The Flowering Handbook A practical guide to families and genera of the world

James W. Byng CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction...... 1 Notes on how to use this book...... 2 Useful diagnostic characters………………………...... …....…………… 3 Key to major groups...... 5

Chapter 2: Basal Angiosperms...... 7 Amborellales………………...... 8 Nymphaeales………………………...... 9 Austrobaileyales………...... 11 Chloranthales...... 13 Cannellales………………………………………………………...... …....……… 14 Piperales………………………………………………………...... …………….. 16 Magnoliales…………………………………………………...... …….…………. 21 Laurales…………………………………………………………...... ………..……. 28

Chapter 3: Monocots...... 36 Acorales………………………...... 37 Alismatales……………………………...... 38 Petrosaviales……………...... 47 Dioscoreales...... 48 Pandanales………………………………………………………...... ………….. 51 Liliales……………………………………………………………..…...... …………. 56 Asparagales…………………...... 65 Arecales……….………………………...... 86 Commelinales……………...... 88 Zingiberales...... 93 Dasypogonaceae………………………………………..………...... …………. 100 Poales..……………………………………………………….………...... ………… 101

Chapter 4: Basal ...... 116 Ceratophyllales……………...... 117 Ranunculales………………………...... 118 Sabiaceae…………………...... 130 Proteales...... 131 Trochodendrales…………………………………………………...... ………. 136 Buxales………………………………………………………………...... ………… 137 Gunnerales…………………...... 139 Dilleniaceae…………………………...... 141

Chapter 5: ……………………………………...... 142 …………………...... 143 Vitales…….……………………………...... 153 Zygophyllales..…………...... 154 Fabales...... 156 CHAPTER 2: BASAL ANGIOSPERMS

Basal angiosperms are the earliest diverging lineages of flowering plants and the most commonly encountered are the laurels, magnolias and waterlilies. The group often exhibit ‘primitive’ or ancestral characters such as an open organisation, designed for large insect (e.g. beetle) pollination, and little distinction between the and . They generally lack ‘advanced’ or derived characters such as fused petals and zygomorphy. Basal angiosperms are generally woody plants with notable herbaceous exceptions such as many Piperales and the aquatic families of the Nymphaeales.

The are simple and often aromatic containing ethereal oils. The are spirally arranged or 3-merous and often have many perianth parts, and carpels. The carpels are often free and the styles and stigmas are poorly developed. The stamens are usually laminar shaped with poorly differentiated anthers. 130. DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE or ; branchlets with scars and lenticels. Leaves simple, alternate or rarely opposite, often clustered at branch ends; margins entire; petioles present; stipules absent. axillary racemes; conspicuous. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), actinomorphic. Sepals free, ±imbricate or sometimes absent. Petals absent. Male flowers: filaments often shorter than anthers; anthers basifixed. Female flowers: ovaries superior; carpels fused; locules 2; ovules (1-)2 per locule; placentation axile or apical; stigmas decurrent; sometimes . Fruits drupes.

Genera 1/ ca. 30; . Distribution:India to Australia and East Asia. Floral formula: K(0-)3-6 C0 A5-14 G2(-4) References: Endress & Igersheim 1999; Fishbein et al. 2001, 2004; Huang 1965, 1966; Kubitzki 2007; Min & Kubitzki 2004. © KENPEI/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 © Steve Law/ CC-BY-2.0 Male flowers of Daphniphyllum Daphniphyllum macropodum 131. teijsmannii Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing (). Leaves simple, alternate; margins often spiny toothed to entire; petioles present; stipules tiny or absent. Inflorescences racemes or panicles (Itea), or cymes to corymbs (Pterostemon). Flowers bisexual or rarely polygamous, actinomorphic, hypanthium. Sepals free or basally fused, valvate, persistent. Petals free, persistent, clawed (Pterostemon). Stamens alternating with petals (Itea) or sepals (Pterostemon); anthers dorsifixed, introrse; staminodes 5 (Pterostemon). Ovaries superior to part-inferior (Itea) or inferior (Pterostemon); carpels fused; locules 2 or 5; ovules 4-6 (Pterostemon) or many (Itea) per locule; placentation axile. Fruits capsules.

Genera 2/species ca. 18. Distribution: Tropical to northern temperate regions. Floral formula: Itea K5 C5 A5 Ĝ2 Pterostemon K5 C5 A5+5° Ĝ5 Notes: Both genera were previously associated with Escalloniaceae. References: Bohm et al. 1999; Kubitzki 2007a, 2007b; Fishbein et al. 2001, 2004;

Generic synopsis • Itea (southeast Asia to western Malesia, eastern North America, East © Wouter Hagens/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 © Imc/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 to South Africa; ca. 16 spp.). Itea virginica Itea ilicifolia • Pterostemon (much-branched shrubs; Oaxaca [Mexico]; ca. 2 spp.).

132. GROSSULARIACEAE GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Shrubs, sometimes climbing, often spiny; often glandular hairs. Leaves aromatic, usually deciduous, simple, alternate; venation pinnate to 3-palmate; margins lobed or toothed; petioles present; stipules usually present or absent. Inflorescences racemes, usually on short-shoots; sometimes bracteate, hairy. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual (plants dioecious, e.g. R. diacanthum), actinomorphic, hypanthium well-developed (and lobed) and petaloid; green, white, yellow or red; sometimes bracteolate. Sepals fused, persistent. Petals rarely absent or free, imbricate, sometimes interpretated as staminodes, smaller than sepals. Stamens opposite the sepals; anthers basifixed. Ovaries inferior to part inferior; carpels fused; locule 1; ovules 4-many; placentation parietal; style 2. Fruits berries, with persistent perianth.

Genus 1/species ca. 150; Ribes. Distribution: Temperate northern hemisphere and Andes to southern South America. Floral formula: K(3-)5(-9) C(0-3-)5(-9) A4-5 Ĝ2 Useful species: R. nigrum (black currants); R. rubrum (red currants); R. uva-crispa (gooseberry). Notes: Ribes speciosum is 4-merous. References: Fishbein et al. 2001, 2004; Messinger et al. 1999; Morin 2009; Senters & Soltis 2003; Schultheis & Donoghue 2004; Weigend Ribes glutinosum Ribes tenue 2006; Weigend et al. 2002. 157. , & FAMILY Trees or shrubs. Leaves ±gland-dotted, deciduous (Castanea, some Castanopsis, Fagus, some Quercus), simple, alternate or whorled in 3’s (some Trigonobalanus); margins entire, toothed or deeply lobed (e.g. Quercus); petioles present, swollen at base; stipules often triangular, deciduous. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or rarely dioecious), actinomorphic. Perianth fused or free, -like. Male flowers in heads or catkins; stamen filaments free or rarely basally fused; sometimes pistillode. Female flowers in © KENPEI/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 spikes or solitary, each flower surrounded by bracts (= cupule); staminodes absent or edulis 6-12; ovaries inferior; carpels fused; locules 2-6(-9); ovules 2 per locule; placentation axile to apical; styles 3-6. Fruits nuts with subtending bracts (= cupule).

Genera 8/species ca. 925. Distribution: Widely distributed. ©Böhringer Friedrich/ CC BY-SA 3.0 AT Fruit of Quercus robur Floral formula: P6(-9) A(4-)6-12(-many) Ĝ(2-)3-6(-15) Useful species: Quercus suber (bark used for cork); Castanea (). Notes: The flowers are usually wind pollinated or less often insect pollinated (Castanea). References: Huang et al. 1999; Kubitzki 1993; Manos et al. 1993, 2002, 2006; Manos & Stanford 2001; Nixon 1993; Nixon & Crepet 1989; Oh & Manos 2006; WCSP 2013.

Generic synopsis Fruit a solitary nut (= acorns) and round in cross-section • Lithocarpus (male inflorescences erect; India to and New Guinea; ca. 335 spp.). Castanea sativa • Notholithocarpus (cupule scales reflexed and hooked at tip; western USA; 1 sp., N. densiflorus). • Quercus (; male inflorescences pendulous; cupule scales rarely reflexed; temperate northern hemisphere to Malesia and Colombia; ca. 430 spp.). Fruit 1-several nuts and angled (often 3-angled) in cross-section • Castanea (chestnuts; plant deciduous, secondary veins prominent, 6(-9)-loculed, styles 6+; temperate northern hemisphere; ca. 8 spp.). • Castanopsis (cupules usually 6-lobed; tropical and subtropical Asia; ca. 135 spp.). • Chrysolepis (plant evergreen, secondary veins obscure, styles 3; western USA). • Fagus (; plants deciduous, male flowers in dense, pendulous heads, female flowers (1-)2; temperate northern hemisphere to Mexico; ca. 10 spp.). Fagus sylvatica • Trigonobalanus (cupules usually 3- or 5-lobed; Colombia, northern Thailand to Yunnan [China], Fruit of Malesia).

158. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves often aromatic (sweet smell), deciduous (Comptonia, Myrica), simple, alternate (spiral); margins entire to toothed or rarely pinnatifid; petioles present; stipules absent or present (Comptonia). a spike or catkin-like; bracts 1(-3) per flower. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious or monoecious) or rarely bisexual (Canacomyrica), actinomorphic. Perianth absent or with 6 tiny lobes (Canacomyrica). Male flowerswith bracteoles usually 2; stamen filaments free or fused; anthers dorsifixed; staminodes in Canacomyrica. Female flowers with bracteoles 2-4; © & Kim Starr/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 Male flowers of Morella faya ovary superior to inferior; carpels fused; locule 1; ovule 1; placentation basal; styles 2, pink-red. Fruit a drupe (often waxy and warty) or nut-like (e.g. Comptonia, Myrica).

Genera 4/species 57. Distribution: Temperate to tropical regions. Floral formula: P0(-6) A2-8(-many) Ĝ2(-3) © Forest & Kim Starr/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 Notes: The generic name Morella is often included in Myrica but is retained at generic rank here Fruits of Morella faya following Herbert (2005) and Herbert et al. (2006). References: Herbert 2005, 2006; Herbert et al. 2006; Huguet et al. 2005; Kubitzki 1993; Leroy 1949. 306. SARCOBATACEAE GREASEWOOD FAMILY Thorny shrubs. Stems erect, long shoots solitary, short shoots clustered. Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate (spiral) to clustered; margins entire; petioles absent; stipules absent. Flowers unisexual (plants usually monoecious), actinomorphic. Male flowers in catkin-like inflorescences; perianth absent; stamens ±sessile; anthers long. Female flowers solitary or paired; perianth 1-whorled, fused, campanulate, greenish; ovaries part-inferior; carpels fused; placentation basal. Fruits winged achenes. © Matt Levin / CC-BY-2.0 1/species 2; Sarcobatus. Sarcobatus vermiculatus Distribution: North America in salt deserts especially the southwest deserts and the Great Basin. Floral formula: P(0-)2 A1-4 G2 Confused with: Amaranthaceae ‒ differs usually in the prescense of spines. Notes: The genus was previously placed in Chenopodiaceae (= Amaranthaceae). The two species are sometimes both treated as subspecies of S. vermiculatus. © Matt Levin / CC-BY-2.0 References: Behnke 1997; Hils et al. 2004; Kuhn 1993. Fruits of Sarcobatus vermiculatus

Species synopsis • S. baileyi (0.5-1 m tall, leaves hairy; restricted to Nevada [USA]). • S. vermiculatus (1-5 m tall, leaves usually lacking hairs).

307. & FOUR O’CLOCK FAMILY Trees, shrubs, lianas or annual or perennial herbs; stems with swollen nodes in herbs, spines (e.g. Bougainvillea, Pisonia, Phaeoptilum), scales or stellate hairs in Leucastereae; wood often turns orange to red when cut. Leaves simple, alternate, opposite or whorled; petioles present or absent; stipules absent. Inflorescences solitary flowers, cymes, panicles, spikes or umbels; bracts involucral, sometimes large, petaloid and 3 (e.g. Bougainvillea) or 5 (e.g. Mirabilis). Flowers bisexual or sometimes unisexual (plants dioecious), actinomorphic or zygomorphic (Alliona, some Colignonia). Perianth 1-whorled, fused, valvate, petaloid, often tubular, often hairy. Stamen filaments free or basally fused, filaments free or attached to perianth, sometimes dimorphic. Ovaries superior; carpel 1; locule 1; ovule 1; placentation basal; style long. Fruits achenes, sometimes with drupe-like anthocarp.

Genera 30/species ca. 400. Distribution: Mostly Americas and some in Old World (Boerhavia, some Commicarpus, Phaeoptilum, Pisonia, Mirabilis jalapa and Bougainvillea is widely cultivated in urban areas). Floral formula: P(3-)5(-10) A(1-)5(-20) G1 Notes: The generic names Ammocodon and Selinocarpus are synonymous with , and the names Hesperonia, Oxybaphus and Quamoclidion are synonymous with Mirabilis. Confused with: Phytolaccaceae ‒ differs notably in the solitary carpel, fused and tubular perianth. References: Bittrich & Kuhn 1993; Cuenoud et al. 2002; Douglas & Manos 2007; Douglas & Spellenberg 2010; Levin 2002; Spellenberg 2004.

Generic synopsis Boldoeae (woody or herbaceous; leaves alternate; stamens 3-5, free at base; anthocarp absent) • Boldoa (herbs, hooked hairs present; Mexico and Caribbean to northern South America; 2-3 spp.). • Cryptocarpus (shrubs, flowers inconspicuous; Galapagos Islands, Ecuador to Bolivia). • Salpianthus (shrubs, flowers showy; Mexico; 1 sp., S. arenarius). Bougainvilleae (trees or shrubs, sometimes spines; leaves alternate or opposite; stamens 4-12, often fused basally; often 3 petaloid bracts) • Belemia (flowers pink, stamens 12; eastern Brazil; 1 sp., B. fucsioides). • Bougainvillea (often spiny, stamens 4-10; Neotropics, B. peruviana, B. glabra and B. spectabilis cultivated in warm regions of the world; ca. 18 spp.). • Phaeoptilum (flowers mostly unisexual; southwest Africa; 1 sp., P. spinosum). Bougainvillea spectabilis Caribeeae (subshrubs; leaves opposite; flowers solitary; stamens 2, fused to base of sepals; rare - known only from one collection!) • Caribea (Cuba; 1 sp., C. litoralis). Colignonieae (lianas to subshrubs; leaves opposite or whorled; stamens 5, fused basally, attached to sepals; petaloid bracts) • Colignonia (Andes; ca. 6 spp.). Leucastereae (trees or shrubs; leaves alternate; stellate hairs; stamens 2-3 (12-20), fused at base) • Andradea (perianth campanulate, stamens 12-20; southeast Brazil; 1 sp., A. flori- bunda). © Alex Popovkin / CC-BY-2.0 • Leucaster (perianth campanulate, shrubs; Brazil). Guapira venosa • Ramisia (perianth campanulate, trees; southeast Brazil; 1 sp., R. brasiliensis). • Reichenbachia (perianth tubular; Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil; 2 spp.). Pisonieae (woody, paired spines sometimes; leaves usually opposite or alternate or whorled; stamens (2-)5-10(-many), fused basally, attached to sepals in bisexual flowers; flowers often unisexual) • Cephalotomandra (stamens 25-30; Colombia). • Grajalesia (axillary spines, stamens 6, 3-winged fruit; Mexico; 1 sp., G. fasciculata). • Guapira (stamens longer than perianth, fleshy anthocarp; Neotropics; ca. 70 spp.). • Neea (stamens (5-)8(-10) and shorter than perianth, plant dries black; Neotropics; © David Eickhoff / CC-BY-2.0 ca. 80 spp.). Pisonia umbellifera • Neeopsis (stamens 6, plants dry yellow; Guatemala; 1 sp., N. flavifolia). • Pisonia (stamens 2-many and longer than perianth, woody anthocarp, flowers (func- tionally) unisexual; pantropical; ca. 40 spp.). • Pisoniella (stamens (6-)8(-11) and longer than perianth, flowers bisexual; Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina). Nyctagineae (herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite; stamens (1-)2-6(-18), basally fused, sometimes attached to sepals) © Eric Yarnell / CC-BY-SA-3.0 • Abronia (herbs, stigma linear, stamens usually (3-)4-5 and shorter than perianth; Abronia latifolia southwest USA to northern Mexico: ca. 20 spp.). • Acleisanthes (herbs or subshrubs, flowers >2 cm, white and usually solitary, stamens 2-5 and unequal, filaments basally fused; Texas and California [USA] to Mexico). • Allionia (herbs, involucral bracts free, 3-lobed, flowers funnel-shaped, stamens 4-7; Americas). • Anulocaulis (herbs, stamens 3-4, sticky bands on upper internodes; Central and South USA, Mexico). • Boerhavia (herbs, flowers <2 cm and rarely solitary, stamens 1-4(-6); tropical and subtropical regions; ca. 20 spp.). • Commicarpus (subshrubs, anthocarp with wart-like glands, flowers in umbels, stamens 2-6; tropical to subtropical regions, especially Africa, western Asia; ca. 30-35 spp.). • Cuscatlania (herbs, bracts 3-8, ciliate, stamens 7-8; El Salvador; 1 sp., C. volcanicola). © Stan Shebs / CC-BY-SA-3.0 • Cyphomeris (herbs, sticky bands on upper internodes, stamens 5, anthocarp assyme- Acleisanthes nevadensis trical; Texas [USA] to Mexico). • Mirabilis (four o’clock; herbs, involucral bracts 4-8-lobed and usually fused, stamens 2-6; Americas, M. jalapa naturalised elsewhere, M. himalaica from Northern India to China; ca. 60 spp.). • Nyctaginia (flowers in dense heads, perianth campanulate, stamens 5-8 and longer than perianth; Texas [USA] to southern Mexico; 1 sp., N. capitata). • Okenia (sticky herbs, flowers solitary, stamens 5-18; Florida to Mexico, Nicaragua). • Tripterocalyx (herbs, stigma linear, stamens (3-)4-5 and shorter than perianth; fruits

with prominently veined wings; North America). © Stan Shebs / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Allionia incarnata

© Stan Shebs / CC-BY-SA-3.0 © Forest & Kim Starr / CC-BY-SA-3.0 © Thaumaturgist / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Anulocaulis annulatus Boerhavia repens Mirabilis jalapa 340. KIWI FRUIT FAMILY Trees to shrubs or lianas. Leaves deciduous (Clematocletha), simple, alternate (spiral); margins entire or toothed; petioles present; stipules absent; hairs common, especially on young growth. Inflorescences axillary dense panicles, cymes or solitary flowers; few species cauliflorous. Flowers showy, bisexual or unisexual (plants polygamous or functionally dioecious or monoecious), actinomorphic; often bracteolate, small. Sepals free or basally fused, usually imbricate, persistent. Petals free or basally fused, imbricate, deciduous; often white or red to yellow. Stamens many in fascicles, filaments attached to base of perianth or free; anthers basifixed. Ovaries superior; carpels fused; locules (3-)5(-many); ovules many per locule; placentation axile; styles as many as carpels, persistent in fruit especially ; stigmas (4-)5-30. Fruits berries sometimes with stiff hairs or rarely loculicidal capsules (some ).

Genera 3/species ca. 315. Distribution: Himalayas and East Asia to Australasia and the Americas. Floral formula: K(3-)5(-9) C(3-)5(-8) Amany G3-5(-many) Useful species: Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit, chinese gooseberry). Confused with: Sladeniaceae and Theaceae ‒ differs by the usually fleshy fruit and more than 10 ovules per locule in the ovary.

Notes: Clematoclethra contains about 20 species according to Liang (1984) or just one © M Nolf / CC-BY-SA-3.0 species according to Tang & Xiang (1989) and the latter circumscription is adopted here. Actinidia chinensis References: Anderberg et al. 2002; Dressler & Bayer 2004; Geuten et al. 2004; Li et al. 2002; Liang 1984; Tang & Xiang 1989.

Generic synopsis • Actinidia (lianas, ovary multi(15+)-locular, styles free; Kuril Islands to Sakhalin [Russia] through China, Taiwan, Himalayas, Indochina and Malaysia; ca. 65 spp.). • Clematoclethra (lianas, ovary 5-locular, styles fused; montane western and Central China; 1 sp., C. scandens). • Saurauia (trees or shrubs, flowers bisexual or plants functionally dioecious; Himalayas, East © Stan Shebs / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Asia, southeast Asia to Fiji, Neotropics, Queensland [Australia]; ca. 250 spp.). Male flowers of Saurauia zahlbruckneri

341. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY Shrubs or small trees ( arborea). Leaves deciduous in temperate species, simple, alternate (spiral), clustered at branches ends; margins entire or toothed; petioles present or absent; stipules absent; often pubescent with hairs simple, fascicled and/or stellate. Inflorescences racemes, panicles, fascicles or umbel-like; often bracteate, deciduous. Flowers bisexual or functionally female (some Clethra), actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic (Purdiaea); bracteoles absent. Sepals free or fused, imbricate, bluntly-lobed, unequal in Purdiaea, persistent, enlarging in fruit (Purdiaea). Petals free to rarely partly fused, imbricate; white or rarely pink (Clethra) or pink to violet (Purdiaea). Stamens 2-whorled, filaments free or attached to petals; anthers dorsifixed. Ovaries superior; carpels fused, sometimes nectaries at base; locules 3-5; ovules 1 (Purdiaea) or many (Clethra) per locule; placentation axile in upper portion; style 1. Fruits loculicidal capsules (Clethra) or indehiscent and ovoid to subglobose (Purdiaea)

Genera 2/species ca. 95. Distribution: Americas, tropical and subtropical Asia and [Portugal]. Floral formula: K5(-6) C5(-6) A5(-6)+5(-6) G3-5 Notes: Purdiaea was previously placed in and differs from that family by the pubescent leaves and inflorescences and unequal sepals. References: Anderberg & Zhang 2002; Fior et al. 2003; Schneider & Bayer 2004; Thomas 1960; WCSP 2013.

Generic synopsis • Clethra (sepals equal, carpels 3, often found in acid soils; Ameri- cas, tropical and subtropical Asia, Madeira; ca. 80 spp.). © H. Zell/ CC-BY-SA-3.0 © Scott Zona / CC-BY-2.0 • Purdiaea (sepals unequal, carpels 3-5; Belize to Peru, especially Clethra alnifolia Purdiaea cubanensis Cuba; ca. 12 spp.). APIALES

Trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs. Leaves sometimes aromatic, simple or compound, alternate or rarely opposite; margins entire, toothed or dissected; stipules absent or sometimes present (Araliaceae, some Apiaceae). Inflorescences often simple or compound umbels. Flowers small, bisexual or sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic. Sepals free or fused, often reduced to absent. Petals usually free or sometimes fused. Stamens 5 or 3-many (Araliaceae), filaments free from perianth or rarely attached. Ovaries inferior or rarely superior (e.g. Pittosporaceae, Pennantiaceae). Fruits usually drupes or schizocarps.

Notes: Many species in the order have alternate, compound leaves and umbel inflorescences.

1. Ovary superior...... 2 1. Ovary inferior or part-inferior...... 4

2. Leaves simple; flowers 5-merous; widely distributed………...... 3 2. Leaves compound; flowers 3-5 merous; Hawaii [USA] distribution…………..Araliaceae (Tetraplasandra)

3. Petals valvate; fruits drupes……………………………………………………………………………………....Pennantiaceae 3. Petals imbricate; fruits capsules or berries…………………..……………………………………………...Pittosporaceae

4. Fruits dry schizocarps; styles 2; carpels 2; petals valvate; flowers usually in simple or compound umbels…………………………………………………………………………..………………………...... Apiaceae 4. Fruits drupes or (less often) dry fruits; petals valvate or imbricate; description not as above………...... 4

5. Carpels 3, ovary 1-locular; leaves simple alternate; flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); New Zealand and southern South America distribution……...... Griseliaceae 5. Carpels 2 to many, ovary 1-to multi-locular; leaves simple or compound...... 6

6. Inflorescences usually simple umbels, spikes or heads; petals 3-12; anthers dorsifixed...... 7 6. Inflorescences panicles or racemes; petals 5; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed…………….. Torricelliaceae

7. Carpels 2; petals with inflexed tips; fruits drupes or schizocarps...... Myodocarpaceae 7. Carpels 2-200; petals usually not as above; fruits drupes or berries, rarely schizocarps……..Araliaceae

407. PENNANTIACEAE Trees, shrubs (P. baylisiana) or rarely lianas (sometimes P. cunninghamii); stems often lenticellate. Leaves simple, alternate (spiral); margins entire or toothed (see notes); venation pinnate, 4-6 lateral pairs; stipules absent. Inflorescences solitary flowers, cymes or panicles; ramiflorous or cauliflorous (P. baylisiana, sometimes P. endlicheri). Flowers minute (ca. 2-3 mm long), functionally unisexual (plants dioecious). Sepals free, minute (ca. 1 mm long). Petals free or fused, valvate; white to greenish. Stamen filaments free or attached to petals, reduced in female flowers; anthers dorsifixed. Ovaries superior; carpels fused; locule 1; ovule 1; placentation apical; style very short to absent; stigma 3-lobed or disc-like. Fruits blackish drupes, (7-15 x 5-7 mm).

Genus 1/species 4; Pennantia. Distribution: Eastern Australia and New Zealand. Floral formula: K5 C5 A5 G2-3 Notes: The genus was previously included in Icacinaceae. References: Gardner & de Lange 2002; Karehad 2001, 2002, 2003; Plunkett et al. 2004. © Kahuroa/ CC0 1.0 Immature fruits of Pennantia corymbosa