Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA 282 J. By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. Ⅲ 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE Wrangel Island Ushakovskoe McKinleyville,

The Map 8.1

Russian Far East Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Russian E a s 737,000 sq. km t S i b e r i a n S e a Valkarkai Leningradsky Mys Shmidta C Polyarny h u k Apapelgino c h i S e Aion Krasnoarmeisky a !Pevek Yuzhny Komsomolsky Far

CA: SHMIDTOVSKY Promezhutochny Iultin Palyana Inchoun Krestovoe Uelen Rytkuchi CHUKOTSKY East: Daniel Baranikha UILTINSKY a CHAUNSKY Pogyndino SAKHA e Egvekinot P Vstrechny !Bilibino ROVIDENSKY A Anyuisk Ostrovnoe Aliskerovo Yanrakinnot S Keperveem & Reference Ilirnei Provideniya Daniel. BILIBINSKY Stadukhino g Mandrikovo ANADYRSKY Angarka n

Baimka Kanchalan i Ust-Belaya Ugolnye Vesenny Shakhtersky !Kopi Snezhnoe P r Otrozhny ANADYR

466 Lamutskoe e Krasneno Guide Chuvanskoe B Eropol Markovo pages

Alkatvaam Nagorny Vaegi Beringovsky for

Meinypilgyno Conservation MAGADAN BERINGOVSKY ¯ KORYAKIA Khatyrka

km 200 and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Precipitation averages between 200 Precipitation between averages CHAPTER 8 peaks reach 1 reach peaks Omolon, and fl all Anyui, where of peninsula, the part western ow mountainous from the Lesser Greater Anyui, Anadyr, the Chukotka’s rivers, mountainous. region is The largest ecology and Geography 80 between averages Chukotka year. most of the seas Icesurrounding covers the Russia. storms in and incidence of hurricanes of average have an areas frequently.Cyclones occur Coastal to southerly, shift quickly wet storms. can that cold northerly strong, winds with unstable infl Heavily Climate raion eight has Chukotka Russia, of Alaska: size the About half Size awayzones from Moscow. the Pacifi and Sea) Chukchi and Sea Siberian (East Ocean Arctic the south, to the while Chukotka Autonomous border Koryak Okrug and Oblast belongs United to the Magadan States. fi than less is Diomede Islands, of two the bigger the (Russia), Island Ratmanov from Alaska. (Chukotka) mous Okrug 85 the of tip Russia, northeastern the At Location (Chukotka) Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky average between – between average Arctic Oceans in the northern hemisphere. The ocean current that fl that current hemisphere. ocean The northern the in Oceans Arctic Pacifi the of water between provides for exchange only Strait the Bering The Elgygytgyn. and Krasnoe are lakes largest The Chukotka. eastern and much dominate of west, the central found in those as high quite as fl streams and rivers where numerous small Inlet, justsouth of is Chaun major area lowland third The River. Kolyma into great the emptying and before merging border the cross into and Republic the of Sakha marshes, fl Rivers Greater Anyui and Lesser The Sea. Bering the Bay and into Anadyr before emptying forests riparian and plains, marshes, c Ocean (Bering Sea) wash northern and eastern shores. Chukotka is nine time time nine is shores. Chukotka eastern and northern wash Sea) (Bering c Ocean Far CA: uenced by the two great oceans that surround it, Chukotka’s surround is that weather oceans great two by the uenced , 800 East: m. The Anadyr River fl River Anadyr m.The Daniel 15 ° c and – and A 35 737 ve kilometers from the other Diomede Island, which other Diomede which from the ve kilometers Island, & Reference ° c , with July temperatures averaging between between averaging temperatures July , with , s. 000 Daniel. to 400 to growing days peryear. days growing 100 to sq. km. The sixth largest administrative area of area administrative largest sixth The sq. km. ow north, through another lowland of plains and and of lowland another plains ow through north, -km Bering Strait separates Chukotsky Autono- Chukotsky separates Strait Bering -km ows east, meandering through lowlands of lowlands through meandering east, ows mm per year. Navarin Cape has the highest highest the has Cape Navarin peryear. mm ow north into this bay. not intoow this though north Mountains, 466 Guide pages 150 for windy days per year. peryear. days windy 1 January temper-atures temper-atures January ows north just ows north Conservation 5 ° c c and and 14 and

° 283 c . and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA Fauna is also diverse with with diverse also is Fauna of lichens. species hundred four and of mosses, species about hundred four ( other 22 the and terrestrial world’s population of Pacifi ( c walruses 284 with 17 with Wrangel Island are regions most important the of Arctic; the plants endemic vascular 48 has Now periods. Chukotka interglacial and glacial the ahotbed formation for during region was species the Chukotka; in communities plant unique bridge created land The Strait). ofBering sides the U.S. Russian the and on both ecosystems aquatic and region (land of ancient the Beringia part is Chukotka fauna and Flora world. the in areas most productivethe marine regionone the of making zooplankton, and plankton of phyto- production amounts the of massive fuel that nutrients rich carries portion of strait western the the through Bay and to Anadyr Cape of Navarin southeast valleys in the western Chukotka. western the in valleys 4 elfi these although southern in Chukotka exist Woodlands also kotka. gmelini the bonfi highlights and time summer the in of tundra expanse green the in plays light neck, land northern wild “On this bespectacular: can tundra The basin. of Anadyr forests riparian extensive the includes southwest, toward and the woodland tundra into turns It gradually much of Chukotka. throughout grows lichengrasslands, and shrubs of tall areas with tundra, Subarctic steppe species. and American, fl diverse especially has Island region. Wrangel the covers about half shrubs, small and lichens, mosses, primarily Alaska, to western similar Vegetation east. the Bay in Kolyuchinskaya and River Kolyma the between of astrip coastline and islands nearby and Wrangel includes Island Ocean, cold Arctic infl heavily tundra, Arctic forest. boreal and woodland, tundra tundra, subarctic tundra, arctic into belts: vegetation four be divided can Chukotka and Chukchi Seas den and give birth on Islands. Wrangel Herald and birth give denand Seas Chukchi and most monoceros novaeangliae ( gray coasts: along the coast. Fur ( coast. the along J. B. musculus to 5 to percent of the total, Beringian Chukotka with 14 with Chukotka Beringian percent oftotal, the Ⅲ 2004. 12 m in height. Tall boreal forests are mostly limited to the Omolon and Greater Anyui 80 percent. ), willows ( willows ), percent of the populations of breeding polar bears ( bears percent polar of populations of the breeding re of colors in early fall.” re of early colors in THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ). Of these, gray, bowhead, and beluga whales are the most regular visitors. Al- most regular the gray, are Ofthese, ). whales beluga bowhead, and ), beluga ( ), beluga ), fi Echrichtius robustus McKinleyville, n ( The 4 In all, Chukotka has more than nine hundred species of vascular plants, plants, of vascular species hundred nine more than has Chukotka all, In Salix Balaenoptera physalis Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Delphinapterus leucas Russian ), and poplars ( poplars and ), cetaceans and pinnipeds. Ten pinnipeds. and frequent species the whale cetaceans ora with many endemic, endemic, many ora with 220 ), bowhead), ( bird species and and bird species 3 Tundra woodland, primarily Dahurian larch ( larch Dahurian Tundra primarily woodland, uenced by the by the uenced Odobeus rosmarus divergens Populus ), sei( ), Far CA: ), harbor ( ), killer ( ), killer Eubalaena mysticetus B. borealis East: 2 ), grows in the lowlands of western Chu- of western lowlands the in grows ),

Daniel 59 Phoca vitulina percent, and continental Chukotka Chukotka continental percent, and mammal species, mammal Orcinus orca percent of the world’s ninety-six percent ofworld’s the ninety-six ), minke ( minke ), A Ursus maritimus Ursus & Reference Daniel. ), and spotted (Ph.larga spotted and ), would be cheaper and safer (see p. 304). p. (see safer and cheaper be would sources energy solar and wind developing that tain main- critics accidents, and waste nuclear about concerns obvious from Aside ofChukotka. coast series of fl a install to plans ambitious has government The Chukotka? A fl for plant power nuclear oating 305). p. (see Arctic circumpolar in the bears polar for habitat year-round important most the affect could region fragile inthis Development inChukotka. drilling exploratory Yukos began and Sibneft giants industry 2001,In Russian development gas and Oil Key andprojects issues ), and narwhal ( narwhal and ), ), humpback ( B. acutorostratusB. ) frequent the rookeries rookeries ) frequent the n forests reach only only reach n forests 5 About half of the About half 37 of which are of are which oating nuclear power plants along the the along plants power nuclear oating ) in the Bering Bering the ) in 466 Megaptera Megaptera Guide Larix Monodon Monodon ), blue pages ) for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian from gold mining outpost.gold mining that in nearby Kolyma reserves (Magadan Oblast). (Magadan reserves Kolyma nearby in that morants ( morants ( chinook salmon: fi boasts Sea Bering The include whelks. crab, and shrimp, and species than relyon Chukotka’s fi mammals marine more These alone has Sea Bering the sheries; Sea. Bering west more northern waters. northern more Abramovich was elected governor elected was in Abramovich constitutional court fi until administration Oblast of Kamchatka the jurisdiction okrug ( ribbon ( Sea; of Bering the southern common the part in are seals resources such as tin, mercury, coal, copper, tungsten ( copper, mercury, tin, coal, tungsten as such resources numerous other and mineral Russia in gold reserves second largest the has Chukotka resources Natural In status Political 1995 government population The in subsidies. federal of loss the and decline of industrial aresult as Chukotka’s dwindling rapidly population is Population Pevek (pop. (pop. 13 Anadyr Largest cities bring supplies. bring to arrive ships or three now two only peryear; one only days city hundred the access can ships once It of amajor Without aid icebreakers, was the seaport. Russia. in city northern the Soviet government. Soviet the 17 Approximately by offered jobs other perks and of high-paying region because to the who came migrants, ( puffi Chukotka. and silver. Maiskoe gold reserve, located located gold silver. reserve, and Maiskoe Yukagirs, Yupik Eskimos, Koryak, and Evens, make their home their here. Evens, and make Yupik Koryak, Yukagirs, Eskimos, seabirds on the eastern coast of Chukotka peninsula alone. peninsula of Chukotka coast on eastern the seabirds include nearly spits, estuaries, sandy and shores, islets, rocky the colonies along form huge bird which waterfowl, and region. Seabirds the in feed to Europe breed and and Asia, Americas, the in grounds wintering from travel birds of migratory Thousands O. keta Ph. hispida 1930 ns ( and 157 and 450 has been under the control of a neighboring administrative region. It was under region.under It was control administrative the of under been aneighboring has 1951 , the ussr , the ), and pink ( pink and ), Fratercula fi Far until 1953 until Phalacrocorax pelagicus CA: sh and shellfi sh and 10 ), bearded ( bearded ), , Reportedly, the quality of gold deposits in Chukotka is much higher than than much is higher of gold Chukotka deposits in Reportedly, quality the 11 000 , 8 000 Bilibino ( Bilibino , East: 000 in 1989. created Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, but Autonomous the for most Chukotka of created its history Okrug, Daniel Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Oncorhynchus ), gulls ( gulls ), ), established in the 1930 the in established ), , and under Magadan Oblast from from Oblast Magadan under , and O. gorbuscha ), the capital and largest city, serves as the administrative center. administrative the city, as largest serves and capital the ), nally allowed it to separate legally. Billionaire oligarch Roman Roman oligarch legally. it Billionaire to separate allowed nally 6 Endangered Steller’s Endangered lions (Eumetopias sea jubatus sh species. Mollusks and crustaceans are commercially important important commercially are crustaceans and Mollusks sh species. Erignathus barbatus 9 11 Seventy-two percent of the residents live in cities. Most are im- Most cities. are percent in live ofresidents the Seventy-two A Larus , 000 Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky & Reference ), the site the rfe of), the ), guillemots ( guillemots ), ), various ducks and waders. and ducks various ), ). Chukotka also has large river and lake fi lake river and large has also Chukotka ). Daniel. 2001 280 , 000 . ), and spotted (Ph.largha spotted and ), s, is above the Arctic Circle and the most the Circleand above Arctic s, is the ), coho ( km southeast of Pevek, is the largest in in of Pevek, southeast largest the is km indigenous peoples, primarily Chukchi and and Chukchi peoples, indigenous primarily Cepphus 466 2001 Guide 11 Copper reserves are mainly in the the in mainly are reserves Copper ’s a power also nuclear only is plant, O. kisutch was 75 was 14 1953 ), murres ( pages percent of all percent of all 7 until 1993 until 1951 These include pelagic cor- include pelagic These , 300 for ), sockeye ( sockeye ), , under Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk , under , downfrom 113 Uria Ph. fasciata Conservation ) seals are found in found in are ) seals , when a Russian , when aRussian ve of species Pacifi ), auklets ( auklets ), rfe ) also live in the the in live ) also O. nerka reserves), reserves), sheries. ), ringed 3 . 3 , Aethia 000 million million ), chum

in 285 ), c and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA million metric tons). metric million 1940 the were in percent of they what estimated by an stocks salmon have reduced practices also signifi pollock,are mostly resources, 80 deposit located Pyrakaiskoe the in are south of Bilibino. reserves Tin production ceased. almost has just eighteen cu. mperha. cu. just eighteen averaging reserves timber with rfe the is million metric tons; offshore: 85 offshore: tons; metric million 25 (onshore: Reserve Khatyr 110 offshore: tons; metric million 20 (onshore: Reserve Anadyr include: reserves The discovered. been have recently reserves gas and 286 Bilibino power nuclear the plant ( cent), primarily for accounted Chukotka times, Soviet 2000 In Raions. Iultinsky and Chaunsky in ing min- tin with Raions, Bilibinsky, in Schmidtovsky, Chaunsky and primarily place takes economy, providing backbone of the been the traditionally has gold mining, industry, particularly mining The Main industries fi Peschanka about Commercial salmon fi points Shipping for Northern the Route. explorationway. under is gas supply and Beringovsky. Oil in Chukotka’s as and serve ports ( industry fuel The industry, as they receive annual quotas ( quotas annual receive they industry, as Indigenous peoples have rights to harvest to peoples harvest Indigenous have rights Chukotka. Bay.Anadyr Over 1 The to foreigners. fi modern lack However, they government. reindeer decreasing from from decreasing reindeer with decline, steep in is breeding Reindeer done is greenhouses. cultivation in vegetable suchbearing animals foxes. as Food production is limited due to the harsh climate; most pelt- cultivated to feed used are mammals marine these from yearly. By-products walruses J. km east of Pevek. Marine east km million metric tons) and tons)and metric million Ⅲ s. 2004. 12 1 , Onshore oil offshore and 000 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s region, forested least cant, butcant, poor fi eld located metric tons are caught yearly. Okrug government yearly. offi Okrug caught tons are metric McKinleyville, The okrug 3 million tons of fi million percent) is essentially coal production ( coal percent) essentially is 71 13 Chukotka percent of Chukotka’s total industrial production. Gold mining production. percent of Gold Chukotka’s mining industrial total 50 Russian government fi to increase wants 150 shing is centered on the mouth of the Anadyr River, where centered on mouth is of Anadyr the the shing 464 to 75 to shing shing 14 km

, 457 15

Other major industries include power and energy ( include major Other power energy industries and

in 1985 sh are now harvested in the seas north and east of east and north seas the in nowsh are harvested 20 Far 2 CA: An Arctic lagopus) (Alopex fox to just 148, just to percent of the total ussr percent oftotal the , 000 shing equipment mostshing of quota sell the and 169 tons of pollock and cod) from the federal federal from the tons cod) of and pollock East: , production about one was ton. During whales, whales, Daniel 48 mw 000 shing production, particularly in in production,shing particularly in 1998 10 ) and the Chaunsky power plant. Chaunsky the ) and A , 000 1 . & Reference 1 million tons) near Anadyr Anadyr tons)near million ringed seals, and and seals, ringed . Daniel. 16 cials plan to develop the plan cials tin production, tin but now stretches amongst the Wrangel Island tundra. 466 Guide 3 19 , 000 per- pages

for Conservation

Nikita Ovsyanikov and Development. Newell, J. Vladimir Dinets as wind blows away the softer snow around them. around snow softer the away blows wind as “negatives,” like look often tracks Their seas. frozen across or forests the into ofmiles hundreds for travel others tundra, the in remain Some nomadic. become foxes Arctic winter, In 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian mon. In the winter ofmon. winter the In Power com- crisis. blackouts are to and resolve its persistent energy cuts needs Chukotka outlook General Unitedto the States. of its proximity because territory military Shipping astrategic Northern the Route, as and 1930 the Since RFE the in importance Economic exports. it materials raw fromthe “toilet earnings pay bulbs” for with and paperto them light from everything must import Chukotka quipped that One journalist trade. as registered of fi sale The underreported. is trade foreign that believe to be unsafe. They point to the spent fuel and liquid waste that has accumulated accumulated has that point liquid They spent and waste to the fuel tobelieve beunsafe. ecologists and residents local many which plant, Bilibino nuclear on aging the relies also okrug byhave the led pleas government fi federal of declining duction because 18 Far CA: s, Chukotka has served mainly as a source of tin and gold, as a base port for port abase gold, and as of a source tin as mainly served has s, Chukotka East: Daniel 1999 government for more support from Moscow. peninsula The , power was shut, power for was hours four aday. off A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky & Reference by a300 sea to the shipping route. access this Bilibinoalong has ports with interior settlements citiesand link Most roads settlements. supplies to bring and to mining gold tin and Pacifi to the from Murmansk goes which Shipping Northern Route, the service Pevek) primarily and Mys Zelyony Shmidta, Mys, Provideniya, Lavrentia, kotka’s Beringovsky, Egvekinot, (Anadyr, seaports eight Chu- used. are airports and roads, gravel and ice rivers, ports, of marine acomplicated system from Chukotka, To people and move to, goods, within, and resources, living one of the highest in the rfe the in one of highest the living of cost the making from Alaska, vegetables and meat most foodproducts, imports particularly Chukotka trade Foreign deposits. tin Krasnoarmeisky the and mine, Valkumei tin the gold Komsomolsky nearby the fi Pevek services port on by river routes and by air, but now most people by travel mainly ground, cities was and settlements large the between transport period, Soviet the Markovo, Provideniya. During and Pevek, Anadyr, in located those including airports, but functioning but have anumber of does decaying or no railways, highways has Chukotka round access. primarily ice or dirtroads, rather gravel, than limit year- The port. to Egvekinot tungsten, and produces tin Infrastructure Daniel. 17 -km ice road and riverway to Zelyony Mys. riverway and road ice -km A road connects the town of town the Iultin, which connects Aroad 466 sh quotas and shipments and sh quotas of gold not are nancing and rising costs to import coal to coal import costs rising and nancing Guide pages vezdekhod for (passenger tank). (passenger 19 Conservation Reduced coal pro- coal Reduced . Experts maintain maintain . Experts c, to export

eld, 287 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA ecosystems. of marine the of destruction serious possibilities the increasing Sea, pollution Arctic the in of source aconstant are rivers These destroyed. or totally partially havevegetation been fl that river basins the In artifi created has basin Ichuveem the River in mining, specifi deposit Placer mining, ventures. mining Polyarninsky and Komsomolsky, by the destroyed have been Peveksky, region of Chukotka coastal northern Portions of the pastures. productive reindeer including of land areas large destroyed has river valleys the along mining supply. of energy astable lack region and the Open-cast in the mining sector, but interest been has limited because To of investment foreign the economy, the reinvigorate high operating to attract government the costs trying is in dot peninsula’s the that settlements coastline. herding fi fornumerous small the particularly of Chukotka, citizens for the sources energy inexpensive developing sustainable, in interest little had Moscow has ports. and settlements on power supplying focused to mining has thus and resources eral of peninsula’s the developmenttomin- mining tied been Energy renewable has sources. Moscow in promote planners master the and administration Chukotka to the see like would promoting of outdated forms power generation, than environmentalists Rather or aboutannually, generate 1 can Chukotka that power. or of solar wind cost estimate Scientists the than much is higher energy such of generating cost the that maintain accident, critics nonnative stocks. nonnative geneticpollution and to lead competition species native could from these with which ies, introduction pondering of the government hatcher- The also poaching. is and nets, drift overfi with continue to bemismanaged Sea Bering the in fi coastal ticularly of par- bioresources, harvest the to increase ambitious plans government has The also lands. destroyed critical to ensuring protection ofregion’s the to ensuring critical ecosystems. is foodsupply. economic adequate of the situation of Chukotka an Therefore, stabilizing of unemployment aresult lack as the and poaching to increased leading buttems, also is on ecosys- to pressure lower anthropogenic leading is decline Population industrial and of gold expansion mining. and extraction gas and oil than rather businesses, small and more on to see sources development emphasis would like energy Critics of alternative impact. have lasting will efforts his whether to beseen It collection. remains tax increasing and wages, back paying stocks, reindeer the foodsupplies, increasing delivering including gestures, some about residents among made Chukotka’s important Hemism has future. in Abramovich election of The Roman reindeer herding industry, and sustainable but limited fi 288 by to beinstalled government The anumber to of build fl plans fi powerthe nuclear plants, oating slowed removal. their has Reportedly, of funds lack waste. radioactive Shipping have classifi Route. Northern for the Scientists riteg from s (radioisotopic power generators) shipping that thermoelectric beacons leakage ineffi plant’s to noted the personnel, plant doses and among radiation high to the plant, at the J. Ⅲ cient fi 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ltering systems. However, the real radioactive waste disaster so far has been the the been has sofar disaster waste However, radioactive systems. ltering real the 20 In this extreme environment, effective technology is essential to restore these to restore these essential is technology environment, effective extreme this In McKinleyville, The sheries, and is already developing oil and gas reserves. Fisheries resources Fisheries resources reserves. gas developing and oil already is and sheries, 21 2006 Environmentalists would rather see support see for would adventurethe tourism, rather Environmentalists 14 percent of all commercially viable wind energy resources in Russia. Russia. in resources energy wind viable commercially percent of all near the town of Pevek. Aside from obvious concerns about an about an obvious from ofconcerns town Pevek. the Aside near Russian ow straight into the Chukchi Sea, about Sea, into Chukchi the ow straight Far CA: 2001 East: as governor has led to increased opti- governor led to as increased has Daniel cial fl cial sheries development. sheries ed fi shing, bottom trawling, use of use bottom trawling, shing, A oodplains and river terraces. river terraces. and oodplains shing, hunting, and reindeer fty-seven of these fty-seven & Reference cally quarry and dredge dredge and quarry cally Daniel. 60 , 000 ha of ha soiland . 5 trillion kW 466 riteg s as Guide rst pages for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. NASA slightly above center). above slightly here (pictured Strait Bering the through southward rushes and up breaks ice pack Arctic 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian and on anchors. Other urgent environmental issues to address include limiting the impact tanks, ballast in on species hulls, these Shipping Northern the Routeships along transport athreat: also is organisms, marine and rats as such species, introduction of The alien to increase an in storms. leading patterns, weather may disrupt and mammals other marine and seals, bears, polar habitat for reduced means cover ice also reduced The foodchain. forArctic foundation the the are algae These itself. of ice on live underside or the the which in of microalgae, decline to a lead will warming, cover, ice by global caused diminishing this that fear Scientists Sea ice in the Bering Sea has diminished by about diminished has Sea Bering the in ice Sea Far CA: East: Daniel A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference Daniel. 466 Guide 5 percent over the past thirty years. thirty percent over past the pages unprotected. kotka’s endemic fl rare ones. Much new create of Chu- to and reserves to support these needed is funding and landmass, cover areas Protected birds. migratory and conserve marine mammals oping international programs to devel- and products, petroleum for particularly settlements, and towns in centers treatment tundra, establishing waste- on fragile the vehicles of all-terrain —Josh Newell —Josh 8 for . 3 percent of Chukotka’s Conservation ora remains remains ora Ⅲ

289 22

and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA estuaries. Notable species include include species Notable estuaries. and formations, deltaic spits, sandy islets, shores, rocky the along colonies huge form waterfowl and Seabirds whelks. and squid, shrimp, ( crabs include and species important commercially most the are crustaceans and Mollusks plentiful. also are brates rockfi 290 villosus ( smelts saida rocephalus gramma ( pollock walleye are important most The valuable. cially commer- are families fourteen from fi fi hundred four more than has alone Sea Bering The fi with teem Chukotka’s seas gone by July. usually is and of April end tomelt by the it begins March; in thickest is Bay Anadyr in winter. Ice in freezes also section northern the although for shipping, suitable most is seas, three of the warmest the Sea, Bering The sporadic. is shipping conditions, ice of these Because summer. in winter, in but partially them melts covers 40 of between depths average with shallowest, between averaging depths with Sea Siberian East the is coldest The east. to the Pacifi great of the part Sea, Bering the while northeast, and north tothe Arctic of the Chukotka surround part Ocean, Seas, Chukotka and Siberian East The lakes. and marshes, plains, primarily are Anadyr) and Chaun, (Anyui, areas lowlands separate geographically three The 3 2 1 topography: the dominate height, reaching ranges, mountain Three Strait. Bering by the Alaska from rfe of the , divided northeast extreme the in lies Autonomous Okrug Chukotka Mountainous Naumkin Dmitry Litovka, Maxim Smirnov, Gennady Ecology ve families; of these, fi of these, ve families; J. Callinectes, Paralithodes, . The Kolyma-Chukotka mountainous region, including including region, mountainous Kolyma-Chukotka The . . The Anadyr-Koryak mountainous region, located in in located region, mountainous Anadyr-Koryak The . . The Okhotsk-Chukotka mountainous region, which which region, mountainous Okhotsk-Chukotka The . section of the Koryak Plateau. Plateau. Koryak of the section okrug of the southeast the Chukotka Plateau. of the part southern the and Plateau Anadyr the includes Strait. Bering the toward east stretches which Plateau, Chukotka of the part northern the and Plateau Anyui the Ⅲ ), Pacifi sh ( 2004. ), halibuts ( Osmerus ), Pacifi Sebastes THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ), Arctic cod ( c herring ( sh species from sixty- from species sh McKinleyville, c cod c ( cod ), capelin ( capelin ), The ). Aquatic inverte- Aquatic ). Hipoglossus 60 Theragra chalco- and 70 and Gadus mac- fty species species fty Clupea pallasi Boreogadus and Russian Mallotus Mallotus , which includes the Chukotka Chukotka the includes , which Cancer m. The Chukotka Sea is the the is Sea Chukotka m.The ), and sh. ), ), tundra lichens are the primary food sources of wild and domestic reindeer. domestic and ofwild sources food primary the are lichens tundra other and Cladonia, others), (all Cetraria ofphoto), top on one (elongated Thamnolia Far c Ocean, lies lies c Ocean, CA: and 60 and 1 , 800 East: Daniel m. Ice m.Ice m in min A speeds on the coast are are coast on the speeds 150 snow, between is mainly rainfall ( rainfall heaviest and temperatures warmest the has Chukotka coastal Infl aging 300 between ranges precipitation Annual of Chukotka. portion central and western the dominates climate Acontinental than More tomid-July. end of September the from continuous is to 4 hover between they July in – low as as reach temperatures January, in Chukotka, northern In short. are summers long and are Winters here. rare is sea, the in seen usually seal, ribbon pelagic The seal. spotted and ringed, bearded, zone: coastal the inhabit of Phocidae species Three period. thaw the during Pacifi seas. Chukotka the in live species pinniped eight and Twelvewaders. cetacean puffi auklets, guillemots, cormorants, August, respectively.August, reaches 1 reaches reach temperatures July zone. continental moderate the an annual average of 300 with lowlands, Penzhina-Anadyr the and Plateau Koryak extremes here are – here are extremes peratures reach – reach peratures of speed average an have north, . between ranges cover Snow zones. climate maritime and continental moderate the & Reference 35 and 500 and m per second during storms. Snow of cover storms. during second mper Daniel. 150 uenced by a monsoon maritime climate, southeastern southeastern climate, by amonsoon maritime uenced 1 m, but declines in the west to as little as . as little toas west the in m, but declines days of the year are without true sunlight. sunlight. true without are year of the days . 700 5 m in the mountains and in the south. Temperature south. the in and mountains the min mm. Snow cover is heaviest in the east, aver- east, the in heaviest Snow is cover mm. to900 36 13 ° 466 mm annually) in the okrug the in annually) mm c ° in the continental zone and – and zone continental the in c 5 Guide to15 m and 1 mand 10 c walruses form sixteen rookeries rookeries sixteen form c walruses to500 to15 pages ° and 400 and ° c c and 8 and and 8 and m per second, and reach 30 reach and second, mper m. Winter winds, from the the from winds, m.Winter 9 mm of precipitation, are in in of are precipitation, mm m per second. January tem- January second. mper for ° to 9 ° to ° mm. Average wind wind Average mm. ns, gulls, ducks, and and ducks, gulls, ns, c . Annual precipitation, precipitation, . Annual ° c Conservation , in January and and January , in . Snow cover 3 600 m. The m.The 25 mm 28 ° c in 14 ° c ° ;

c .

Vladimir Dinets and Development. Newell, J. ( ( buntings ( ( duck long-tailed geese ( ( torquatus Terrestrial vertebrates living in the arctic tundra include include ( brown tundra arctic the in living vertebrates Terrestrial Alaska. of western tothat similar is tundra arctic Vegetation of this endemics. in rich is and landmass paleo-Beringia the from independently developed fl unique has Island Wrangel valleys. river in diverse more Flora is habitat. harsh dependon this that plants other of associations support vents thermal and hot springs tions, manni ( dunlin Tundra woodland and boreal forests. tundra. Subarctic ( ( tea rador ( saxifrages of grasses, some species lichens, mosses, include winter. Plants severe the tosurvive them allows habit that aprostate with chamaephytic, primarily are Plants percent.) ( coverage area low basal and of vegetation a paucity defi organically and acidic, Bay. coarse, The Kolyuchinskaya and River Kolyma between of coastline strip athin and islands nearby other Island, Wrangel includes seas, infl region, tundra arctic The Vegetation corax ground squirrel ( ( ( wolf gray include animals Common tundra. the in of spiders live of species Anumber groups. common the are Coleopterans and Lepidopterans, terans, insignifi is diversity Insect uplands. the cover for reindeer, grounds feeding prime lichen, in rich beds grass Diverse slopes. or windswept on steep only interrupted ous, continu- almost is cover Here plant birch. and areas, riparian in forests poplar and willow stands, larch sparse contain leys val- river the and tundra, more northern the than vegetation ( frons leys have sphagnum bogs and sedge tussock meadows, while while meadows, tussock sedge and bogs sphagnum have leys val- snow cover. winter River little is there where elevations ( fl in stone pine and, Japanese and larch Dahurian primarily are which of woodlands, areas scattered lemming ( lemming 2004. Grus canadensis Calcarius lapponicus Chosenia arbutifolia Larus Betula Nyctea scandiaca Nyctea Saxifraga Mustela erminea Mustela ), bean goose ( goose bean ), Lagopus lagopus (Lagopus ptarmigan willow ), ) and sandpipers ( sandpipers ) and ), snow bunting, and Lapland longspur. Lapland and snow), bunting, Anser caeruleus ), and dwarf versions of other shrubs. In a few loca- afew In shrubs. of other versions dwarf and ), Lemmus trimucronatus Calidris melanotos ) lemmings, arctic fox ( arctic ) lemmings, Ledum ), mountain avens ( avens mountain ), McKinleyville, Plectrophenax nivalis Plectrophenax Myopus schisticolor Myopus The ), greater white-fronted goose ( goose white-fronted greater ), Spermophilus parryi Chukotka’s subarctic tundra has more has tundra Chukotka’s subarctic ), variable hare ( ), bearberry ( ), bearberry ), rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus ptarmigan rock ), Clangula hyemalis Clangula A. fabalis ) and poplar. Tundra grows at higher Tundra poplar. athigher ) and grows ). Russian ), all species of ( eiders species all ), Calidris ), hoary redpoll ( redpoll hoary ), cant. Hymenopterans, Dip- Hymenopterans, cant. uenced by the cold northern northern cold by the uenced ), voles ( voles ), ), ducks ( ducks ), Dryas ) and collared ( collared ) and Arctostaphylos ), and Lapland longspurs longspurs Lapland and ), ), jaegers ( jaegers ), Alopex lagopus Alopex Lepus timidus ), Western Chukotka has has Western Chukotka ), various species of gulls of gulls species various ), ), brown lemming, forest forest lemming, brown ), Microtus Canis lupus Vaccinum oodplains, oodplains, chosenia Anas Far CA: ), sandhill crane ), sandhill Catharacta cient support soils Acanthis horne- ), gulls ( Somateria ), dwarf birches birches dwarf ), Dicrostonyx ), raven ( raven ), East: ), snowy owls owls snowy ), ), Arctic berries, Lab- Anser albi- Anser Daniel ), ermine ), snow), ora that that ora Larus 50 ), snow), ), to70 Corvus ), A

Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky & Reference Rivers and lakes. and Rivers bear ( bear brown are animals vertebrate main The fauna. mon insect com- most the are midges and mosquitoes, Dipterans, ing Bloodsuck- live trees. alder stone and pine, leafcutters and Japanese larch, beetles, the longhorn in beetles, Bark-eating matter. combustible of easily quantities of large here because frequent are Fires developing. from undergrowth tween fi upto heights elfi forms growth this Chukotka southern In 2 than higher togrow fail stone pine that of Japanese Stands by microorganisms. processed rapidly are needles the and annually, needles their drop trees Larch of biomass. circulation fast relatively of their because part in important are forests Larch ground. the along grow lichens shrubby and mosses Green shrubs. alder and birch, pine, stone Japanese is understory upper The forests. larch the in species canopy the is larch Dahurian valleys. Anyui Greater Tall boreal forests are mostly limited to the Omolon and elevations. higher the cover stone pines Japanese and lichen precipitation feed the rivers that fl that rivers the feed precipitation water, and Groundwater, surface sources. secondary lesser as groundwater and precipitation with rivers, Arctic for these of water source primary Snowmeltthe is not melt for years. fl ice large and ayear, months eight upto them over completely, covering ice with freeze rivers Omolon. and The Anyui, Lesser Anyui, Greater Amguema, pus ( redpoll common ( nutcracker eagle ( gulo is Siberian ( salamander fl water and copepods are organisms Typical warmest. is water whenthe summer the in tivity insignifi is biomass plankton and completely freeze tundra the in lakes small The estuaries. and lower ofreaches silt the slowerand water of the use make that crustaceans include invertebrates Aquatic decrease. organisms benthic and increases biomass plankton reaches, lower the In plankton. little contain of rivers reaches upper The sediment. little with rocky are Riverbeds second. per headwaters of Chukotka’s rivers have velocities of upto velocities have of Chukotka’s rivers headwaters lis considered the best in the the in best the considered fi chum but the and whitefi and Salmon lakes. and rivers of fi species Forty-four west. and south of the lakes shallow gyn. Other typical ichthyofauna include the Arctic grayling grayling Arctic the include ichthyofauna typical Other gyn. ( char of Daniel. ), scoters ( scoters ), ), pipits ( pipits ), Stenodus ), sable ( sable ), Ursus arctos Ursus Aguila chrysaetos Aguila ve and eight years, and a slow detritus cycle prevents prevents cycle aslow detritus and years, eight ve and Salvelinus Nucifraga caryocatactes Nucifraga Melanitta Anthus Martes zibellina ) species are the most important commercially, commercially, important most the are ) species 5 m. These trees retain their needles for be- needles their retain trees m.These shery in Anadyr Bay is the largest and widely widely and largest the is Bay Anadyr in shery 466 Chukotka’s larger rivers are the Anadyr, Anadyr, the are rivers Chukotka’s larger ), moose ( moose ), Guide Acanthis flammea ), one of them endemic to Lake Elgygyt- one to Lake ), endemic of them ), and bluethroat ( bluethroat and ), ), Eurasian magpie ( magpie Eurasian ), ), Northern goshawk ( pages Salamandrella kesserlingiiSalamandrella sh from ten families live in the the in live tenfamilies from sh rfe Alces canadensis cant even during peak produc- peak during even cant ), variable hare, voles, golden golden voles, hare, variable ), . There are also three species species three also are . There for ow into the Pacifi ow intothe oes at higher elevations do elevations athigher oes ), wagtails ( sh ( eas. The only amphibian amphibian only The eas. ), leaf warblers ( warblers leaf ), Conservation Luscinia svecica Coregonus, Prosopium, m form thickets. thickets. mform Pica pica Pica ), wolverine ( wolverine ), n forests, with Accipiter gentil- Accipiter Motacilla ) found in in ) found c. c. The ), spotted spotted ), Phyllosco- ).

4 ), Gulo m 291 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA

Vladimir Dinets 292 aggressive. sometimes and bold become lemmings abundant, When tundra. ofthe inhabitants other all for important extremely is cycle this years; few every sharply peak numbers Their RFE. the in oflemmings species seven are There Until area system Protected cetaceans and pinnipeds. are eighteen remaining The carnivores.) and ungulates, lagomorphs, rodents, (insectivores, terrestrial are of which fi are There kotka. Chu- in live of birds species Two twenty and hundred ( esox ( of lamprey species three ( mostly interested in the promise of quick and easy earnings. earnings. easy and of quick promise the in interested mostly were country of the regions central the from ofwave migrants The Chukotka. throughout areas tundra formerly pristine abruptly, scarring increased vehicles Use of heavy-tracked werebuilt. roads new and wereerected Settlements gas. and intensifi and 1970 the mining during vigorous brought of Chukotka industrialization rapid The level one federal- and Inlet) shore of Chaunskaya eastern on the Teyukuul and River, of Anadyr tributary on amain located Ust-Tanyurersky lowlands, Anadyr Lower the in Avtatkuul fi of Thymallus arcticus J. Dallia pectoralis ve regional-level ), sticklebacks ( ), sticklebacks Ⅲ zakaznik 2004. 1976 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , Chukotka’s protected area network consisted consisted network , Chukotka’s area protected on Wrangel Island. Island. on Wrangel McKinleyville, ). The fty-fi ), burbot ( Gasterosteidae zakaznik ve species of mammal, thirty-seven thirty-seven of mammal, ve species Lampetra Russian Lota lota s (Tundrovy, Tumansky, and ), and Alaska blackfi ), Northern pike ( pike Northern ), ed prospecting for oil prospecting ed ), sculpins ( Far CA: Cottidae East: Daniel Esox sh ), s A Chukotka. Local ecologists and activists managed toprevent managed activists and ecologists Local Chukotka. in activity environmental of grassroots explosion to an zakaznik 1980, until not created was fi The process. the opposition delayed this and program, this implementing opposed continually companies agricultural and mining and leaders, Soviet technocrats, Party However, biased fi tocreate approved aplan committee) In zakaznik In expanded. was system reserve the habitats, their and birds migratory toprotect treaties Soviet-American and of Soviet-Japanese signing the and efforts continued these (Haliaeetus pelagicus Steller’s eagle sea cus ( emperor goose species: endangered and rare of disappearance, some cases in and declines, population were concern particular Of areas. protected new to establish scientifi aware- through and raised media in ness environmentalists threat, this Anticipating of Chukotka. ecosystems natural tothe threat the increased drastically circumstances These goose ( & Reference Perestroika ), lesser white-fronted goose ( goose white-fronted lesser ), Daniel. 1977 A. fabalis serrirostris fabalis A. , Lebediny, approved., Lebediny, on Wrangel Island was declared a declared was Island on Wrangel , the Chukotka Okrispolkom ( Okrispolkom Chukotka , the brought social and political reforms that led led that reforms political and social brought park, Tsentralno-Chukotsky (Lake Elgygytgyn Elgygytgyn (Lake Tsentralno-Chukotsky park, anational Two for Chukotka: wereplanned August On park. nature-ethnographic a regional-level Beringia, established government Chukotka the 1993 In meetings. Commission Chernomyrdin Gore- during regularly discussed was plan This specialists. conservation nature and scientists American and Russian between collaboration toallow Beringia, park, international an tocreate agreed Bush George and bachev 1990 In stands. poplar relict and grounds grazing of reindeer fl have would which Station, Power Hydroelectric of Amguema construction protected areas throughout Russia by Russia throughout areas protected of new anumber tocreate plan ambitious an 1994 In Nazarov. former governor, the from statements Alexander exemplifi as opposed, particularly was tion administra- okrug The park. the creating posed Suddenly, op- many levels. on all government of branches legislative and executive within debate by endless stymied was progress outset, However, the from Park. of Beringia portion Russian the todevelop environment of the minister the instructed Chernomyrdin, Viktor rst of the planned reserves, Omolonsky, reserves, planned of the rst 466 14 Guide , 1994 , the Russian government approved government Russian , the , then-Presidents Mikhail Gor- Mikhail , then-Presidents and only in 1984 in only and ), black brant ( brant black ), pages , the Russian prime minister, minister, prime Russian , the A. erythropus A. c publications of the need need of the c publications for ), and others. With With others. and ), fteen new reserves. reserves. new fteen executive executive okrug ooded large areas Branta nigricans Branta Conservation zapovednik was the federal federal the was Anser canagi- Anser ), tundra bean ), bean tundra 1976 2005 . ed by , the , the . ), , and Development. Newell, J. Avtatkuul Avtatkuul Omolonsky Inlet) (Chaun Guba Chaunskaya Beringia park Regional Nature-Ethnographic Lebediny (Swans) Source: Ust-Tanyurersky Tundrovy (Tundra) Zakazniks Island) (Wrangel Vrangelya Ostrov Zapovednik name and Type Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky in areas Protected 8.1Table Tumansky May No. 1032 decree presidential for the expectations great In of funds. due tolack delayed indefi is study Implementation of this park. a regional it as todesignate changed but plans park, national the create to study afeasibility completed Protection Environmental on Committee Chukotka The region). river and lake ilgyn azapovednik and region), basin nik If the plan is implemented, is plan the If zapovednik two included which areas, of protected expansion on the The the decree. whenformer President Yeltsin annulled dashed were quickly territory). Ostrov Vrangelya (Wrangel Island) Zapovednik Zapovednik Island) (Wrangel Vrangelya Ostrov territory). Chukotka amounts to5 amounts Chukotka some in form in protected area total The Chukotka. in and diffi economic and of political because not is expanding Chukotka in system area protected The znik zakaznik This poaching. increased to led turn, in highway, which Bilibino-Pevek the opening to traced be can decline Game populations. of game decline further tostem Zakaznik Inlet) Guba(Chaun Chaunskaya the created government regional the administration, Raion Chaunsky of the initiative atthe and, Rytkuchi, village, nous be protected. In 1995 2004. s and national parks through 2005 through parks national s and to be created in Chukotka in the post-Soviet era. post-Soviet the in Chukotka in created tobe 10 Chukotka Committee on Environmental Protection, 2000. Protection, Environmental on Committee Chukotka , 1995 government has adopted its own document document own its adopted has government okrug McKinleyville, s, fi The , which guaranteed fi guaranteed , which ve national parks, and twenty-four twenty-four and parks, ve national , responding to demands of the indige- of the todemands , responding Russian , 533 , 15 000 to20 , Pribrezhny, in the Meinyp- the , Pribrezhny, in ha ( 1995 nancial support to zapoved- to support nancial is the only regional zaka- regional only the is percent of Chukotka will will of Chukotka percent environmentalists had had environmentalists 8 3,0 nCuok) iiisy aaa bat 1980 Oblast Magadan Bilibinsky, inChukotka) (32,000 . However, these hopes hopes . However, these . culties both in Russia 3 Far CA: okrug of the percent East: ,0,0 Poiesy hktk 1993 Providensky, Chukotsky 3,000,000 Daniel Size (ha) Raion Raion (ha) Size 450,000 Anadyrsky Anadyrsky 450,000 0,0 Anadyrsky 500,000 8,0 Anadyrsky 389,000 5,0 Anadyrsky 250,000 759,650 Ushakovsky Ushakovsky 759,650 160,000 1,0 — 210,500 159,700 Beringovsky Beringovsky 159,700 zakaznik nitely , dated , dated A s. Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky & Reference totals totals because of the economic decline, there is a general feeling feeling ageneral is there decline, economic of the down because activity shipping development and industrial With activity. of illegal forms other and topoachers defenseless fi equipment, and communication parts, equipment, spare proper transport lack areas protected the All sporadically. salaries their receive they and each) (one ranger staff any have Ust-Tanyurersky) and Omolonsky, Guba, (Chaunskaya three only reserves, regional six the Of delayed. repeatedly are ranger only the and director reserve for the Salaries department’s budget. game item the in aseparate as notappear It even does inadequate. federal also has is which status, Zakaznik, for Lebediny Financing Okrug. mous zapovednik totals residents; in response, response, in residents; afl produced have island the on conditions economic and social Deteriorating budget. meager reserve’s the beyond is utilities and communications, electricity, and heating food, adequate with settlement the ing Supply- Ushakovskoe. village, only island’s of the welfare the This reserves. of the isolated geographically and inaccessible most the Island, on Wrangel is Chukotka in becoming system increasingly area protected the diffi Maintaining percent. 2 Daniel. . 8 percent, and twenty natural monuments make up monuments make natural twenty and percent, 1 4 . .2 1 percent of the territory, one regional nature park park nature territory, of the one percent regional percent, one federal and six regional regional six and one percent, federal to the local jurisdiction of Chukotsky Autono- of Chukotsky jurisdiction local tothe 466 eld gear. Most, as a result, have been left left been have aresult, as Most, gear. eld Guide authorities decided to return the the toreturn decided authorities okrug pages cult. This is particularly apparent apparent particularly is This cult. ood of complaints from the the from of complaints ood zapovednik Established Established for 1984 1971 1976 1971 1971 1974 1974 Conservation is also responsible for responsible also is zakaznik 0

s total s total .2

293 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA River; and and River; Vostochnoe Plateau; (Eastern) ( primigenius ( mammoths woolly last the that believe gists reindeer, introduced in the 1930 1976 in ox, musk introduced hundred two are There island. tothe endemic is lemming Vinogradov continent. the from island tothe visits periodic made have wolverines and wolves gray tosome sources, According dovi polar ( Vinogradov fox, and islands: brown on the arctic bear, animals terrestrial six only are There 380 has reserve the total, In Island. on Wrangel highest is species, endemic twenty-fi with endemism, Arctic island. on found the been have Asia in else donotanywhere grow that species American on found the are continents both of species Plant wereconnected. continents two when the Beringia, of ancient characteristic of plants species seventy of more than populations relict has Island Wrangel tundra. alpine sparse 60 lies size, in km Island, Herald elevation. in higher and drier is tundra Tundra. the To Akademy range, of as the south the known ecosystem wetland and tundra the is range of this North 294 Zapovedniks. and zapovednik new tocreate is of which portant im- most the taken, be should action Preemptive resources. gas and oil and marine, of land, exploitation the particularly Chukotka, in expansion industrial new toexpect logical only However, urgent. it is less is areas protected new creating that Wrangel in late summer from North America. About fi About America. North from summer late in Wrangel to come brant black thousand several and breed island, on the Snow geese island. on the nest of birds species Fifty islands. the near feed whales beluga gray, humpback, and Bowhead, Kosa. Davydova sandbar, the and Blossom on Cape years ice-free in found are rookeries walrus world’s The largest seals. bearded and of ringed tions popula- large on the feed bears polar the winter During ers. of the reserve: 1 reserve: of the on fi are dens birthing of such density highest The of low mountains. slopes on the snow caves in Island Wrangel on down hunker annually females bear polar hundred four and hundred three Between Islands. Herald and Wrangel on tocubs birth give denand Seas Chukchi and Bering the About recently. fairly until island on the lived deer rein- of wild apopulation that believe also Scientists found. by a1 latitudinally divided is Island, Wrangel Vrangelya. J. 8 , 000 Ⅲ ) lemmings, musk ox musk ( ) lemmings, zakaznik 2004. – 3 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , 80 000 6 ) lived on the island during the Holocene Era HoloceneEra the during island on the ) lived percent of the populations of in polar bears ) between the Neizvestnaya and Pestsovaya Riv- Pestsovaya and Neizvestnaya the ) between Chukotka has just one just zapovednik has Chukotka s. years ago). Bones and tusks are still frequently frequently still are tusks and Bones ago). years species of plants. of plants. species McKinleyville, ) Bezymyannye (Nameless) Mountains; 2 Mountains; (Nameless) ) Bezymyannye The km northeast of Wrangel and only has has only and of Wrangel northeast km Russian Ovibos moschatus 170 , 100 3 km north of the mainland, mainland, of the north km s, on the island. Paleontolo- island. ons, the ) Gavai; 4 ) Gavai; -meter mountain range. zapovednik , and a herd of domestic aherd of domestic , and Dicrostonyx vinogra- ) Medvezhya (Bear) (Bear) ) Medvezhya Far CA: ), and reindeer. and ), s, national parks, s, national parks, ; six North North ; six Mammothus Mammothus , Ostrov , Ostrov ve sites East: Daniel 12 ve sq. ) ve A ( ( crane sandhill following: the include bear. summer, brown in and, wolf, wolverine, gray fox red ( include animals Predatory others. and sandhill crane, swans, spoonbill sandpiper, Eurasian goose, widgeon, white-fronted greater goose, bean including waterfowl, zone between tundra woodland and subarctic tundra, with with tundra, subarctic and woodland tundra between zone feeding waterfowl including whooper swan ( swan whooper including waterfowl feeding and molting, for nesting, conditions provide prime and streams by meandering interconnected are lakes abundant The reeds. alder, and of shrub thickets tundra, ton-grass cot- and sedge marshes, stone upland pine, Japanese with woodland tundra is Rivers, Main and Anadyr the between Zakazniks. goose, pintail ( pintail goose, white-fronted lesser goose, bean goose, white-fronted greater reserve. the throughout found are waders and pintail, Northern goose, white-fronted lesser goose, bean crane, Sandhill swans. and emperor goose, brant, black of eiders, colonies ing nest- large including birds, nesting and for migrating habitat uncontrolled poaching. poaching. uncontrolled and debris, ocean change, climate island, the near to go route planned shipping anew include Threats sphere reserve. ( Union and not signifi fi rich on the feed and islands on the nest species of eight seabirds thousand hundred [ [ (whistling of swan species three emperor, brant), black bean, and white-fronted, (greater of geese species four widgeon, Eurasian pintail, Northern including of birds types for numerous places nesting and tory providemigra- that lakes and swamps has tundra, coastal and wolverine. and wolf gray are sighted commonly less reserve; the in found mals mam- land typical are bear reindeer, brown and wild Moose, ( wigeon Eurasian The Warring. Cape and (Western) Zapadny on Cape colonies in nest here. Eiders seen Tundra. (Larus roseus Ross’s Akademy gull the in and Rivers on Tundrovaya Gusinaya and annually congregate brants black and of snow geese of thousands colonies Nesting ris canutus & Calidris pygmaeus C. bewickii Reference Lebediny. Ust-Tanyurersky. Tundrovy. Tumansky. Avtatkuul. 50 Daniel. km around the islands. The World Conservation World The Conservation islands. the around km zapovednik iucn cant, but island subspecies of the red knot ( knot red of the subspecies but island cant, ) and black guillemot ( guillemot black ) and

Zakaznik ], and whooper), Sabine’s gull ( Sabine’s whooper), and gull ], The vegetation in this reserve, which is located located is which reserve, this in vegetation The The reserve protects migrating and nesting nesting and migrating protects reserve The ) has proposed the area as an international bio- international an as area the proposed ) has This zazaznik Typical coastal tundra, the reserve provides provides reserve the tundra, Typical coastal Anas acuta Anas Grus canadensis A. penelope A. ). has a marine buffer zone of between of zone between buffer amarine has 466 This reserve is located on the transitional transitional on the located is reserve This s occupy an area of 2.1 area an s occupy sh and marine life. Bird endemism is is endemism Bird life. marine and sh Guide ), Northern shoveler ( Northern ), Cygnus columbianus , consisting of primarily meadows meadows of primarily , consisting pages ), and common teal ( teal common and ), ), and spoonbill sandpiper Cepphus grylle for Conservation million ha and and ha million Larus sabini Cygnus cygnus Vulpes vulpes ], Bewick’s ) nest here. ) nest A. clypeata ) can also be be also ) can A. crecca Calid- ), 25

), ), ). ), and Development. Newell, J. Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Notable sites: minke, killer [ Rivers. Chaun and eveem Puch- of the mouths the bay, shore of the southern between Service. zakaznik Currently, the park. anational it as redesignating and ies lynx (Lutra otter river wolverine, lutra ( mink American sable, including species fur zakaznik The hare. variable and wolf, bear, brown gray for wolverine, habitat high-quality provides reserve The populations. sable and moose restore and toprotect established was forests, and whales (gray, humpback, beluga [ beluga (gray, humpback, whales and seal, bearded seal, ringed walrus, include species marine table No- places. resting and grounds breeding mammal marine alongside coast on found the are rookeries and birds nesting of colonies Huge sandpipers. and geese, white-fronted and emperor crane, sandhill including here, nest waterfowl tory migra- of rare species Numerous everywhere. observable sky settlements, and the second part ( part second the and settlements, sky Krasnoarmei- and Komsomolsky near Inlet shore of Chaun consists of two parts: one part ( one part parts: of two consists The shorebirds. and waterfowl toprotect established was described, reserves other of the many like and, tundra coastal typical is landscape the Inlet, of shores Chaun ern nest here numbers. in large also crane Sandhill birds. migratory other and goose, fronted white- greater goose, bean sandpipers, ducks, include birds other and common, are swans Whooper lakes. abundant and swamps, cranberry tundra, grass sedge-cotton hilly Regional nature park. plants. Relict and and Relict plants. and of animals communities for unique habitat and refuge a is park The landscape. Chukotka fragile the preserve and life, animal and plant of the diversity biological the protect peoples, Eskimo and Chukchi of the cultures hunting Sea Bering the enhance and to preserve is park of the purpose The Park. Nature-Ethnographic Regional Beringia the 2004. Litke and Bennet Islands, Lavrenty Bay, of anumber and Lavrenty Islands, Bennet and Litke protects which River, Chegutun of the basin upper The breed- walrus one largest of the Island, Arakamchenchen Omolonsky. Chaunskaya Guba. other areas are slated to receive toreceive slated are areas other species. ( snow sheep fi monument built architectural ancient an Lane), (Whale signifi archeological special Of springs. hot thermal has also Chukotka, in grounds ing ve centuries ago out of bones of bowhead whales. whales. out of of bowhead bones ago ve centuries ). Future plans include expanding the reserve boundar- reserve the expanding include plans Future ). is under the jurisdiction of the Chukotka Hunting Hunting Chukotka of the jurisdiction the under is of valuable regeneration for the allowed has also McKinleyville, The Orcinus orca This zakaznik Ovis nivicola Ovis Red Data Book Data Red Russian There is one such park in Chukotka, Chukotka, in one park is such There Situated on the eastern and southeast- and eastern on the Situated ] and others). ] and ), a very rare, rare, a very ), , the only one to protect boreal one boreal only toprotect , the 200 cance is Kitovaya Alleya Alleya Kitovaya is cance ), and Eurasian lynx ( lynx Eurasian and ), fl zapovednik ora and fauna species are are species fauna and ora , 000 10 Delphinapterus leucas Far CA: , 500 ha) is on the eastern eastern on the is ha) Red Data Book Data Red ha) is on the on the is ha) Mustela vison Mustela status. status. East: Daniel zakaznik Felis

A ), ], Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky &

Reference In Akademik Obruchev and Ostantsovy, 600 are peaks tallest The lake. the surround Mountains Asia. northeast in reservoir freshwater largest the is lake crater, this 3 Formed between 500 approximately plateau Anadyr northern on the Located 1. Lake Elgygytgyn (arctic and wetland) Litovka Maxim Smirnov, Gennady Biodiversity hotspots areas. protected Other Threats. ments with a combined area of area acombined with ments in the 1980 the in late the in began fauna 1956 in weremade lake of the of diatoms fi The not,known. however, is well diversity logical scientifi in documented well are history geological its and Obruchev. area The by 1930 Sergei tions the in here began research Geological lus ( falcon of peregrine densities high particularly are There thrive. species bird many River, Enmyvaam of the headwaters the and basin lake the here.Within live species bird endangered and rare several and lake, the near breed snow sheep and reindeer Wild species. endemic and relic some are and species, alpine circumpolar vegeta- diverse 249 has and tion that basin of alarger part is lake The ceans and oligochaetes. crusta- endemic are there and remarkable also are algae The region. the throughout one endangered and endemic them ( of char species Three lake. fl streams small numerous and lake of the part fl River Enmyvaam The respectively. is almost perfectly round. The maximum depth is is depth maximum The round. perfectly almost is protecting the monuments. the protecting role in active an played once council this broke up; Society Conservation Nature All-Russian of the Council Raion in Oblast Magadan from broke off Chukotka offi not monuments have been natural The for concern. monuments cause is of natural protection adequate be will there Whether communities. plant botanical or relict communities, animal unique and species rare ments, settle- ancient valleys, river in stands poplar either protect Daniel. 1950 ), golden eagle, and yellow-billed loon ( yellow-billed and golden eagle, ), m above sea level, Lake Elgygytgyn, Elgygytgyn, Lake level, sea mabove , the area was completely pristine, but overfi completelypristine, was area , the The basin is isolated and remote but vulnerable. remote but and vulnerable. isolated is basin The s. vascular plant species. Most of the plants are are plants of Most the species. plant vascular 466 Guide and 5 and Falco peregrinus Falco Chukotka has twenty natural monu- natural twenty has Chukotka pages 1970 million years ago in an impact impact an in ago years million Salvelinus s, and botanical research began began research botanical and s, for c literature. The basin’s The bio- c literature. 13 , 700 ), gyrfalcon ( ), gyrfalcon ows from the southern southern the from ows Conservation ha. Most of these of Most these ha. cially protected since since protected cially ) live in the lake, one of lake, the in ) live . Studies of terrestrial of terrestrial . Studies 11 Gavia adamsii km in diameter, diameter, in km and 1 and ow into the s with expedi- s with 1992 , F. rustico- 000 shing, shing, m. 169 and the the and rst studies m, m,

). 295 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA Ⅲ Ⅲ 296 scaups ( greater eiders, ten thousand approximately are there seasons, ( eiders of king colony alarge is there estuary River Anadyr of the edge ern fi of approximately apopulation supporting Strait, Bering the and Sakha eastern in River Indigirka the between ground goose-breeding remaining largest the is Zakaznik Avtatkuul ( North of Problems the of Biological Institute the from toornithologists According seashore. the along nest ( terns Aleutian and sandpipers Spoonbill year. here every migrate geese white-fronted lesser and geese Snow emperor, brant. black bean, and white-fronted, great of goose: species several include species main The them. on depend that birds breeding and nesting the wet- of the and lands because primarily valuable is territory This trees. alder and willow some small with vegetation shrubby is there valleys, river the In swamps. grass and moss and tundra specifi landscape, the dominates of signifi are some of which oxbow origin, and of thermokarst lakes numerous are There region. the through run Rivers, Avtatkuul and Tumanskaya, Velikaya, the including River, Anadyr of the Tributaries ecosystems. marine and glacial primarily are lowlands Anadyr The wetland) and (arctic lowlands Anadyr Lower 2. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing lake. beautiful the frequent ers Tourists, fi populations. reindeer wild and hunt- shermen, and on char particularly impact, an had have of waste dumping and excavation, archeological illegal mining, uncontrolled of Protected Areas in the Russian Federation in in Federation Russian the in Areas of Protected Creation Onthe resolution government the in stipulated as Zakaznik, Tsentralno-Chukotsky the tocreate ment aplan toimple- began Protection on Environmental Committee 1994 In time. atthat of Chukotka jurisdiction had which administration, monument Magadan by the ural Book Data Red Russian the in for inclusion wererecommended char lake for fi extended sportfi and commercial the banned (Okhotskrybvod) of Glavrybvod ve thousand of three different species. In the southwest- the In species. different of three ve thousand J. Work Work toward The Zakaznik. Tsentralno-Chukotsky the Establish fi the plan. plan. the toimplement at present, no funds, are but there reserve, this toestablish approved plans governor has regional unique lake. However, the lake. unique rst. Ⅲ 2004. shing of char for fi of char shing Aythia marila Aythia THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ve more years. At that time, three species of species three time, that At ve more years. . In 1993 . In Somateria spectabilis McKinleyville, unesco The The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The ), and scoters ( scoters and ), , the lake was declared a regional nat- aregional declared was lake , the ve years, and in in and ve years, World Heritage site status for this for this World site status Heritage Russian In 1986 zakaznik cally sedge and cotton-grass cotton-grass and sedge cally ). During the molting molting the During ). Melanitta , the Magadan branch branch Magadan , the must be established established be must 1991 cant size. Tundra size. cant Sterna kamtschatica Far CA: , the ban was was ban , the , the Chukotka Chukotka , the ) in Glubokaya Glubokaya ) in 1994 ibpn East: Daniel – 2005 ), . ) A Anadyr Bay in the late late the in Bay Anadyr in here and found was gas and Oil business. a big commercial fi for game area upwelling an as serves and route salmon for chum tory and Anadyr of the lowerVelikaya streams and Rivers have also rich Estuary fi Anadyr The here. ro Pacifi of the division Chukotka of Fish the Freshwater and Anadromous 1994 Since basins. skaya fi studied have Okhotskrybvod the from Scientists here. research plinary ibpn the from groups center, several In Data Book the in listed birds migrating and of nesting species teen eigh- Overall, lowlands. Anadyr of the tundra marine the in nest cranes of sandhill numbers Considerable spotted. been also have Steller’s eagle and sea gyrfalcon, falcon, peregrine White-tailed sea eagles ( Estuary. Anadyr of the shoreline entire the along found are ( fl their and geese and Lagoon, Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ disturb the nesting birds. birds. nesting the disturb increasingly which intervention, technical and human and products, petroleum from pollution water and land inevitable the construction, road development and land reasons: several for athreat development poses Oil sea. intothe directly 1975 Convention (No. Soviet-American the after tat Habi- Their and Birds of Migrating Measures On Protection the of Ministers of the Soviet by the made resolutions Several Tumansky. Tundrovy, and Avtatkuul, lowlands: Anadyr three established administration Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. October October (No. Species Fish Sturgeon and for Salmon Grounds Spawning as Serving Water Other Sources and Tributaries 1979 (No. Habitat Their and Birds of Migratory & Reference Anas Tightly control all economic activity, particularly in in particularly activity, economic all control Tightly Merge zakaznik the two Ramsar Zakazniks Tumansky and Avtatkuul both Make ) have done research. Foreign scientists are also working working also are scientists Foreign done) have research. summer. summer. status. sites. ussr , and No. 255, and ); and On the Approval of the List of Rivers, Their Their of Rivers, List of the Approval Onthe and ); Daniel. ), two species of shorebirds, and two species of swans of swans species two and of shorebirds, species two ), 1992 Untreated sewage waste from Anadyr city is dumped dumped is city Anadyr from waste sewage Untreated are designed to protect the fauna of these of these fauna the toprotect designed are ibpn 26 sh including whitefi , after the foundation of the Chukotka research research Chukotka of the foundation the , after can be seen in this area. this in seen be can c Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography ( Oceanography and of Fisheries c Institute , 1973 has already prepared the necessary documents. necessary the prepared already has sheries of the Anadyr, Velikaya, and Tuman- and Velikaya, Anadyr, of the sheries ). , March 19 , March The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 Guide 1980 , researchers from the Laboratory of Laboratory the from , researchers Haliaeetus albicilla s and give them higher protection protection higher them give s and s. pages , 1979 In 1992 edglings and male river ducks ducks river male and edglings sh and smelt. Salmon fi smelt. Salmon and sh sheries. The area is amigra- is area The sheries. zakaznik ); On Protection Measures Measures OnProtection ); for conducted multidisci- conducted , the Chukotka Chukotka , the s on the Lower Lower s on the Conservation ) nest here and here and ) nest 196 , April 11 , April 195 zakaznik , March , March 554 shing shing is tin- Red , , s: and Development. Newell, J. protect this region. this protect formally proposed establishing Pribrezhny Zapovednik to has government Russian The by airplane. census waterfowl son. July In 1997 V. by compiled E. data the in Oschepkova fi the used wehave review, For region. this the studied Scientifi Cape. on Navarin colonies bird remarkable Pacifi of routes migration the especially life, marine damage could fi reserves; oil development Khatyrsky of the include threats Future Lake. Pekulnei and Bay Ankave the in eider eggs common collect also locals hardship, to economic Due settlements. around found problem garbage is primary the ice melts. In some years more than half of the world’s of the half more than some years In melts. ice the stop here once ages of all walruses Adult Island. Meechkyn Rudder’s Kosa Spit, Island, and Arakamchenchen Cape, Spit, Inchoun Somnitelnaya Cape, Blossom rookeries: walrus largest of the six combines territory protected proposed This marine) and (arctic rookeries Walrus 4. the toestablish ernment Recommendation. measures. protection Existing Threats. spotted. regularly are which whales, gray migrating and bowhead, whales, beluga whales, killer seals, do as species, on rely people this Indigenous Asia. northeast of all in one richest is of the stock particular this and able, valu- most the considered is salmon chum The commercially. fi are which salmon, pink and chinook, chum, including of fi of types anumber are There tundra. the frequent that [ marmot black-capped and sheep (snow mammals rare and ermine) and moose, bear, (brown mammals Common rivers. the along common are groves alder and Tall willow landscapes. the dominate swamps and sedge, forests, sparse lowlands, the In tains. moun- the in prevalent are meadows and tundra rock Lichen slopes. upper on the grows pine tundra mountain slopes; tain lower on moun- the bushes stone pine tall form Japanese Range. Koryak of the slopes southern on the originate that others and Pekulveem, Vaapveem, Kakanaut, fl of tributaries system the and by straits sea the with and other each with interconnect Vaamechgyn and Pekulnei lakes, lagoon of large aseries ily Primar- Raion. Beringovsky in Sea, Bering shore of the ryak Ko- on the located is system river and lake Meinypilgyn The wetland) and (arctic zone riparian Meinypilgyn 3. eld is located in the Bering Sea. Development fi of the Sea. Bering the in located is eld 2004. Marmota kamchatica Marmota c salmon. Oil development may also threaten the the threaten development also may Oil c salmon. c Center and the Chukotka branch of tinro branch Chukotka the and c Center The area has seen little industrial development. The development. The industrial little seen has area The McKinleyville, The , A. V., A. Kondratev, an Get formal approval from the federal gov- federal the from approval formal Get Russian ]) frequent the area. The birds are those those are birds The area. the frequent ]) zapovednik owing into them—Vaamechgyn, owing into them—Vaamechgyn, Researchers at the Chukotka Chukotka atthe Researchers and then create it. create then and ibpn Far CA: researcher, did a did researcher, 1997 90 percent of this of this percent East: fi Daniel eld sea- have eld eld shed A sh, Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference fl alow- from noise atthe herd panicked whenthe were killed Inbe Somnitelnaya extremely destructive. Bay, 102 fl helicopter and plane unsanctioned the are harmful most but close, too by getting walruses the Tourists disturb often ones. of dead tusks tothe toget tosea walruses drive often Hunters tusks. of walrus sale illegal for the animals the poach to area, the in poverty toextreme owing increased has which in the rookeries is limited, but there is a growing tendency, poaching Currently, walrus Sea. Bering the in colonies walrus shore-based the all almost exterminated whalers American when century, nineteenth of the half second the in earnest in began hunting supply. walrus of meat source Commercial wereaprimary walruses Eskimos, and Forpeople. Chukchi attracted always have rookeries Walrus communities. walrus of rhythms normal the disturb activities human various and the rookeries at Arakamchenchen Island and Rudder’s and Spit. Island atArakamchenchen rookeries the upat set been also have points protection Manned rangers. of efforts of the because protected best the are Spit Somnitelnaya and Cape Blossom in rookeries The ing. hunt- and protection for walrus measures lists and rookeries on March Okrug Autonomous Chukotka in of Walrus Hunting and Protection Onthe decree the governor issued Chukotka The walruses. of protecting charge in are Zapovednik Vrangelya Ostrov Regional fi hunting. and protection for walrus regulations todevelop it impossible counts of Pacifi Exact of Chukotka. coasts eastern and northern on the rus of wal- gatherings on seasonal no information is There base. food dueof Bay todepletion the of Anadyr part northwestern the in populations walrus of local decline steep documents scientifi tions of tinro expedi- research The shut down. been have mammals marine for stations monitoring Okhotskrybvod’s The tenyears. past signifi decreased has research territory. Walrus of the nature pristine the symbolize of Chukotka, treasures natural unique rookeries, Walrus of walrus. subspecies Pacifi endemic the preserving role in acritical play rookeries walrus These unprotected. virtually rookeries the left have equipment communication and of transportation lack and Threats. to rest. again return and food, toget sea for the leave then days, six and four for between on land stay Normally, walruses feeds. between torest need Walruses period. melting the and tion for as long as fi rookeries atthe stay here.Walruses rests population walrus Existing protection measures. protection Existing Daniel. ying airplane. ights over the rookeries. Panic among the walrus herd can herd can walrus the among Panic rookeries. over the ights c institutions have been suspended. Recent research research Recent suspended. been have c institutions Storms, attacks by polar bears and brown bears, bears, brown and bears by polar attacks Storms, sheries protection authorities and the staff of staff the and authorities protection sheries ve or six months, depending on ice-fl depending months, ve or six , its Magadan division (Mag division Magadan , its c populations are also unknown, which makes makes which unknown, also are c populations 466 Guide 10 , 1998 pages ; this document describes twenty twenty describes document ; this Insuffi for cient numbers of rangers of rangers cient numbers Conservation inro cantly over the zapovednik ), and other other and ), walruses walruses oe forma- Ⅲ

297 c and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA the most important national wetlands of the former of the wetlands national important most the 1995 in created was is improved. road winter Komsolmosky-Bilibino whenthe occur may lems prob- Additional lands. of mined no recultivation is There destructive. also is machinery heavy the and a lot of waste, creates industry mining The mining. from mainly impact, human growing the from ecosystems lowland’s the protect zakaznik existing The lowland. Chaun the in ing 298 measures. protection Existing Threats. valuable. commercially are lowland ( Varden Dolly salmon, of eider, Pink Ross’sspecies and gull. loon ( Arctic geese, bean and fronted white- lesser snow goose, swan, tundra include shorebirds here. Other migrate and nest plovers both and Geese meters. three as high as grow alder, which and willow are species main The terraces. river on well-drained valleys river along grow tundra of large-shrub Areas bushes. berry and birch, dwarf willows, with tundra hummocky and sedge with for Chukotka Vegetation typical is area. tundra 50 approximately occupy lakes thermokarst numerous The Pucheveem. and Chaun, Palyavaam, the are rivers main The tributaries. and of straits amesh become lower reaches, their in which, rivers, by many traversed is and sedges with covered are hills the reaching rocks picturesque are there lowland, of the part southern the In grasses. rare hilly, with somewhat bayis of the coast southeast The Sea. Siberian East on the Inlet toChaun down slopes gradually plain the Raion), (Chaunsky Chukotka shore of western Arctic On the wetland) and (marine Inlet Chaun 5. Pacifi entire of the management toimprove the proposed also is scientists American and sian Rus- between of information exchange The rookeries. of the guardians and observers permanent as hired be would people native project, of this part As rookeries. of walrus monitoring of tinro division Recommendation. rookery. Inchoun of the guardian the as Agranaut, Alexei appointed avillager, Village Inchoun in peoples native The hunting. walrus torestrict model this used already have groups indigenous rookery. Local Meechkyn the in Eskimos and Chukchi economy of the walrus of atraditional amodel reconstructed and studied Peoples Indigenous of Chukotka Association the and tion) organiza- nongovernmental Chukotka Club (a Kaira The J. Salvelinus malma Ⅲ 2004. Native peoples rely on reindeer pastures and fi and pastures on rely reindeer peoples Native THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, The to develop a project for the long-term long-term for aproject the todevelop Find $50 Find ), and whitefi and ), . The Chaun lowland is listed as one of as listed is lowland Chaun . The Russian , 000 Chaunskaya Guba Zakaznik sh in the rivers of the Chaun Chaun of the rivers the in sh c walrus population.c walrus to permit the Chukotka Chukotka the topermit 700 Gavia arctica Arctophila m. Swamps around around m.Swamps Far percent of the of the percent CA: . The lowland lowland . The does not does ), three East: ussr Daniel sh- . A in the 1970 the in affected heavily most was basin The populations. wolverine and sable, moose, abundant originally of the toadecline led quickly mammals fur-bearing and for ungulates poaching (Scherbakovo) and 1960 the in appeared settlements Russian Omolon basin. tion agencies are poorly equipped to control the problem. the tocontrol equipped poorly are agencies tion nature-protec- as levels unprecedented reached has poaching (villages), of some settlements closure the ployment, and unem- industry, mining the in Currently, crisis due tothe fi forest urgently need protection due to heavy overfi due toheavy protection need urgently rivers Varden Dolly local in Chereshnev,anadromous I. A. to According expedition. research hunting a West Siberian work done comprehensive by intoaccount taking lowland, fronted goose, eagle owl ( owl eagle goose, fronted white- lesser eagle, sea white-tailed include species Rare tail. curlewsgans, (Numenius ( capercaillie black include species bird Common and birds with rich animals. are valleys forest and tundra These fl the in found are larch and poplar, birch, of chosenia, forests Mixed Sakha. northeastern of typical ecosystems lake relic has river of the lower part the and forests, boreal through primarily run reaches middle the Plateau, of Kolyma landscapes subalpine the through fl river of the part southern The Asia. East subarctic in gems ecological one largest is of the Omolonand basins, Kolyma the in tributary primary Omolon the The River, forest) and (arctic Zakaznik Omolonsky 6. Recommendation. Threats. early the Since longnose sucker ( sucker longnose pike, Northern grayling, Arctic include species Fish of Sakha. tundra arctic the and of Okhotsk Sea shore of the north the route between migratory shortest Omolon the The is Valley tenuirostris Arctic birds. of routes migration and animals, and plants endemic nities, commu- plant of unusual presence the including ecosystems, region’s of the productivity and biodiversity, uniqueness, high scientifi of aseries in resulted have basin Omolon of the River structures of fl studies Long-term region. the levels (between 14 (between levels density record reach moose Kolyma wolverine. and ermine, squirrel ( Eurasian include Mammals region. this through migrate gull Ross’s and shorebirds, different goose, bean swan, Bewick’s Tetrao parvirostris & Reference Daniel. res occurred frequently, and poaching fl frequently, poaching and occurred res The Chukchi peoples are the original settlers in the the in settlers original the are peoples Chukchi The Sciurus vulgaris c publications. These publications emphasize the the emphasize publications These c publications. ), little curlew ( curlew little ), s and 1980 s and Catostomus catostomus Create a federal-level zakaznik afederal-level Create and 18 and 1970 ), hazel grouse ( grouse hazel ), 466 s, when polluted waste industrial rivers, Guide s, s (Mandrikovo). Uncontrolled ), moose, wild reindeer, bear, brown wild moose, ), per sq. km) in the Omolon basin. Omolon the basin. in sq. km) per ), whooper swan, and Northern pin- Northern and swan, whooper ), ibpn Bubo bubo Bubo Numenius minutus oodplains and valleys. pages has had a biological station in in station abiological had has ora, fauna, and landscape landscape and fauna, ora, Bonasa bonasiaBonasa for ), great knot ( knot great ), ), and whitefi and ), Conservation shing. shing. ), and gyrfalcon. ), and gyrfalcon. ourished. ourished. in Chaun Chaun in ), ptarmi- Calidris sh. 1940 ows ows s and Development. Newell, J. and Mangazeika Rivers in the lower reaches. lower reaches. the in Rivers Mangazeika and the fl Omolon’s of the toinclude portions bank along left length between strips for protected calls ment plan zakaznik the to enlarge needed is authorities Chukotka and Magadan between action Coordinated watersheds. River Namyndykan and Monakova Omolon fl its current status. status. current its the enlarge would governor that okrug The fect. ef- in still is which Raion, Bilibinsky the in on hunting ban toacomplete led This increased. poaching villages, nearby and gold mines of several closure the With park. a national zakaznik the through runs border currently Chukotka-Magadan The possible. much as as reserves the toenlarge like would ties authori- protection Local maximum. and moderate, minimal, ibpnland use. sustainable some restricted, allowing while status, its change the novanie economic justifi ecological- an required regions Bilibino Omolon and the in Peoplesenous of Chukotka of Indig- associations The Kolyma population of moose. threatened of the habitat largest the toprotect done primarily was This Omolonof the River. lower reaches the in created was Zakaznik Omolonsky Service, Hunting Magadan tothe posal 1980 Tnekveemskaya Roshcha (Tnekveem Grove). (Tnekveem Roshcha Tnekveemskaya protection: urgent Two monuments need natural wetland) and (forest monuments natural 7. Botanical Recommendation. measures. protection Existing and willow grove, with trees between 16 between trees with grove, willow and poplar large only the is River, of Kanchalan tributary eastern fl the in lowland Anadyr northern the in cated Oblast, are constant threats. constant are Oblast, Magadan adjacent in project Kubaka the particular, in and, and downstream both upstream located ventures, Gold mining 2004. zakaznik zakaznik oodplain forests of the Kedon, Aihenny, Namyndykan, Aihenny,Namyndykan, Kedon, of the forests oodplain , in response toibpn response , in ) for the enlargement of enlargement ) for the should be granted regional status and later become become later and status regional granted be should oodplain. Rassokhino reindeer herders use the the use herders reindeer Rassokhino oodplain. McKinleyville, The . Only people in the Bilibinsky Raion use the the use Raion Bilibinsky the in people . Only . In the future, the the future, the . In proposes three options to change the borders: borders: the tochange options three proposes hunting service prepared a decree draft for the for the draft adecree prepared service hunting cation ( Enlarge the Omolonsky Zakaznik and and Zakaznik Omolonsky the Enlarge Russian . If this occurs, the ambitious enlarge- ambitious the occurs, this . If obos- ’s pro- ’s In zakaznik The Omolon River Valley has the best forests on Chukotka. on forests best the has Valley River Omolon The Far CA: and 18 and without changing changing without This grove, lo- 30 oodplain of the of the oodplain East: and 50 and m tall. The The mtall. Daniel km in A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Ⅲ Okrug Autonomous Chukotsky & Reference Ⅲ trees reach between 12 between reach trees the area, gravel on avast Growing converge. Telekai Rivers two wherethe valley adeep in plateau Chukotka central the in located is of grove chosenia, northern most and largest Ⅲ mine. for fi used be may grove the that mean routes grazing reindeer Telekaiskaya Roshcha (Telekai Grove). (Telekai Roshcha Telekaiskaya Recommendations. 8 July Since bank. it atree-seed is and calve, reindeer where aplace is grove the plants, for boreal Arefuge tundra. surrounding the with contrasts which forest, Tnekveem River fl of adiverse heart the is grove Betula cajanderi lensis of Salix udensis occurrences isolated include plants Other downstream. and valley upthe further trees a result of Magadan regional government resolution No. government regional of Magadan a result it valuable scientifi valuable it making high, also is diversity Floral interesting. particularly it make grove of the size and location northerly The have remnant steppe vegetation. ( juniper common 1980 of the ussr Institute Botanical of the Yurtsev B.A. Professor monument. natural aregional been has grove the Daniel. Educate the local population. local the Educate Create a botanical abotanical Create Threats. logging. logging. rewood. Another potential threat is the Valunisty gold Valunisty the is threat potential Another rewood. Academy of Sciences studied the region in the the in region the studied of Sciences Academy s. At present, however, no scientifi . Beyond the fl oodplain there are three species of birch: fl the of. Beyond birch: species three are there oodplain The nearby native village of Kanchalan and and of Kanchalan village native nearby The 466 , B. middendorfi Guide cally and aesthetically. aesthetically. and cally Juniperus communis Juniperus zakaznik The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The and 15 and pages m high. There are isolated isolated are There mhigh. oodplain community of the of the community oodplain for in the grove to prevent any toprevent grove any the in

, and B., and extremorientalis Conservation c research is under way. under is c research Telekai Grove, the ). The mountain slopes slopes mountain The ). and Poaursu- and 1960 , 1983

, and , and s and s and 296 299 , as , as ,

Vladimir Dinets and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA

Ⅲ Ⅲ regional government resolution No. resolution government regional toMagadan monument, thanks natural aregional been has Ⅲ 300 1869 collectively killed an estimated 130 who whalers, British and Norwegian, by American, later and fi centuries—at three past for the ed of Pacifi hunt- population intensively The been has c walruses markets. Asian the from riches fabled bringing tusks their in trade with earnest, in began of walrus exploitation mercial com- intensive The there. population walrus entire the killed had Cossacks Dezhnev’s years, several within and discovered, were mouth estuary Anadyr atthe grounds breeding huge the after, Soon Fedot Alexeev. and by Semyon Dezhnev 1648 in Strait Bering of the opening the and grounds breeding walrus for new toasearch led for wealth Desire Americans. with began also trade century, late-nineteenth the In peoples. native the with trade established and Chukotka reached ers In the fi of overgrazing. because areas feeding of reindeer loss the was interference by human caused fi The developed. practices reindeer-herding century, seventeenth tothe teenth From thir- the tundra. the in gathered fruit summer the and fi abundant walruses, and of reindeer populations of tremendous on account well lived tribes enous indig- settled and of nomadic populations Small peoples. fi hunting, on based economy was the century, seventeenth Until the Naumkin Dmitry Litovka, Maxim Smirnov, Gennady Economy it in studied Y. and P. by grove airplane, the Kozhevnikov “rediscovered” P. A. Later lost. Vaskovsky was research but grove, this the ed In threats. major and increased mortality to native Chukchi and Eskimo Eskimo and Chukchi tonative mortality increased and hunger, brought disease, rapidly grounds hunting attheir populations traditional whale and of walrus extinction The recovered. not fully still has species of this population Arctic western the century; nineteenth of the middle the in whales bowhead hunting began ships whaling Foreign size. J. Limit grazing and logging. and grazing Limit Research the area fully. Create a botanical abotanical Create Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. Ⅲ and 1980 and 2004. 1939 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE shing, and gathering, primarily by indigenous by indigenous primarily gathering, and shing, a research group led by K. F. by led group K. Yakovlev document- aresearch rst half of the seventeenth century, Russian explor- Russian century, seventeenth of the half rst Grazing reindeer and logging for fi logging and reindeer Grazing 1974 . The population is now a third of former its now is athird population . The McKinleyville, rst indication of environmental damage damage of environmental indication rst The . zakaznik The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian to protect the grove. grove. the toprotect Since July 8 July Since , 000 rst by Russian whalers whalers by Russian rst 296 sh in the rivers and seas, seas, and rivers the in sh walruses between between walruses . Far CA: , 1983 rewood are the are rewood , the grove grove , the East: Daniel A Environmental impact. released released spills such sixty-two regulators, togovernment According systems. pollute river spills accidental year, Every Chukotka. pit mining has damaged more than 75 more than damaged has pit mining Open- groundwater. poisons and by run-off, oftion rivers sedimenta- causes routes, migration wildlife ruins pastures, harmful, visibly damages the landscape, eliminates reindeer most the mining, Open-pit to mining. related problems are gold from the Zolotoy and Pekulin mountain ridges in in ridges mountain Pekulin Zolotoy and the gold from The fi Alaska. nearby from Chukotka penetrated the which with gold rush, connected is Chukotka development in Industrial kotka Seas to limit the excessive hunting of marine animals. Chu- and Bering weresent tothe ships military government, one fi In of the peoples. 1980 1989 Union, and Soviet infl the with rapidly increased population The werebuilt. stations power local minefi towns, company enterprises, commercial in River Ichuveem on the began mining commercial since industry leading the been Gold has signifi of commercial metals precious other of gold and deposits yielded period this during prospecting geological ued Contin- war. the during them mining began and Iultin and Pevek near of tin deposits large discovered War geologists II, afi and Anadyr, atpresent-day began of seaports construction The 1930 by the and, followed soon area tothe expeditions geological Other coal production and to a lesser degree other minerals. other degree toalesser and production coal gold and on increasing based economy are the improving all Nevertheless, Chukotka. it in tomine tobuy than gold abroad it cheaper is that commented journalist, television apopular Masyuk, Elena to offi prospectors individual from of society, levels All in 1989 was it of what half toalmost fallen has of Chukotka population The of ofsettlements. anumber closure and oftion workers employer okrug the in primary the been had for years which industry, mining of the Decline enterprises. state-owned previously large, the replacing are sites, productive most on the years for oneoperate or two is becoming unprofi gold mining even and steadily decreasing also is mining Coal profi longer No industry. mining for the conditions todictate beginning is economy market of of the aresult conditions other as and privatization restructuring period, post-Soviet the In & Reference cials, are discussing the plight of the mining industry. industry. mining of the plight the discussing are cials, were immigrants. Mining reached its peak in the late late the in peak its reached Mining wereimmigrants. s and early early s and Daniel. rst prospectors arrived in 1890 in arrived prospectors rst sh factory and airports were built. Just prior toWorld Just werebuilt. airports and factory sh 1 , 417 s, coal was being mined near Ugol (Coal) Bay. Ugol (Coal) near mined being was coal s, . tons of pollutants in in of tons pollutants table, tin and tungsten mining have ceased. ceased. have mining tungsten and tin table, 1990 90 ow of labor from central regions of the of the regions central from ow of labor table. Numerous small ventures, that 466 s. percent of those living in Chukotka in in Chukotka in living of those percent Many of Chukotka’s environmental of Chukotka’s Many environmental Guide rst conservation efforts by the Russian Russian by the efforts conservation rst pages governmental plans for plans governmental okrug , has led to the massive emigra- massive tothe led , has 1958 1995 for and began extracting extracting began and . Processing facilities, facilities, . Processing , 000 and 1996 and Conservation ha. of land in in of land ha. elds, and and elds, . Giant . Giant cance. okrug 1904 . and Development. Newell, J. and forty fi forty and 1990 the in Fires, however, have, increased. emissions nitrate other and nitrate ammonium decreased; has pollutants most of water. Discharge surface into the dumped m of sewage in discharge water total The industries. mining and energy the and settlements from come pollutants water main The Zn. Pb, and of Ba, concentrations heightened has Anadyr around water natural The Zn. Pb, and Ba, of Be, forms todissolved subjected is environment natural Zn. Pb, and Cu, Ba, Be, Ni, Co, ( concentrations of allowable excess an is there anomalies, these Within substances. of toxic ties sulfi hydrogen and Mo, Cr), (Cu, concentration Cr, gley Ga, (Mo, Ge), acidity Mn), Pb, Ni, Zn, Co, Cu, (Ba, alkalinity are on them trate concen- of elements that associations paragenetic and barriers geochemical Corresponding ences. infl anthropogenic under alkalize and salinize sources. oftion pollutant distribu- wide the erosion, and wind microrelief, by Zr, Mo,Co, and Cr, Mn, caused Ge, Ti, Ga, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Be, Ba, Mg, of Ca, concentrations vehicles. and debris); construction materials, of construction storage platforms, (construction industry construction the stations); gas and fuel from dumps dumps, coal piles, deposition, slag (atmospheric systems energy are areas populated fi following tothe led Institute, kotka, conducted in 1991 in conducted kotka, Chu- in pollution on environmental Research sites. of fi stench by the only matched is garbage city and heaps, scrap drums, of metal ness unsightli- the and tundra fragile upthe sliced have vehicles all-terrain and tractors areas, populated Around cities. and towns major in levels pollution air tohigher led has use car rising Rapidly damage. November In pollution. of water amajorcause is major the seaports all in debris mechanical and Oil practice. by this that approximately approximately that estimate experts of tundra; tracts large destroys mining in used machinery truck and caterpillar caused an estimated estimated an caused 115spilled 2004. 1996 . Near populated areas, including river watersheds, the the watersheds, river including areas, populated 5. Near 4 3 2 1 . The main environmental pollutants in in pollutants environmental main . The . The peat-gley soils of the tundra tend to tundra of the soils peat-gley . The . The soil top layer in many areas has heavy heavy has areas many in top layer soil . The . Twenty-fi was 31 was tons of oil near Beringovsky port and and port Beringovsky near of tons oil McKinleyville, res burned 1994 The . 81 ve percent of the of the ve percent , the punctured tanker Kansk tanker punctured , the million cu. m, including 28 m, including cu. million de concentration (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, Ni, Co). Ni, Co). Pb, Cu, Ag, (Zn, de concentration 80 s, were especially severe. Five hundred Five hundred severe. wereespecially s, 2 Russian . , 55 927 000 million rubles ( rubles million and 1992 and , 789 ha have been damaged damaged been have ha ha of land between 1990 between of land ha ndings: has anomalous quanti- anomalous has okrug res at dump atdump res by the Analit Analit by the 1 – 6 Far CA: mpc of soil) for mpc Cr, of soil) $8 , 500 .

u- 95 East: ) in ) in million cu. cu. million Daniel Chukchi have returned to their traditional lifestyle. traditional totheir returned have Chukchi some companies, mining and industries local ofmany collapse the With and and A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference nals with a capacity of 1 acapacity with nals termi- storage gas and oil Seven facilities. waste and storage River fl more fi of these 1997 into the rivers, lakes, and seas is impossible to assess. toassess. impossible is seas and lakes, rivers, into the ( 70 was damage Estimated communities. many fl werealso facilities other and boilers and plants, depots, and fuel food storagecoal electrical warehouses, factories, Apartments, disrupted. werealso pipes heating and astore.Water and achurch, facilities, port houses, apartment fl 722 fl lowland and levels sea in rises tosharp led have coast the along storms fl summer and spring the within are discharges petroleum and sediment suspended contain that basins Daniel. oods ravaged a reserve electrical substation, two twelve-unit twelve-unit two substation, electrical areserve ravaged oods $230 cm, exceeding the annual average by average annual the exceeding cm, . Analysis indicates that humans caused more than half half more than caused humans that indicates . Analysis , 525 000 , res. Because of a drought in in of adrought Because res. ooding. Water levels in the Anadyr Estuary reached reached Estuary Anadyr the Water in levels ooding. 000 ooding has increased, and this threatens nearby nearby threatens this and increased, has ooding ). The impact of petroleum products that washed washed that products of petroleum impact The ). ha of forests and tundra. tundra. and of forests ha 466 Guide pages , 600 tons and seven open retention retention open seven and tons for Conservation 1993 3 m. In Anadyr, Anadyr, m.In , fi res destroyed res destroyed oodplains. oodplains. Fall billion rubles rubles billion ooded in Ⅲ

301 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA 302 exceeded never affected land Surface impact. environmental the mized profi this located, Centrally weremined. Raion Schmidtovsky in Komsomolsk and Polarninsk, Bilibino, The tives. coopera- prospecting and enterprises, commercial enterprises, kombinats enrichment fi and included ing industry mining the era, Soviet the In growth. economic rapid of achieving ameans as industry mining sion of the expan- the views still administration however, local the this, Despite ownership. of property forms of new introduction the and restructuring industry include factors Other declined. has industry gold mining the risen, have costs mining as and deteriorated, steadily has deposits alluvial of remaining ity 30 reaching outputs annual with late the in peak its reached mining gold backing, government strong with and world gold prices in increases by Fueled continuous platinum. sten, silver, and tung- of tin, gold, reserves large with blessed is Chukotka Mining molsk molsk Producing about Raion. Bilibinsky throughout scattered deposits alluvial low-yielding and small, gok of the base source about mined eratives, Bilibino orKomsomolsk Bilibino the prospecting cooperatives, large three and pits, Polarninsk several one mine, With (Northeastern Gold). Severovostokzoloto as known entity interregional large the of werepart government, tothe belonged which enterprises, and Iultin gok Pevek The gold. alluvial extracted mine Otrozhny large the gold output slightly less than than less slightly output gold with cooperatives, prospecting small three and pit mines two The Bystry. and Otrozhny deposits, two tially essen- is of Anadyr, city the in based mine, Otrozhny The cooperatives. prospecting four and mine Vostochny the included gold division The gold. sten, and gok Iultin togold. shifted and tin ing In mine. Valkumei the producer, Pevek tin Chukotka’s largest Once site. this to investors foreign toattract attempting are representatives industry and government Regional Chukotka. in deposits gold one largest of the Maiskoe, is of Komsomolsk village the 2005 until tolast reserves with ing cooperatives in this prospect- large two and mines weretwo There Chukotka. in Rivers) Raucha Ichuvei and on the deposits alluvial J. okrug table Ⅲ 2004. gok ’s gold. Three rich, closely located alluvial deposits deposits alluvial located ’s closely rich, Three gold. 50 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE gok operated the oldest gold mining site (the large large site (the gold mining oldest the operated gok ha, about seven times less than land used in the the in used land than less times seven about ha, primarily mined underground, which mini- s extracted gold, tin, and tungsten. All these these All tungsten. and tin, gold, s extracted McKinleyville, , with fi , with The 20 30 included about two hundred shallow, shallow, hundred about two included percent of the okrug of the percent ve mines and six prospecting coop- prospecting six and ve mines 1992 gok percent of the okrug of the percent gok gok Russian . The most profi most . The – produced about 40 about produced s. 10 1993 ( , is near Ichuvei River. Near Near Ichuvei River. near , is total. total. okrug of the percent gok tons. However, qual- tons. the , the mine ceased produc- ceased mine , the 1980 ), geological mining produced tin, tung- s and early early s and Far ’s Komso- gold, table area now, CA: ’s re- The gold. gok gok percent of percent gok included East: 1990 ve min- includes Daniel s and s and s, A Environmental impact. ers in Chukotka include joint-stock companies of the of the companies joint-stock include Chukotka in ers majorgold produc- The increased. steadily has enterprises by private metals other of gold and share production The gok the left cooperatives prospecting privatization, However,able. during cases are numerous across the globe. Some countries, such as as such Some countries, globe. the across numerous are cases but such contamination, of have river incidents There gold. no reported been toextract used increasingly is Cyanide risk. atgreatest are basins River Anadyr and Kanchalan, Anyui, Greater Anyui, Omolon, The Lesser this. proven repeatedly have facilities of process inspections odic peri- by regulators; documented those than higher are levels pollution Actual sites. industry of the half atonly enforced are regulations Environmental sediment. such discharge accidentally often companies Mining basins. retention using and points drainage off by sealing somewhat minimized be fl and fauna can freshwater systems of river Degradation ora. destroys and systems into river toleak sediment causes cess pro- this of of tons gravel; thousands moves basins rounding sur- in and beds channel river small in Gold mining mining. by damaged irreparably often are which systems, river of the health on the depends largely biodiversity marine and restrial Chukotka’s ter- valleys. river along of mining practice spread wide- the is of mining effect serious most Perhaps the decreases). soils above atand humidity relative the and crease in- (water temperatures regimes hydrothermic changes and groundwater fl alters mining during formations rock oftion underground Destruc- machinery. by heavy destroyed is tundra Fragile tenor fi in habitat reindeer adequate become will they belief the in naturally, toregenerate alone left often are sites Remote recultivated. are areas migration some reindeer spent completely and tobe believed land Only not restored. is mined land of the Most Raions. tovsky Schmid- and Chaunsky, Bilibinsky, in are areas damaged heavily most The of routes wildlife. migration seasonal ruins and pastures, reindeer eliminates landscape, the damages directly and of mining type harmful most the is Chukotka, ity of 100 of ity capac- projected annual an has which mine, on hopes the Karalveemskaya their pin specialists industry Many 500 than (less amounts fi of other ahost and Polarnaya, (Komsomolsk, Polarninsk, Bilibino), In about until production to provide stable continue depositwill The total production in Chukotka. Chukotka. in production total deposits. In In deposits. gold alluvial mine also that ventures similar of other those fi approximately are that requirements labor and cost net and & ve times and two times more favorable, respectively, than than respectively, more favorable, times two and ve times Reference Daniel. 1992 2005 , 000 – . s. 2000 1993, ows, leading to a decrease in permafrost depths depths permafrost in toadecrease leading ows, Kombinats tons, resources projected to last for decades, for decades, tolast projected resources tons, gold mining was still marginally profi marginally still was gold mining , the mine produced about 30 about produced mine , the 466 Open-pit mining, widely practiced in in practiced widely mining, Open-pit Guide kg). were auctioned off or reformed. or reformed. off wereauctioned pages rms that mined small small mined that rms for fteen years. artel s Chukotka and and s Chukotka Conservation percent of percent gok t- s and Development. Newell, J. Magadan, Kamchatka, and Alaska. Chukotka must develop develop must Chukotka Alaska. and Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakha, in living tothose but also residents, toChukotka only not athreat poses power Nuclear risky. are crisis energy the toresolve countermeasures government Planned problematic. is them transporting and year of power, each sources more expensive become primary the fuel, diesel and Coal lowlands. Anadyr the from extracted be would which togas, coal from Station, Egvekinotskaya the possibly Power and Station, Anadyrskaya the toconvert plans also are There back. project held this todate have power nuclear to resistance public rising and crisis economic The Pevek. fi the coast, the along plants power nuclear fl several tobuild wants also government The long ago. werecompleted station asecond build and plant nuclear the torebuild power. Plans of nuclear expansion an with industry Federal and and fi plant’s of the purifi failure of the indication obvious effi plant’s the fi that indications are there and personnel, noted on plant been have doses tion radia- High plant. atthe accumulated have waste liquid and 1974 in operating began which plant, Bilibino of the safety the about abound Concerns Mys). Bilibino-Zelyony (Pevek- powerline by alarge and villages, and towns in tions plants in raion electrical Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ should: industry mining kotka Chu- the To sustainable, more become environmentally use. of cyanide risks high of the because entirely goldmining ceased have Republic, Czech the nuclear power plant ( plant power nuclear Bilibino by the supplied is Chukotka in power Electrical Energy 2004. Develop closed water cycles and build water-treatment water-treatment build and cycles water closed Develop operations. mining Promote underground focusing than rather reserves developed previously Mine be can Restoration lands. mining damaged Restore be can technologies harmful Less cyanide. Stop using rather ore deposits but valuable compact small, Develop to automobile roads (year-round) permanent Construct cient. Radionuclide contamination around the plant is an an is plant the around contamination cient. Radionuclide facilities. ones. on new primarily for sites restoration. suitable most the are Raions Bilibinsky and of Anadyrsky areas tal continen- the in conditions Climatic planted. are legumes) and rapeseed, or (oats, fodder grasses of feed types annual profi one is example. Petersburg, St. in developed only, by gravitation technology ore enrichment applied; than alluvial deposits. vehicles. caterpillar-track from tundra fragile the protect ltration systems. systems. ltration table, in some instances, if perennial grasses and and grasses perennial if some instances, in table, McKinleyville, The authorities link future development of future link authorities okrug Russian baes centers, by small diesel and coal sta- coal and diesel by small centers, ) by large coal, diesel, and turbine turbine and diesel, coal, ) by large ltering systems are becoming less less becoming are systems ltering . Huge amounts of spent fuel of spent fuel amounts . Huge Far CA: rst to be built near near built tobe rst East: Daniel cation oating oating A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference possible accident at baes a toexclude it impossible is situation, of this light In waste. Over the past twenty-fi past the Over baes from sediment water drainage in observed is picture A similar to adjacent area the from downwind estuaries and soils the in found are of radionuclides levels highest The of both. or amixture nonradioactive, radioactive, be can Accidents mulated accu- has plant “The Protection: on Environmental mittee following The excerpt unsafe. is plant the is from believe 1995 specialists Many Chaunsky Raions. and Bilibinsky in tovillages energy electrical and Bilibino retrofi tobe needs plant the and outdated components are fundamental because costly most the also it is hand, other Onthe economical. sources, such as oil and coal, increases. increases. coal, and oil as such sources, conventional from prices energy as rise will of energy type for this Demand regions. northern toother stations power hydro- and wind of small sale through opportunities business develop and lowlands, Anadyr of the ecosystems the preserve pollution, way, prevent nuclear of energy. wecan this In sources renewable of using means safe environmentally an Nuclear. time required for construction of the second stage of stage second of the for construction required time capacity of 48 okrug the in plants the of all one hand, the Daniel. about half the population of the area. of the population the half about base, airport/military and town mining over tothe back power passes line river, the no transmission across mine coal the from in hauled is coal city.of the While of fi a minimum at tooperate engineered is that plant heat-and-power thermal new arelatively has by fog.Anadyr grounded fl that copters often are people atatime y about twenty MI- the as patience, great requires often spring and proper. Fall toAnadyr airport the you from get will ride ferry ahalf-hour summer the In Chukotka. of center regional the with suburbs these connects road ice winter, In an River. Anadyr across lie that town, mining coal the and base airport/military the towns, satellite two with acity is awry. Anadyr go can projects development scale of how large example agood is Power Station Anadyrskaya The Northeast. the upon forced being are systems power velopment of electrical de- of the direction on the decisions policy (Moscow) Western many that It seems of projects. power variety toa led [have] development of Chukotka resource intensive the support [to] requirements power The ussr grounds.” In 1974 was built in Chukotka at Bilibino (baes atBilibino Chukotka in built was 510 tons of spent fuel and and of tons spent fuel MW and four four and MW 466 , one fi of the tted. The plant provides thermal power to power thermal provides plant The tted. Guide ve times over the power requirement requirement power over the ve times and 1996 and pages within the next 10 ve years, no serious accidents or accidents no serious ve years, rst atomic power plants in in plants power atomic rst egp reports by the Chukotka Com- Chukotka by the reports for - 6 685 reactors, may be the most most the be may reactors, Conservation cubic meters of liquid of liquid cubic meters today, 23

to15 baes, years (the (the years ). On the Onthe ). 8 with a with heli- Ⅲ baes

baes ). 303 . and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA tivity of these generators comprises 5. comprises generators of these tivity radioac- total The beacons. shipping and lighthouses power Eighty-fi ( generators thermoelectric radioisotopic Chukotka, In reindeer.on the whodepend of Chukotka, peoples on indigenous effect severe most the had has contamination Radioactive chain. human moss-reindeer- the topeople’s through threat health medical a and agenetic pose They lichen. tundra in especially soils, in tend toaccumulate materials of radioactive amounts small Even isotopes. with coast northern the contaminated out and fall- radioactive the carried winds Westerly Arctic Chukotka. 1950 the in conducted Island on Novaya Zemlya tests Nuclear bones. the from strontium radioactive toexcrete organism human of the ability poor the and chain, moss-reindeer-human trophic the in particles of radioactive is 0 okrug 304 tothese exposed are animals people and Unfortunately,both of funds. of lack because not reportedly removed them, has still service graphic hydro- the because todoso continue and leaked have them of Several for removal. slated and waste radioactive as labeled of of September As okrug the in registered radiation ionizing of the of all percent 0 is peoples for indigenous of radioactivity dose annual average The Russia. of central residents of the those in than peoples Chukotka’s indigenous fi between are trations 90 Strontium Raion. Chaunsky the in levels ogous were Raion of Bilibinsky of cesium levels ceptable, ac- Although Raions. Bilibinsky and Chaunsky in samples a scientifi year, same The not have increased. and safe are Chukotka in throughout the okrug levels radiation studied Kolyma and Pevek in agencies tion In acatastrophe. become could size moderate even of accident anuclear into account, taken is ka’s ecosystems of Chukot- slow regeneration the When toradiation. citizens nate more 1 than contami- could accident an that maintain Committee Safety Citizen Chukotka of the Staff Committee). Energy Atomic (Federal Gosatomnadzor by the recommended measures and fi reconstructed be must plant The of funds. due tolack acted for baes plan asafety developed Institute In plant. the near living residents problemsworry maintenance and costs, repair rising dosages, toexcessive exposed been have personnel plant several that However, discovery the occurred. have of personnel radiation lage, one case of infant leukemia was registered and, although although and, registered was leukemia of infant one case lage, J. riteg Ⅲ s and 1960 s and ltering systems must be improved to comply with safety safety improved be tocomply must with systems ltering 2004. 1995 s) pose one of the greatest dangers to the environment. environment. tothe dangers one greatest of pose the s) ve of these generators were built along the coast to coast the along werebuilt generators ve of these c research expedition from Saint Petersburg took took Petersburg Saint from expedition c research . THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , hydrometeorological and environmental protec- environmental and , hydrometeorological 4 . This is explained primarily by the concentration concentration by the primarily explained is . This McKinleyville, s are the main source of higher radioactivity in in radioactivity of higher source main the s are , riteg The 300 1996 . Results showed that radiation levels levels radiation that showed . Results sq. km and expose a hundred thousand thousand ahundred expose and sq. km ve and six times higher in the bones of bones the in higher times six ve and s. In Vankarem, a remote Chukchi vil- aremote Chukchi Vankarem, In s. , fi 2 137 Russian fty-seven of the generators were generators of the fty-seven . . 5 4 rem per year; the average for the for the average the year; remper and strontium 90 strontium and and 2 and 1992 . 0 times higher than anal- than higher times 8 million curies, or curies, million , Atomenergoproekt , Atomenergoproekt , but it was not, but en- it was Far CA: in the plants plants the in concen- East: Daniel 99 . 9 .

A hundreds of times higher than background radiation levels. levels. radiation background than higher of times hundreds are tailings the in concentrations Radon Raion). (Chaunsky Severny and of Zapadny villages the in uncultivated mained Since the cause. the was nearby to the girl three-year-old of the death the not have traced scientists & Reference generate aboutgenerate MW. 60 will and icebreakers board on used currently are that reactors KLT-40-C-type two contain will Pevek, of city The fi energy. with settlements mining and ports remote supply to coast Chukotka’s along plants power nuclear ing fl of aseries build to plans oat- government Russian The A fl — OS include the RITEGs and the Bilibino nuclear power plant. plant. power nuclear Bilibino the and RITEGs the include Chukotka affecting issues waste nuclear serious Other Ⅲ Ⅲ are: ones obvious The project. the of dangers potential the all list to needed is report A comprehensive expenses. unseen these for pay to have may taxpayers that conclude to one leads This documents. project in mentioned even not are expenses, deconstruction as such costs, and risks Other regime. Soviet the under secret was information such as verify to hard however, are, data These reactors. other of histories safety past the about references offiin merely are documents cial listed measures Safety risks? environmental new ate cre- and security international endanger desires such Should possibilities. export its expand and overcome to like would stagnation industry nuclear Russian The Expertiza. Environmental on Law Federal Russian the as well as treaties nonproliferation nuclear international violates construction plant that maintain also critics costs, high the to addition In sources. power solar or wind new from twice that of developing the same amount of energy the organization Bellona Foundation, environmental the to high construction According costs will be fi be likely will it and plant, the of construction delayed have concerns environmental growing and recession Economic staff. full-time sixty and have will about million, U.S.$254 about cost will years, forty for operation in be Daniel. nished only by 2006. by only nished Threat of nuclear terrorism; spent nuclear fuel from from fuel nuclear spent terrorism; nuclear of Threat ir- cause could which accidents, nuclear of Threat oating nuclear power plant power nuclear oating ture nuclear weapons. nuclear ture manufac- to used be conceivably could plants these ecosystems Arctic fragile the to damage reparable rst of those fl oating plants, to be installed near the the near fl installed those be of to rst plants, oating 1940 riteg s uranium ore re- development have sites s uranium 466 , there is widespread speculation that this this that speculation widespread is , there Guide 24 The plants are expected to to expected are plants The pages for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. natural gas deposits. In the the In deposits. gas natural and oil accessible have Seas Bering and Siberian, East kotka, Chu- the beneath shelf continental of the expanses huge and the rights in 2001 in rights the purchased then Sibneft contract. won the Company Trading Chukotka anew, the one. after, created more Soon compliant okrug the assessment, ussr abide by these must legally tween ussr the (one between treaties bird migratory bilateral two under some protection have also zakaznik of three boundaries the within are deposits the First, tions. regula- of environmental anumber tocomply with failure its of because project tostopthe tried Expertiza Environmental of Federal however, Council the bid contract, Prior tothe won. Company Trading Chukotka the which deposits, these In years. forty and thirty for between valuable commercially be would developed, if reserves, These deposits. gas Zapadno-Ozernoe the and oil, Verkhnechinsk the condensate, gas and oil Verkhnetelekaisk of the discovery to led basin Anadyr the in drilling whenexploratory reserves Oil and natural gas. natural and Oil can generate 1 Chukotka in alone resources energy Wind completed. never was station but the Raion), (Beringovsky of Nagorny village the in installed was station equipment for awind-powered 1995 In exceptions. only the are herders’ camps reindeer and stations atmeteorological stations wind-power worn heavily Small, untapped. virtually are which sources, energy renewable topotential compared unfounded ir- and seem rational industry nuclear by the plans grandiose These it before happens. leave can they so know to like would They built? be station the will exactly when and diffi more expensive becomes nuclear) and oil, (coal, fuels tional of conven- delivery the as attractive, becoming are sources energy Alternative more severe. progressively getting is kotka Chu- in crisis energy The coast. the along than greater is days okrug, of the parts continental the in energy conventional than more be suitable would plants Microhydropower resources. of Russia’s energy wind unlikely to be fi tobe unlikely by for installation call Plans residents. among awareness environmental greater and crisis economic of the because delayed been has project This Pevek. one in tobe fi the of Chukotka, coast the along plants power nuclear of fl anumber tobuild plans government federal the plants, Bilibino the toreconstruct toplans addition In expansion. of nuclear prism the through only sector energy government offi power, of nuclear Despite dangers 2004. 1995 ussr cult. s, which are habitat for migratory birds. These areas areas These birds. for migratory habitat are which s, , the Russian Government opened tender opened for bids Government Russian , the McKinleyville, and the United States). The Russian Federation Federation Russian The United States). the and The . 5 nished before cials look at development of the Chukotka look atdevelopment Chukotka of the cials trillion kW annually, more than 14 kWmore than annually, trillion . Many low-elevation areas of Chukotka of Chukotka areas low-elevation Many Russian government disbanded the council and and council the disbanded government 1980 2006 where the number of windless of windless number wherethe and Japan, and the other be- other the and Japan, and treaties. Displeased with the the with Displeased treaties. s, scientists confi . People keep wondering, . People wondering, keep and federal federal and okrug Far CA: 2004 East: oating oating Daniel rmed these rmed these percent percent , but it is , basic , basic rst A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference Scientists estimate that these are only about 3 about only are these that estimate Scientists m, an accidental underwater oil spill of more than of more than spill oil underwater accidental m, an reaching atdepths exploration, oil During explored. well fairly is lakes, and of rivers network in Meinypilgin Chukotka southern the in located basin, Khatyrsky The refi and toextract want companies paraffi high have deposits These Seas. Siberian East and Chukotka, Bering, the beneath oil, of of tons billions reaching estimates with deposits, shelf of much larger outer edges the are reserves these that believe Geologists basin. of Anadyr reserves recoverable of total to nearby export markets. export to nearby access easy of the because toindustry attractive particularly coast, Sea Bering on the are wells productive The occurred. Daniel. send polar bear populations plummeting.” populations polarbear send could mortality …additional poaching increased with Together disturbed. when cubs and dens their abandon bears are extremely cautious at this time and will often mother The year. each Islands Herald and Wrangel on den to come region the in bears polar female of percent affi scientist a research Ovsyanikov, Dr. Nikita to According spill. oil an by threatened be would populations bear Polar States. United the and Russia between freely move Sea Chukchi the in bears polar The Arctic. circumpolar the in bears polar for habitat year-round important Islands, Herald and together Wrangel on with the surrounding reserve waters, nature forms The the most habitat? ocean this on depend who seals) and whales, walrus, bears, (polar mammals marine protect would measures What conditions. icy extremely with hostile, particularly are region this of conditions natural The airports. and terminals, tanker pipelines, underwater platforms, ing drill- of construction of impacts environmental the about concern is There region. the to threat ecological greatest the be to coasts Sea Bering and Okhotsk of Sea the along projects extraction gas the and oil consider proposed Magadan in based ecologists Many basin. Khatyr the in (Uglovoe) block another and basin Anadyr the in blocks gas and oil three to licenses production and exploration the holds Sibneft fi offshore Chukotka’s of elds. studies seismic do to Yukos, company, largest second Russia’s with up teamed also has Sibneft well. test the on million U.S.$50 about spend to expected company The 2001. late in Anadyr) of southeast km (150 concession Island Mochalivy the The Russian fi oil for drilling begins Sibneft — JN liated with the Wrangel Island reserve, “some 80 80 “some reserve, Island Wrangel the with liated 466 rm Sibneft began test drilling for oil in drilling test began Sibneft rm Guide pages for n concentrations, but several but several n concentrations, ne them. Conservation to4 200 Ⅲ 1 percent percent , 650 cu. m cu.

305 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA 306 fi and hunting from derived products other and tusks, walrus They earn some limited income from minor trade in furs, tundra. of the plants and invertebrates marine from times fi and mammals of marine meat on the depends Eskimo and Chukchi of coastal diet The resources. marine fi and on depend hunting largely still people Native fi and Hunting the benefi sacrifi senseless of the us toremind done years force many for remain will fox skeletons their with sheds of collapsing long rows and skeletons whale of gray However, hundreds soon. close likely will ones remaining the and closed, farms of the most ended, subsidies When animals. caged it tothe or fed meat walrus and seal atethe blubber and whale the sold peoples native The subsidies. by government supported were seals and walruses, of whales, harvest intensive the and profi fi and three between from cost production animal caged harvesting, animal marine from by-products unwanted mainly feed, animal Despite cheap farms. animal in foxes arctic and silver raised on the dwellers peninsula coastal most nineties, early the Until farm. of the closure tothe led rates mortality high and feed the totransport costs fowl, but high raised Severny collective Raion’s farming Anadyrsky Untilrecently owners. by private done when successful most generally is pigs Raising Raions. Bilibinsky and Anadyrsky the in kept are of horses Yakut herds Small declining. is breeding economy, cattle and insignifi an are livestock and Pigs land. the 8 occupies production, hay mainly Agroforestry, culture. indigenous role in akey playing and income, jobs, providing activity, agricultural important most the is herding Reindeer of Chukotka’sgraze. reindeer half more where than Raions, Bilibinsky and Anadyrsky the in are pastures richest toherd reindeer. The used is of which about use individuals and enterprises, organizations, Agricultural tion of some plants, the latter limited by the harsh weather. cultiva- the and breeding reindeer includes Agriculture Agriculture permission. for their Chukotka of people native the toask Barrow, but bothers nobody near Sea, Beaufort the in oil toextract Petroleum British allow to refused whenthey spill this Inuitremembered Alaskan Exxon the is Valdez example famous The tion. extrac- oil gas and offshore in inevitable be will terrestrial and tomarine ecosystems, lethal be can which spills, Oil shing. Hunting wild ungulates and small game is also also is game small and ungulates wild Hunting shing. J. t. Nevertheless, animal farms grew in number as they they as number in grew farms animal Nevertheless, t. Ⅲ 2004. 68 million ha of land; of land; ha million t of an ideological economy. ideological t of an THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE shing McKinleyville, The Russian 60 ve rubles for every ruble of ruble for every ve rubles percent ( percent , 700 cant part of the okrug of the part cant ha ( 40 . Far 0 7 CA: . million ha) ha) million 01 spill in Alaska. Alaska. in spill sh, some- percent) of shing shing of East: Daniel

A of this industry as well. as industry of this todecline led has subsidies of state Loss concrete. and bricks, clay sand, construction mixes, gravel and sand materials, tion construc- included industry this Raion, Anadyrsky in marily and generating 2 growing industries, employing Until potential. good have particular, in meat, fi high-quality produce that prises signifi has production food problems, overfi Rapacious industry. the with problems associated environmental primary the Overfi the assets. purchased recently company trading AChukotka facility. the closed collapse economic regional The salted. was caviar fi where factories several included and Anadyr in was now closed, is which fi main The developed. fi levels; harvest increase likely will and fi AChukotka enterprises. fi tooutside quota annual of the portion alarge sells government okrug the of boats, shortage of the Because rivers. the in and Dezhnev) Rubicon toCape Cape (from Commercial fi source of income. amajor once was industry the hard; trappers and hunters hit has products for fur demand international Low important. by by and unprofi this exacerbated have costs production and increases, price energy food, the to produce materials of importing costs but high now the subsidized, unprofi always produced was industry food. This enterprises mining and agricultural several and facilities, milk raion every almost duction; 3 about generated and workforce the In stable. and large dependon fairly is they base resource the and some future have fact doin enterprises these delivery, profi Despite minimal materials. raw as used are tusks and bones, fur, hides, Animal homes. in and farms collective shops near sewing Uelen,small shop in and abone-cutting Provideniya, in factory aleather includes This markets. for local only goods produces and underdeveloped is industry Light poaching. rampant tostop the equipped equately fi The population. fi this threatens lakes and of rivers network Meinypilgyn of the grounds spawning the in conducted production caviar ( salmon sockeye recovery.Illegal tion fi fi in to acollapse & shing quotas, there are no indications thus far of apopula- far thus no indications are there quotas, shing Reference 87 ts, outdated equipment, and diffi equipment, outdated and ts, 1996 Daniel. percent. Despite these Despite these by 50percent. goods baked and percent, 1993 shing, poaching, and pollution of watersheds are are of watersheds pollution and poaching, shing, , the production of sausages fell by fell of production sausages , the 1990 , meat and milk production employed production milk and , meat , construction was one region’s of the was fastest , construction sh was processed, cooked, and canned, and and canned, and cooked, processed, was sh sh stocks, and despite years of reduced of reduced despite years and stocks, sh . shing centers around the west Bering Sea Sea Bering west the around centers shing 9 sheries’ enforcement agencies are inad- are agencies enforcement sheries’ percent of the industrial production. Pri- production. industrial of the percent 466 Guide sh processing operation in the region, region, the in operation processing sh shing in the 1950 the in shing shing company has been formed formed been has company shing center in Chukotka had meat and and meat had Chukotka in center pages 2 . 7 sh products and reindeer reindeer and products sh percent of the population population of the percent tability. Between Between tability. for percent of national pro- of national percent cant possibilities. Enter- culties with product product with culties Oncorhynchus nerka sh processing may be be may processing sh Conservation s and 1960 s and 90 percent, milk table and and table 6 percent of percent shing shing 1990 s led s led sh

) and Development. Newell, J. and reindeer pastures. reindeer and tundra damages winter in roads of the use Heavy year-round. 700 Only gravel. are of which insignifi is transport within the okrug 76 Shmidta, with airplanes such as the Ilyushin Ilyushin the as such airplanes with Shmidta, Mys and Pevek, Anadyr, in are airports largest The kotka. Chu- from move toand people helicopters and Airplanes Murmansk). and Arkhangelsk, Petersburg, (St. west the from the southern rfe from come goods Most Egvekinot. and Anadyr, Beringovsky, Provideniya, Shmidta, Mys Pevek, are seaports primary The ing is the most promising industrial enterprise for Chukotka. for Chukotka. enterprise industrial promising most the is ing reindeer, tofeed herd- resources natural enough are there as Currently, requirements. or capital labor no special are there and of feed, no transport requires herding reindeer peoples, Chukotka totraditional alien apractice herd animals, cated domesti- of other raising the Unlike liqueurs. and medicines ( antlers the and of purposes, variety for a used be can skin the quality, of high is meat Reindeer north. far the in able tothrive are thus and conditions mental of environ- toarange adapt can reindeer, which raised have peoples Chukotka’s indigenous of years, ment. For thousands develop- of sustainable principles the with follow use nature indigenous from Learning peoples. afacility. such of building costs the help offset could foundations and tions organiza- environmental from Support Anadyr. in built be should facility ademonstration Initially, developed. be must use community and for individual stations power droelectric hy- and power. Wind of nuclear risks great the and region, tothe oil and coal todeliver costs of rising because urgent also is issue This made. been has effort little Village, Nagorny in station power wind of the construction partial the and stations atmeteorological generators wind-powered small few However, a from aside potential. great have resources energy renewable used, Scarcely nomic development for Chukotka. of eco- forms alternative whenpondering tomind comes that fi the is resources energy of renewable use Increasing Naumkin Dmitry Litovka, Maxim Smirnov, Gennady development Toward sustainable moves shipping Sea workforce. 10 employs almost sector transport The Transport 2004. , the Tupolev, the 154 McKinleyville, The is by old is MI- (Vladivostok and Nakhodka), rather than than rather Nakhodka), and (Vladivostok , and the AN 12 AN the , and cant. There are 2 are There cant. Russian km of the roads can be used used be can roads of the km 8 90 helicopters. Automobile Automobile helicopters. All forms of traditional of traditional forms All percent of all cargo. cargo. of all percent landing there. Travel there. landing panty , 400 Far CA: percent of the of the percent km of roads, most most of roads, km ) can be used in in used be ) can 62 East: , the Ilyushin Ilyushin , the Daniel rst thing rst thing A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference give native peoples a steady source of income. source asteady peoples native give would this remote areas; in factories fur-processing supports government okrug the if particularly some potential, has tion produc- Fur Raions. Chaunsky and Bilibinsky, Anadyrsky, in facilities production and improvementand processing of meat reindeer of wild harvest the in lies for hunting potential The Hunting poorly developed. fi acommercial not have does fi toforeign sold off being however, are, resources Marine future. good apotentially has The fi Fishing coastal areas is particularly important (the (the important particularly is areas coastal in radiation controlling and monitoring that feel Specialists ing, fi Min- undeveloped. completely is system assessment impact environmental An inadequate. is monitoring Ecological Ecological monitoring and assessment dogsledding. and rafting, river cruises, river and sea include Possibleism. tours tour- for adventure possibilities great present wildlife rich the by of matched colors intensity unfamiliar an and landscapes, mountain and valley alternating of ecosystems, diversity The scale. pristine and agrand on such exists wherenature remain places few impressed; and inspired leave Chukotka who visit Tourists Chukotka. in undeveloped is Peninsula, mchatka Ka- on nearby developed well fairly although Ecotourism, Ecotourism and never sacrifi respected and protected be must principles These outsiders. comprehensible to be not may always that principles complex with peoples, coastal native for the of foremost away life and fi is mammals of marine However, hunting industry. the Chukotka’s gold mining from revenue entire the exceed could endocrine secretions available from organs marine mammal and enzymes, substances, active of biologically value potential the that estimate Some experts industry. pharmaceutical for the useful be also may mammals marine from Products of meteorological stations is important to predict natural natural topredict important is stations of meteorological network the modernizing and Widening needed. is industry mining by the caused pollution water and of land regulation Greater projects. gas and oil offshore onshore and proposed fl planned for the plant, power nuclear Bilibino for the needed urgently is assessment independent environmental An example). vious Daniel. shing, and other enterprises are often not inspected. not inspected. often are enterprises other and shing, shing industry of Chukotka, if done sustainably, also also done sustainably, if of Chukotka, industry shing oating nuclear power plant in Pevek, and for the for the and Pevek, in plant power nuclear oating 466 ced for other businesses. businesses. for other ced Guide pages shing companies because Chukotka Chukotka because companies shing shery shery fl for eet and processing is is processing and eet Conservation riteg s are an ob- an s are Ⅲ

rst 307 and

CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA 308 Eskimos. the than much later Chukotka in arriving Siberia, of Eastern regions southern from migrated Kereks and ryaks, Ko- Chukchi, of modern-day Ancestors Greenland. and of America islands Arctic and coasts northern tothe spread that culture hunting marine their developed of Asia, tip east north- on the living Here Eskimos, Sea. Bering the in islands and Asia of northeast inhabitants oldest the are tobe Aleuts and believed of Eskimos nation ancestral Asingle tsar’s treasury. the regular paid thus and group indigenous an as wererecognized Chuvans the Kolymchans, and chadals Kam- the as such origins Russian with settlers of early groups well-known other Unlike centuries. eighteenth enteenth and sev- the in formed group mixed aracially Chuvans, the and group, aTungus-Manchurian Evens, the are exceptions The origins. paleo-Asiatic have Yukagirs) and Eskimos, Kereks, Koryaks, Chukchi, (the peoples ofMost Chukotka’s ancestral Naumkin Dmitry Litovka, Maxim Smirnov, Gennady peoples Indigenous cities. and towns large and dium me- all in constructed tobe need Water facilities treatment quality Water Strait. Bering the in scientifi a great for allows position geographic Chukotka’s unusual disasters. S J. AKHA

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g hunters, and herders reindeer b.c. Evens,primarily S km e a and Russian explorers brought confl brought explorers Russian and peoples native between Contact spirits. natural and nature, hunting, sea with linked wereinextricably a result, as culture, and consciousness Eskimo and Kitovaya Alleya about literature in described tothose gous of men, analo- clans of secret formation to led likely practices These animals. the tokilling gratitude and spirituality certain a brought that rituals esoteric ticated sophis- and skills of hunting mastery the including stamina, spiritual and physical great required this weapons; traditional with werehunted walrus and whales of fi appearance Until the nipeds. pin- weresmaller as hunted, were also seals Bearded Ankalins). (the Chukchi coastal and Eskimos of the needs spiritual and material the for provided all walruses, and whales mostly mammals, Marine 466 Guide system. Trade expanded with with Trade system. expanded pages (Whale’s Patch). Chukchi Chukchi Patch). (Whale’s for cult to categorize Conservation

and that that b.c. and rearms, rearms, ict. ict. and Development. Newell, J. as the art of building ofbuilding art the as Eskimos and Chukchi seafaring for important as is none crafts and arts traditional many Among 2004. McKinleyville, The baidar Russian , walrus skin boats. skin , walrus Far CA: East: Daniel A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference Daniel. 466 Guide pages for Conservation Ⅲ

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CHUKOTKA Development. Newell,

CHUKOTKA 310 late the In production. meat tomere reduced was government, of the hand iron the under herding, Reindeer cities. and of towns expansion the did as followed, collectivization Forced weretargeted. herds reindeer of large Owners class. resource-owning of the destruction torazkulachivanie led of control Chukotka Soviet abandoned during period. this affl death and Hunger of Chukotka. some parts from disappeared Pacifi and whale bowhead destroyed almost ships Norwe- whaling of American, British expansion and gian, Mid-nineteenth-century Eskimo to Christianity. of missionaries were unable to convert either Chukchi or centuries three that fact by the evidenced is perseverance their resisted; Yet natives the tribes. Chukchi and by Eskimo protected been had which grounds, breeding attheir tions popula- walrus huge slaughtered tosubmit and refused that tribes destroyed of Cossacks army his and Dezhnev natives. the with skirmishes cruel violent and describe explorers, other Ivanov, by Semyon Kurbat Written Dezhnev, and accounts 576 By ahead. forged government the land, of grazing lack Despite obvious head. to one million herd reindeer the expand must Chukotka that proclaimed killed. they that prey of the reverence spiritual their lost mammals of hunters marine most particular, in greatly; suffered peoples Chukotka’s native socialism,” of “developed era this During graveyards. whale huge did grew, as refuse domestic and rial mate- of construction dumps gigantic towns, large around areas In weredestroyed. and went unused often which pelts, seal of untreated thousands with werepacked sheds storage Kolkhoz sight. common increasingly an became tundra the in them todiscard skeletons whale unused ging properly. or stored Tractors not processed be drag- could product but the levels, production meat increased this cities; and villages growing in employment opportunities tralized toprovide cen- husbandry favor of captive-animal in of hunting forms traditional eliminated government Soviet The no accessible. longer is period Soviet this about truth To the of way life. extent, alarge balanced out their stamp to attempts Soviet toincessant people’s native the resistance of remain accounts Many ecosystems. polar fragile these development in for balanced need despite the to disappear, began ecology and civilization of Arctic aspects spiritual and social, material, essential The region. the disrupted manently per- immigration massive the and of way life, European the with acculturation forced peoples, indigenous of the lands the on industrialization Intensive residents. native as immigrants 1980 of the middle By the politics. of aform governmental Union became Soviet of the parts other of from people migration the oftion Chukotka, industrializa- the With areas. grazing depleted did as creased, J. , Ⅲ 000 2004. and began its inevitable decline. Epizootics in- Epizootics decline. inevitable its began and icted the native whalers, and many settlements were settlements many and whalers, native the icted THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, c walrus populations; the species completely completely species the populations; c walrus The Russian s, there were nine times as many many as times werenine there s, 1960 s, Magadan Soviet offi Soviet Magadan s, 1971 , the herd peaked at herd peaked , the Far CA: and sovkhoz and East: Daniel , the , the cials cials

A After the dissolution of the of the dissolution the After ( ( organizations nongovernmental forming are and peoples native the among appearing are activists and Leaders right. 2002 in although whales, bowhead leather building as such practices, some traditional reviving are Residents centers. raion nearby in or traded sold totourists, are handicrafts, surplus quantities of fi meat,marine mammal fi on exclusively now Most survive tonature. closer them ing bring- is ironically which of food, asource turned as sea to the again have peoples native money, coastal Lacking of extinction. atrisk is tundra of the herdsman of the economy. culture ancient The the and culture of herding degradation this hastens lands oleneedy become have herders of the many and for alcohol, goes sales money from unprotected, left are areas grazing value, their of sold for afraction are Reindeer ownership. true lack they feel farmers and herders of the many and failed have areas populated near situated farms herding reindeer Most severe. become have household goods) and (food staples of basic ages short- and services medical in Decline costs. transport high and ties, of economic disruption the of industry, collapse the now herders fi reindeer However, independence. privatized economic to develop opportunity an as peoples by native welcomed were initially on.depended villagers the that subsidies government regular end tothe Chukotka indigenous peoples. The project has developed developed has project The peoples. indigenous Chukotka problemsof some social resolve helped also has project this toresearch, addition In of Chukotka. Society Eskimo the and Naukan, cooperative national the of Alaska, poration early the 1990 in began project research whale bowhead The international from to grants thanks areality, becoming are Some projects environment. the toconserve and use of resource forms tional tradi- torestore need the of goals lists their in include tions organiza- These formed. been have Hunters of Chukotka, Mammal Union of the Marine as such hunters’ associations, mammal marine and of Chukotka, of Reindeer-Herders ( Conference InuitCircumpolar of amember the Chukotka, ngo new these ( Commission Whaling International the collaboration, this through participating are Inuit in scientifi American and natives Chukotkan cultures. coastal in calling aprestigious becoming again once is hunter. huntatsea and sea Hunting the on exalting based traditions, spiritual forgotten topractice starting Some are & icc ngo Reference amknc ,) reindeer herder organizations, such as the Association Association the as such herder organizations, reindeer ,) Daniel. s at the initiative of the North Slope Borough Cor- Slope Borough North of the initiative s atthe s). The Association of Native Minorities of Chukotka of Chukotka Minorities of Native Association The s). (reindeer eaters). The lack of laws protecting herding herding protecting of laws lack The eaters). (reindeer h), with branches in every every in branches with h), c research on bowhead whales. From data collected collected From data whales. on bowhead c research ngo Sovkhoz iwc s to develop quickly. The Eskimo Society of Society Eskimo The quickly. s todevelop s and foundations. s and ) granted Russia rights tohunt uptofi rights Russia ) granted 466 sh and meat, and sewn goods and and goods sewn and meat, and sh collectives became small farms, which which farms, small became collectives nd themselves in dire straits because of because straits dire in nd themselves Guide baidar sh, and marine invertebrates. Small Small invertebrates. marine and sh, pages (kayaks) or training sled dogs. dogs. sled or training (kayaks) ussr raion the iwc the for , reforms brought an an brought , reforms , is the fi the , is Conservation revoked this this revoked rst of ve

and Development. Newell, J. and spiritual culture will be at risk. atrisk. be will culture spiritual and of aform material as for, herding reindeer cared on and lived carefully ancestors his that lands of the amaster tobe himself herder feels reindeer the until And structures. legal and tive administra- dominate Chukotka in of industrialization allies long as as population native favorof the in not decided be Nature Use ( Nature of Territories for Traditional toprolonged discussion devoted been has Much paper ownership. of land issues on resolving depends ultimately of Russia, rest the in as populations by native Chukotka, use in resource traditional Effective Norway. and Finland in counterparts with experiences herding reindeer sharing also are They Pacifi protect and tostudy projects on similar working are Eskimos and Chukchi coastal whales, work on bowhead tothe addition In again. mam- populations marine mal tomanage beginning are peoples Native grounds. these toprotect villages Yanrakinnot and Inchoun in people selected already have Eskimos and Chukchi region, this In grounds. breeding walrus important these protect movement to Bay, toanational led atCross which activism citizen encouraging was project of the accomplishment signifi most The industry. hunting marine native the of future long-term the concerning government Chukotka fi these use; resource of traditional conditions present and past on information extensive collected group the Also, grounds. breeding walrus Meechkyn atthe role master of the the and hunters of sea worldviews of the aspects ecological studies which Bay), of hunters Cross of sea (Hope Meechkyn project In work. for future assets valuable both experience, of awealth of group and people committed and a creative ndings were included in a list of resolutions passed by the by the passed of resolutions alist in wereincluded ndings 2004. 1996 McKinleyville, – The 1997 ttp ) legislation. This discussion will probably will discussion This ) legislation. , Kaira Club and amknc Club and , Kaira Russian c walruses and polar bears. bears. polar and c walruses Far CA: h developed the the h developed East: Daniel cant A Chukotsky Autonomous Okrug Autonomous Okrug Chukotsky & Reference because of pressure from okrug from of pressure because hidden remain crimes and violations environmental Many laws. the not respect does population of Most the high. remain violations other and levels poaching practice, in use, resource for natural regulations strong Despite adequately Smirnov Gennady issues Legal agencies. agencies. okrug all facing problems one primary is of the area this in of professionals qualifi highly moreand of principled the departure agradual been has There old oneswhen aren’t the followed?” laws, new make “Why Russia: in saying common the repeat one. appoint One can anew, and moreent malleable council disobedi- this todisband however, was response, immediate The Zapovednik. Vrangelya to Ostrov athreat it was arguing project, gas and oil Anadyrsky the ing develop- against recommended Expertiza for Environmental in earlier, mentioned As resisted. defi in violators, these topursue Attempts case. the tobe this discovered we have contact, personal However, public. not through made usually It diffi is regulators. Daniel. 466 ed specialists from resource agencies. Lack Lack agencies. resource from specialists ed Guide cult to fi ance of government will, are severely severely are will, of government ance pages nd examples, as such cases are are cases such as nd examples, and raion and for 1995 Conservation , a Chukotka Council Council , aChukotka government’sokrug authorities on the on the authorities Ⅲ

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