 44-AAB-aea turkmen-F. "literary" turkmen Perso-Arabic script (esp. in Afghanisitan); Cyrillic Turkmenistan; Iran; Afghanistan script:Yomud model 44-AAB-aeb yomud yomut Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aec nokhurli Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aed anauli Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aee khasarli Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aef nerezim Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aeg teke tekke, chagatai, jagatai Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aeh goklen Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aei salyr Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aej saryq Turkmenistan 44-AAB-aek esari Turkmenistan 44-AAB-ael cavdur Turkmenistan 44-AAB-af azeri-N. azerbaijani-N., azerbaydzhani-N., azeru-türki-N., turkler-N., azeri- A Azerbaijan; Armenia; Russia 6 turkmen-N., azeri-"turkish"-N., including borcala… nukha… qyzylbash… (Dagestan…); also migration> ganja… kutkasen Georgia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Kirghizstan 44-AAB-afa azeri-L. "literary" azeri-N. Cyrillic script (Russia); Latin script (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan; Russia… 44-AAB-afb derbent derbend Derbent Russia (Dagestan) 44-AAB-afc zakataly+ muganly zaqatala Kura middle valley: Zakataly+ Muganly Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afd qäbälä Qäbälä… Caucasus southern foothills Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afe ayrum airym Ayrum Armenia 44-AAB-aff azeri-yerevan Yerevan & environs Armenia 44-AAB-afg qazax qazakh, kazach Qazax Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afh quba kuba Quba… Caucasus northern foothills Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afi baku baku "urban" Baku Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afj kirovkend* kirovabad Kura valley: Kirovkend Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afk saliany salyani Kura lower valley: Salyan, Saljany… Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afl länkäran lenkoran, lenkaran Länkäran lower valley: Länkäran… Azerbaijan 44-AAB-afm shamakhi shamakha, semakha, shemakha Azerbaijan* 44-AAB-afn şuşa shusha Şuşa & environs Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) 44-AAB-afo naxçivan nakhchivan Naxçivan Azerbaijan (Naxçivan enclave); Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari) frontier 44-AAB-afp ordubad Ordubad Azerbaijan (Naxçivan enclave); Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Khavari) frontier 44-AAB-ag azeri-S. azerbaijani-N., azerbaydzhani-N., azeru-türki-N., turkler-N., azeri- Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; also 7 turkmen-N., azeri-"turkish"-N. Perso-Arabic script (Iran) dialects to Afghanistan be reviewed 44-AAB-aga aynallu inallu, inanlu Iran 3 44-AAB-agb tabriz Tabriz Iran (Azarbaijan-e-Khavari) 44-AAB-agc afshari afshar, afsar Iran (Khorasan); Afghanistan 5 44-AAB-agd shahsavani shahseven Shahsavan Iran 5 44-AAB-age moqaddam Iran 3* 44-AAB-agf baharlu kamesh Kamesh Iran 3 44-AAB-agg qaragozlu Iran 3 44-AAB-agh nafar Iran 3 44-AAB-agi pishagchi Iran 3* 44-AAB-agj bayat Bayat Iran 44-AAB-agk qajar Qajar Iran 3 44-AAB-agl kirkuk Kirkuk>SE. Iraq 44-AAB-agm kars Kars ¶transition < wards [44=]Türkçe Turkey (Kars)
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44-AAB-ag karapapakh+ formerly closest to Azeri-N., now assimilated towards [44=]Tükçe-E. Turkey (Kars; Mus) 5* terekeme ¶transhumant pastoralists; migrated from Azerbaijan & Daghestan from 1828 44-AAB-aga karapapakh Turkey (Kars; Mus) 44-AAB-agb terekeme #terekeme < [12=] 'Arabiyya= plural «Turkman» Turkey (Kars; Mus) 44-AAB-ah teimurtash teymurtash, teimuri, timuri, taimouri bilingual < [58=] Farsi Caspian Iran (Mazandaran) 3 coast 44-AAB-ai salchuq salchug; bilingual < [58=] Farsi Iran-N. 4 44-AAB-aj khalaj bilingual < [58=] Farsi Iran (Central) 4 44-AAB-ak qashqai qashqa'i, qashqay, kashkai Iran (Fars) 5 44-AAB-b Tatar+ Bashqurt "turkic"-NW. Russian Fed. (Karachi-Cherkess; 7* Kabardia-Balkaria; Ossetia; Tatarstan; Russia: Dagestan; Bashkortostan; Siberia-W.); Ukraine 44-AAB-ba karachay+ balkar "common literary" karachay+ balkar, tawlu #tawlu =«mountain speech» Karachi-Cherkess; Kabardia- 5 Cyrillic script Balkaria 44-AAB-bb karachay karachai, karachayla, karachaitsy Karachi-Cherkess 5 44-AAB-bc balkar malkar Kabardia-Balkaria 4 44-AAB-bd kumyk-til kumuk, kumuklar, kumyki bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Russia (Dagestan); also Ossetia 5 44-AAB-bda kumyk-F. "literary" kumyk Cyrillic script (Dagestan-S.) 44-AAB-bdb karachay-kumyk "vehicular" kumyk (Dagestan-S.) 44-AAB-bdc khasav-yurt (Dagestan-S.) 44-AAB-bdd buinak (Dagestan-S.) 44-AAB-bde khaidak (Dagestan-S.) 44-AAB-bdf kumyk-W. Turkey (Tokat…) 44-AAB-be tatar tartar Volga river>E. ¶fragmented community Russia (Siberia-W.: Tyumen…) 6 44-AAB-bea tatar-F. "literary" tatar Cyrillic script: Kazan-Tatar model (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-beb kazan-tatar Kazan (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bec misher (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bed tura Tyuma river (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bee tom (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bef tyumen Tyumen town & environs (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-beg ishim Ishim (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-beh yalutorov Yalutorovsk (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bei irtysh Irtysh valley (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bej tobol Tobol valley (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bek tara Tara valley (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bel astrakhan-tatar including kundrov karagash (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bem kasimov-tatar (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-ben teptyar (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-beo ural-tatar (Siberia-W.) 44-AAB-bf baraba baraba-tatar Siberia-W. plains (Siberia-W.: Kurgan) 44-AAB-bg bashqurt Bashkir, basquort, bachkir Volga river east of Ural mountains Russia (Bashkortostan; Siberia-W.) 6 ¶fragmented community 44-AAB-bga bashqurt-F. "literary" bashqurt Cyrillic script: Kuvakan model Bashkortostan… 44-AAB-bgb kuvakan "mountain" bashqurt Bashkortostan… 44-AAB-bgc yurmaty "steppe" bashqurt Yurmaty Bashkortostan… 44-AAB-bgd burzhan bashqurt-W. Bashkortostan… 44-AAB-bh karaim caraïte, karaite, "judeo"-karaim, part of "hebraicised turkic" ¶ influence < Lithuania; Poland; Ukraine; 2 [12=] Ivrit Georgia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan 44-AAB-bha karaim-F. "literary" karaim Hebrew script; Cyrillic script Lithuania; Poland; Ukraine… 44-AAB-bhb trakay karaim-NW., "lithuanian" karaim Trakai… Lithuania 44-AAB-bhc galits karaim-C. Galicia country: Lviv… Tarnów Ukraine; Poland 44-AAB-bhd judeo-crimean "crimean" karaim, "judeo-crimean" tatar Galicia country Ukraine (Crimea) 44-AAB-bhe judeo-tatar-georgia part of "émigré judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Georgia 44-AAB-bhf judeo-tatar-kazakhstan part of "émigré judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Kazakhstan 44-AAB-bhg judeo-tatar-uzbekistan part of "émigré judeo-crimean" tatar migration> Uzbekistan 44-AAB-c Kazakhşa+ "turkic"-C., kazakh+ kirghiz, kipchak Russian Fed.: Karakalpakia; 7 Kirghizca Russia; Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Kirgizstan; China; Mongolia 44-AAB-ca noghay-şa noghai, nugay, nogai, noghaylar, nogalar, nogaitsy ¶semi-nomadic Russia (Caucasus: Cherkes) 4 44-AAB-caa noghay-F. "compromise literary" noghai Cyrillic script (Cherkes) 44-AAB-cab noghay-V. "vehicular" noghai (Cherkes) 44-AAB-cac ak-noghay "white" noghai (Cherkes) 44-AAB-cad kara-noghay "black" noghai (Cherkes) 44-AAB-cae noghay-C. "central" noghai (Cherkes) page 348 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
44-AAB-cb karakalpak Aral sea southwards Karakalpakia 5 44-AAB-cba karakalpak-F. "literary" karakalpak Cyrillic script Karakalpakia 44-AAB-cbb karakalpak-A. karakalpak "proper", karaklobuk Karakalpakia 44-AAB-cbc tchorny karakalpak-NE. Karakalpakia 44-AAB-cbd klobouki karakalpak-SE. Karakalpakia 44-AAB-cc kazakh-şa kazakh, kazak, kazak-tili, kaisak, kosach, qazaq,'kazakh-kirghiz' A Kazakhstan; also Uzbekistan; 6 Russia; China; Mongolia 44-AAB-cca kazakhşa-L. "old literary" kazakh Cyrillic script; Latin script; Perso-Arabic script Kazakhstan 44-AAB-ccb kazakhşa-F. "modern literary" kazakh Kazakhstan 44-AAB-ccc kazakhşa-NE. Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang-N.; Gansu-NW.; Qinghai-NW.); Mongolia-W.; Russia (Siberia-SW.) 44-AAB-ccd kazakhşa-W. Kazakhstan 44-AAB-cce kazakhşa-S. Kazakhstan 44-AAB-cd kirghiz-ca kirghiz, kirghiz-tili, kirgiz; kara, kara-kirghiz, "black" kirghiz community A Kirghizstan; China 6 Cyrillic script; Perso-Arabic script 44-AAB-cda kirghizca-F. "literary" kirghiz Kirghizstan; China 44-AAB-cdb kirghizca-N. Kirghizstan; China (Xinjiang-W.) 44-AAB-cdc kirghizca-S. Kirghizstan; China (Xinjiang-W.) 44-AAB-d Özbekça+ Uyghur "turkic"-E., "wider" uzbeki Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; 7 Tajikistan; Russian Fed. (Gorno- Altai Rep.; Tuva; Khakassia; Russia: Siberia); China (Xinjiang; Gansu.); Mongolia; Afghanistan; Turkmenistan 44-AAB-da özbek-ça uzbeki, euzbeg, uzbeg, uzbegs, özbek, uzbak, sart, 'north' uzbek, A Uzbekistan; also Turkmenistan- 7 "persianised turkic"-E. W.; Tajikistan-N.; Kazakhstan-S. 44-AAB-daa özbekça-L. "archaic literary" uzbeki Jagatai model; Perso-Arabic script Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dab özbekça-F. "modern literary" uzbeki Tashkent model; Latin script; Cyrillic script Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dac karluko-chigile-uighur Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dad kypchak Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dae oghuz-2 khorasani "Türkçe" Uzbekistan 44-AAB-daf qurama Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dag lokhay Uzbekistan 44-AAB-dah romany-uzbeki Uzbekistan 44-AAB-db özbek-S. uzbeki-S., usbeki-S. Afghanistan-N.; refugees> Turkey; 6 Pakistan 44-AAB-dc uyghur-W. uygur-W., uighur-W., uighuir-W., uiguir-W., uigur-W. Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan 5 44-AAB-dca taranchi kulja, 'kazakhstan' uyghur Kazakhstan-SE. 44-AAB-dcb kashgar-yarkand 'uzbekistan' uyghur Uzbekistan-E. 44-AAB-dd uyghur-E. uygur-E., uighur-E., uighuir-E., uiguir-E., uigur-E., kashgar, weiwuer, China (Xinjiang ) 6 "chinese" uyghur Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region 44-AAB-dda uyghur-L. "archaic literary" uyghur Uyghur script (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddb uyghur-F. "modern literary" uyghur urumqi Perso-Arabic script: Ili (ili) model (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddc hami ham, kumul Yiwu… Hami… Dananhu (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddd turpan turfan Shanshan… Turpan… Dabancheng (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-dde ürümqi urumchi Ürümqi… and scattered> W., N. & E. (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddf bortala Bortala 44-AAB-ddg ili yining Yining enclave… Zhaosu+ Tekes+ Nilka+ Xinyuan enclaves (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddh aqsu aksu Aksu (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddi kuqa kucha Kuqa (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddj yengisar yengi-hissar East Yengisar… (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddk korla Korla (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddl lop-nur lopnor Lop-Nur basin (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddm qarqan charchan, qiemo Qarqan He basin: Qiemo+ Tatrang enclave… (Xinjiang) Ruoqiang enclave… Tura+ Aqqan enclaves 44-AAB-ddn dolan Taklimakan desert fringes (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddo hotan+ yutian khotan+ kerya Hotan… Yutian (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddp qarashahr karaxahar Karakax Ha valley (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddq kashi+ shache kashgar+ yarkand, including Kashi… Shache (Xinjiang) 44-AAB-ddr akto-turkmen "chinese" kirghiz Kilizu Kirgiz autonomous prefecture: Akqi… (Xinjiang) 3 Wuqla… Kongur Shan highlands 44-AAB-de salar sala ¶fragmented community China (Qinghai; Gansu; Xinjiang) 4 44-AAB-df yugur-W. uyghur-W., part of sarig, sari-yogur, sarygh-uyghur, yuku, yugu, ya-lu, China (Gansu-NW.) 3 "yellow" uyghur
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44-AAB-dg altay-kizhi altay, altai, oirot, oyrot biingual in [53=] Russkiy Gorno-Altai Rep. 4 44-AAB-dga altay-F. "literary" altay Cyrillic script Gorno-Altai Rep. 44-AAB-dgb altay-kizhi-A. maina-kizhi, altay "proper" Gorno-Altai Rep. 44-AAB-dgc talangit talangit-tolos, chuy Gorno-Altai Rep. 44-AAB-dgd teleut telengut 44-AAB-dh chulym chulim, chulym-shor, melets-tatar, chulym "turkish" biingual in [53=] Russia (Siberia) Russkiy 44-AAB-dha chulym-W. "lower" chulym Culym lower river (Siberia-SW.) 44-AAB-dhb chulym-E. "middle" chulym Culym middle river (Siberia-SW.) 44-AAB-dhc kacik kazik, kuarik (Siberia-SW.) 44-AAB-di ku-kizhi shor, shorty, chol-kanug, aba, sala, chulym-shor 2, tom-kuznets tatar Khakassia; also Gorno-Altai Rep. 4 Tom' river + Kuznets Hills 44-AAB-dia shor-F. "literary" shor Cyrillic script: Mras model Khakassia-NW. 44-AAB-dib mrassa mras, mras tatar Khakassia-NW. 44-AAB-dic kondoma kondoma tatar Khakassia-NW. 44-AAB-dj khakas khakhas, khakhass, abakan tatar, yenisei tatar Khakassia; also Russia (Siberia- 4 SW.) 44-AAB-dja khakas-F. "literary" khakas Cyrillic script: Sagai model Khakassia 44-AAB-djb sagai Khakassia 44-AAB-djc beltir Khakassia 44-AAB-djd kacha Khakassia 44-AAB-dje kyzyl Khakassia 44-AAB-djf shor-2 Khakassia 44-AAB-djg kamassian Khakassia 44-AAB-dk tuvin tuva, tuvan, tuvia, tuba, soyot, soyon, soyod, yish-kizhi, uriankhai, Tuva; Russia (Siberia-CS.); 5 uryankhai, tuva karagas, tanna-tuva, diba, kök-mungak, uriankhai- Mongolia monchak, "tuvinian" Cyrillic script 44-AAB-dka tuvin-F. "literary" tuvin Tuva… 44-AAB-dkb tuvin-C. Tuva… 44-AAB-dkc tuvin-W. Tuva… 44-AAB-dkd todzhin tuvin-NE. Tuva… 44-AAB-dke tuvin-SE. Tuva… 44-AAB-dkf kokchulutan "mongolian" tuvin Mongolia-N. 4 44-AAB-dl karagas karagass, tofa, tofalar, kamas, sayan samoyed Russia (Siberia) 2 44-AAB-dm turkmen-tibet (Siberia-CS.) 44-AAB-e Sakha+ Dolgan "turkic"-NE. Russian Fed. (Yakutia; Russia: 5 Siberia) 44-AAB-ea sakha in [53=] Russkiy: yakut #sakha =«people of the edge» ¶riverine Yakutia; Russia (Siberia-NW. to 5 fragmented; traditionally nomadic hunters & fisherfolk Arctic ocean to SE.) Okhotsk island 44-AAB-eaa sakha-F. "literary" yakut Cyrillic script: Yakutsk model Yakutia… 44-AAB-eab kotuj Kotuj left-bank: Jessej Yakutia… 44-AAB-eac anabar Anabar river Yakutia… 44-AAB-ead olen'ok Olen'ok river: Olen'ok bay… Olen'ok Town Yakutia… 44-AAB-eae lena-N. Lena lower river below Vil'uj confluence Yakutia… 44-AAB-eaf vil'uj Vil'uj river & tributaries Yakutia… 44-AAB-eag nizhn'aja Nizhn'aja Tunguska middle river westward: enclave south of Nakanna Yakutia… 44-AAB-eah lena-NE. yakutsk Aidan river Lena middle river basin: Yakutsk & environs Yakutia… 44-AAB-eai lena-SW. Vitim river Lena upper river basin Yakutia… 44-AAB-eaj uda+ amgun' southward enclaves to Uda river-mouth Amgun' upper river Yakutia… 44-AAB-eak jana Jana bay Jana river-basin Yakutia… 44-AAB-eal chroma Chroma river Yakutia… 44-AAB-eam yakut-indigirka indigirka yakut Indigirka river Ujandina basin Yakutia… 44-AAB-ean alazeja Alazeja river Yakutia… 44-AAB-eao kolyma-N. Kolyma middle river Yakutia… 44-AAB-eap kolyma-S. Kolyma upper river Yakutia… 44-AAB-eaq okhotsk Okhotsk>W.: coastal enclave Russia (Siberia) 44-AAB-eb dolgan Cyrillic script Yakutia; Russia (Siberia) 44-AAB-eba chatanga Chatanga estuary Yakutia… 44-AAB-ebb cheta Cheta river Yakutia… 44-B BURYAT+ "WIDER"-MONGOLIAN ¶to be reviewed and amplified DONGXIANG set 44-BA BURYAT+ DONGXIANG chain 44-BAA BURYAT+ DONGXIANG net 44-BAA-a Mogholi Afghanistan 2 44-BAA-aa mogholi moghol, mogul, mogol, mongul Herat environs Afghanistan-W. 2 page 350 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
44-BAA-b Buryat+ Oyrat Central-Mongolian Russian Fed.; China; Mongolia . 6 44-BAA-ba monghol-L. "ancient" mongol, "archaic literary" mongol ¶former imperial language in {Central Asia} central Asia Mongol script 44-BAA-bb buryat buriat, bouriate, buryat-mongol, buryat "mongolian", "mongolian"-N. Russia (Siberia: Buryat Rep.…); 5 Baikal lake>E. & W. Mongolia 44-BAA-bba buryat-F. "literary" buryat, "siberian mongol standard" Cyrillic script: Khori (Siberia) model influence < [53=] Russkiy 44-BAA-bbb khori agat, "russianised" buryat-W. Irkutsk & environs influence < [53=] (Siberia) Russkiy 44-BAA-bbc tsongol (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbd sartul (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbe ekhirit (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbf ungin (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbg uda nizhne-udinsk Irkutsk province: Uda valley (Nizhne-Udinsk) (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbh barguzin Buryatia division: Baikal lake>E.: Barguzin valley (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbi bohaan bokhan Ust-Ordyn-Buryat division: Bokhan (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbj tunka Buryatia division: Tunkinskiy district: Tunka… (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbk oka Sayan mountains: Oka upper river (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbl alat (Siberia) 44-BAA-bbm bulagat Bulagta* Mongolia; (Siberia frontier) 44-BAA-bbn buryat-S. Mongolia; also China (Neimenggu 4 Zizhiqu) 44-BAA-bbo bargu "new" bargu China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu) 44-BAA-bbp bargu 2 "old" bargu China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu) 4 44-BAA-bc halh khalkha, halh-mongol, khalkha-mongol, "mongolian", "mongolian" A Mongolia; China (Neimenggu 6 mongol Zizhiqu; Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bca khalkha-F. "modern literary" mongol; "mongolian" mongol "standard" Mongol Mongolia script: Khalkha model 44-BAA-bcb khalkha-G. halh Mongolia 44-BAA-bcc bayit bayad, bait Mongolia; China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bcd dorbet-E. durbet-E., dorwot-E., derbet-E., dörböt-E., dörböd-E. Mongolia 44-BAA-bce dzakhachin Mongolia 44-BAA-bcf mingat Mongolia; China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bcg oold oolet, olot, ööld, elyut, eleuth Mongolia; China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bch dariganga Mongolia 44-BAA-bci kharchin-tumut harchin Mongolia 44-BAA-bcj khorchin Mongolia 44-BAA-bck uzemchin ujumuchin Mongolia 44-BAA-bcl zahchin dzakhachin Dzahachi Örtöö… Mongolia 44-BAA-bcm barga Mongolia 44-BAA-bcn torguut-E. torgut-E., torguud-E., torghut-E., torghoud-E. Mongolia 44-BAA-bco ordos Ordos desert China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu…) 44-BAA-bd kalmyk kalmytz, kalmuk, kalmuck, kalmack, qalmaq, kalmyk-mongol., volga Russian Fed.: Kalmykia 5 oyrat, "european" oyrat, part of kalmyk-oyrat ¶spoken by descendants of migrants from China/Xinjiang (including Torguut & Dorbet), who moved west in 1628 to settle between the Volga and the Don rivers Cyrillic script bilingual < [53=] Russkiy 44-BAA-bda kalmyk-F. "literary" kalmyk Kalmykia 44-BAA-bdb torguut-W. torgut-W., torguud-W., torghut-W., torghoud-W. Kalmykia 44-BAA-bdc buzawa euzawa Kalmykia 44-BAA-bdd dorbet-W. durbet-W., dorwot-W., derbet-W., dörböt-W., dörböd-W. Kalmykia 44-BAA-be oyrat oirat, oirate, urat, oyrat-mongol, xinjiang-mongol, "asian" oyrat, part of China (Xinjiang; Neimenggu 5 kalmyk-oyrat Bayan Gool… Botala prefectures Zizhiqu); Kirghizstan; Mongolia 44-BAA-bea oyrat-F. "modern literary" mongol; "chinese" mongol "standard" Oyrat script: China (Xinjiang) Oyrat model 44-BAA-beb chahar chakhar, qahar Chahar region… China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu; Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bec dorbet-C. China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bed torguut-C. torgut-C., torguud-C., torghut-C., torghoud-C. China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bee khoshot hoshut Hoshööt Mongolia; China (Xinjiang) 44-BAA-bef sart-qalmaq sart-kalmyk Kirghizstan 44-BAA-c Daur China 4 44-BAA-ca daur daour, dagur, daguor, dawar, dawo'er, dahur, tahur, tahuerh Nen- China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu; 4 jiang middle valley Xinjiang-W.; Heilongjiang border) 44-BAA-caa bataxan (Neimenggu Zizhiqu…) 44-BAA-cab hailar Hailar (Neimenggu Zizhiqu…) 44-BAA-cac qiqihar tsitsikhar Qiqihar>N. (Heilongjiang; Neimenggu Zizhiqu…)
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44-BAA-d Huzhu+ Minhe Monguor, "wider" tu China (Qinghai; Gansu) 4 44-BAA-da hu-zhu including tu-zhu (Qinghai-E.; Gansu) 4 44-BAA-daa datong Huzhu-Tuzhu autonomous county (highlands): Datong… Huzhu- (Qinghai-E.) Tuzhu… 44-BAA-dab tianzhu Zhuangiang He upper valley: Tianzhu, Tienyu… Xinhuacun (Gansu) 44-BAA-db minhe (Qinghai-E.) 4 44-BAA-dba minhe-A. Minhe… Gushan>S.… Sumba Xia left bank (Qinghai-E.) 44-BAA-dbb minhe-yongjing Tao Hwe lower valley: Yongjing (Gansu) 44-BAA-dbc linxia Linxia (Gansu) 44-BAA-dbd aragwa* fulannara … khalchiguor … mingho… naringuor… sanchuan… (Qinghai-E. or Gansu) wuyangpu Aragwa and the above dialects remain to be confirmed and located, and to be allocated as necessary either to Minhe or to Huzhu 44-BAA-e Dongxiang+ Bonan China (Gansu) 5 44-BAA-ea dongxiang tunghsiang, tung, santa Tao He lower valley: Dongxiangzu (Gansu-SW.) 5 autonomous county… 44-BAA-eaa yongjing yungcheng Yongjing (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-eab kang-le kang-lo Kangle (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-eac ningting* (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-ead shiringol* (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-eae yunnan* (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-eb bonan bao'an, pao-an, paongan, baonan (Qinghai-E.; Gansu-SW.) 4 44-BAA-eba dahejia dakheczjha Bao'anzu-Dongxiangzu autonomous county: Salanzu… (Gansu-SW.) 44-BAA-ebb tongren tungyen Bao'an… (Qinghai-E.) 44-BAA-ec shira-yugur sera-yögur, uyghur-E., part of sarig, sari-yogur, sarygh-uyghur, yuku, (Gansu-NW.) 3 yugu, ya-lu, "yellow" uyghur Huangcheng… 44-C EVEN+ MANCHU set manchu+ tungus 44-CA EVEN+ MANCHU chain 44-CAA EVEN+ MANCHU net 44-CAA-a Even Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia) 3 44-CAA-aa even lamut Russia (Siberia) 3 44-CAA-aaa even-F. "literary" even Cyrillic script: Ola model (Siberia) 44-CAA-aab even-indigirka indigirka even Kamchatka peninsula (Siberia) 44-CAA-aac kolyma+ omolon Kolyma+ Omolon upper valleys… Kolyma hills… Okhotsk coast (Siberia) 44-CAA-aad arman Magadan division: Arman' (Siberia) 44-CAA-aae ola Magadan division: Ola coast (Siberia) 44-CAA-aaf tompon Yakutia divison: Tompo (Siberia) 44-CAA-aag verkhne-kolymsk (Siberia) 44-CAA-aah sarkyryr Yakutia divison: Sakkyryr valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-aai lamunkhin (Siberia) 44-CAA-b Evenki+ Solon "wider" evenki Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia), 4 China; Mongolia 44-CAA-ba evenki evenk, ewenki, avanki, avankil, khamnigan, chapogir, tungus "proper", Russia (Siberia) 4 "siberian" evenki Evenki division (okrug) Sakhalin island 44-CAA-baa evenki-F. "literary" evenki Cyrillic script; Podkamennaya-Tunguska model (Siberia) 44-CAA-bab ilimpeya Evenki division: Ilimpeya valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bac tutoncana Evenki division: Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bad podkamennaya- Evenki division: Podkamennaya Tunguska lower valley (Siberia) tunguska 44-CAA-bae cemdalsk chemdal'sk Evenki division: Chemdal'sk (Siberia) 44-CAA-baf vanavara Evenki division: Vanavara (Siberia) 44-CAA-bag baykit Evenki division: Baykit (Siberia) 44-CAA-bah poligus Evenki division: Poligus (Siberia) 44-CAA-bai uchami ucama Evenki division: Uchami river (Siberia) 44-CAA-baj 'cis-baikalia' Irkutsk province: Baikal lake>W. (Siberia) 44-CAA-bak yerbogachen yerbogocen Irkutsk province: Yerbogachen (Siberia) 44-CAA-bal nakanna nakanno Irkutsk province: Nakanno (Siberia) 44-CAA-bam tokma-verkholensk tokmo, "upper"-lena Irkutsk province: Lena upper valley (Tokma… (Siberia) Verkholensk) 44-CAA-ban nepa Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley: Nepa (Siberia) 44-CAA-bao nizne-nepsk "lower" nepa Nizhnyaya Tunguska valley: Nepa downstream (Siberia) 44-CAA-bap tungir Chitinsk province: Tungir valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-baq kalar Chitinsk province… Buryatia division: Kalar valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bar tokko Yakutia division: Tokko valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bas aldan+ timpton alton, including eltulak-timpton tommot… jeltulak Yakutia division: (Siberia) Aldan… Timpton valleys page 352 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
44-CAA-bau uchur ucur Yakutia division: Uchur valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bav ayano-maj ayan-maya Maya valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-baw kur-urmi Khabarovsk territory: Urmi valley (Siberia) 44-CAA-bax tuguro-cumikan tuguro-chumikan Khabarovsk territory: Chumikan… Tugur valleys (Siberia) 44-CAA-bay zeysko-burelin zeya-bureya Amur… Khabarovsk divisions: Zeya… Bureya valleys (Siberia) 44-CAA-baz evenki-sakhalin Sakhalin island (Siberia) 44-CAA-bam sym simsk Yenisei… Sym… Ob valleys (Siberia) 44-CAA-bb manegir humari Humar river Russia (Siberia) 44-CAA-bc solon part of ewenki, "chinese" evenki Solon… ¶dialects to be identified China (Neimenggu Zizhiqu…) 4 44-CAA-bd oroqen orochon, olunchu, elunchun, oronchon, ulunchun, part of ewenki, China (Heilongjiang) 3 "chinese" evenkiGreat Xingan ridge part of ewenki, "chinese" evenki 44-CAA-be selenge-aimag Selenge Aimag Mongolia-N. 44-CAA-c Manchu+ Negidal China; Russian Fed.: Russia 3 (Siberia) 44-CAA-ca negidal negidaly Amur lower valley Russia (Siberia) 2 44-CAA-caa nizovsk (Siberia) 44-CAA-cab verkhovsk (Siberia) 44-CAA-cb manchu mandjou, man submerged < [79=] Han-yu-N. (Mandarin) ¶remaining China (Heilongjiang) 3 speakers may be all over 80 years old (in 1990's) 44-CAA-cba manchu-L. "archaic literary" manchu Manchu script China 44-CAA-cbb manchu-F. "modern literary" manchu China 44-CAA-cbc manchu-N. Aihun-N. county China (Heilongjiang-N.) 44-CAA-cbd manchu-W. Fuyu county China (Heilongjiang-W.) 44-CAA-cbe xibe sibo, xibo, "colloquial" manchu China (Heilongjiang) 44-CAA-cc ju-chen juchen, sushen, nuzhen, nuchen, jurchen ¶extinct China (Heilongjiang*) 0 44-CAA-d Udihe+ Oroch submerged < [53=] Russkiy ¶nearing extinction Russian Fed. 2 44-CAA-da udihe udekhe, udegeis ¶most surviving speakers over 60 years old Lazo… Russia (Siberia) 2 Nanai… Pozharsk… Terneisk regions 44-CAA-daa khungari Khabarovsk territory: Khungaru (Siberia) 44-CAA-dab khor Khabarovsk territory: Khor (Siberia) 44-CAA-dac anjuski (Siberia) 44-CAA-dad samargin (Siberia) 44-CAA-dae bikin Khabarovsk territory: Bikin (Siberia) 44-CAA-daf iman (Siberia) 44-CAA-dag sikhota-alin (Siberia) 44-CAA-db oroch orochi Khabarovsk territory: Amur valley (Komsomolsk-na-Amur Russia (Siberia) 2 environs); Vanino coast: Datta… Uska-Orochskaya settlements… perhaps also Sakhalin-S. island ¶distinct from [44=] Orok 44-CAA-dba kjakela* kjakar, kekar #or may be name in [44=] Orok applied to [44=] Udihe (Siberia) 44-CAA-dbb namunka (Siberia) 44-CAA-dbc orichen (Siberia) 44-CAA-dbd tez (Siberia) 44-CAA-e Gold+ Orok "Wider"-Nanai, sushen 2, juchen 2 bilingual < [53=] Russkiy Russian Fed.: Russia (Siberia); 3 China 44-CAA-ea gold goldi, golde, nanai "proper", nanaj "proper" Amur Ussuri valleys Russia (Siberia); adjacent China 3 44-CAA-eaa gold-F. "literary" gold Cyrillic script: Torgon model (Siberia); 44-CAA-eab sunggari (Siberia); 44-CAA-eac torgon Khabarovsk territory: Torgon (Siberia); 44-CAA-ead kuro-urmi (Siberia); 44-CAA-eae ussuri Ussuri valley (Siberia); 44-CAA-eb akani (Siberia); 44-CAA-ec birar birer (Siberia); 44-CAA-ed kile kila (Siberia); 44-CAA-ee ulcha+ hezhen* hol-chih+ hezhen Russia (Siberia); China 3 (Heilongjiang) 44-CAA-eea ulch ulchi, ulych, olcha, olca, hoche, ulcha, olchis, hol-chih Russia (Siberia) 3 44-CAA-eeb hezhen heche, hezhe China (Heilongjiang) 1 44-CAA-ef orok oroc, ulta, ujlta Sakhalin… Hokkaido islands ¶children no longer learn Russia (Siberia); Japan (Hokkaido) 2 the language distinct from [44=] Oroch 44-CAA-efa orok-N. poronaisk, poronajsk Sakhalin island: Poronajsk… Gastello… Russia (Siberia: Sakhalin) Vakhrushev 44-CAA-efb orok-C. nogliki+ val Sakhalin island: Nogliki… Val Russia (Siberia: Sakhalin) 44-CAA-efc orok-S. Hokkaido island Japan (Hokkaido) 44-CAA-eg samagir Russia (Siberia) 2*