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The Frankfurt School, Jewish Lives, and Antisemitism The Frankfurt School, Jewish Lives, and Antisemitism The history of the Frankfurt School cannot be fully told without examining the relationships of Critical Theorists to their Jewish family backgrounds. Jewish matters had significant effects on key figures in the Frankfurt School, including Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, Leo Lowenthal, and Herbert Marcuse. At some points, their Jewish family backgrounds clarify their life paths; at others, these backgrounds help to explain why the leaders of the School stressed the significance of antisemitism. In the post–Second World War era, the differing relationships of Critical Theorists to their Jewish origins illuminate their distinctive stances toward Israel. This book investigates how the Jewish backgrounds of major Critical Theorists, and the ways in which they related to their origins, affected their work, the history of the Frankfurt School, and differences that emerged among them over time. Jack Jacobs is a professor of political science at John Jay College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. He is the author of On Socialists and “the Jewish Question” after Marx (1992) and Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland (2009), and the editor of Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund at 100 (2001). Professor Jacobs was a Fulbright Scholar at Tel Aviv University in 1996–1997, and was also a Fulbright Scholar at the Vilnius Yiddish Institute in 2009. Dr. Jacobs’s work has been translated into French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish. The Frankfurt School, Jewish Lives, and Antisemitism JACK JACOBS John Jay College and the Graduate Center City University of New York 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ © Jack Jacobs 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jacobs, Jack, author. The Frankfurt School, Jewish Lives, and Antisemitism / Jack Jacobs. pages cm isbn 978-0-521-51375-3 (Hardback) 1. Institut für Sozialforschung (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) 2. Frankfurt School of sociology–History–20th century. 3. Jewish sociologists–Germany–Biography. 4. Sociology–Germany–History–20th century. 5. Antisemitism–Germany–20th century. I. Title. hm467.j33 2014 301.01–dc23 2014021016 isbn 978-0-521-51375-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Acknowledgments page vi Introduction 1 1 Jewish Life Paths and the Institute of Social Research in the Weimar Republic 7 2 The Significance of Antisemitism: The Exile Years 43 3 Critical Theorists and the State of Israel 111 Conclusion 149 Notes 152 Bibliography 231 Index 258 v Acknowledgments I have received information, feedback, and good advice from many people in the years during which I have worked on this book. I am particularly grateful to Steven E. Aschheim, Shlomo Avineri, Marshall Berman, Monika Boll, Stephen Eric Bronner, Dan Diner, Lars Fischer, Peter-Erwin Jansen, Douglas Kellner, David Kettler, Richard King, Michael Lerner, Michael Löwy, Peter Marcuse, Yeshi Neumann, Yoav Peled, Uri Ram, Lars Rensmann, Zvi Rosen, Thomas Wheatland, Richard Wolin, and Eva-Maria Ziege, all of whom took the time to answer questions I posed or to comment on my ideas. I am also grateful to those, including Evelyn Adunka, Reinard Blomert, Jeremy Brown, Christian Fleck, Harvey Goldberg, Rachel Heuberger, Martin Jay, Rick Kuhn, Dafna Mach, Guy Miron, Elliot A. Ratzman, and Liliane Weissberg, who informed me of relevant source material, helped me to obtain such material, or provided me with copies of their own works prior to publi- cation. My thanks to Patrizia Nobbe and Martin Riedl, who transcribed handwritten letters for me; to Asaf Shamis, who translated articles; and to Jason Schulman, who served, at one time, as my research assistant. Past and present staff members of the archives and libraries in Austria, Germany, Israel, and the United States where I conducted my research were consistently helpful. I remember with particular gratitude the trust placed in me by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr in the years during which he worked in the Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek in Frankfurt am Main, and the friendly way in which I was received in Frankfurt, in later periods, by Mathias Jehn, Stephen Roeper, Jochen Stollberg, and others. Tobe Levin and her family served as my hosts in Frankfurt on several occasions. Their hospitality greatly facilitated my work. I also remember the vi Acknowledgments vii hospitality of Rainer Funk, who welcomed me into his home while I was conducting research in the Erich-Fromm-Archiv in Tübingen, and who shared his insights on Fromm’s life and thought with me. Toni Simon, similarly, invited me into her home, in Jerusalem, discussed with me matters pertaining to Erich Fromm, Leo Lowenthal, Ernst Simon, and others, and allowed me to make use of documents and letters in her possession. I thank Rainer Funk, Fromm’s literary executor, for granting me permission to quote from unpublished letters written by Erich Fromm, and add here that all quotations from the letters of Erich Fromm in this work are used with the written permission of Dr. Funk. Similarly, my heartfelt thanks go to both Peter-Erwin Jansen and Susanne Löwenthal for granting me permission to make use of the Leo-Löwenthal-Archiv, which is located in the Archivzentrum of the Stadt- und Universitäts- bibliothek in Frankfurt am Main, and for the permission they have 1 granted me to cite and quote from specific materials by Leo Lowenthal. I am equally thankful to Peter Marcuse for permission to quote from unpublished correspondence and other pieces by Herbert Marcuse. The permission of Peter Marcuse, executor of the Literary Estate of Herbert Marcuse, is required for any further publication of the letters and pieces from which I have quoted. As a condition for quoting from the Marcuse materials, I gladly add that supplementary material from previously unpublished work of Herbert Marcuse, now stored in the Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek in Frankfurt, is being published by Routledge Pub- lishers in a six-volume series edited by Douglas Kellner, and in a German series edited by Peter-Erwin Jansen published by zu Klampen Verlag, Germany, and that all rights to further publication are retained by the Estate. David Kettler generously granted permission for me to reprint, in Chapter 2, material by me that first appeared in a volume that David co-edited with Gerhard Lauer: Exile, Science, and Bildung. The Contested Legacies of German Émigré Intellectuals (New York: Palgrave Macmil- lan, 2005). I have tested my ideas before both academic and popular audiences in Australia, England, Germany, Israel, Lithuania, Scotland, South Africa, and the United States, and have benefitted from the com- ments and questions I received. I conducted some of the early research for this book while serving as a Fulbright Fellow in the Institute for German History at Tel Aviv University, and am grateful for the material support that my fellowship provided (as well as for the help of all those who worked for the Institute). I also received material support for portions of this project from the German Academic Exchange Service, the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, the John Jay College Research Assistance viii Acknowledgments Fund, and the University Committee on Research Awards of the City University of New York. Their support made my research possible. Beatrice Rehl’s confidence in my work enabled me to complete it. Anasta- sia Graf provided an enormous amount of editorial guidance. My partner, Susan Milamed, and our son, Mikhl Jacobs, indulged my insistence on tracking down source material far from our home. I owe them more than I can say. Introduction There is already a very large – and impressive – literature focused on the Frankfurt School, the Institute of Social Research (the institutional frame- work within which the Frankfurt School developed), or on particular members of the Institute. Key figures associated with the Frankfurt School, such as Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse, have been the subject of any number of full-scale 1 monographs. Groundbreaking histories of the Frankfurt School, includ- ing books by Helmut Dubiel, Martin Jay, Rolf Wiggershaus, and Thomas Wheatland, have described and analyzed the School’s genesis and 2 development. There is a significant body of scholarly literature centered not on the history of the Institute or on the lives of its members but on the sources, content, and importance of the Western Marxist–influenced approach that they created and embraced, which has come to be known 3 as Critical Theory. Why, then, write yet another work on these thinkers and their thought? It is the intent of this book to demonstrate that the Jewish origins of key members of the Frankfurt School, and the differing ways in which the Critical Theorists related to their origins, shed light on the development of the School, on specific works written by its leading figures, and even on differences that emerged among these figures over time. It is mani- festly the case that Critical Theory has multiple roots.
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